Diagnostic and therapeutic potential of microRNAs in neuropsychiatric disorders: Past, present, and future

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry

Volumn 73, Issue , 2017, Pages 87-103

  Alural, Begum ^a   Genc, Sermin ^a   Haggarty, Stephen J ^b  

^a DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^b MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Bipolar disorder; MiRNA; Neuroplasticity; Non coding RNA; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

MICRORNA; MICRORNA 124; MICRORNA 1302; MICRORNA 130B; MICRORNA 137; MICRORNA 182; MICRORNA 188; MICRORNA 18B; MICRORNA 1908; MICRORNA 195; MICRORNA 198; MICRORNA 206; MICRORNA 26B; MICRORNA 29B; MICRORNA 30B; MICRORNA 30E; MICRORNA 325; MICRORNA 330 3P; MICRORNA 498; MICRORNA 499; MICRORNA 502; MICRORNA 505; MICRORNA 510; MICRORNA 581; MICRORNA 625; MICRORNA 640; MICRORNA 644; MICRORNA 660; MICRORNA 708; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARTICLE; BIPOLAR DISORDER; COPY NUMBER VARIATION; DOWN REGULATION; EPIGENETICS; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE LOCUS; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HUMAN; MAJOR DEPRESSION; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PROGNOSIS; PROMOTER REGION; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; UPREGULATION; ANIMAL; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENE REGULATORY NETWORK; GENETICS; MENTAL DISORDERS; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, NEOPLASTIC; GENE REGULATORY NETWORKS; HUMANS; MENTAL DISORDERS; MICRORNAS;

EID: 84964683438     PISSN: 02785846     EISSN: 18784216     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.03.010     Document Type: Article

References (165)

1. Abdolmaleky, H.M., Cheng, K.H., Russo, A., Smith, C.L., Faraone, S.V., Wilcox, M.,.. Tsuang, M.T., Hypermethylation of the reelin (RELN) promoter in the brain of schizophrenic patients: a preliminary report. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 134B:1 (2005), 60–66, 10.1002/ajmg.b.30140.
2. Alural, B., Ozerdem, A., Allmer, J., Genc, K., Genc, S., Lithium protects against paraquat neurotoxicity by NRF2 activation and miR-34a inhibition in SH-SY5Y cells. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 9, 2015, 209, 10.3389/fncel.2015.00209.
3. Amiel, J., Rio, M., de Pontual, L., Redon, R., Malan, V., Boddaert, N.,.. Colleaux, L., Mutations in TCF4, encoding a class I basic helix–loop–helix transcription factor, are responsible for Pitt–Hopkins syndrome, a severe epileptic encephalopathy associated with autonomic dysfunction. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 80:5 (2007), 988–993, 10.1086/515582.
4. Amir, R.E., Van den Veyver, I.B., Wan, M., Tran, C.Q., Francke, U., Zoghbi, H.Y., Rett syndrome is caused by mutations in X-linked MECP2, encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein 2. Nat. Genet. 23:2 (1999), 185–188, 10.1038/13810.
5. Banigan, M.G., Kao, P.F., Kozubek, J.A., Winslow, A.R., Medina, J., Costa, J.,.. Delalle, I., Differential expression of exosomal microRNAs in prefrontal cortices of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients. PLoS One, 8(1), 2013, e48814, 10.1371/journal.pone.0048814.
6. Barabasi, A.L., Gulbahce, N., Loscalzo, J., Network medicine: a network-based approach to human disease. Nat. Rev. Genet. 12:1 (2011), 56–68, 10.1038/nrg2918.
7. Bassett, A.S., Chow, E.W., 22q11 deletion syndrome: a genetic subtype of schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 46:7 (1999), 882–891.
8. Baudry, A., Mouillet-Richard, S., Schneider, B., Launay, J.M., Kellermann, O., miR-16 targets the serotonin transporter: a new facet for adaptive responses to antidepressants. Science 329:5998 (2010), 1537–1541, 10.1126/science.1193692.
9. Bavamian, S., Mellios, N., Lalonde, J., Fass, D.M., Wang, J., Sheridan, S.D.,.. Haggarty, S.J., Dysregulation of miR-34a links neuronal development to genetic risk factors for bipolar disorder. Mol. Psychiatry 20:5 (2015), 573–584, 10.1038/mp.2014.176.
10. Begemann, M., Grube, S., Papiol, S., Malzahn, D., Krampe, H., Ribbe, K.,.. Ehrenreich, H., Modification of cognitive performance in schizophrenia by complexin 2 gene polymorphisms. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 67:9 (2010), 879–888, 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.107.
11. Belzeaux, R., Bergon, A., Jeanjean, V., Loriod, B., Formisano-Treziny, C., Verrier, L.,.. Ibrahim, E.C., Responder and nonresponder patients exhibit different peripheral transcriptional signatures during major depressive episode. Transl. Psychiatry, 2, 2012, e185, 10.1038/tp.2012.112.
12. Berger, S.M., Bartsch, D., The role of L-type voltage-gated calcium channels Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 in normal and pathological brain function. Cell Tissue Res. 357:2 (2014), 463–476, 10.1007/s00441-014-1936-3.
13. Bernat, V., Disney, M.D., RNA structures as mediators of neurological diseases and as drug targets. Neuron 87:1 (2015), 28–46, 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.06.012.
14. Beveridge, N.J., Tooney, P.A., Carroll, A.P., Gardiner, E., Bowden, N., Scott, R.J.,.. Cairns, M.J., Dysregulation of miRNA 181b in the temporal cortex in schizophrenia. Hum. Mol. Genet. 17:8 (2008), 1156–1168, 10.1093/hmg/ddn005.
15. Beveridge, N.J., Gardiner, E., Carroll, A.P., Tooney, P.A., Cairns, M.J., Schizophrenia is associated with an increase in cortical microRNA biogenesis. Mol. Psychiatry 15:12 (2010), 1176–1189, 10.1038/mp.2009.84.
16. Bocchio-Chiavetto, L., Maffioletti, E., Bettinsoli, P., Giovannini, C., Bignotti, S., Tardito, D.,.. Gennarelli, M., Blood microRNA changes in depressed patients during antidepressant treatment. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 23:7 (2013), 602–611, 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.06.013.
17. Brzustowicz, L.M., Bassett, A.S., miRNA-mediated risk for schizophrenia in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Front. Genet., 3, 2012, 291, 10.3389/fgene.2012.00291.
18. Burmistrova, O.A., Goltsov, A.Y., Abramova, L.I., Kaleda, V.G., Orlova, V.A., Rogaev, E.I., MicroRNA in schizophrenia: genetic and expression analysis of miR-130b (22q11). Biochemistry (Mosc) 72:5 (2007), 578–582.
19. Burnstock, G., Pathophysiology and therapeutic potential of purinergic signaling. Pharmacol. Rev. 58:1 (2006), 58–86, 10.1124/pr.58.1.5.
20. Camargos, S., Scholz, S., Simon-Sanchez, J., Paisan-Ruiz, C., Lewis, P., Hernandez, D.,.. Singleton, A.B., DYT16, a novel young-onset dystonia–parkinsonism disorder: identification of a segregating mutation in the stress-response protein PRKRA. Lancet Neurol. 7:3 (2008), 207–215, 10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70022-X.
21. Camkurt, M.A., Acar, S., Coskun, S., Gunes, M., Gunes, S., Yilmaz, M.F.,.. Tamer, L., Comparison of plasma microRNA levels in drug naive, first episode depressed patients and healthy controls. J. Psychiatr. Res. 69 (2015), 67–71, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.07.023.
22. Carrard, A., Salzmann, A., Perroud, N., Gafner, J., Malafosse, A., Karege, F., Genetic association of the phosphoinositide-3 kinase in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and interaction with a BDNF gene polymorphism. Brain Behav. 1:2 (2011), 119–124, 10.1002/brb3.23.
23. Chen, H., Wang, N., Burmeister, M., McInnis, M.G., MicroRNA expression changes in lymphoblastoid cell lines in response to lithium treatment. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 12:7 (2009), 975–981, 10.1017/S1461145709000029.
24. Chen, D.T., Jiang, X., Akula, N., Shugart, Y.Y., Wendland, J.R., Steele, C.J.,.. Strauss, J., Genome-wide association study meta-analysis of European and Asian-ancestry samples identifies three novel loci associated with bipolar disorder. Mol. Psychiatry 18:2 (2013), 195–205, 10.1038/mp.2011.157.
25. Chen, H.M., DeLong, C.J., Bame, M., Rajapakse, I., Herron, T.J., McInnis, M.G., O'Shea, K.S., Transcripts involved in calcium signaling and telencephalic neuronal fate are altered in induced pluripotent stem cells from bipolar disorder patients. Transl. Psychiatry, 4, 2014, e375, 10.1038/tp.2014.12.
26. Chow, E.W., Mikulis, D.J., Zipursky, R.B., Scutt, L.E., Weksberg, R., Bassett, A.S., Qualitative MRI findings in adults with 22q11 deletion syndrome and schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 46:10 (1999), 1436–1442.
27. Cowan, W.M., Fawcett, J.W., O'Leary, D.D., Stanfield, B.B., Regressive events in neurogenesis. Science 225:4668 (1984), 1258–1265.
28. Croce, N., Bernardini, S., Caltagirone, C., Angelucci, F., Lithium/valproic acid combination and L-glutamate induce similar pattern of changes in the expression of miR-30a-5p in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Neruomol. Med. 16:4 (2014), 872–877, 10.1007/s12017-014-8325-7.
29. Cummings, E., Donohoe, G., Hargreaves, A., Moore, S., Fahey, C., Dinan, T.G.,.. Corvin, A., Mood congruent psychotic symptoms and specific cognitive deficits in carriers of the novel schizophrenia risk variant at MIR-137. Neurosci. Lett. 532 (2013), 33–38, 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.08.065.
30. Dalmay, T., Mechanism of miRNA-mediated repression of mRNA translation. Essays Biochem. 54 (2013), 29–38, 10.1042/bse0540029.
31. Duan, J., Shi, J., Fiorentino, A., Leites, C., Chen, X., Moy, W.,.. Gejman, P.V., A rare functional noncoding variant at the GWAS-implicated MIR137/MIR2682 locus might confer risk to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 95:6 (2014), 744–753, 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.001.
32. Durak, O., de Anda, F.C., Singh, K.K., Leussis, M.P., Petryshen, T.L., Sklar, P., Tsai, L.H., Ankyrin-G regulates neurogenesis and Wnt signaling by altering the subcellular localization of beta-catenin. Mol. Psychiatry 20:3 (2015), 388–397, 10.1038/mp.2014.42.
33. Eastwood, S.L., Harrison, P.J., Decreased expression of vesicular glutamate transporter 1 and complexin II mRNAs in schizophrenia: further evidence for a synaptic pathology affecting glutamate neurons. Schizophr. Res. 73:2–3 (2005), 159–172, 10.1016/j.schres.2004.05.010.
34. Edbauer, D., Neilson, J.R., Foster, K.A., Wang, C.F., Seeburg, D.P., Batterton, M.N.,.. Sheng, M., Regulation of synaptic structure and function by FMRP-associated microRNAs miR-125b and miR-132. Neuron 65:3 (2010), 373–384, 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.01.005.
35. Fan, H.M., Sun, X.Y., Guo, W., Zhong, A.F., Niu, W., Zhao, L.,.. Lu, J., Differential expression of microRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells as specific biomarker for major depressive disorder patients. J. Psychiatr. Res. 59 (2014), 45–52, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.08.007.
36. Fan, H.M., Sun, X.Y., Niu, W., Zhao, L., Zhang, Q.L., Li, W.S.,.. Lu, J., Altered microRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from young patients with schizophrenia. J. Mol. Neurosci. 56:3 (2015), 562–571, 10.1007/s12031-015-0503-z.
37. Fenelon, K., Mukai, J., Xu, B., Hsu, P.K., Drew, L.J., Karayiorgou, M.,.. Gogos, J.A., Deficiency of Dgcr8, a gene disrupted by the 22q11.2 microdeletion, results in altered short-term plasticity in the prefrontal cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 108:11 (2011), 4447–4452, 10.1073/pnas.1101219108.
38. Feng, J., Sun, G., Yan, J., Noltner, K., Li, W., Buzin, C.H.,.. Sommer, S.S., Evidence for X-chromosomal schizophrenia associated with microRNA alterations. PLoS One, 4(7), 2009, e6121, 10.1371/journal.pone.0006121.
39. Ferreira, M.A., O'Donovan, M.C., Meng, Y.A., Jones, I.R., Ruderfer, D.M., Jones, L.,.. Wellcome Trust Case Control, C., Collaborative genome-wide association analysis supports a role for ANK3 and CACNA1C in bipolar disorder. Nat. Genet. 40:9 (2008), 1056–1058, 10.1038/ng.209.
40. Forstner, A.J., Degenhardt, F., Schratt, G., Nothen, M.M., MicroRNAs as the cause of schizophrenia in 22q11.2 deletion carriers, and possible implications for idiopathic disease: a mini-review. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 6, 2013, 47, 10.3389/fnmol.2013.00047.
41. Forstner, A.J., Hofmann, A., Maaser, A., Sumer, S., Khudayberdiev, S., Muhleisen, T.W.,.. Nothen, M.M., Genome-wide analysis implicates microRNAs and their target genes in the development of bipolar disorder. Transl. Psychiatry, 5, 2015, e678, 10.1038/tp.2015.159.
42. Fromer, M., Pocklington, A.J., Kavanagh, D.H., Williams, H.J., Dwyer, S., Gormley, P.,.. O'Donovan, M.C., De novo mutations in schizophrenia implicate synaptic networks. Nature 506:7487 (2014), 179–184, 10.1038/nature12929.
43. Fu, Y.H., Kuhl, D.P., Pizzuti, A., Pieretti, M., Sutcliffe, J.S., Richards, S., et al. Variation of the CGG repeat at the fragile X site results in genetic instability: resolution of the Sherman paradox. Cell 67:6 (1991), 1047–1058.
44. Gardiner, E., Beveridge, N.J., Wu, J.Q., Carr, V., Scott, R.J., Tooney, P.A., Cairns, M.J., Imprinted DLK1-DIO3 region of 14q32 defines a schizophrenia-associated miRNA signature in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Mol. Psychiatry 17:8 (2012), 827–840, 10.1038/mp.2011.78.
45. Gong, Y., Wu, C.N., Xu, J., Feng, G., Xing, Q.H., Fu, W.,.. Zhao, X.Z., Polymorphisms in microRNA target sites influence susceptibility to schizophrenia by altering the binding of miRNAs to their targets. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 23:10 (2013), 1182–1189, 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.12.002.
46. Gray, L.J., Dean, B., Kronsbein, H.C., Robinson, P.J., Scarr, E., Region and diagnosis-specific changes in synaptic proteins in schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder. Psychiatry Res. 178:2 (2010), 374–380, 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.07.012.
47. Green, M.J., Cairns, M.J., Wu, J., Dragovic, M., Jablensky, A., Tooney, P.A.,.. Australian Schizophrenia Research, B., Genome-wide supported variant MIR137 and severe negative symptoms predict membership of an impaired cognitive subtype of schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiatry 18:7 (2013), 774–780, 10.1038/mp.2012.84.
48. Ha, M., Kim, V.N., Regulation of microRNA biogenesis. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 15:8 (2014), 509–524, 10.1038/nrm3838.
49. Haggarty, S.J., Silva, M.C., Cross, A., Brandon, N.J., Perlis, R.H., Advancing drug discovery for neuropsychiatric disorders using patient-specific stem cell models. Mol. Cell. Neurosci., 2016, 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.01.011.
50. Halmai, Z., Dome, P., Vereczkei, A., Abdul-Rahman, O., Szekely, A., Gonda, X.,.. Nemoda, Z., Associations between depression severity and purinergic receptor P2RX7 gene polymorphisms. J. Affect. Disord. 150:1 (2013), 104–109, 10.1016/j.jad.2013.02.033.
51. Hammond, S.M., An overview of microRNAs. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 87 (2015), 3–14, 10.1016/j.addr.2015.05.001.
52. Hamzeiy, H., Allmer, J., Yousef, M., Computational methods for microRNA target prediction. Methods Mol. Biol. 1107 (2014), 207–221, 10.1007/978-1-62703-748-8_12.
53. Hansen, T., Olsen, L., Lindow, M., Jakobsen, K.D., Ullum, H., Jonsson, E.,.. Werge, T., Brain expressed microRNAs implicated in schizophrenia etiology. PLoS One, 2(9), 2007, e873, 10.1371/journal.pone.0000873.
54. Hansen, T., Jakobsen, K.D., Fenger, M., Nielsen, J., Krane, K., Fink-Jensen, A.,.. Werge, T., Variation in the purinergic P2RX(7) receptor gene and schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 104:1–3 (2008), 146–152, 10.1016/j.schres.2008.05.026.
55. Harrison, P.J., The neuropathology of primary mood disorder. Brain 125:Pt 7 (2002), 1428–1449.
56. He, Y., Zhou, Y., Xi, Q., Cui, H., Luo, T., Song, H.,.. Ying, B., Genetic variations in microRNA processing genes are associated with susceptibility in depression. DNA Cell Biol. 31:9 (2012), 1499–1506, 10.1089/dna.2012.1660.
57. Hogg, D.R., Harries, L.W., Human genetic variation and its effect on miRNA biogenesis, activity and function. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 42:4 (2014), 1184–1189, 10.1042/BST20140055.
58. Hommers, L.G., Domschke, K., Deckert, J., Heterogeneity and individuality: microRNAs in mental disorders. J. Neural Transm. 122:1 (2015), 79–97, 10.1007/s00702-014-1338-4.
59. Hughes, T., Hansson, L., Sonderby, I.E., Athanasiu, L., Zuber, V., Tesli, M.,.. Djurovic, S., A loss-of-function variant in a minor isoform of ANK3 protects against bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry, 2015, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.09.021.
60. Hunsberger, J.G., Fessler, E.B., Chibane, F.L., Leng, Y., Maric, D., Elkahloun, A.G., Chuang, D.M., Mood stabilizer-regulated miRNAs in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases: identifying associations and functions. Am. J. Transl. Res. 5:4 (2013), 450–464.
61. Hunsberger, J.G., Chibane, F.L., Elkahloun, A.G., Henderson, R., Singh, R., Lawson, J.,.. Chuang, D.M., Novel integrative genomic tool for interrogating lithium response in bipolar disorder. Transl. Psychiatry, 5, 2015, e504, 10.1038/tp.2014.139.
62. Ikegame, T., Bundo, M., Sunaga, F., Asai, T., Nishimura, F., Yoshikawa, A.,.. Iwamoto, K., DNA methylation analysis of BDNF gene promoters in peripheral blood cells of schizophrenia patients. Neurosci. Res. 77:4 (2013), 208–214, 10.1016/j.neures.2013.08.004.
63. Jensen, K.P., Kranzler, H.R., Stein, M.B., Gelernter, J., The effects of a MAP2K5 microRNA target site SNP on risk for anxiety and depressive disorders. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 165B:2 (2014), 175–183, 10.1002/ajmg.b.32219.
64. Ji, F., Lv, X., Jiao, J., The role of microRNAs in neural stem cells and neurogenesis. J. Genet. Genomics 40:2 (2013), 61–66, 10.1016/j.jgg.2012.12.008.
65. Jin, P., Zarnescu, D.C., Ceman, S., Nakamoto, M., Mowrey, J., Jongens, T.A.,.. Warren, S.T., Biochemical and genetic interaction between the fragile X mental retardation protein and the microRNA pathway. Nat. Neurosci. 7:2 (2004), 113–117, 10.1038/nn1174.
66. Kaminsky, Z., Tochigi, M., Jia, P., Pal, M., Mill, J., Kwan, A.,.. Petronis, A., A multi-tissue analysis identifies HLA complex group 9 gene methylation differences in bipolar disorder. Mol. Psychiatry 17:7 (2012), 728–740, 10.1038/mp.2011.64.
67. Kandaswamy, R., McQuillin, A., Curtis, D., Gurling, H., Allelic association, DNA resequencing and copy number variation at the metabotropic glutamate receptor GRM7 gene locus in bipolar disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 165B:4 (2014), 365–372, 10.1002/ajmg.b.32239.
68. Kawahara, H., Imai, T., Okano, H., MicroRNAs in neural stem cells and neurogenesis. Front. Neurosci., 6, 2012, 30, 10.3389/fnins.2012.00030.
69. Kim, A.H., Reimers, M., Maher, B., Williamson, V., McMichael, O., McClay, J.L.,.. Vladimirov, V.I., MicroRNA expression profiling in the prefrontal cortex of individuals affected with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders. Schizophr. Res. 124:1–3 (2010), 183–191, 10.1016/j.schres.2010.07.002.
70. Kirov, G., Pocklington, A.J., Holmans, P., Ivanov, D., Ikeda, M., Ruderfer, D.,.. Owen, M.J., De novo CNV analysis implicates specific abnormalities of postsynaptic signalling complexes in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiatry 17:2 (2012), 142–153, 10.1038/mp.2011.154.
71. Kocerha, J., Faghihi, M.A., Lopez-Toledano, M.A., Huang, J., Ramsey, A.J., Caron, M.G.,.. Wahlestedt, C., MicroRNA-219 modulates NMDA receptor-mediated neurobehavioral dysfunction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 106:9 (2009), 3507–3512, 10.1073/pnas.0805854106.
72. Kochunov, P., Hong, L.E., Neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative models of schizophrenia: white matter at the center stage. Schizophr. Bull. 40:4 (2014), 721–728, 10.1093/schbul/sbu070.
73. Kohen, R., Dobra, A., Tracy, J.H., Haugen, E., Transcriptome profiling of human hippocampus dentate gyrus granule cells in mental illness. Transl. Psychiatry, 4, 2014, e366, 10.1038/tp.2014.9.
74. Kotlar, A.V., Mercer, K.B., Zwick, M.E., Mulle, J.G., New discoveries in schizophrenia genetics reveal neurobiological pathways: a review of recent findings. Eur. J. Med. Genet. 58:12 (2015), 704–714, 10.1016/j.ejmg.2015.10.008.
75. Krol, J., Loedige, I., Filipowicz, W., The widespread regulation of microRNA biogenesis, function and decay. Nat. Rev. Genet. 11:9 (2010), 597–610, 10.1038/nrg2843.
76. Kumar, L., Verma, S., Vaidya, B., Gupta, V., Exosomes: natural carriers for siRNA delivery. Curr. Pharm. Des. 21:31 (2015), 4556–4565.
77. Kundakovic, M., Gudsnuk, K., Herbstman, J.B., Tang, D., Perera, F.P., Champagne, F.A., DNA methylation of BDNF as a biomarker of early-life adversity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 112:22 (2015), 6807–6813, 10.1073/pnas.1408355111.
78. Lai, C.Y., Yu, S.L., Hsieh, M.H., Chen, C.H., Chen, H.Y., Wen, C.C.,.. Chen, W.J., MicroRNA expression aberration as potential peripheral blood biomarkers for schizophrenia. PLoS One, 6(6), 2011, e21635, 10.1371/journal.pone.0021635.
79. Launay, J.M., Mouillet-Richard, S., Baudry, A., Pietri, M., Kellermann, O., Raphe-mediated signals control the hippocampal response to SRI antidepressants via miR-16. Transl. Psychiatry, 1, 2011, e56, 10.1038/tp.2011.54.
80. Levinson, D.F., Mostafavi, S., Milaneschi, Y., Rivera, M., Ripke, S., Wray, N.R., Sullivan, P.F., Genetic studies of major depressive disorder: why are there no genome-wide association study findings and what can we do about it?. Biol. Psychiatry 76:7 (2014), 510–512, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.07.029.
81. Lewis, D.A., Pierri, J.N., Volk, D.W., Melchitzky, D.S., Woo, T.U., Altered GABA neurotransmission and prefrontal cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 46:5 (1999), 616–626.
82. Lewis, B.P., Shih, I.H., Jones-Rhoades, M.W., Bartel, D.P., Burge, C.B., Prediction of mammalian microRNA targets. Cell 115:7 (2003), 787–798.
83. Li, X., Jin, P., Macro role(s) of microRNAs in fragile X syndrome?. Neruomol. Med. 11:3 (2009), 200–207, 10.1007/s12017-009-8081-2.
84. Li, Y.J., Xu, M., Gao, Z.H., Wang, Y.Q., Yue, Z., Zhang, Y.X.,.. Wang, P.Y., Alterations of serum levels of BDNF-related miRNAs in patients with depression. PLoS One, 8(5), 2013, e63648, 10.1371/journal.pone.0063648.
85. Li, J., Meng, H., Cao, W., Qiu, T., MiR-335 is involved in major depression disorder and antidepressant treatment through targeting GRM4. Neurosci. Lett. 606 (2015), 167–172, 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.08.038.
86. Lichtenstein, P., Yip, B.H., Bjork, C., Pawitan, Y., Cannon, T.D., Sullivan, P.F., Hultman, C.M., Common genetic determinants of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in Swedish families: a population-based study. Lancet 373:9659 (2009), 234–239, 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60072-6.
87. Liu, C., Zhang, F., Li, T., Lu, M., Wang, L., Yue, W., Zhang, D., MirSNP, a database of polymorphisms altering miRNA target sites, identifies miRNA-related SNPs in GWAS SNPs and eQTLs. BMC Genomics, 13, 2012, 661, 10.1186/1471-2164-13-661.
88. Liu, S., Yuan, Y.B., Guan, L.L., Wei, H., Cheng, Z., Han, X.,.. Yu, X., MiRNA-365 and miRNA-520c-3p respond to risperidone treatment in first-episode schizophrenia after a 1 year remission. Chin. Med. J. 126:14 (2013), 2676–2680.
89. Liu, X., Zhang, L., Cheng, K., Wang, X., Ren, G., Xie, P., Identification of suitable plasma-based reference genes for miRNAome analysis of major depressive disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 163 (2014), 133–139, 10.1016/j.jad.2013.12.035.
90. Lopez, J.P., Fiori, L.M., Gross, J.A., Labonte, B., Yerko, V., Mechawar, N., Turecki, G., Regulatory role of miRNAs in polyamine gene expression in the prefrontal cortex of depressed suicide completers. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 17:1 (2014), 23–32, 10.1017/S1461145713000941.
91. Lopez, J.P., Lim, R., Cruceanu, C., Crapper, L., Fasano, C., Labonte, B.,.. Turecki, G., miR-1202 is a primate-specific and brain-enriched microRNA involved in major depression and antidepressant treatment. Nat. Med. 20:7 (2014), 764–768, 10.1038/nm.3582.
92. Madison, J.M., Zhou, F., Nigam, A., Hussain, A., Barker, D.D., Nehme, R.,.. Haggarty, S.J., Characterization of bipolar disorder patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells from a family reveals neurodevelopmental and mRNA expression abnormalities. Mol. Psychiatry 20:6 (2015), 703–717, 10.1038/mp.2015.7.
93. Maussion, G., Yang, J., Yerko, V., Barker, P., Mechawar, N., Ernst, C., Turecki, G., Regulation of a truncated form of tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) by Hsa-miR-185* in frontal cortex of suicide completers. PLoS One, 7(6), 2012, e39301, 10.1371/journal.pone.0039301.
94. McCarroll, S.A., Hyman, S.E., Progress in the genetics of polygenic brain disorders: significant new challenges for neurobiology. Neuron 80:3 (2013), 578–587, 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.10.046.
95. Mellios, N., Galdzicka, M., Ginns, E., Baker, S.P., Rogaev, E., Xu, J., Akbarian, S., Gender-specific reduction of estrogen-sensitive small RNA, miR-30b, in subjects with schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 38:3 (2012), 433–443, 10.1093/schbul/sbq091.
96. Merico, D., Costain, G., Butcher, N.J., Warnica, W., Ogura, L., Alfred, S.E.,.. Bassett, A.S., MicroRNA dysregulation, gene networks, and risk for schizophrenia in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Front. Neurol., 5, 2014, 238, 10.3389/fneur.2014.00238.
97. Miller, D.T., Shen, Y., Weiss, L.A., Korn, J., Anselm, I., Bridgemohan, C.,.. Wu, B.L., Microdeletion/duplication at 15q13.2q13.3 among individuals with features of autism and other neuropsychiatric disorders. J. Med. Genet. 46:4 (2009), 242–248, 10.1136/jmg.2008.059907.
98. Miller, B.H., Zeier, Z., Xi, L., Lanz, T.A., Deng, S., Strathmann, J.,.. Wahlestedt, C., MicroRNA-132 dysregulation in schizophrenia has implications for both neurodevelopment and adult brain function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 109:8 (2012), 3125–3130, 10.1073/pnas.1113793109.
99. Moreau, M.P., Bruse, S.E., David-Rus, R., Buyske, S., Brzustowicz, L.M., Altered microRNA expression profiles in postmortem brain samples from individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 69:2 (2011), 188–193, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.039.
100. Muhleisen, T.W., Leber, M., Schulze, T.G., Strohmaier, J., Degenhardt, F., Treutlein, J.,.. Cichon, S., Genome-wide association study reveals two new risk loci for bipolar disorder. Nat. Commun., 5, 2014, 3339, 10.1038/ncomms4339.
101. Mulle, J.G., The 3q29 deletion confers > 40-fold increase in risk for schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiatry 20:9 (2015), 1028–1029, 10.1038/mp.2015.76.
102. Nagalakshmi, U., Waern, K., Snyder, M., RNA-Seq: a method for comprehensive transcriptome analysis. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol., 2010, 11–13, 10.1002/0471142727.mb0411s89 (Chapter 4, Unit 4 11).
103. Najt, P., Wang, F., Spencer, L., Johnston, J.A., Cox Lippard, E.T., Pittman, B.P.,.. Blumberg, H.P., Anterior cortical development during adolescence in bipolar disorder. Biol. Psychiatry, 2015, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.03.026.
104. Need, A.C., McEvoy, J.P., Gennarelli, M., Heinzen, E.L., Ge, D., Maia, J.M.,.. Goldstein, D.B., Exome sequencing followed by large-scale genotyping suggests a limited role for moderately rare risk factors of strong effect in schizophrenia. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 91:2 (2012), 303–312, 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.06.018.
105. Nestler, E.J., Pena, C.J., Kundakovic, M., Mitchell, A., Akbarian, S., Epigenetic basis of mental illness. Neuroscientist, 2015, 10.1177/1073858415608147.
106. Network & Pathway Analysis Subgroup of Psychiatric Genomics, C, Psychiatric genome-wide association study analyses implicate neuronal, immune and histone pathways. Nat. Neurosci. 18:2 (2015), 199–209, 10.1038/nn.3922.
107. O'Carroll, D., Schaefer, A., General principals of miRNA biogenesis and regulation in the brain. Neuropsychopharmacology 38:1 (2013), 39–54, 10.1038/npp.2012.87.
108. Ortiz, R., Ulrich, H., Zarate, C.A. Jr., Machado-Vieira, R., Purinergic system dysfunction in mood disorders: a key target for developing improved therapeutics. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 57 (2015), 117–131, 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.10.016.
109. Oved, K., Morag, A., Pasmanik-Chor, M., Oron-Karni, V., Shomron, N., Rehavi, M.,.. Gurwitz, D., Genome-wide miRNA expression profiling of human lymphoblastoid cell lines identifies tentative SSRI antidepressant response biomarkers. Pharmacogenomics 13:10 (2012), 1129–1139, 10.2217/pgs.12.93.
110. Perkins, D.O., Jeffries, C.D., Jarskog, L.F., Thomson, J.M., Woods, K., Newman, M.A.,.. Hammond, S.M., microRNA expression in the prefrontal cortex of individuals with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Genome Biol., 8(2), 2007, R27, 10.1186/gb-2007-8-2-r27.
111. Pietersen, C.Y., Mauney, S.A., Kim, S.S., Lim, M.P., Rooney, R.J., Goldstein, J.M.,.. Woo, T.U., Molecular profiles of pyramidal neurons in the superior temporal cortex in schizophrenia. J. Neurogenet. 28:1–2 (2014), 53–69, 10.3109/01677063.2014.882918.
112. Pietersen, C.Y., Mauney, S.A., Kim, S.S., Passeri, E., Lim, M.P., Rooney, R.J.,.. Woo, T.U., Molecular profiles of parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the superior temporal cortex in schizophrenia. J. Neurogenet. 28:1–2 (2014), 70–85, 10.3109/01677063.2013.878339.
113. Psychosis Endophenotypes International, C, Wellcome Trust Case–control, C, Bramon, E., Pirinen, M., Strange, A., Lin, K.,.. Spencer, C.C., A genome-wide association analysis of a broad psychosis phenotype identifies three loci for further investigation. Biol. Psychiatry 75:5 (2014), 386–397, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.03.033.
114. Purcell, S.M., Moran, J.L., Fromer, M., Ruderfer, D., Solovieff, N., Roussos, P.,.. Sklar, P., A polygenic burden of rare disruptive mutations in schizophrenia. Nature 506:7487 (2014), 185–190, 10.1038/nature12975.
115. Rahman, O.A., Sasvari-Szekely, M., Szekely, A., Faludi, G., Guttman, A., Nemoda, Z., Analysis of a polymorphic microRNA target site in the purinergic receptor P2RX7 gene. Electrophoresis 31:11 (2010), 1790–1795, 10.1002/elps.200900664.
116. Rapoport, J.L., Giedd, J.N., Gogtay, N., Neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia: update 2012. Mol. Psychiatry 17:12 (2012), 1228–1238, 10.1038/mp.2012.23.
117. Ripke, S., O'Dushlaine, C., Chambert, K., Moran, J.L., Kahler, A.K., Akterin, S.,.. Sullivan, P.F., Genome-wide association analysis identifies 13 new risk loci for schizophrenia. Nat. Genet. 45:10 (2013), 1150–1159, 10.1038/ng.2742.
118. Rong, H., Liu, T.B., Yang, K.J., Yang, H.C., Wu, D.H., Liao, C.P.,.. Shen, Q.J., MicroRNA-134 plasma levels before and after treatment for bipolar mania. J. Psychiatr. Res. 45:1 (2011), 92–95, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.04.028.
119. Rueckert, E.H., Barker, D., Ruderfer, D., Bergen, S.E., O'Dushlaine, C., Luce, C.J.,.. Sklar, P., Cis-acting regulation of brain-specific ANK3 gene expression by a genetic variant associated with bipolar disorder. Mol. Psychiatry 18:8 (2013), 922–929, 10.1038/mp.2012.104.
120. Ruzicka, W.B., Subburaju, S., Benes, F.M., Circuit- and diagnosis-specific DNA methylation changes at gamma-aminobutyric acid-related genes in postmortem human hippocampus in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. JAMA Psychiatry 72:6 (2015), 541–551, 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.49.
121. Saba, R., Storchel, P.H., Aksoy-Aksel, A., Kepura, F., Lippi, G., Plant, T.D., Schratt, G.M., Dopamine-regulated microRNA MiR-181a controls GluA2 surface expression in hippocampal neurons. Mol. Cell. Biol. 32:3 (2012), 619–632, 10.1128/MCB.05896-11.
122. Santarelli, D.M., Beveridge, N.J., Tooney, P.A., Cairns, M.J., Upregulation of dicer and microRNA expression in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Brodmann area 46 in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 69:2 (2011), 180–187, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.030.
123. Santarelli, D.M., Liu, B., Duncan, C.E., Beveridge, N.J., Tooney, P.A., Schofield, P.R., Cairns, M.J., Gene-microRNA interactions associated with antipsychotic mechanisms and the metabolic side effects of olanzapine. Psychopharmacology 227:1 (2013), 67–78, 10.1007/s00213-012-2939-y.
124. Saus, E., Soria, V., Escaramis, G., Vivarelli, F., Crespo, J.M., Kagerbauer, B.,.. Estivill, X., Genetic variants and abnormal processing of pre-miR-182, a circadian clock modulator, in major depression patients with late insomnia. Hum. Mol. Genet. 19:20 (2010), 4017–4025, 10.1093/hmg/ddq316.
125. Schizophrenia Psychiatric Genome-Wide Association Study, C, Genome-wide association study identifies five new schizophrenia loci. Nat. Genet. 43:10 (2011), 969–976, 10.1038/ng.940.
126. Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics, C, Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci. Nature 511:7510 (2014), 421–427, 10.1038/nature13595.
127. Schloesser, R.J., Huang, J., Klein, P.S., Manji, H.K., Cellular plasticity cascades in the pathophysiology and treatment of bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 33:1 (2008), 110–133, 10.1038/sj.npp.1301575.
128. Shi, W., Du, J., Qi, Y., Liang, G., Wang, T., Li, S.,.. Xiao, Z., Aberrant expression of serum miRNAs in schizophrenia. J. Psychiatr. Res. 46:2 (2012), 198–204, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.09.010.
129. Sinnegger-Brauns, M.J., Huber, I.G., Koschak, A., Wild, C., Obermair, G.J., Einzinger, U.,.. Striessnig, J., Expression and 1,4-dihydropyridine-binding properties of brain L-type calcium channel isoforms. Mol. Pharmacol. 75:2 (2009), 407–414, 10.1124/mol.108.049981.
130. Smalheiser, N.R., Lugli, G., Rizavi, H.S., Torvik, V.I., Turecki, G., Dwivedi, Y., MicroRNA expression is down-regulated and reorganized in prefrontal cortex of depressed suicide subjects. PLoS One, 7(3), 2012, e33201, 10.1371/journal.pone.0033201.
131. Smalheiser, N.R., Lugli, G., Zhang, H., Rizavi, H., Cook, E.H., Dwivedi, Y., Expression of microRNAs and other small RNAs in prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depressed subjects. PLoS One, 9(1), 2014, e86469, 10.1371/journal.pone.0086469.
132. Smirnova, L., Grafe, A., Seiler, A., Schumacher, S., Nitsch, R., Wulczyn, F.G., Regulation of miRNA expression during neural cell specification. Eur. J. Neurosci. 21:6 (2005), 1469–1477, 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.03978.x.
133. Smith, K.R., Kopeikina, K.J., Fawcett-Patel, J.M., Leaderbrand, K., Gao, R., Schurmann, B.,.. Penzes, P., Psychiatric risk factor ANK3/ankyrin-G nanodomains regulate the structure and function of glutamatergic synapses. Neuron 84:2 (2014), 399–415, 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.10.010.
134. Song, H.T., Sun, X.Y., Zhang, L., Zhao, L., Guo, Z.M., Fan, H.M.,.. Lu, J., A preliminary analysis of association between the down-regulation of microRNA-181b expression and symptomatology improvement in schizophrenia patients before and after antipsychotic treatment. J. Psychiatr. Res. 54 (2014), 134–140, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.03.008.
135. Song, M.F., Dong, J.Z., Wang, Y.W., He, J., Ju, X., Zhang, L.,.. Lv, Y.Y., CSF miR-16 is decreased in major depression patients and its neutralization in rats induces depression-like behaviors via a serotonin transmitter system. J. Affect. Disord. 178 (2015), 25–31, 10.1016/j.jad.2015.02.022.
136. Stefansson, H., Sigurdsson, E., Steinthorsdottir, V., Bjornsdottir, S., Sigmundsson, T., Ghosh, S.,.. Stefansson, K., Neuregulin 1 and susceptibility to schizophrenia. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 71:4 (2002), 877–892, 10.1086/342734.
137. Stephan, K.E., Friston, K.J., Frith, C.D., Dysconnection in schizophrenia: from abnormal synaptic plasticity to failures of self-monitoring. Schizophr. Bull. 35:3 (2009), 509–527, 10.1093/schbul/sbn176.
138. Stiles, J., Jernigan, T.L., The basics of brain development. Neuropsychol. Rev. 20:4 (2010), 327–348, 10.1007/s11065-010-9148-4.
139. Stoicea, N., Du, A., Lakis, D.C., Tipton, C., Arias-Morales, C.E., Bergese, S.D., The MiRNA journey from theory to practice as a CNS biomarker. Front. Genet., 7, 2016, 11, 10.3389/fgene.2016.00011.
140. Strazisar, M., Cammaerts, S., van der Ven, K., Forero, D.A., Lenaerts, A.S., Nordin, A.,.. Del-Favero, J., MIR137 variants identified in psychiatric patients affect synaptogenesis and neuronal transmission gene sets. Mol. Psychiatry 20:4 (2015), 472–481, 10.1038/mp.2014.53.
141. Sullivan, P.F., Daly, M.J., O'Donovan, M., Genetic architectures of psychiatric disorders: the emerging picture and its implications. Nat. Rev. Genet. 13:8 (2012), 537–551, 10.1038/nrg3240.
142. Sun, E., Shi, Y., MicroRNAs: small molecules with big roles in neurodevelopment and diseases. Exp. Neurol. 268 (2015), 46–53, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.08.005.
143. Sun, Y., Luo, Z.M., Guo, X.M., Su, D.F., Liu, X., An updated role of microRNA-124 in central nervous system disorders: a review. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 9, 2015, 193, 10.3389/fncel.2015.00193.
144. Tau, G.Z., Peterson, B.S., Normal development of brain circuits. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:1 (2010), 147–168, 10.1038/npp.2009.115.
145. Tian, T., Wang, J., Zhou, X., A review: microRNA detection methods. Org. Biomol. Chem. 13:8 (2015 Feb 28), 2226–2238.
146. Timms, A.E., Dorschner, M.O., Wechsler, J., Choi, K.Y., Kirkwood, R., Girirajan, S.,.. Tsuang, D.W., Support for the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor hypofunction hypothesis of schizophrenia from exome sequencing in multiplex families. JAMA Psychiatry 70:6 (2013), 582–590, 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1195.
147. Uhlhaas, P.J., Singer, W., Abnormal neural oscillations and synchrony in schizophrenia. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11:2 (2010), 100–113, 10.1038/nrn2774.
148. Vawter, M.P., Freed, W.J., Kleinman, J.E., Neuropathology of bipolar disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 48:6 (2000), 486–504.
149. Vinas-Jornet, M., Esteba-Castillo, S., Gabau, E., Ribas-Vidal, N., Baena, N., San, J.,.. Guitart, M., A common cognitive, psychiatric, and dysmorphic phenotype in carriers of NRXN1 deletion. Mol. Genet. Genomic Med. 2:6 (2014), 512–521, 10.1002/mgg3.105.
150. Walker, R.M., Rybka, J., Anderson, S.M., Torrance, H.S., Boxall, R., Sussmann, J.E.,.. Evans, K.L., Preliminary investigation of miRNA expression in individuals at high familial risk of bipolar disorder. J. Psychiatr. Res. 62 (2015), 48–55, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.01.006.
151. Walton, E., Liu, J., Hass, J., White, T., Scholz, M., Roessner, V.,.. Ehrlich, S., MB-COMT promoter DNA methylation is associated with working-memory processing in schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. Epigenetics 9:8 (2014), 1101–1107, 10.4161/epi.29223.
152. Wan, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, X., Wu, J., Liu, K., Zhou, J.,.. Zhang, C., Identification of differential microRNAs in cerebrospinal fluid and serum of patients with major depressive disorder. PLoS One, 10(3), 2015, e0121975, 10.1371/journal.pone.0121975.
153. Warburton, A., Breen, G., Bubb, V.J., Quinn, J.P., A GWAS SNP for schizophrenia is linked to the internal MIR137 promoter and supports differential allele-specific expression. Schizophr. Bull., 2015, 10.1093/schbul/sbv144.
154. Warnica, W., Merico, D., Costain, G., Alfred, S.E., Wei, J., Marshall, C.R.,.. Bassett, A.S., Copy number variable microRNAs in schizophrenia and their neurodevelopmental gene targets. Biol. Psychiatry 77:2 (2015), 158–166, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.05.011.
155. Wei, H., Yuan, Y., Liu, S., Wang, C., Yang, F., Lu, Z.,.. Xu, Q., Detection of circulating miRNA levels in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 172:11 (2015), 1141–1147, 10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.14030273.
156. Whalley, H.C., Papmeyer, M., Romaniuk, L., Sprooten, E., Johnstone, E.C., Hall, J.,.. McIntosh, A.M., Impact of a microRNA MIR137 susceptibility variant on brain function in people at high genetic risk of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 37:12 (2012), 2720–2729, 10.1038/npp.2012.137.
157. Wong, J., Duncan, C.E., Beveridge, N.J., Webster, M.J., Cairns, M.J., Weickert, C.S., Expression of NPAS3 in the human cortex and evidence of its posttranscriptional regulation by miR-17 during development, with implications for schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 39:2 (2013), 396–406, 10.1093/schbul/sbr177.
158. Xu, Y., Li, F., Zhang, B., Zhang, K., Zhang, F., Huang, X.,.. Liu, P., MicroRNAs and target site screening reveals a pre-microRNA-30e variant associated with schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 119:1–3 (2010), 219–227, 10.1016/j.schres.2010.02.1070.
159. Yamada, K., Gerber, D.J., Iwayama, Y., Ohnishi, T., Ohba, H., Toyota, T.,.. Yoshikawa, T., Genetic analysis of the calcineurin pathway identifies members of the EGR gene family, specifically EGR3, as potential susceptibility candidates in schizophrenia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 104:8 (2007), 2815–2820, 10.1073/pnas.0610765104.
160. Yang, X., Yang, Q., Wang, X., Luo, C., Wan, Y., Li, J.,.. Zhang, C., MicroRNA expression profile and functional analysis reveal that miR-206 is a critical novel gene for the expression of BDNF induced by ketamine. Neruomol. Med. 16:3 (2014), 594–605, 10.1007/s12017-014-8312-z.
161. Yu, H.C., Wu, J., Zhang, H.X., Zhang, G.L., Sui, J., Tong, W.W.,.. Lv, L.X., Alterations of miR-132 are novel diagnostic biomarkers in peripheral blood of schizophrenia patients. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 63 (2015), 23–29, 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.05.007.
162. Zhao, D., Lin, M., Chen, J., Pedrosa, E., Hrabovsky, A., Fourcade, H.M.,.. Lachman, H.M., MicroRNA profiling of neurons generated using induced pluripotent stem cells derived from patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder, and 22q11.2 del. PLoS One, 10(7), 2015, e0132387, 10.1371/journal.pone.0132387.
163. Zhou, R., Yuan, P., Wang, Y., Hunsberger, J.G., Elkahloun, A., Wei, Y.,.. Manji, H.K., Evidence for selective microRNAs and their effectors as common long-term targets for the actions of mood stabilizers. Neuropsychopharmacology 34:6 (2009), 1395–1405, 10.1038/npp.2008.131.
164. Zhou, Y., Wang, J., Lu, X., Song, X., Ye, Y., Zhou, J.,.. Wang, L., Evaluation of six SNPs of microRNA machinery genes and risk of schizophrenia. J. Mol. Neurosci. 49:3 (2013), 594–599, 10.1007/s12031-012-9887-1.
165. Zhu, Y., Kalbfleisch, T., Brennan, M.D., Li, Y., A microRNA gene is hosted in an intron of a schizophrenia-susceptibility gene. Schizophr. Res. 109:1–3 (2009), 86–89, 10.1016/j.schres.2009.01.022.