MIF and the chemokine axis

The MIF Handbook

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 23-53

  Kraemer, Sandra ^a   Weber, Christian ^b   Bernhagen, Jürgen ^a  

^a RWTH AACHEN UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b LUDWIG MAXIMILIANS UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84973129935     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1142/9789814335362_0002     Document Type: Chapter

References (147)

1. David JR. (1966) Delayed hypersensitivity in vitro: Its mediation by cell-free substances formed by lymphoid cell-antigen interaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 56: 72-77.
2. Bernhagen J, Calandra T, Mitchell RA et al. (1993) MIF is a pituitary-derived cytokine that potentiates lethal endotoxaemia. Nature 365: 756-759.
3. Calandra T, Bernhagen J, Mitchell RA, Bucala R. (1994) The macrophage is an important and previously unrecognized source of macrophage migration inhibitory factor. J Exp Med 179: 1895-1902.
4. Calandra T, Roger T. (2003) Macrophage migration inhibitory factor: A regulator of innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 3: 791-800.
5. Calandra T, Echtenacher B, Le Roy D et al. (2000) Protection from septic shock by neutralization of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Nat Med 6: 164-169.
6. de Jong YP, Abadia-Molina AC, Satoskar AR et al. (2001) Development of chronic colitis is dependent on the cytokine MIF. Nat Immunol 2: 1061-1066.
7. Bernhagen J, Bacher M, Calandra T et al. (1996) An essential role for macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the tuberculin delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction. J Exp Med 183: 277-282.
8. Lan HY, Bacher M, Yang N et al. (1997) The pathogenic role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in immunologically induced kidney disease in the rat. J Exp Med 185: 1455-1465.
9. Donnelly SC, Haslett C, Reid PT et al. (1997) Regulatory role for macrophage migration inhibitory factor in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Nat Med 3: 320-323.
10. Morand EF, Leech M, Bernhagen J. (2006) MIF: A new cytokine link between rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Drug Discov 5: 399-410.
11. Calandra T, Bernhagen J, Metz CN et al. (1995) MIF as a glucocorticoid-induced modulator of cytokine production. Nature 377: 68-71.
12. Flaster H, Bernhagen J, Calandra T, Bucala R. (2007) The MIF-glucocorticoid dyad: Regulation of inflammation and immunity. Mol Endocrinol 21: 1267-1280.
13. Bernhagen J, Krohn R, Lue H et al. (2007) MIF is a noncognate ligand of CXC chemokine receptors in inflammatory and atherogenic cell recruitment. Nat Med 13: 587-596.
14. Gregory JL, Leech MT, David JR et al. (2004) Reduced leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in the inflamed microcirculation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor-deficient mice. Arthritis Rheum 50: 3023-3034.
15. Gregory JL, Morand EF, McKeown SJ et al. (2006) Macrophage migration inhibitory factor induces macrophage recruitment via CC chemokine ligand 2. J Immunol 177: 8072-8079.
16. Zernecke A, Bernhagen J, Weber C. (2008) Macrophage migration inhibitory factor in cardiovascular disease. Circulation 117: 1594-1602.
17. Schober A, Bernhagen J, Thiele M et al. (2004) Stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques by blockade of macrophage migration inhibitory factor after vascular injury in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circulation 109: 380-385.
18. Noels H, Bernhagen J, Weber C. (2009) Macrophage migration inhibitory factor: A noncanonical chemokine important in atherosclerosis. Trends Cardiovasc Med 19: 76-86.
19. Schober A, Bernhagen J, Weber C. (2008) Chemokine-like functions of MIF in atherosclerosis. J Mol Med 86: 761-770.
20. Zernecke A, Weber C. (2010) Chemokines in the vascular inflammatory response of atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 86: 192-201.
21. Thelen M. (2001) Dancing to the tune of chemokines. Nat Immunol 2: 129-134.
22. Thelen M, Stein JV. (2008) How chemokines invite leukocytes to dance. Nat Immunol 9: 953-959.
23. Baggiolini M. (2001) Chemokines in pathology and medicine. J Intern Med 250: 91-104.
24. Mackay CR. (2001) Chemokines: Immunology's high impact factors. Nat Immunol 2: 95-101.
25. Baggiolini M, Dewald B, Moser B. (1994) Interleukin-8 and related chemotac-tic cytokines — CXC and CC chemokines. Adv Immunol 55: 97-179.
26. Charo IF, Ransohoff RM. (2006) The many roles of chemokines and chemokine receptors in inflammation. N Engl J Med 354: 610-621.
27. Charo IF, Taubman MB. (2004) Chemokines in the pathogenesis of vascular disease. Circ Res 95: 858-866.
28. Hansson GK. (1999) Inflammation and immune response in atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 1: 150-155.
29. Moser B, Loetscher P. (2001) Lymphocyte traffic control by chemokines. Nat Immunol 2: 123-128.
30. Rot A, von Andrian UH. (2004) Chemokines in innate and adaptive host defense: Basic chemokinese grammar for immune cells. Annu Rev Immunol 22: 891-928.
31. Schober A, Weber C. (2005) Mechanisms of monocyte recruitment in vascular repair after injury. Antioxid Redox Signal 7: 1249-1257.
32. Zernecke A, Shagdarsuren E, Weber C. (2008) Chemokines in atherosclerosis: An update. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 28: 1897-1908.
33. Sallusto F, Baggiolini M. (2008) Chemokines and leukocyte traffic. Nat Immunol 9: 949-952.
34. Ley K. (2003) Arrest chemokines. Microcirculation 10: 289-295.
35. Murphy PM, Baggiolini M, Charo IF et al. (2000) International union of pharmacology. XXII. Nomenclature for chemokine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 52: 145-176.
36. Luster AD. (1998) Chemokines — Chemotactic cytokines that mediate inflammation. N Engl J Med 338: 436-445.
37. Fernandez EJ, Lolis E. (2002) Structure, function, and inhibition of chemokines. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 42: 469-499.
38. Joseph PR, Sarmiento JM, Mishra AK et al. (2010) Probing the role of CXC motif in chemokine CXCL8 for high affinity binding and activation of CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors. J Biol Chem 285: 29262-29269.
39. Clark-Lewis I, Kim KS, Rajarathnam K et al. (1995) Structure-activity relationships of chemokines. J Leukoc Biol 57: 703-711.
40. Rajagopalan L, Rajarathnam K. (2006) Structural basis of chemokine receptor function — A model for binding affinity and ligand selectivity. Biosci Rep 26: 325-339.
41. Oppenheim JJ, Biragyn A, Kwak LW, Yang D. (2003) Roles of antimicrobial peptides such as defensins in innate and adaptive immunity. Ann Rheum Dis 62(Suppl 2): ii17-ii21.
42. Yang D, Biragyn A, Hoover DM et al. (2004) Multiple roles of antimicrobial defensins, cathelicidins, and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin in host defense. Annu Rev Immunol 22: 181-215.
43. Oppenheim JJ, Yang D. (2005) Alarmins: Chemotactic activators of immune responses. Curr Opin Immunol 17: 359-365.
44. Yang D, Oppenheim JJ. (2004) Antimicrobial proteins act as "alarmins" in joint immune defense. Arthritis Rheum 50: 3401-3403.
45. Degryse B, de Virgilio M. (2003) The nuclear protein HMGB1, a new kind of chemokine? FEBS Lett 553: 11-17.
46. Rajarathnam K, Sykes BD, Kay CM et al. (1994) Neutrophil activation by monomeric interleukin-8. Science 264: 90-92.
47. Nasser MW, Raghuwanshi SK, Grant DJ et al. (2009) Differential activation and regulation of CXCR1 and CXCR2 by CXCL8 monomer and dimer. J Immunol 183: 3425-3432.
48. Das ST, Rajagopalan L, Guerrero-Plata A et al. (2010) Monomeric and dimeric CXCL8 are both essential for in vivo neutrophil recruitment. PLoS One 5: e11754.
49. Weber C, Koenen RR. (2006) Fine-tuning leukocyte responses: Towards a chemokine 'interactome'. Trends Immunol 27: 268-273.
50. Veldkamp CT, Peterson FC, Pelzek AJ, Volkman BF. (2005) The monomer-dimer equilibrium of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (CXCL 12) is altered by pH, phosphate, sulfate, and heparin. Protein Sci 14: 1071-1081.
51. Veldkamp CT, Ziarek JJ, Su J et al. (2009) Monomeric structure of the cardioprotective chemokine SDF-1/CXCL12. Protein Sci 18: 1359-1369.
52. Murphy JW, Cho Y, Sachpatzidis A et al. (2007) Structural and functional basis of CXCL12 (stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha) binding to heparin. J Biol Chem 282: 10018-10027.
53. Ravindran A, Joseph PR, Rajarathnam K. (2009) Structural basis for differential binding of the interleukin-8 monomer and dimer to the CXCR1 N-domain: Role of coupled interactions and dynamics. Biochemistry 48: 8795-8805.
54. Koenen RR, von Hundelshausen P, Nesmelova IV et al. (2009) Disrupting functional interactions between platelet chemokines inhibits atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic mice. Nat Med 15: 97-103.
55. Handel TM, Domaille PJ. (1996) Heteronuclear (1H, 13C, 15N) NMR assignments and solution structure of the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) dimer. Biochemistry 35: 6569-6584.
56. Wu B, Chien EY, Mol CD et al. (2010) Structures of the CXCR4 chemokine GPCR with small-molecule and cyclic peptide antagonists. Science 330: 1066-1071.
57. Trettel F, Di Bartolomeo S, Lauro C et al. (2003) Ligand-independent CXCR2 dimerization. J Biol Chem 278: 40980-40988.
58. Wilson S, Wilkinson G, Milligan G. (2005) The CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors form constitutive homo- and heterodimers selectively and with equal apparent affinities. J Biol Chem 280: 28663-28674.
59. Weiser WY, Temple DM, Witek-Gianotti JS et al. (1989) Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding a human macrophage migration inhibtion factor. Proc Natl AcadSci USA 86: 7522-7526.
60. Mühlhahn P, Bernhagen J, Czisch M et al. (1996) NMR characterization of structure, backbone dynamics and glutathione binding of the human macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Protein Sci 5: 2095-2103.
61. Sun HW, Bernhagen J, Bucala R, Lolis E. (1996) Crystal structure at 2.6-A resolution of human macrophage migration inhibitory factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 5191-5196.
62. Sun HW, Swope M, Cinquina C et al. (1996) The subunit structure of human macrophage migration inhibitory factor: Evidence for a trimer. Protein Eng 9: 631-635.
63. Sugimoto H, Suzuki M, Nakagawa A et al. (1996) Crystal structure of macrophage migration inhibitory factor from human lymphocyte at 2.1 A resolution. FEBS Lett 389: 145-148.
64. Calandra T, Roger T. (2003) Macrophage migration inhibitory factor: A regulator of innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 3: 791-800.
65. Mischke R, Kleemann R, Brunner H, Bernhagen J. (1998) Cross-linking and mutational analysis of the oligomerization state of the cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). FEBS Lett 427: 85-90.
66. Philo JS, Yang TH, LaBarre M. (2004) Re-examining the oligomerization state of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in solution. Biophys Chem 108: 77-87.
67. El-Turk F, Cascella M, Ouertatani-Sakouhi H et al. (2008) The conformational flexibility of the carboxy terminal residues 105-114 is a key modulator of the catalytic activity and stability of macrophage migration inhibitory factor. Biochemistry 47: 10740-10756.
68. Kato Y, Muto T, Tomura T et al. (1996) The crystal structure of human glycosylation-inhibiting factor is a trimeric barrel with three 6-stranded b-sheets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 3007-3010.
69. Lolis E, Bucala R. (2003) Therapeutic approaches to innate immunity: Severe sepsis and septic shock. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2: 635-645.
70. Thiele M, Bernhagen J. (2005) Link between macrophage migration inhibitory factor and cellular redox regulation. Antioxid Redox Signal 7: 1234-1248.
71. Kleemann R, Kapurniotu A, Frank RW et al. (1998) Disulfide analysis reveals a role for macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) as thiol-protein oxidore-ductase. J Mol Biol 280: 85-102.
72. Kleemann R, Hausser A, Geiger G et al. (2000) Intracellular action of the cytokine MIF to modulate AP-1 activity and the cell cycle through Jab1. Nature 408: 211-216.
73. Burger-Kentischer A, Goebel H, Seiler R et al. (2002) Expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in different stages of human atherosclerosis. Circulation 105: 1561-1566.
74. Simons D, Grieb G, Hristov M et al. (2010) Hypoxia-induced endothelial secretion of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and role in endothelial progenitor cell recruitment. J Cell Mol Med 15(3): 668-678.
75. Miller EJ, Li J, Leng L et al. (2008) Macrophage migration inhibitory factor stimulates AMP-activated protein kinase in the ischaemic heart. Nature 451: 578-582.
76. Mitchell RA. (2004) Mechanisms and effectors of MIF-dependent promotion of tumourigenesis. Cell Signal 16: 13-19.
77. Verjans E, Noetzel E, Bektas N et al. (2009) Dual role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in human breast cancer. BMC Cancer 9: 230.
78. Flieger O, Engling A, Bucala R et al. (2003) Regulated secretion of macrophage migration inhibitory factor is mediated by a non-classical pathway involving an ABC transporter. FEBS Lett 551: 78-86.
79. Simons D, Grieb G, Hristov M et al. (2011) Hypoxia-induced endothelial secretion of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and role in endothelial progenitor cell recruitment. J Cell Mol Med 15: 668-678.
80. Merk M, Baugh J, Zierow S et al. (2009) The Golgi-associated protein p115 mediates the secretion of macrophage migration inhibitory factor. J Immunol 182: 6896-6906.
81. Lue H, Thiele M, Franz J et al. (2007) Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) promotes cell survival by activation of the Akt pathway and role for CSN5/JAB1 in the control of autocrine MIF activity. Oncogene 26: 5046-5059.
82. Yang D, Chen Q, Yang H et al. (2007) High mobility group box-1 protein induces the migration and activation of human dendritic cells and acts as an alarmin. J Leukoc Biol 81: 59-66.
83. Frye BC, Halfter S, Djudjaj S et al. (2009) Y-box protein-1 is actively secreted through a non-classical pathway and acts as an extracellular mitogen. EMBO Rep 10: 783-789.
84. Pekkari K, Holmgren A. (2004) Truncated thioredoxin: Physiological functions and mechanism. Antioxid Redox Signal 6: 53-61.
85. Wakasugi K, Schimmel P. (1999) Two distinct cytokines released from a human aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. Science 284: 147-151.
86. Wakasugi K, Slike BM, Hood J et al. (2002) Induction of angiogenesis by a fragment of human tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase. J Biol Chem 277: 20124-20126.
87. Hoover DM, Boulegue C, Yang D et al. (2002) The structure of human macrophage inflammatory protein-3alpha/CCL20. Linking antimicrobial and CC chemokine receptor-6-binding activities with human beta-defensins. J Biol Chem 277: 37647-37654.
88. Yang D, Chertov O, Bykovskaia SN et al. (1999) Beta-defensins: Linking innate and adaptive immunity through dendritic and T cell CCR6. Science 286: 525-528.
89. Yang D, Chertov O, Bykovskaia SN et al. (1999) Beta-defensins: Linking innate and adaptive immunity through dendritic and T cell CCR6. Science 286: 525-528.
90. Aliberti J, Valenzuela JG, Carruthers VB et al. (2003) Molecular mimicry of a CCR5 binding-domain in the microbial activation of dendritic cells. Nat Immunol 4: 485-490.
91. Alcami A. (2003) Viral mimicry of cytokines, chemokines and their receptors. Nat Rev Immunol 3: 36-50.
92. Zernecke A, Bot I, Djalali-Talab Y et al. (2008) Protective role of CXC receptor 4/CXC ligand 12 unveils the importance of neutrophils in atherosclerosis. Circ Res 102: 209-217.
93. Frascaroli G, Varani S, Blankenhorn N et al. (2009) Human cytomegalovirus paralyzes macrophage motility through down-regulation of chemokine receptors, reorganization of the cytoskeleton, and release of macrophage migration inhibitory factor. J Immunol 182: 477-488.
94. Cho Y, Crichlow GV, Vermeire JJ et al. (2010) Allosteric inhibition of macrophage migration inhibitory factor revealed by ibudilast. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107: 11313-11318.
95. Ren Y, Tsui HT, Poon RT et al. (2003) Macrophage migration inhibitory factor: Roles in regulating tumor cell migration and expression of angiogenic factors in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer 107: 22-29.
96. Brandau S, Jakob M, Hemeda H et al. (2010) Tissue-resident mesenchymal stem cells attract peripheral blood neutrophils and enhance their inflammatory activity in response to microbial challenge. J Leukoc Biol 88: 1005-1015.
97. Kamir D, Zierow S, Leng L et al. (2008) A Leishmania ortholog of macrophage migration inhibitory factor modulates host macrophage responses. J Immunol 180:8250-8261.
98. Hermanowski-Vosatka A, Mundt SS, Ayala JM et al. (1999) Enzymatically inactive macrophage migration inhibitory factor inhibits monocyte chemotaxis and random migration. Biochemistry 38: 12841-12849.
99. Kraemer S, Lue H, Zernecke A et al. (2010) MIF-chemokine receptor interactions in atherogenesis are dependent on an N-loop-based 2-site binding mechanism. FASEB J 25(3): 894-906.
100. Weber C, Kraemer S, Drechsler M et al. (2008) Structural determinants of MIF functions in CXCR2-mediated inflammatory and atherogenic leukocyte recruitment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 16278-16283.
101. Tarnowski M, Grymula K, Liu R et al. (2010) Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is secreted by rhabdomyosarcoma cells, modulates tumor metastasis by binding to CXCR4 and CXCR7 receptors and inhibits recruitment of cancer-associated fibroblasts. Mol Cancer Res 8: 1328-1343.
102. Binsky I, Haran M, Starlets D et al. (2007) IL-8 secreted in a macrophage migration-inhibitory factor- and CD74-dependent manner regulates B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 13408-13413.
103. Ren Y, Chan HM, Fan J et al. (2006) Inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis in vitro and in vivo by targeting macrophage migration inhibitory factor in human neuroblastoma. Oncogene 25: 3501-3508.
104. Fan H, Hall P, Santos LL et al. (2011) Macrophage migration inhibitory factor and CD74 regulate macrophage chemotactic responses via MAPK and Rho GTPase. J Immunol 186(8): 4915-4924.
105. Lue H, Dewor M, Leng L et al. (2011) Activation of the JNK signalling pathway by macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and dependence on CXCR4 and CD74. Cell Signal 23: 135-144.
106. Hoi AY, Hickey MJ, Hall P et al. (2006) Macrophage migration inhibitory factor deficiency attenuates macrophage recruitment, glomerulonephritis, and lethality in MRL/lpr mice. J Immunol 177: 5687-5696.
107. Santos LL, Fan H, Hall P et al. (2011) Macrophage migration inhibitory factor regulates neutrophil chemotactic responses in inflammatory arthritis in mice. Arthritis Rheum 63: 960-970.
108. Gregory JL, Hall P, Leech M et al. (2009) Independent roles of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and endogenous, but not exogenous glucocorticoids in regulating leukocyte trafficking. Microcirculation 16: 735-748.
109. Leng L, Metz CN, Fang Y et al. (2003) MIF signal transduction initiated by binding to CD74. J Exp Med 197: 1467-1476.
110. Borghese F, Clanchy FL. (2011) CD74: An emerging opportunity as a therapeutic target in cancer and autoimmune disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 15: 237-251.
111. Meyer-Siegler KL, Vera PL. (2005) Substance P induced changes in CD74 and CD44 in the rat bladder. J Urol 173: 615-620.
112. Meyer-Siegler KL, Iczkowski KA, Leng L et al. (2006) Inhibition of macrophage migration inhibitory factor or its receptor (CD74) attenuates growth and invasion of DU-145 prostate cancer cells. J Immunol 177: 8730-8739.
113. Matza D, Kerem A, Shachar I. (2003) Invariant chain, a chain of command. Trends Immunol 24: 264-268.
114. Gore Y, Starlets D, Maharshak N et al. (2008) Macrophage migration inhibitory factor induces B cell survival by activation of a CD74-CD44 receptor complex. J Biol Chem 283: 2784-2792.
115. Shachar I, Flavell RA. (1996) Requirement for invariant chain in B cell maturation and function. Science 274: 106-108.
116. Leng L, Metz CN, Fang Y et al. (2003) MIF signal transduction initiated by binding to CD74. J Exp Med 197: 1467-1476.
117. Shi X, Leng L, Wang T et al. (2006) CD44 is the signaling component of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor-CD74 receptor complex. Immunity 25: 595-606.
118. Lantner F, Starlets D, Gore Y et al. (2007) CD74 induces TAp63 expression leading to B-cell survival. Blood 110: 4303-4311.
119. Starlets D, Gore Y, Binsky I et al. (2006) Cell-surface CD74 initiates a signaling cascade leading to cell proliferation and survival. Blood 107: 4807-4816.
120. Becker-Herman S, Arie G, Medvedovsky H et al. (2005) CD74 is a member of the regulated intramembrane proteolysis-processed protein family. Mol Biol Cell 16: 5061-5069.
121. Matza D, Kerem A, Medvedovsky H et al. (2002) Invariant chain-induced B cell differentiation requires intramembrane proteolytic release of the cytosolic domain. Immunity 17: 549-560.
122. Balabanian K, Lagane B, Infantino S et al. (2005) The chemokine SDF-1/CXCL12 binds to and signals through the orphan receptor RDC1 in T lymphocytes. J Biol Chem 280: 35760-35766.
123. Burns JM, Summers BC, Wang Y et al. (2006) A novel chemokine receptor for SDF-1 and I-TAC involved in cell survival, cell adhesion, and tumor development. J Exp Med 203: 2201-2213.
124. Thelen M, Thelen S. (2008) CXCR7, CXCR4 and CXCL12: An eccentric trio? J Neuroimmunol 198: 9-13.
125. Vera PL, Iczkowski KA, Wang X, Meyer-Siegler KL. (2008) Cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis increases bladder CXCR4 expression and CXCR4-macrophage migration inhibitory factor association. PLoS One 3: e3898.
126. Levoye A, Balabanian K, Baleux F et al. (2009) CXCR7 heterodimerizes with CXCR4 and regulates CXCL12-mediated G protein signaling. Blood 113: 6085-6093.
127. Dessein AF, Stechly L, Jonckheere N et al. (2010) Autocrine induction of invasive and metastatic phenotypes by the MIF-CXCR4 axis in drug-resistant human colon cancer cells. Cancer Res 70: 4644-4654.
128. Boisvert WA, Rose DM, Johnson KA et al. (2006) Up-regulated expression of the CXCR2 ligand KC/GRO-alpha in atherosclerotic lesions plays a central role in macrophage accumulation and lesion progression. Am J Pathol 168: 1385-1395.
129. Zernecke A, Bot I, Talab YD et al. (2007) Protective role of CXC receptor 4/CXC ligand 12 unveils the importance of neutrophils in atherosclerosis. Circ Res 102: 209-217.
130. Laudanna C, Alon R. (2006) Right on the spot. Chemokine triggering of integrin-mediated arrest of rolling leukocytes. Thromb Haemost 95: 5-11.
131. Huo Y, Weber C, Forlow SB et al. (2001) The chemokine KC, but not monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, triggers monocyte arrest on early atherosclerotic endothelium. J Clin Invest 108: 1307-1314.
132. Huo Y, Schober A, Forlow SB et al. (2003) Circulating activated platelets exacerbate atherosclerosis in mice deficient in apolipoprotein E. Nat Med 9: 61-67.
133. Weber C, Schober A, Zernecke A. (2004) Chemokines: Key regulators of mononuclear cell recruitment in atherosclerotic vascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24: 1997-2008.
134. Ceradini DJ, Kulkarni AR, Callaghan MJ et al. (2004) Progenitor cell trafficking is regulated by hypoxic gradients through HIF-1 induction of SDF-1. Nat Med 10: 858-864.
135. Clore GM, Appella E, Yamada M et al. (1990) Three-dimensional structure of interleukin 8 in solution. Biochemistry 29: 1689-1696.
136. Crump MP, Gong JH, Loetscher P et al. (1997) Solution structure and basis for functional activity of stromal cell-derived factor-1: Dissociation of CXCR4 activation from binding and inhibition of HIV-1. EMBO J 16: 6996-7007.
137. Katancik JA, Sharma A, de Nardin E. (2000) Interleukin 8, neutrophil-activating peptide-2 and GRO-alpha bind to and elicit cell activation via specific and different amino acid residues of CXCR2. Cytokine 12: 1480-1488.
138. Rajagopalan L, Rajarathnam K. (2004) Ligand selectivity and affinity of chemokine receptor CXCR1. Role of N-terminal domain. J Biol Chem 279: 30000-30008.
139. Hebert CA, Vitangcol RV, Baker JB. (1991) Scanning mutagenesis of interleukin-8 identifies a cluster of residues required for receptor binding. J Biol Chem 266: 18989-18994.
140. Proudfoot AE. (2002) Chemokine receptors: Multifaceted therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Immunol 2: 106-115.
141. Thelen M, Baggiolini M. (2001) Is dimerization of chemokine receptors functionally relevant? Sci STKE 2001: pe34.
142. Thelen M, Munoz LM, Rodriguez-Frade JM, Mellado M. (2010) Chemokine receptor oligomerization: Functional considerations. Curr Opin Pharmacol 10: 38-43.
143. Sohy D, Parmentier M, Springael JY. (2007) Allosteric transinhibition by specific antagonists in CCR2/CXCR4 heterodimers. J Biol Chem 282: 30062-30069.
144. Schwartz V, Lue H, Kraemer S et al. (2009) A functional heteromeric MIF receptor formed by CD74 and CXCR4. FEBS Lett 583: 2749-2757.
145. Roscic-Mrkic B, Fischer M, Leemann C et al. (2003) RANTES (CCL5) uses the proteoglycan CD44 as an auxiliary receptor to mediate cellular activation signals and HIV-1 enhancement. Blood 102: 1169-1177.
146. Gordin M, Tesio M, Cohen S et al. (2010) c-Met and its ligand hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor regulate mature B cell survival in a pathway induced by CD74. J Immunol 185: 2020-2031.
147. Koenen RR, Weber C. (2010) Therapeutic targeting of chemokine interactions in atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Drug Discov 9: 141-153.