Regulation of PDE expression in arteries: Role in controlling vascular cyclic nucleotide signaling

Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases in Health and Disease

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 441-463

  Maurice, Donald H ^a   Tilley, Douglas G ^b  

^a QUEEN S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84973395759     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (125)

1. Pugsley, M.K., and R. Tabrizchi. 2000. The vascular system. An overview of structure and function. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 44:333.
2. World Health Organization. Cardiovascular disease: Prevention and control. http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/facts/cvd/en/1-5-2005.
3. Berk, B.C. 2001. Vascular smooth muscle growth: Autocrine growth mechanisms Physiol Rev 81:999.
4. Bauters, C., and J.M. Isner. 1997. The biology of restenosis. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 40:107.
5. Owens, G.K., M.S. Kumar, and B.R. Wamhoff. 2004. Molecular regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation in development and disease. Physiol Rev 84:767.
6. Gordon, D., M.A. Reidy, E.P. Benditt, and S.M. Schwartz. 1990. Cell proliferation in human coronary arteries. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:4600.
7. Aikawa, M., Y. Sakomura, M. Ueda, K. Kimura, I. Manabe, S. Ishiwata, N. Komiyama, H. Yamaguchi, Y. Yazaki, and R. Nagai. 1997. Redifferentiation of smooth muscle cells after coronary angioplasty determined via myosin heavy chain expression. Circulation 96:82.
8. Kocher, O., and G. Gabbiani. 1986. Cytoskeletal features of normal and atheromatous human arterial smooth muscle cells. Hum Pathol 17:875.
9. Kocher, O., F. Gabbiani, G. Gabbiani, M.A. Reidy, M.S. Cokay, H. Peters, and I. Huttner. 1991. Phenotypic features of smooth muscle cells during the evolution of experimental carotid artery intimal thickening. Biochemical and morphologic studies. Lab Invest 65:459.
10. Yoshida, T., and G.K. Owens. 2005. Molecular determinants of vascular smooth muscle cell diversity. Circ Res 96:280.
11. Chamley-Campbell, J.H., G.R. Campbell, and R. Ross. 1979. The smooth muscle cell in culture. Physiol Rev 59:1.
12. Chamley-Campbell, J.H., G.R. Campbell, R. Ross. 1981. Phenotype-dependent response of cultured aortic smooth muscle to serum mitogens. J Cell Biol 89:379.
13. Mosse P.R., G.R. Campbell, Z.L. Wang, and J.H. Campbell. 1985. Smooth muscle phenotypic expression in human carotid arteries. I. Comparison of cells from diffuse intimal thickenings adjacent to atheromatous plaques with those of the media. Lab Invest 53:556.
14. Triggle, C.R., M. Hollenberg, T.J. Anderson, H. Ding, Y. Jiang, L. Ceroni, W.B. Wiehler, E.S. Ng, A. Ellis, K. Andrews, J.J. McGuire, and M. Pannirselvam. 2003. The endothelium in health and disease-a target for therapeutic intervention. J Smooth Muscle Res 39:249.
15. Hamad, A.M., A. Clayton, B. Islam, and A.J. Knox. 2003. Guanylyl cyclases, nitric oxide, natriuretic peptides, and airway smooth muscle function. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 285:L973.
16. Bian, K., and F. Murad. 2003. Nitric oxide (NO)-biogeneration, regulation, and relevance to human diseases. Front Biosci 8:d264.
17. Hurley, J.H. 1999. Structure, mechanism, and regulation of mammalian adenylyl cyclase. J Biol Chem 274:7599.
18. Lincoln, T.M., N. Dey, and H. Sellak. 2001. cGMP-dependent protein kinase signaling mechanisms in smooth muscle: From the regulation of tone to gene expression. J Appl Physiol 91:1421.
19. Krause, M., J.E. Bear, J.J. Loureiro, and F.B. Gertler. 2002. The Ena/VASP enigma. J Cell Sci 115:4721.
20. Chen, L., G. Daum, K. Chitaley, S.A. Coats, D.F. Bowen-Pope, M. Eigenthaler, N.R. Thumati, U. Walter, and A.W. Clowes. 2004. Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein regulates proliferation and growth inhibition by nitric oxide in vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24:1403.
21. Ohta, Y., T. Akiyama, E. Nishida, and H. Sakai. 1987. Protein kinase C and cAMP-dependent protein kinase induce opposite effects on actin polymerizability. FEBS Lett 222:305.
22. Silberbach, M., and C.T. Roberts. 2001. Natriuretic peptide signalling: Molecular and cellular pathways to growth regulation. Cell Signal 13:221.
23. Suhasini, M., H. Li, S.M. Lohmann, G.R. Boss, and R.B. Pilz. 1998. Cyclic-GMP-dependent protein kinase inhibits the Ras/Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Mol Cell Biol 18:6983.
24. Schmitt, J.M., and P.J. Stork. 2001. Cyclic AMP-mediated inhibition of cell growth requires the small G protein Rap1. Mol Cell Biol 21:3671.
25. Howe, A.K. 2004. Regulation of actin-based cell migration by cAMP/PKA. Biochim Biophys Acta 1692:159.
26. Howe, A.K., and R.L. Juliano. 2000. Regulation of anchorage-dependent signal transduction by protein kinase A and p21-activated kinase. Nat Cell Biol 2:593.
27. Lambrechts, A., A.V. Kwiatkowski, L.M. Lanier, J.E. Bear, J. Vandekerckhove, C. Ampe, and F.B. Gertler. 2000. cAMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation of EVL, a Mena/VASP relative, regulates its interaction with actin and SH3 domains. J Biol Chem 275:36143.
28. Walter, U., M. Eigenthaler, J. Geiger, and M. Reinhard. 1993. Role of cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases and their common substrate VASP in the regulation of human platelets. Adv Exp Med Biol 344:237.
29. Lee, M.S., E.M. David, R.R. Makkar, and J.R. Wilentz. 2004. Molecular and cellular basis of restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention: The intertwining roles ofplatelets, leukocytes, and the coagulation-fibrinolysis system. J Pathol 203:861.
30. Bode-Boger, S.M., and G. Kojda. Organic nitrates in cardiovascular disease. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 51:307.
31. Indolfi, C., E.V. Avvedimento, E. Di Lorenzo, G. Esposito, A. Rapacciuolo, P. Giuliano, D. Grieco, L. Cavuto, A.M. Stingone, I. Ciullo, G. Condorelli, and M. Chiariello. Activation of cAMP-PKA signaling in vivo inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation induced by vascular injury. Nat Med 3:775.
32. Soyombo, A.A., G.D. Angelini, and A.C. Newby. Neointima formation is promoted by surgical preparation and inhibited by cyclic nucleotides in human saphenous vein organ cultures. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 109:2.
33. Kuchulakanti, P., and R. Waksman. 2004. Therapeutic potential of oral antiproliferative agents in the prevention of coronary restenosis. Drugs 64:2379.
34. Sekiguchi, M., H. Hoshizaki, H. Adachi, S. Ohshima, K. Taniguchi, M. Kurabayashi. 2004. Effects of antiplatelet agents on subacute thrombosis and restenosis after successful coronary stenting: A randomized comparison of ticlopidine and cilostazol. Circ J 68:610.
35. Tsuchikane, E., Y. Takeda, K. Nasu, N. Awata, and T. Kobayashi. 2004. Balloon angioplasty plus cilostazol administration versus primary stenting of small coronary artery disease: Final results of COMPASS. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 63:44.
36. Indolfi, C., E. Stabile, C. Coppola, A. Gallo, C. Perrino, G. Allevato, L. Cavuto, D. Torella, E. Di Lorenzo, G. Troncone, A. Feliciello, E. Avvedimento, and M. Chiariello. 2001. Membrane-bound protein kinase A inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo by amplifying cAMP-protein kinase A signals. Circ Res 88:319.
37. Dormond O., and C. Ruegg. 2003. Regulation of endothelial cell integrin function and angiogenesis by COX-2, cAMP and Protein Kinase A. Thromb Haemost 90:577.
38. Yuan, S.Y. 2002. Protein kinase signaling in the modulation of microvascular permeability. Vascul Pharmacol 39:213.
39. Wojciak-Stothard, B., and A.J. Ridley. 2002. Rho GTPases and the regulation of endothelial permeability. Vascul Pharmacol 39:187.
40. Taylor, S.S., C. Kim, D. Vigil, N.M. Haste, J. Yang, and G.S. Anand. 2005. Dynamics of signaling by PKA. Biochem Biophys Acta 1754:25.
41. Seino S., and T. Shibasaki. 2005. PKA-dependent and PKA-independent pathways for cAMPregulated exocytosis. Physiol Rev 85:1303.
42. Bornfeldt, K.E., and E.G. Krebs. 1999. Crosstalk between protein kinase A and growth factor receptor signaling pathways in arterial smooth muscle. Cell Signal 11:465.
43. Maurice, D.H., D. Palmer, D.G. Tilley, H.A. Dunkerley, S.J. Netherton, D.R. Raymond, H.S. Elbatarny, and S.L. Jimmo. 2003. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity, expression, and targeting in cells of the cardiovascular system. Mol Pharmacol 64:533.
44. Maurice, D.H., and R.J. Haslam. 1990. Molecular basis of the synergistic inhibition of platelet function by nitrovasodilators and activators of adenylate cyclase: Inhibition of cyclic AMP breakdown by cyclic GMP. Mol Pharmacol 37:671.
45. Maurice, D.H. 2005. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase-mediated integration of cGMP and cAMP signaling in cells of the cardiovascular system. Front Biosci 10:1221.
46. Netherton, S.J., and D.H. Maurice. 2005. Vascular endothelial cell cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and regulated cell migration: Implications in angiogenesis. Mol Pharmacol 67:263.
47. Oynebraten I., N. Barois, K. Hagelsteen, F.E. Johansen, O. Bakke, G. Haraldsen. 2005. Characterization of a novel chemokine-containing storage granule in endothelial cells: Evidence for preferential exocytosis mediated by protein kinase A and diacylglycerol. J Immunol 175:5358.
48. Basoni, C., M. Nobles, A. Grimshaw, C. Desgranges, D. Davies, M. Perretti, I.M. Kramer, and E. Genot. 2005. Inhibitory control of TGF-beta1 on the activation of Rap1, CD11b, and transendothelial migration of leukocytes. FASEB J 19:822.
49. Fukuhara, S., A. Sakurai, H. Sano, A. Yamagishi, S. Somekawa, N. Takakura, Y. Saito, K. Kangawa, and N. Mochizuki. 2005. Cyclic AMP potentiates vascular endothelial cadherinmediated cell-cell contact to enhance endothelial barrier function through an Epac-Rap1 signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biol 25:136.
50. Cullere, X., S.K. Shaw, L. Andersson, J. Hirahashi, F.W. Luscinskas, T.N. Mayadas. 2005. Regulation of vascular endothelial barrier function by Epac, a cAMP-activated exchange factor for Rap GTPase. Blood 105:1950.
51. Rondaij, M.G., E. Sellink, K.A. Gijzen, J.P. ten Klooster, P.L. Hordijk, J.A. van Mourik, and J. Voorberg. 2004. Small GTP-binding protein Ral is involved in cAMP-mediated release of von Willebrand factor from endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24:1315.
52. Kooistra, M.R., M. Corada, E. Dejana, and J.L. Bos. 2005. Epac1 regulates integrity of endothelial cell junctions through VE-cadherin. FEBS Lett 579:4966.
53. Beavo, J.A., and L.L. Brunton. 2002. Cyclic nucleotide research-still expanding after half a century. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 3:710.
54. Conti, M., W. Richter, C. Mehats, G. Livera, J.Y. Park, and C. Jin. 2003. Cyclic AMP-specific PDE4 phosphodiesterases as critical components of cyclic AMP signaling. J Biol Chem 278:5493.
55. Houslay, M.D., and D.R. Adams. 2003. PDE4 cAMP phosphodiesterases: Modular enzymes that orchestrate signaling crosstalk, desensitization, and compartmentalization. Biochem J 370:1.
56. Rybalkin, S.D., C. Yan, K.E. Bornfeldt, and J.A. Beavo. 2003. Cyclic GMP phosphodiesterases and regulation of smooth muscle function. Circ Res 93:280.
57. Manganiello, V.C., and E. Degerman. 1999. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs): Diverse regulators of cyclic nucleotide signals and inviting molecular targets for novel therapeutic agents. Thromb Haemost 82:407.
58. Haslam, R.J., N.T. Dickinson, and E.K. Jang. 1999. Cyclic nucleotides and phosphodiesterases in platelets. Thromb Haemost 82:412.
59. Polson, J.B., and S.J. Strada. 1996. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and vascular smooth muscle. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 36:403.
60. Dunkerley, H.A., D.G. Tilley, D. Palmer, H. Liu, S.L. Jimmo, and D.H. Maurice. 2002. Reduced phosphodiesterase 3 activity and phosphodiesterase 3A level in synthetic vascular smooth muscle cells: Implications for use of phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitors in cardiovascular tissues. Mol Pharmacol 61:1033.
61. Rybalkin, S.D., I. Rybalkina, J.A. Beavo, and K.E. Bornfeldt. 2002. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1C promotes human arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation. Circ Res 90:151.
62. Rybalkin, S.D., I.G. Rybalkina, R. Feil, F. Hofmann, and J.A. Beavo. 2002. Regulation of cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE5) phosphorylation in smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 277:3310.
63. Kim, D., S.D. Rybalkin, X. Pi, Y. Wang, C. Zhang, T. Munzel, J.A. Beavo, B.C. Berk, and C. Yan. 2001. Upregulation of phosphodiesterase 1A1 expression is associated with the development of nitrate tolerance. Circulation 104:2338.
64. Rybalkin, S.D., K.E. Bornfeldt, W.K. Sonnenburg, I.G. Rybalkina, K.S. Kwak, K. Hanson, E.G. Krebs, and J.A. Beavo. 1997. Calmodulin-stimulated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE1C) is induced in human arterial smooth muscle cells of the synthetic, proliferative phenotype. J Clin Invest 100:2611.
65. Movsesian, M.A. 2002. PDE3 cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and the compartmentation of cyclic nucleotide-mediated signalling in cardiac myocytes. Basic Res Cardiol 97 (Suppl 1):I83.
66. Wechsler, J., Y.H. Choi, J. Krall, F. Ahmad, V.C. Manganiello, and M.A. Movsesian. 2002. Isoforms of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase PDE3A in cardiac myocytes. J Biol Chem 277:38072.
67. Degerman, E., P. Belfrage, and V.C. Manganiello. 1997. Structure, localization, and regulation of cGMP-inhibited phosphodiesterase (PDE3). J Biol Chem 272:6823.
68. Hambleton, R., J. Krall, E. Tikishvili, M. Honeggar, F. Ahmad, V.C. Manganiello, and M.A. Movsesian. 2005. Isoforms of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase PDE3 and their contribution to cAMP-hydrolytic activity in subcellular fractions of human myocardium. J Biol Chem 280:39168.
69. Orallo, F., M. Camina, E. Alvarez, H. Basaran, C. Lugnier. 2005. Implication of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibition in the vasorelaxant activity of the citrus-fruits flavonoid (+/-)-naringenin. Planta Med 71:99.
70. Favot L., T. Keravis, C. Lugnier. 2003. Modulation of VEGF-induced endothelial cell cycle protein expression through cyclic AMP hydrolysis by PDE2 and PDE4. Thromb Haemost 92:634.
71. Favot, L., T. Keravis, V. Holl, A. Le Bec, C. Lugnier. 2003. VEGF-induced HUVEC migration and proliferation are decreased by PDE2 and PDE4 inhibitors. Thromb Haemost 90:334.
72. Keravis, T., N. Komas, C. Lugnier. 2000. Cyclic nucleotide hydrolysis in bovine aortic endothelial cells in culture: Differential regulation in cobblestone and spindle phenotypes. J Vasc Res 37:235.
73. Lugnier, C., T. Keravis, A. Eckly-Michel. 1999. Crosstalk between NO and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases in the modulation of signal transduction in blood vessel. J Physiol Pharmacol 50:639.
74. Zhang, W., H. Ke, and R.W. Colman. 2002. Identification of interaction sites of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase type 3A with milrinone and cilostazol using molecular modeling and site-directed mutagenesis. Mol Pharmacol 62:514.
75. Tang, K.M., E.K. Jang, and R.J. Haslam. 1997. Expression and mutagenesis of the catalytic domain of cGMP-inhibited phosphodiesterase (PDE3) cloned from human platelets. Biochem J 323:217.
76. Maurice, D.H., and R.J. Haslam. 1990. Nitroprusside enhances isoprenaline-induced increases in cAMP in rat aortic smooth muscle. Eur J Pharmacol 191:471.
77. Liu, H., and D.H. Maurice. 1998. Expression of cyclic GMP-inhibited phosphodiesterases 3A and 3B (PDE3A and PDE3B) in rat tissues: Differential subcellular localization and regulated expression by cyclic AMP. Br J Pharmacol 125:1501.
78. Palmer, D., and D.H. Maurice. 2000. Dual expression and differential regulation of phosphodiesterase 3A and phosphodiesterase 3B in human vascular smooth muscle: Implications for phosphodiesterase 3 inhibition in human cardiovascular tissues. Mol Pharmacol 58:247.
79. Kenan, Y., T. Murata, Y. Shakur, E. Degerman, and V.C. Manganiello. 2000. Functions of the N-terminal region of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE 3) isoforms. J Biol Chem 275:12331.
80. Jurevicius, J., V.A. Skeberdis, R. Fischmeister. 2003. Role of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase isoforms in cAMP compartmentation following beta2-adrenergic stimulation of ICa,L in frog ventricular myocytes. J Physiol 551:239.
81. Vandecasteele, G., I. Verde, C. Rucker-Martin, P. Donzeau-Gouge, R. Fischmeister. 2001. Cyclic GMP regulation of the L-type Ca2+ channel current in human atrial myocytes. J Physiol 533:329.
82. Verde, I., G. Vandecasteele, F. Lezoualc'h, R. Fischmeister. 1999. Characterization of the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase subtypes involved in the regulation of the L-type Ca2+ current in rat ventricular myocytes. Br J Pharmacol 127:65.
83. Inoue, Y., K. Toga, T. Sudo, K. Tachibana, S. Tochizawa, Y. Kimura, Y. Yoshida, and H. Hidaka. 2000. Suppression of arterial intimal hyperplasia by cilostamide, a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, in a rat balloon double-injury model. Br J Pharmacol 130:231.
84. Zhao, A.Z., K.E. Bornfeldt, and J.A. Beavo. 1998. Leptin inhibits insulin secretion by activation of phosphodiesterase 3B. J Clin Invest 102:869.
85. Zhao, A.Z., M.M. Shinohara, D. Huang, M. Shimizu, H. Eldar-Finkelman, E.G. Krebs, J.A. Beavo, and K.E. Bornfeldt. 2000. Leptin induces insulin-like signaling that antagonizes cAMP elevation by glucagon in hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 275:11348.
86. Elbatarny, H.S., and D.H. Maurice. 2005. Leptin-mediated activation of human platelets: Involvement of a leptin receptor and phosphodiesterase 3A-containing cellular signaling complex. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 289:E695.
87. Onuma, H., H. Osawa, K. Yamada, T. Ogura, F. Tanabe, D.K. Granner, H. Makino. 2002. Identification of the insulin-regulated interaction of phosphodiesterase 3B with 14-3-3 beta protein. Diabetes 51:3362.
88. Pozuelo Rubio, M., D.G. Campbell, N.A. Morrice, C. Mackintosh. 2005. Phosphodiesterase 3A binds to 14-3-3 proteins in response to PMA-induced phosphorylation of Ser428. Biochem J 392:163.
89. Patrucco, E., A. Notte, L. Barberis, G. Selvetella, A. Maffei, M. Brancaccio, S. Marengo, G.Russo, O. Azzolino, S.D. Rybalkin, L. Silengo, F. Altruda, R. Wetzker, M.P. Wymann, G.Lembo, E. Hirsch. 2004. PI3Kgamma modulates the cardiac response to chronic pressure overload by distinct kinase-dependent and -independent effects. Cell 118:375.
90. Voigt, P., M.B. Dorner, M. Schaefer. 2006. Characterization of P87Pikap, a novel regulatory subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma that is highly expressed in heart and interacts with PDE3B. J Biol Chem 281:9977.
91. Barnett, A.H., A.W. Bradbury, J. Brittenden, B. Crichton, R. Donnelly, S. Homer-Vanniasinkam, D.P. Mikhailidis, and G. Stansby. 2004. The role of cilostazol in the treatment of intermittent claudication. Curr Med Res Opin 20:1661.
92. Netherton, S.J., S.L. Jimmo, D. Palmer, D.G. Tilley, H.A. Dunkerley, D.R. Raymond, J.C. Russell, P.M. Absher, E.H. Sage, R.B. Vernon, and D.H. Maurice. Altered phosphodiesterase 3-mediated cAMP hydrolysis contributes to a hypermotile phenotype in obese JCR:LA-cp rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells: Implications for diabetes-associated cardiovascular disease. Diabetes 51:1194.
93. Tilley, D.G., and D.H. Maurice. 2002. Vascular smooth muscle cell phosphodiesterase (PDE) 3 and PDE4 activities and levels are regulated by cyclic AMP in vivo. Mol Pharmacol 62:497.
94. Tilley, D.G., and D.H. Maurice. 2005. Vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype-dependent phosphodiesterase 4D short form expression: Role of differential histone acetylation on cAMP-regulated function. Mol Pharmacol 68:596.
95. Park, S.W., C.W. Lee, H.S. Kim, N.H. Lee, D.Y. Nah, M.K. Hong, J.J. Kim, and S.J. Park. 2000. Effects of cilostazol on angiographic restenosis after coronary stent placement. Am J Cardiol 86:499.
96. Liu, H., D. Palmer, S.L. Jimmo, D.G. Tilley, H.A. Dunkerley, S.C. Pang, and D.H. Maurice. 2000. Expression of phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) is regulated by both the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. A potential mechanism allowing for the coordinated regulation of PDE4D activity and expression in cells. J Biol Chem 275:26615.
97. Liu, H., and D.H. Maurice. 1999. Phosphorylation-mediated activation and translocation of the cyclic AMP-specific phosphodiesterase PDE4D3 by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinases. A potential mechanism allowing for the coordinated regulation of PDE4D activity and targeting. J Biol Chem 274:10557.
98. Rockman, H.A., W.J. Koch, and R.J. Lefkowitz. 2002. Seven-transmembrane-spanning receptors and heart function. Nature 415:206.
99. Slotkin, T.A., J.T. Auman, and F.J. Seidler. 2003. Ontogenesis of β-adrenoceptor signaling: Implications for perinatal physiology and for fetal effects of tocolytic drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 306:1.
100. Pitcher, J.A., N.J. Freedman, and R.J. Lefkowitz. 1998. G protein-coupled receptor kinases. Annu Rev Biochem 67:653.
101. Perry, S.J., and R.J. Lefkowitz. 2002. Arresting developments in heptahelical receptor signaling and regulation. Trends Cell Biol 12:130.
102. Perry, S.J., G.S. Baillie, T.A. Kohout, I. McPhee, M.M. Magiera, K.L. Ang, W.E. Miller, A.J. McLean, M. Conti, M.D. Houslay, and R.J. Lefkowitz. 2002. Targeting of cyclic AMP degradation to β2-adrenergic receptors by β-arrestins. Science 298:834.
103. Lynch, M.J., G.S. Baillie, A. Mohamed, X. Li, C. Maisonneuve, E. Klussmann, G. van Heeke, and M.D. Houslay. 2005. RNA silencing identifies PDE4D5 as the functionally relevant cAMP phosphodiesterase interacting with arrestin to control the protein kinase A/AKAP79-mediated switching of the 2-adrenergic receptor to activation of ERK in HEK293B2 cells. J Biol Chem 280:33178.
104. Baillie, G.S., A. Sood, I. McPhee, I. Gall, S.J. Perry, R.J. Lefkowitz, and M.D. Houslay. 2003. β-Arrestin-mediated PDE4 cAMP phosphodiesterase recruitment regulates β-adrenoceptor switching from Gs to Gi. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:940.
105. Erdogan, S., and M.D. Houslay. 1997. Challenge of human Jurkat T-cells with the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin elicits major changes in cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) expression by up-regulating PDE3 and inducing PDE4D1 and PDE4D2 splice variants as well as down-regulating a novel PDE4A splice variant. Biochem J 321:165.
106. Kostic, M.M., S. Erdogan, G. Rena, G. Borchert, B. Hoch, S. Bartel, G. Scotland, E. Huston, M.D. Houslay, and E.G. Krause. 1997. Altered expression of PDE1 and PDE4 cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase isoforms in 7-oxo-prostacyclin-preconditioned rat heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 29:3135.
107. Palmer, W.K., and S. Doukas. 1984. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP increases phosphodiesterase activity in the rat heart. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 62:1225.
108. Seybold, J., R. Newton, L. Wright, P.A. Finney, N. Suttorp, P.J. Barnes, I.M. Adcock, and M.A. Giembycz. 1998. Induction of phosphodiesterases 3B, 4A4, 4D1, 4D2, and 4D3 in Jurkat T-cells and in human peripheral blood T-lymphocytes by 8-bromo-cAMP and Gs-coupled receptor agonists. Potential role in beta2-adrenoreceptor desensitization. J Biol Chem 273:20575.
109. Verghese, M.W., R.T. McConnell, J.M. Lenhard, L. Hamacher, and S.L. Jin. 1999. Regulation of distinct cyclic AMP-specific phosphodiesterase (phosphodiesterase type 4) isozymes in human monocytic cells. Mol Pharmacol 47:1164.
110. Mehats, C., G. Tanguy, E. Dallot, B. Robert, R. Rebourcet, F. Ferre, and M.J. Leroy. 1999. Selective up-regulation of phosphodiesterase-4 cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-specific phosphodiesterase variants by elevated cAMP content in human myometrial cells in culture. Endocrinology 140:3228.
111. Mehats, C., G. Tanguy, E. Dallot, D. Cabrol, F. Ferre, and M.J. Leroy. 2001. Is up-regulation of phosphodiesterase 4 activity by PGE2 involved in the desensitization of β-mimetics in late pregnancy human myometrium? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:5358.
112. Oger, S., C. Mehats, E. Dallot, F. Ferre, and M.J. Leroy. 2002. Interleukin-1β induces phosphodiesterase 4B2 expression in human myometrial cells through a prostaglandin E2- and cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent pathway. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:5524.
113. Rose, R.J., H. Liu, D. Palmer, and D.H. Maurice. 1997. Cyclic AMP-mediated regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity. Br J Pharmacol 122:233.
114. Dodge-Kafka K.L., J. Soughayer, G.C. Pare, J.J. Carlisle Michel, L.K. Langeberg, M.S. Kapiloff, J.D. Scott. 2005. The protein kinase A anchoring protein mAKAP coordinates two integrated cAMP effector pathways. Nature 437:574.
115. Baillie, G.S., J.D. Scott, M.D. Houslay. 2005. Compartmentalisation of phosphodiesterases and protein kinase A: Opposites attract. FEBS Lett 579:3264.
116. Dodge K.L., S. Khouangsathiene, M.S. Kapiloff, R. Mouton, E.V. Hill, M.D. Houslay, L.K. Langeberg, J.D. Scott. 2001. mAKAP assembles a protein kinase A/PDE4 phosphodiesterase cAMP signaling module. EMBO J 20:1921.
117. Vicini, E., and M. Conti. 1997. Characterization of an intronic promoter of a cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-specific phosphodiesterase gene that confers hormone and cAMP inducibility. Mol Endocrinol 11:839.
118. D' Sa, C., L.M. Tolbert, M. Conti, and R.S. Duman. 2002. Regulation of cAMP-specific phosphodiesterases type 4B and 4D (PDE4) splice variants by cAMP signaling in primary cortical neurons. J Neurochem 81:745.
119. Rena, G., F. Begg, A. Ross, C. MacKenzie, I. McPhee, L. Campbell, E. Huston, M. Sullivan, and M.D. Houslay. 2001. Molecular cloning, genomic positioning, promoter identification, and characterization of the novel cyclic AMP-specific phosphodiesterase PDE4A10. Mol Pharmacol 59:996.
120. Sasaki, T., J. Kotera, and K. Omori. 2004. Transcriptional activation of phosphodiesterase 7B1 by dopamine D1 receptor stimulation through the cyclic AMP/cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase/cyclic AMP-response element binding protein pathway in primary striatal neurons. J Neurochem 89:474.
121. Grunstein, M. 1997. Histone acetylation in chromatin structure and transcription. Nature 389:349.
122. Qiu, P., and L. Li. 2002. Histone acetylation and recruitment of serum responsive factor and CREB-binding protein onto SM22 promoter during SM22 gene expression. Circ Res 90:858.
123. Kumar, M.S., and G.K. Owens. 2003. Combinatorial control of smooth muscle-specific gene expression. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23:737.
124. Grant, P.A. 2001. A tale of histone modifications. Genome Biol 2:3.
125. Gretarsdottir, S., G. Thorleifsson, S.T. Rey nisdottir, A. Manolescu, S. Jonsdottir, T. Jonsdottir, T. Gudmundsdottir, S.M. Bjarnadottir, O.B. Einarsson, H.M. Gudjonsdottir, M. Hawkins, G. Gudmundsson, H. Gudmundsdottir, H. Andrason, A.S. Gudmundsdottir, M. Sigurdardottir, T.T. Chou, J. Nahmias, S. Goss, S. Sveinbjornsdottir, E.M. Valdimarsson, F. Jakobsson, U. Agnarsson, V. Gudnason, G. Thorgeirsson, J. Fingerle, M. Gurney, D. Gudbjartsson, M.L. Frigge, A. Kong, K. Stefansson, and J.R. Gulcher. 2003. The gene encoding phosphodiesterase 4D confers risk of ischemic stroke. Nat Genet 35:131.