Nitric oxide (NO) - Biogeneration, regulation, and relevence to human diseases

Frontiers in Bioscience

Volumn , Issue 4, 2003, Pages

  Bian, Ka ^a   Murad, Ferid ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Ca2+ Channel, Review; Hemin; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Donor; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitrotyrosine; Organic Nitrate; Peroxidase; S Nitrosothiols

Indexed keywords

3 NITROTYROSINE; AMYL NITRATE; GLYCERYL TRINITRATE; INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE; NITRATE; NITRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; NITRIC OXIDE; NITRIC OXIDE DONOR; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; NITRITE; ORGANIC NITRATE; PENTAERYTHRITYL TETRANITRATE; PEROXIDASE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; S NITROSOTHIOL; TRINITRATE; TRINITROTOLUENE; TROLNITRATE; TYROSINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANGINA PECTORIS; CALCIUM CHANNEL; CHEMICAL REACTION; DRUG DESIGN; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG MECHANISM; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME INHIBITION; ENZYME REGULATION; ENZYME SYNTHESIS; HUMAN; NITRATION; NONHUMAN; REACTION ANALYSIS; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; ANIMAL; BIOSYNTHESIS; CHEMISTRY; GENERAL ASPECTS OF DISEASE; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANGINA;

ANIMALS; DISEASE; HUMANS; NITRIC OXIDE;

EID: 0038571272     PISSN: 27686701     EISSN: 27686698     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2741/997     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. Murad, F., Nitric oxide signaling: would you believe that a simple free radical could be a second messenger, autacoid, paracrine substance, neurotransmitter, and hormone? Recent Prog Horm Res, 53, 43-59; discussion 59-60. (1998)
2. Murad, F., Cellular signaling with nitric oxide and cyclic GMP. Braz J Med Biol Res, 32, 1317-27. (1999)
3. Murad, F., Discovery of some of the biological effects of nitric oxide and its role in cell signaling. Biosci Rep, 19, 133-54. (1999)
4. Bian, K., K. Davis, J. Kuret, L. Binder, and F. Murad, Nitrotyrosine formation with endotoxin-induced kidney injury detected by immunohistochemistry. Am J Physiol, 111, F33-40. (1999)
5. Bian, K. and F. Murad, Diversity of endotoxin-induced nitrotyrosine formation in macrophage-endothelium-rich organs. Free Radie Biol Med, 31, 421 -9. (2001)
6. Bredt, D. S., P. M. Hwang, C. E. Glatt, C. Lowenstein, R. R. Reed, and S. H. Snyder, Cloned and expressed nitric oxide synthase structurally resembles cytochrome P-450 reductase. Nature, 351, 714-8. (1991)
7. Nathan, C. and Q. W. Xie, Nitric oxide synthases: roles, tolls, and controls. Cell, 78, 915-8. (1994)
8. Nathan, C., Inducible nitric oxide synthase: regulation subserves function. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol, 196, 1-4. (1995)
9. Janssens, S. P., A. Shimouchi, T. Quertermous, D. B. Bloch, and K. D. Bloch, Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding human endothelium-derived relaxing factor/nitric oxide synthase. J Biol Chem, 267, 14519-22. (1992)
10. Marsden, P. A., K. T. Schappert, H. S. Chen, M. Flowers, C. L. Sundell, J. N. Wilcox, S. Lamas, and T. Michel, Molecular cloning and characterization of human endothelial nitric oxide synthase. FEBS Lett, 307, 287-93. (1992)
11. Sessa, W. C., J. K. Harrison, C. M. Barber, D. Zeng, M. E. Durieux, D. D. D'Angelo, K. R. Lynch, and M. J. Peach, Molecular cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase. J Biol Chem, 261, 15274-6. (1992)
12. Liu, Q. and S. S. Gross, Binding sites of nitric oxide synthases. Methods Enzymol, 268, 311-24. (1996)
13. Xia, H. and D. S. Bredt, Cloned and expressed nitric oxide synthase proteins. Methods Enzymol, 268, 427-36. (1996)
14. Marietta, M. A., Another activation switch for endothelial nitric oxide synthase: why does it have to be so complicated? Trends Biochem Sci, 26, 519-21. (2001)
15. Bredt, D. S., Endogenous nitric oxide synthesis: biological functions and pathophysiology. Free Radic Res, 31, 577-96. (1999)
16. White, K. A. and M. A. Marietta, Nitric oxide synthase is a cytochrome P-450 type hemoprotein. Biochemistry, 31, 6627-31. (1992)
17. Kwon, N. S., C. F. Nathan, C. Gilker, O. W. Griffith, D. E. Matthews, and D. J. Stuehr, L-citrulline production from L-arginine by macrophage nitric oxide synthase. The ureido oxygen derives from dioxygen. J Biol Chem, 265, 13442-5. (1990)
18. Bush, P. A., N. E. Gonzalez, J. M. Griscavage, and L. J. Ignarro, Nitric oxide synthase from cerebellum catalyzes the formation of equimolar quantities of nitric oxide and citrulline from L-arginine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 185, 960-6. (1992)
19. Ignarro, L. J., G. M. Buga, L. H. Wei, P. M. Bauer, G. Wu, and P. del Soldato, Role of the arginine-nitric oxide pathway in the regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 98, 4202-8. (2001)
20. 2+/calmodulin-dependent cytochrome c reductase activity of brain nitric oxide synthase. J Biol Chem, 267, 11374-8. (1992)
21. 2+/calmodulin-dependent nitric oxide synthase from porcine cerebellum. Cofactor-role of tetrahydrobiopterin. FEBS Lett, 277, 215-9. (1990)
22. Ignarro, L. J., G. Cirino, A. Casini, and C. Napoli, Nitric oxide as a signaling molecule in the vascular system: an overview. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 34, 879-86. (1999)
23. Weisbrodt, N. W., M. Lai, and Z. Gottesfeld, Ileal nitric oxide formation is altered in the young rat in response to endotoxin: effects of exposure to alcohol in utero. Alcohol, 17, 247-51. (1999)
24. Gottesfeld, Z., M. Maier, D. Mailman, M. Lai, and N. W. Weisbrodt, Splenic sympathetic response to endotoxin is blunted in the fetal alcohol-exposed rat: role of nitric oxide. Alcohol, 16, 19-24. (1998)
25. Xie, Q. W. and C. Nathan, Promoter of the mouse gene encoding calcium-independent nitric oxide synthase confers inducibility by interferon-gamma and bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Trans Assoc Am Physicians, 106, 1-12. (1993)
26. Calatayud, S., D. Barrachina, and J. V. Esplugues, Nitric oxide: relation to integrity, injury, and healing of the gastric mucosa. Microsc Res Tech, 53, 325-35. (2001)
27. Abramson, S. B., A. R. Amin, R. M. Clancy, and M. Attur, The role of nitric oxide in tissue destruction. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol, 15, 831-45. (2001)
28. Dawson, V. L. and T. M. Dawson, Nitric oxide in neurodegeneration. Prog Brain Res, 118, 215-29. (1998)
29. Heneka, M. T. and D. L. Feinstein, Expression and function of inducible nitric oxide synthase in neurons. J Neuroimmunol, 114, 8-18. (2001)
30. Amin, A. R., M. Attur, and S. B. Abramson, Nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenases: distribution, regulation, and intervention in arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol, 11, 202-9. (1999)
31. Liu, J. S., M. L. Zhao, C. F. Brosnan, and S. C. Lee, Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine in multiple sclerosis lesions. Am J Pathol, 158, 2057-66. (2001)
32. Kong, G., E. K. Kim, W. S. Kim, Y. W. Lee, J. K. Lee, S. W. Paik, J. C. Rhee, K. W. Choi, and K. T. Lee, Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) immunoreactivity and its relationship to cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, clinicopathologic characteristics, and patient survival in pancreatic cancer. Int J Pancreatol, 29, 133-40. (2001)
33. Kondo, S., S. Toyokuni, T. Tsuruyama, M. Ozeki, T. Tachibana, M. Echizenya, H. Hiai, H. Onodera, and M. Imamura, Peroxynitrite-mediated stress is associated with proliferation of human metastatic colorectal carcinoma in the liver. Cancer Lett, 179, 87-93. (2002)
34. Kagoura, M., C. Matsui, M. Toyoda, and M. Morohashi, Immunohistochemical study of inducible nitric oxide synthase in skin cancers. J Cutan Pathol, 28, 476-81. (2001)
35. Aaltoma, S. H., P. K. Lipponen, and V. M. Kosma, Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and its prognostic value in prostate cancer. Anticancer Res, 21, 3101-6. (2001)
36. Wilson, K. T., Angiogenic markers, neovascularization and malignant deformation of Barrett's esophagus. Dis Esophagus, 15, 16-21. (2002)
37. Franchi, A., O. Gallo, M. Paglierani, I. Sardi, L. Magnelli, E. Masini, and M. Santucci, Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in laryngeal neoplasia: correlation with angiogenesis. Head Neck, 24, 16-23. (2002)
38. Morris, B. J., A. Markus, C. L. Glenn, D. J. Adams, S. Colagiuri, and L. Wang, Association of a functional inducible nitric oxide synthase promoter variant with complications in type 2 diabetes. J Mol Med, 80, 96-104. (2002)
39. Johannesen, J., A. Pie, F. Pociot, O. P. Kristiansen, A. E. Karlsen, and J. Nerup, Linkage of the human inducible nitric oxide synthase gene to type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86, 2792-6. (2001)
40. Bryk, R. and D. J. Wolff, Pharmacological modulation of nitric oxide synthesis by mechanism-based inactivators and related inhibitors. Pharmacol Ther, 84, 157-78. (1999)
41. Inoue, H., I. Arai, S. Shibata, and S. Watanabe, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester attenuates the maintenance and expression of methamphetamine- induced behavioral sensitization and enhancement of striatal dopamine release. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 277, 1424-30. (1996)
42. Salerno, L., V. Sorrenti, C. Di Giacomo, G. Romeo, and M. A. Siracusa, Progress in the development of selective nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors. Curr Pharm Des, 8, 177-200. (2002)
43. Bian, K., Y. Harari, M. Zhong, M. Lai, G. Castro, N. Weisbrodt, and F. Murad, Down-regulation of inducible nitric-oxide synthase (NOS-2) during parasite-induced gut inflammation: a path to identify a selective NOS-2 inhibitor. Mol Pharmacol, 59, 939-47. (2001)
44. Bian K, Zong. M., Harari Y, Weisbrodt N, Murad F., Down regulation of NOS-2 by an IL-4Ra-dependent, T cell-independent pathway during parasite-induced gut inflammation. Gastroenterology, 122, A143. (2002)
45. Arnold, W. P., C. K. Mittel, S. Katsuki, and F. Murad, Nitric oxide activates guanylate cyclase and increases guanosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate levels in various tissue preparations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 74, 3203-7. (1977)
46. Katsuki, S., W. Arnold, C. Mittal, and F. Murad, Stimulation of guanylate cyclase by sodium nitroprusside, nitroglycerin and nitric oxide in various tissue preparations and comparison to the effects of sodium azide and hydroxylamine. J Cyclic Nucleotide Res, 3, 23-35. (1977)
47. Furchgott, R. F. and J. V. Zawadzki, The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature, 288, 373-6. (1980)
48. Ignarro, L. J., R. E. Byrns, G. M. Buga, and K. S. Wood, Endothelium-derived relaxing factor from pulmonary artery and vein possesses pharmacologic and chemical properties identical to those of nitric oxide radical. Circ Res, 61, 866-79. (1987)
49. Ignarro, L. J., G. M. Buga, K. S. Wood, R. E. Byrns, and G. Chaudhuri, Endothelium-derived relaxing factor produced and released from artery and vein is nitric oxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 84, 9265-9. (1987)
50. Ignarro, L. J. and K. S. Wood, Activation of purified soluble guanylate cyclase by arachidonic acid requires absence of enzyme-bound heme. Biochim Biophys Acta, 928, 160-70. (1987)
51. Marsh, N. and A. Marsh, A short history of nitroglycerine and nitric oxide in pharmacology and physiology. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 27, 313-9. (2000)
52. Ignarro, L. J., H. Lippton, J. C. Edwards, W. H. Baricos, A. L. Hyman, P. J. Kadowitz, and C. A. Gruetter, Mechanism of vascular smooth muscle relaxation by organic nitrates, nitrites, nitroprusside and nitric oxide: evidence for the involvement of S-nitrosothiols as active intermediates. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 218, 739-49. (1981)
53. Bennett, B. M., H. Schroder, L. D. Hayward, S. A. Waldman, and F. Murad, Effect of in vitro organic nitrate tolerance on relaxation, cyclic GMP accumulation, and guanylate cyclase activation by glyceryl trinitrate and the enantiomers of isoidide dinitrate. Circ Res, 63, 693-701. (1988)
54. Papapetropoulos, A., C. Y. Go, F. Murad, and J. D. Catravas, Mechanisms of tolerance to sodium nitroprusside in rat cultured aortic smooth muscle cells. Br J Pharmacol., 117, 147-55. (1996)
55. Chen, Z., J. Zhang, and J. S. Stamler, Identification of the enzymatic mechanism of nitroglycerin bioactivation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 99, 8306-11. (2002)
56. Ignarro, L. J., P. J. Kadowitz, and W. H. Baricos, Evidence that regulation of hepatic guanylate cyclase activity involves interactions between catalytic site -SH groups and both substrate and activator. Arch Biochem Biophys, 208, 75-86. (1981)
57. Gow, A. J., Q. Chen, D. T. Hess, B. J. Day, H. Ischiropoulos, and J. S. Stamler, Basal and stimulated protein S-nitrosylation in multiple cell types and tissues. J Biol Chem, 277, 9637-40. (2002)
58. Richardson, G. and N. Benjamin, Potential therapeutic uses for S-nitrosothiols. Clin Sci (Lond), 102, 99-105. (2002)
59. Al-Sa'doni, H. and A. Ferro, S-Nitrosothiols: a class of nitric oxide-donor drugs. Clin Sci (Lond), 98, 507-20. (2000)
60. Gaston, B., Nitric oxide and thiol groups. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1411, 323-33. (1999)
61. Hogg, N., Biological chemistry and clinical potential of S-nitrosothiols. Free Radic Biol Med, 28, 1478-86. (2000)
62. Hogg, N., The biochemistry and physiology of S-nitrosothiols. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 42, 585-600. (2002)
63. Patel, R. P., Biochemical aspects of the reaction of hemoglobin and NO: implications for Hb-based blood substitutes. Free Radic Biol Med, 28, 1518-25. (2000)
64. McMahon, T. J., R. E. Moon, B. P. Luschinger, M. S. Carraway, A. E. Stone, B. W. Stolp, A. J. Gow, J. R. Pawloski, P. Watke, D. J. Singel, C. A. Piantadosi, and J. S. Stamler, Nitric oxide in the human respiratory cycle. Nat Med, 8, 711-7. (2002)
65. Pawloski, J. R., D. T. Hess, and J. S. Stamler, Export by red blood cells of nitric oxide bioactivity. Nature, 409, 622-6. (2001)
66. Joshi, M. S., T. B. Ferguson, Jr., T. H. Han, D. R. Hyduke, J. C. Liao, T. Rassaf, N. Bryan, M. Feelisch, and J. R. Lancaster, Jr., Nitric oxide is consumed, rather than conserved, by reaction with oxyhemoglobin under physiological conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 99, 10341-6. (2002)
67. Jourd'heuil, D., K. Hallen, M. Feelisch, and M. B. Grisham, Dynamic state of S-nitrosothiols in human plasma and whole blood. Free Radic Biol Med, 28, 409-17. (2000)
68. Jia, L. and R. C. Blantz, The effects of S-nitrosocaptopril on renal filtration and blood pressure in rats. Eur J Pharmacol, 354, 33-41. (1998)
69. Stamler, J. S., D. I. Simon, O. Jaraki, J. A. Osborne, S. Francis, M. Mullins, D. Singel, and J. Loscalzo, S-nitrosylation of tissue-type plasminogen activator confers vasodilatory and antiplatelet properties on the enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 89, 8087-91. (1992)
70. Morley, D. and L. K. Keefer, Nitric oxide/nucleophile complexes: a unique class of nitric oxide-based vasodilators. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 22 Suppl 7, S3-9. (1993)
71. Fitzhugh, A. L. and L. K. Keefer, Diazeniumdiolates: pro- and antioxidant applications of the "NONOates". Free Radic Biol Med, 28, 1463-9. (2000)
72. Yamasaki, H., Nitrite-dependent nitric oxide production pathway: implications for involvement of active nitrogen species in photoinhibition in vivo. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 355, 1477-88. (2000)
73. Lundberg, J. O., M. Herulf, M. Olesen, J. Bohr, C. Tysk, N. P. Wiklund, E. Morcos, P. M. Hellstrom, E. Weitzberg, and G. Jarnerot, Increased nitric oxide production in collagenous and lymphocytic colitis. Eur J Clin Invest, 27, 869-71. (1997)
74. Zweier, J. L., P. Wang, A. Samouilov, and P. Kuppusamy, Enzyme-independent formation of nitric oxide in biological tissues. Nat Med, 1, 804-9. (1995)
75. Takahama, U., T. Oniki, and S. Hirota, Oxidation of quercetin by salivary components. Quercetin-dependent reduction of salivary nitrite under acidic conditions producing nitric oxide. J Agric Food Chem, 50, 4317-22. (2002)
76. Zhou, J. J., L. J. Trueman, K. J. Boorer, F. L. Theodoulou, B. G. Forde, and A. J. Miller, A high affinity fungal nitrate carrier with two transport mechanisms. J Biol Chem, 275, 39894-9. (2000)
77. Ellis, G., I. Adatia, M. Yazdanpanah, and S. K. Makela, Nitrite and nitrate analyses: a clinical biochemistry perspective. Clin Biochem, 31, 195-220. (1998)
78. Chuck, A. L., S. M. Turner, and P. S. Liss, Direct evidence for a marine source of c1 and c2 alkyl nitrates. Science, 297, 1151-4. (2002)
79. Zumft, W. G., Cell biology and molecular basis of denitrification. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, 61, 533-616. (1997)
80. Richardson, D. J. and N. J. Watmough, Inorganic nitrogen metabolism in bacteria. Curr Opin Chem Biol, 3, 207-19. (1999)
81. Cheesman, M. R., S. J. Ferguson, J. W. Moir, D. J. Richardson, W. G. Zumft, and A. J. Thomson, Two enzymes with a common function but different heme ligands in the forms as isolated. Optical and magnetic properties of the heme groups in the oxidized forms of nitrite reductase, cytochrome cdl, from Pseudomonas stutzeri and Thiosphaera pantotropha. Biochemistry, 36, 16267-76. (1997)
82. Watmough, N. J., G. Butland, M. R. Cheesman, J. W. Moir, D. J. Richardson, and S. Spiro, Nitric oxide in bacteria: synthesis and consumption. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1411, 456-74. (1999)
83. Kuo, W., Kuo, TW., Jones, DL., Baptiste, J Jr., Nitric oxide synthaseimmunoreactivity in baker's yeast, lobster and wheat germ. Biochemical Archives, 11, 73-78. (1995)
84. Ninnemann, H. and J. Maier, Indications for the occurrence of nitric oxide synthases in fungi and plants and the involvement in photoconidiation of Neurospora crassa. Photochem Photobiol, 64, 393-8. (1996)
85. Beligni, M. V. and L. Lamattina, Nitric oxide: a non-traditional regulator of plant growth. Trends Plant Sci, 6, 508-9. (2001)
86. Beligni, M. V., A. Path, P. C. Bethke, L. Lamattina, and R. L. Jones, Nitric oxide acts as an antioxidant and delays programmed cell death in barley aleurone layers. Plant Physiol, 129, 1642-50. (2002)
87. Davis, K. L., E. Martin, I. V. Turko, and F. Murad, Novel effects of nitric oxide. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 41, 203-36. (2001)
88. Hanafy, K. A., J. S. Kramenacker, and F. Murad, NO, nitrotyrosine, and cyclic GMP in signal transduction. Med Sci Monit, 7, 801-19. (2001)
89. Eiserich, J. P., M. Hristova, C. E. Cross, A. D. Jones, B. A. Freeman, B. Halliwell, and A. van der Vliet, Formation of nitric oxide-derived inflammatory oxidants by myeloperoxidase in neutrophils. Nature, 391, 393-7. (1998)
90. Wu, W., Y. Chen, and S. L. Hazen, Eosinophil peroxidase nitrates protein tyrosyl residues. Implications for oxidative damage by nitrating intermediates in eosinophilic inflammatory disorders. J Biol Chem, 274, 25933-44. (1999)
91. van der Vliet, A., J. P. Eiserich, B. Halliwell, and C. E. Cross, Formation of reactive nitrogen species during peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of nitrite. A potential additional mechanism of nitric oxide-dependent toxicity. J Biol Chem, 272, 7617-25. (1997)
92. Souza, J. M., E. Daikhin, M. Yudkoff, C. S. Raman, and H. Ischiropoulos, Factors determining the selectivity of protein tyrosine nitration. Arch Biochem Biophys, 371, 169-78. (1999)
93. Brennan, M. L., W. Wu, X. Fu, Z. Shen, W. Song, H. Frost, C. Vadseth, L. Narine, E. Lenkiewicz, M. T. Borchers, A. J. Lusis, J. J. Lee, N. A. Lee, H. M. Abu-Soud, H. Ischiropoulos, and S. L. Hazen, A tale of two controversies: defining both the role of peroxidases in nitrotyrosine formation in vivo using eosinophil peroxidase and myeloperoxidase-deficient mice, and the nature of peroxidase-generated reactive nitrogen species. J Biol Chem, 277, 17415-27. (2002)
94. Turko, I. V., S. Marcondes, and F. Murad, Diabetes-associated nitration of tyrosine and inactivation of succinyl-CoA:3-oxoacid CoA-transferase. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 281, H2289-94. (2001)
95. Marcondes, S., I. V. Turko, and F. Murad, Nitration of succinyl-CoA:3-oxoacid CoA-transferase in rats after endotoxin administration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 98, 7146-51. (2001)
96. Gow, A. J., D. Duran, S. Malcolm, and H. Ischiropoulos, Effects of peroxynitrite-induced protein modifications on tyrosine phosphorylation and degradation. FEBS Lett, 385, 63-6. (1996)
97. Ischiropoulos, H., Biological tyrosine nitration: a pathophysiological function of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. Arch Biochem Biophys, 356, 1-11. (1998)
98. Raina, A. K., G. Perry, A. Nunomura, L. M. Sayre, and M. A. Smith, Histochemical and immunocytochemical approaches to the study of oxidative stress. Clin Chem Lab Med, 38, 93-7. (2000)
99. Nakazawa, H., N. Fukuyama, S. Takizawa, C. Tsuji, M. Yoshitake, and H. Ishida, Nitrotyrosine formation and its role in various pathological conditions. Free Radic Res, 33, 771-84. (2000)
100. Beckman, J. S. and W. H. Koppenol, Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: the good, the bad, and ugly. Am J Physiol, 271, C1424-37. (1996)
101. Estevez, A. G., N. Spear, S. M. Manuel, R. Radi, C. E. Henderson, L. Barbeito, and J. S. Beckman, Nitric oxide and superoxide contribute to motor neuron apoptosis induced by trophic factor deprivation. J Neurosci, 18, 923-31. (1998)
102. Halliwell, B., K. Zhao, and M. Whiteman, Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. The ugly, the uglier and the not so good: a personal view of recent controversies. Free Radic Res, 31, 651-69. (1999)
103. Hayashi, Y., Y. Sawa, S. Ohtake, N. Fukuyama, H. Nakazawa, and H. Matsuda, Peroxynitrite formation from human myocardium after ischemia-reperfusion during open heart operation. Ann Thorac Surg, 72, 571-6. (2001)
104. Galinanes, M. and B. M. Matata, Protein nitration is predominantly mediated by a peroxynitrite-dependent pathway in cultured human leukocytes. Biochem J, Pt. (2002)
105. Bian, K., Harari, Y., Lai, M., Phan, T., Mailman, R., Weisbrodt, N., Murad, F., Intestinal nitrotyrosine formation in rats. Gastroenterology, 116, A844. (1999)
106. Bian, K., Harari, Y., Zhong, M., Lai, M., Weisbrodt, N., Murad, F., Intestine protein nitration induced by myeloperoxidase. Gastroenterology, 120. (2001)
107. Bian, K., Harari, Y., Zhong, M., Weisbrodt, N., Murad, F., Tissie inflammation and tyrosine nitration: role of nitric oxide and myeloperoxidase in nitrotyrosine formation. FASEB Journal, 15, A199. (2001)
108. Lymar, S. V. and J. K. Hurst, Carbon dioxide: physiological catalyst for peroxynitrite-mediated cellular damage or cellular protectant? Chem Res Toxicol, 9, 845-50. (1996)
109. 2+-ATPase in skeletal muscle. Biochem J, 340 (Pt 3), 657-69. (1999)
110. Bian, K. and N. Toda, Reoxygenation and calcium-induced cerebroarterial contractions as affected by vasodilator agents. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 8, 808-35. (1988)
111. 2+ channel antagonist Ro 40-5967 in vascular muscle cells cultured from dog coronary and saphenous arteries. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, 348, 191-6. (1993)
112. 2+. Am J Physiol, 269, H230-8. (1995)
113. Bian, K. and R. D. Bukoski, Myofilament calcium sensitivity of normotensive and hypertensive resistance arteries. Hypertension, 25, 110-6. (1995)
114. 2+ and force generation in resistance arteries. Am J Physiol, 270, H230-7. (1996)
115. Di Salvo, J., S. R. Nelson, and N. Kaplan, Protein tyrosine phosphorylation in smooth muscle: a potential coupling mechanism between receptor activation and intracellular calcium. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 214, 285-301. (1997)
116. 2+-channel protein nitration and intestinal smooth muscle contractility. Gastroenterology, 120, A200. (2001)
117. Podrez, E. A., D. Schmitt, H. F. Hoff, and S. L. Hazen, Myeloperoxidase-generated reactive nitrogen species convert LDL into an atherogenic form in vitro. J Clin Invest, 103, 1547-60. (1999)
118. Podrez, E. A., H. M. Abu-Soud, and S. L. Hazen, Myeloperoxidase-generated oxidants and atherosclerosis. Free Radic Biol Med, 28, 1717-25. (2000)
119. Paoli, M., J. Marles-Wright, and A. Smith, Structure-function relationships in heme-proteins. DNA Cell Biol, 21, 271-80. (2002)
120. Smith, A., Homeostasis of heme in health and disease: current aspects of the structural biology of heme-protein interactions and of gene regulation. DNA Cell Biol, 21, 245-9. (2002)
121. Ryter, S., E. Kvam, and R. M. Tyrrell, Heme oxygenase activity determination by high-performance liquid chromatography. Methods Enzymol, 300, 322-36. (1999)
122. Ryter, S. W. and R. M. Tyrrell, The heme synthesis and degradation pathways: role in oxidant sensitivity. Heme oxygenase has both pro- and antioxidant properties. Free Radic Biol Med, 28, 289-309. (2000)