The role of inflammation in colon cancer

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

Volumn 816, Issue , 2014, Pages 25-52

  Janakiram, Naveena B ^a   Rao, Chinthalapally V ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; CELECOXIB; CURCUMIN; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2; DIOSGENIN; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; GREEN TEA EXTRACT; IBUPROFEN; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; INDOMETACIN; INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; LICOFELONE; LIPOXIN A; LIPOXYGENASE; MESALAZINE; NAPROXEN; NEURONAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OLEANOLIC ACID; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; PIPERINE; PIROXICAM; PLACEBO; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHASE; RESVERATROL; ROFECOXIB; SULINDAC; SULINDAC SULFONE; TRITERPENOID; 1,4 PHENYLENE BIS (1,2 ETHANEDIYL) BIS ISOTHIOUREA; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ARACHIDONIC ACID; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE; FISH OIL; NITRIC OXIDE; PROSTAGLANDIN E2; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER PREVENTION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CELL INFILTRATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; COLON CANCER; COLON CARCINOGENESIS; COLORECTAL CANCER; DENDRITIC CELL; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ENZYME INHIBITION; FAMILIAL COLON POLYPOSIS; GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INFLAMMATION; INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE; INFLAMMATORY CELL; NATURAL KILLER CELL; NONHUMAN; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK FACTOR; SMOKING; TUMOR ASSOCIATED LEUKOCYTE; CANCER RISK; CARCINOGENESIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG SAFETY;

EID: 84959195974     PISSN: 00652598     EISSN: 22148019     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-348-837-8_2     Document Type: Article

References (196)

1. Abe Y, Hashimoto S, Horie T (1999) Curcumin inhibition of inflammatory cytokine production by human peripheral blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages. Pharmacol Res 39(1):41-47
2. Ahn B, Ohshima H (2001) Suppression of intestinal polyposis in Apc (Min/+) mice by inhibiting nitric oxide production. Cancer Res 61:8357-8360
3. Ahnen D, Hixson L, Albcrts D, Bogert C, Einspahr K, Brendel P, Gross N, Paranlea R, Pamukeu R (1994) Sulindac and its sulfone metabolite (FGN-1) both inhibit rat colon carcinogenesis but neither inhibit colonic proliferation. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 35:631
4. Alberts DS et al (2005) What happened to the COXibs on the way to the cardiologist? Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev 14:555-556
5. Alfaras I, Juan ME, Planas JM (2010a) Trans-resveratrol reduces precancerous colonic lesions in dimethylhydrazine-treated rats. J Agric Food Chem 58(13):8104-8110
6. Alfaras I, Pé rez M, Juan ME, Merino G, Prieto JG, Planas JM, Alvarez AI (2010b) Involveme nt of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP1/ABCG2) in the bioavailability and tissue distribution of trans-resveratrol in knockout mice. J Agric Food Chem 58(7):4523-4528
7. Al-Salihi MA, Pearman AT, Doan T, Reichert EC, Rosenberg DW, Prescott SM, Stafforini DM, Topham MK (2009) Transgenic expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in mouse intestine epithelium is insufficient to initiate tumorigenesis but promotes tumor progression. Cancer Lett 273(2):225-232
8. Arber N, Eagle CJ, Spicak J, Rácz I, Dite P, Hajer J, Zavoral M, Lechuga MJ, Gerletti P, Tang J, Rosenstein RB, Macdonald K, Bhadra P, Fowler R, Wi ttes J, Zauber AG, Solomon SD, Levin B, PreSAP Trial Investigators (2006) Celecoxib for the prevention of colorectal adenomatous polyps. N Engl J Med 355(9):885-895
9. Arita M, Yoshida M, Hong S, Tjonahen E, Glickman JN, Petasis NA, Blumberg RS, Serhan CN (2005) Proc Natl Acad Sci 102:7671-7676
10. Askling J, Dickman PW, Karlen P et al (2001) Family history as a risk factor for colorectal cancer in inflammatory bow el disease. Gastroenterology 120:1356-1362
11. Atreya I, Atreya R, Neurath MF (2008) NF-kappaB in inflammatory bowel disease. J Intern Med 263:591-596
12. Atreya I, Neurath MF (2008) Immune cells in colorectal cancer: prognostic relevance and therapeutic strategies. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 8:561-572
13. Avis I, Hong SH, Martinez A, Moody T, Choi YH, Trepel J et al (2001) Five-lipoxygenase inhibitors can mediate apoptosis in human breast cancer cell lines through complex eicosanoid interactions. J Fed Am Soc Exp Biol 15:2007-2009
14. Babbs CF (1990 ) Free radicals and etiology of colon cancer. Free Rad Biol Med 8:191-200
15. Bajad S, Coumar M, Khajuria R, Suri OP, Bedi KL (2003) Characterization of a new rat urinary metabolite of piperine by LC/NMR/MS studies. Eur J Pharm Sci 19(5):413-421
16. Bansal P, Sonnenberg A (1996) Risk factors of colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 91(1):44-48
17. Baron JA et al (2003) A randomized trial of aspirin to prevent colorectal adenomas. N Engl J Med 348:891-899
18. Bartosz G (1996) Peroxynitrite mediator of the toxic action of nitric oxide. Acta Biochim Polon 43:645-660
19. Belliveau P, Graham AM (1984) Mesenteric desmoid tumor in Gardener's syndrome treated by sulindac. Dis Colon Rectum 27:53-54
20. Bhat BG, Chandrasekhara N (1986) Studies on the metabolism of piperine: absorption, tissue distribution and excretion of urinary conjugates in rats. Toxicology 40(1):83-92
21. Bias P, Buchner A, Klesser B, Laufer S (2004) The gastrointestinal tolerability of the LOX/COX inhibitor, licofelone, is similar to placebo and superior to naproxen therapy in healthy volunteers: results from a randomized, controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol 99:611-618
22. Bombardier C et al VIGOR Study Group 2000) Comparison of upper gastrointestinal toxicity of rofecoxib and naproxen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis N Engl J Med 343: 1520-1528
23. Boolbol SK, Danne nberg AJ, Chadburn A et al (1996) Cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression and tumor formation are blocked by sulindac in a murine model of familial adenomatous polyposis. Cancer Res 56:2556-2560
24. Bortuzzo C, Han if R, Kashfi K, Staiano-Coico L, Shiff SJ, Rigas B et al (1996) The effect of leukotrienes B and selected HETEs on the proliferation of colon cancer cells. Biochimica et Biophysical Acta 1300:240-246
25. Boudreau MD, Sohn KH, Rhee SH, Lee SW, Hunt JD, Hwang DH (2001) Suppression of tumor cell growth both in nude mice and in culture by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: mediation through cyclooxygenase-independent pathways. Cancer Res 61(4):1386-1391
26. Bresalier RS et al (2005) Cardiovascular events associated with rofecoxib in a colorectal adenoma chemoprevention trial. N Engl J Med 352:1092-1102
27. Brown JR, DuBois RN (2005) COX-2: a molecular target for colorectal cancer prevention. J Clin Oncol 23:2840-2855
28. Byrum RS, Goulet JL, Griffiths RJ, Koller BH (1997) Role of the 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) in murine acute inflammatory responses. J Exp Med 185:1065-1075
29. Calviello G, Di Nicuolo F, Gragnoli S, Piccioni E, Serini S, Maggiano N, Tringali G, Navarra P, Ranelletti FO, Palozza P (2004) n-3 PUFAs reduce VEGF expression in human colon cancer cells modulating the COX-2/PGE2 induced ERK-1 and-2 and HIF-1alpha induction pathway. Carcinogenesis 25(12):2303-2310
30. Campbell EL, MacManus CF, Kominsky DJ, Keely S, Glover LE, Bowers BE, Scully M, Bruyninckx WJ, Colgan SP (2010) Resolvin E1-induced intestinal alkaline phosphatase promotes resolution of inflammation through LPS detoxification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107(32):14298-14303
31. Cannizzo F Jr, Broitman SA (1989) Post promotional effects of dietary marine or safflower oils on large bowel or pulmonary implants of CT-26 in mice. Cancer Res 49(15):4289-4294
32. Canny G, Levy O, Furuta GT, Narravula-Alipati S, Sisson RB, Serhan CN et al (2002) Lipid mediator-induced expression of bactericidal/permeability-incre asing protein (BPI) in human mucosal epithelia. Proc Natl Acad Sci 99:3902-3907
33. Castellone MD, Teramoto H, Gutkind JS (2006) Cyclooxygenase-2 and colorectal cancer chemoprevention: the beta-catenin connection. Cancer Res 66:11085-11088
34. Cerutti P (1985) Prooxidant states and tumor promotion. Science 227:375-381
35. Chan AT, Giovannucci EL, Meyerhardt JA et al (2005) Long-term use of aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of colorectal cancer. JAMA 294(8):914-923
36. Cheng AL, Hsu CH, Lin JK, Hsu MM, Ho YF, Shen TS, Ko JY, Lin JT, Lin BR , Ming-Shiang W, Yu HS, Jee SH, Chen GS, Chen TM, Chen CA, Lai MK, Pu YS, Pan MH, Wang YJ, Tsai CC, Hsieh CY (2001) Phase I clinical trial of curcumin, a chemopreventive agent, in patients with high-risk or pre-malignant lesions. Anticancer Res 21(4B):2895-2900
37. Chulada PC, Thompson MB, Mahler JF, Doyle CM, Gaul BW, Lee C, Tiano HF, Morham SG, Smithies O, Langenbach R (2000 a) Gene tic disruption of Ptgs-1, as well as Ptgs-2, reduces intestinal tumorigenesis in Min mice. Cancer Res 60(17):4705-4708
38. Chulada PC, Thompson MB, Mahler JF et al (2000b ) Genetic disruption of Ptgs-1 as well as Ptgs-2 reduces intestinal tumorigenesis in Min mice. Cancer Res 60:4706-4708
39. Cicero AF, Derosa G, Gaddi A (2005) Combined lipoxygenase/cyclo-oxygenase inhibition in the elderly: the example of licofelone. Drugs Aging 22:393-403
40. Claria J, Serhan CN (1995) Aspirin triggers previously undescribed bioactive eicosanoids by human endothelial cell-leukocyte interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci 92:9475-9479
41. Clevers H (2004) At t he crossroads of inflammation and cancer. Cell 118:671-674
42. Cockbain AJ, Toogood GJ, Hull MA (2012) Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for the treatment and prevention of colorectal cancer. Gut 61:135-149
43. Colon AL Menchen L Lizasoain I et al 2000 Inducible nitric oxide synthase activity is expressed not only in inflamed but also in normal colonic mucosa in patients with ulcerative colitis: a potential pro gnostic marker Am J Gastroenterol 95: 1371-1373
44. Cottart CH, Nivet-Antoine V, Laguillier-Morizot C, Beaudeux JL (2010) Resveratrol bioavailability and toxicity in humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 54(1):7-16
45. Crowell JA, Steele VE, Sigman CC, Fay JR (2003) Is inducible nitric oxide synthase a target for chemoprevention? Mol Cancer Ther 2:815-823
46. Dannenberg AJ, Lippman SM, Ma nn JR, Subbaramaiah K, Dubois RN (2005) Cyclooxygenase-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor: pharmacologic targets for chemoprevention. J Clin Oncol 23:254-266
47. Darshan S, Doreswamy R (2004) P atented antiinflammatory plant drug development from traditional medicine. Phytother Res 18(5):343-357
48. Ding XZ, Iversen P, Cluck MW et al (1999) Lipoxygenase inhibitors abolish proliferation of human pancreatic cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 261:218-223
49. Ding XZ, Tong WG, Adrian TE (2003) Multiple signal pathways are involved in the mitogenic effect of 5(S)-HETE in human pancreatic cancer. Oncology 65:285-294
50. Dunn GP, Old LJ, Schreiber RD (2004) The immunobiology of cancer immunosurveillance and immunoediting. Immunity 21:137-148
51. Erdman SE, Sohn JJ, Rao VP et al (2005) CD4CD25 regulatory lymphocytes induce regression of intestinal tumors in ApcMin/mice. Cancer Res 65:3998-4004
52. Feagins LA, Souza RF, Spechler SJ (2009) Carcinogenesis in IBD: potential targets for the prevention of colorectal cancer. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 6:297-305
53. Fiorucci S, Meli R, Bucci M, Cirino G (2001) Dual inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase. A new avenue in anti-inflammatory therapy? Biochem Pharmacol 62:1433-1438
54. Freedman AN et al (1998) Aspirin use and p53 expression in colorectal cancer. Cancer Detect Prev 22:213-218
55. Garcea G, Berry DP, Jones DJ, Singh R, Dennison AR, Farmer PB, Sharma RA, Steward WP, Gescher AJ (2005) Consumption of the putative chemopreventive agent curcumin by cancer patients: assessment of curcumin levels in the colorectum and their pharmacodynamic consequences. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14(1):120-125
56. Gewirtz AT, Collier-Hyams LS, Young AN, Kucharzik T, Guilford WJ, Parkinson JF et al (2002) Lipoxin A4 analogs attenuate induction of intestinal epithelial proinflammatory gene expression and reduce the severity of dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. J Immunol 168(10):5260-5267
57. Giardell o FM, Hamilton SR, Krush AJ, Piantodosi S, Hylind LM, Cleano P, Booker SV, Robinson RC, Offerhaus GJA (1993) Treatment of colonic rectal adenomas with sulindac in familial adenomatous polyposis. N Eng J Med 328:1313-1316
58. Giovannucci E (1999) The prevention of colorectal cancer by aspirin use. Biomed Pharmacother 53:303-308
59. Giovannucci E et al (1994) Aspirin use and the risk for colorectal cancer and adenoma in male health professionals. Ann Intern Med 121:241-246
60. Goel A, Kunnumakkara AB, Aggarwal BB (2008) Curcumin as " Curecumin" : from kitchen to clinic. Biochem Pharmacol 75(4):787-809
61. Goldstein BD, Witz G (1990) Free radicals and carcinogenesis. Free Radic Res Commun 11:3-10
62. Goulet JL, Snouwaert JN, Latour AM, Coffman TM, Koller BH (1994) Altered inflammatory responses in leukotriene-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91(26):12852-12856
63. Greenberg ER, Baron JA, Freeman DH, Mandel JS, Haile R (1993) Reduced risk of larg e-bowel adenomas among aspirin users. The Polyp Prevention Study Group. J Natl Cancer Inst 85:912-916
64. Griffiths RJ, Smith MA, Roach ML, Stock JL, Stam EJ, Milici AJ et al (1997) Collagenindu ced arthritis is reduced in 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein-deficient mice. J Exp Med 185:1123-1129
65. Gupta RA, Dubois RN (2001) Colorectal cancer prevention and treatment by inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2. Nature Rev Cancer 1:11-21
66. Haklar G, Sayin-O zveri E, Yüksel M, Aktan AO, Yalçin AS (2001) Different kinds of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species were detected in colon and breast tumors. Cancer Le tt 165(2):219-224
67. Hammad H, de Heer HJ, Soullie T, Hoogsteden HC, Trottein F, Lambrecht BN (2003) Prostaglandin D2 inhibits airway dendritic cell migration and function in steady state condition s by selective activation of the D prostanoid receptor 1. J Immunol 171:3936-3940
68. Hao XP, Pretlow TG, Rao JS, Pretlow TP (2001) Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is expressed similarly in multiple aberrant crypt foci and colorectal tumors from the same patients. Cancer Res 61:419-422
69. Harris RE, Beebe-Donk J, Doss H, Burr D (2005) Aspirin, ibuprofen, and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cancer prevention: a critical review of non-selective COX-2 blockade. Oncol Rep 13:55 9-583
70. Hawk ET, Levin B (2005) Colorectal cancer prevention. J Clin Oncol 23:378
71. Hofseth LJ, Hussain SP, Wogan GN, Harris CC (2003) Nitric oxide in cancer and chemoprevention. Free Radic Biol Med 34:955-968
72. Hong SH, Avis I, Vos MD, Martinez A, Treston AM, Mulshine JL (1999) Relationship of arachidonic acid metabolizing enzyme expression in epithelial cancer cell lin es to the growth effect of selective biochemical inhibitors. Cancer Res 59:2223-2228
73. Ishida T, Yoshida M, Arita M, Nishitani Y, Nishiumi S, Masuda A et al (2009) Resolvin E1, an endogenous l ipid mediator derived from eicosapentaenoic acid, prevents dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Inflammation and Bowel Diseases 16(1):87-95
74. Ishida T, Yoshida M, Arita M, Nishitani Y, Nishiumi S, Masuda A, Mizuno S, Takagawa T, Morita Y, Kutsumi H, Inokuchi H, Serhan CN, Blumberg RS, Azuma T (2010) Resolvin E1, an endogenous lipid mediator derived from eicosapentaenoic acid, prevents dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 16(1):87-95
75. Jacoby RF, Marshall DJ, Newton MA, Novakovic K, Tutsch K, Cole CE et al (1996) Chemoprevention of spontaneous intestinal adenomas in APC Mi n mouse model by the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug piroxicam. Cancer Res 56:710-714
76. Jacoby RF, Seibert K, Cole CE, Kelloff G, Lubet RA (2000) The cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib is a pote nt preventive and therapeutic agent in the Min mouse model of adenomatous polyposis. Cancer Res 60:5040-5044
77. Janakiram NB, Rao CV (2012) iNOS-selective inhibitors for cancer prevention: promise and progress. Future Med. Chem. 4(17):2193-2204
78. Janakiram NB, Indranie C, Malisetty SV, Jagan P, Steele VE, Rao CV (2008) Chemoprevention of colon carcinogenesis by oleanolic acid and its analog in male F344 rats and modulation of COX-2 and apoptosis in human colon HT-29 cancer cells. Pharm Res 25(9):2151-2157
79. Ja nakiram NB, Mohammed A, Rao CV (2011) Role of lipoxins, resolvins, and other bioactive lipids in colon and pancreatic cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 30(3-4):507-523
80. Janakiram NB, Mohammed A, R avillah D, Choi C-I, Zhang Y, Desai D, Amin S and Rao CV. (2013) Chemopreventive effects of PBI-Se, a selenium-containing analog of PBIT, on AOM-induced aberrant crypt foci in F344 rats. Oncol Rep 30(2):952-96 0
81. Jang M, Cai L, Udeani GO, Slowing KV, Thomas CF, Beecher CW, Fong HH, Farnsworth NR, Kinghorn AD, Mehta RG, Moon RC, Pezzuto JM (1997) Cancer chemopreventive activity of resveratrol, a natural product derived from grapes. Science 275(5297):218-220
82. Juan ME, Alfaras I, Planas JM (2010) Determination of dihydroresveratrol in rat plasma by HPLC. J Agric Food Chem 58(12):7472-7475
83. Juan ME, Alfaras I, Planas JM (2012) Colorectal cancer chemoprevention by trans-resveratrol. Pharmacol Res 65(6):584-591
84. Juarez-Oropeza MA, Diaz-Zagoya JC, Rabinowitz JL (1987) In vivo and in vitro studies of hypocholesterolemic effects of diosgenin in rats. Int J Biochem 19(8):679-683
85. Kato T, Hancock RL, Mohammadpour H, McGregor B, Manalo P, Khaiboullina S, Hall MR, Pardini L, Pardini RS (2002) Influence of omega-3 fatty acids on the g rowth of human colon carcinoma in nude mice. Cancer Lett 187(1-2):169-177
86. Kawamori T Lubet R Steele VE Kelloff GJ Kaskey RB Rao CV Reddy BS 1999 Chemopreventive effect of curcumin, a naturally occurring anti-inflammatory agent, during the promotion/progression stages of colon cancer Cancer Res 59 3597-601
87. Kawamori T, Rao CV, Seibert K, Reddy BS (1998) Chemopreventive activity of celecoxib, a specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, against colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 58:409-412
88. Kawamori T, Takahashi M, Watanabe K et al (2000) Suppression of azoxymethane-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci by a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Cancer Lett 148:33-37
89. Kawamori T, Tanaka T, Hara A, Yamahara J, Mori H (1995) Modifying effects of naturally occurring products on the development of colonic aberrant crypt foci induced by azoxymethane in F344 rats. Cancer Res 55(6):1277-1282
90. Kudo T, Narisawa T, Abo S (1980) Antitumor activity of indomethacin on methylazoxymethanolinduced large bowel tumors in rats. Gann 71(2):260-264
91. Kune GA, Kune S, Watson LF (1988) Colorectal cancer risk, chronic illnesses, operations, and medications: case control results from the Melbourn e Colorectal Cancer Study. Cancer Res 1988 48:4399-4404.
92. Reprinted Int J Epidemiol 2007 36:951-956
93. Kwon CS, Sohn HY, Kim SH, Kim JH, Son KH, Lee JS, Lim JK, Kim JS (2003) Anti-obesity effect of Dioscorea nipponica Makino with lipase-inhibitory activity in rodents. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 67(7):1451-1456
94. La Vecchia C et al (1977) Aspirin and colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 76:675-677
95. Lagares-Garcia JA, Moore RA, Collier B, Heggere M, Diaz F, Qian F (2001) Nitric oxide synthase as a marker in colorectal carcinoma. Am J Surg 67:709-713
96. Laine L, Wogen J, Yu H (2003) Gastrointestinal health care resource utilization with chronic use of COX-2-specific inhibitors versus traditional NSAIDs. Gastroenterology 125:389-395
97. Lakatos PL, Lakatos L (2008) Risk for colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis: changes, causes and management strategies. World J Gastroenterol 14:3937-3947
98. Laybayle D, Fischer D, Vielh P, Frouhin F, Pariente A, Bories C, Duhamael O, Trousset M, Atti P (1991) Sulindac causes regression of rectal polyps in familial adenomatous polyposis. Gastroenterology 101:635-639
99. Liu J (1995) Pharmacology of olea nolic acid and ursolic acid. J Ethnopharmacol 49:57-68
100. Logan RF, Little J, Hawtin PG, Hardcastle JD (1993) Effect of aspirin and non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs on colorectal adenomas: case-control study of subjects participating in the Nottingham faecal occult blood screening programme. Br Med J 307:285-289
101. Mahato SB, Sen S (1997) Advances in triterpenoid research, 1990-1994. Phytochemistry 44(7):1185-1236
102. Mahmoud NN, Dannenberg AJ, Mestre J et al (1998) Aspirin prevents tumors in a murine model of familial adenomatous polyposis. Medline Surg 124:225-231
103. Marnett L J (1992) Aspirin and potential role of prostaglandins in colon cancer. Cancer Res 52:5575-5589
104. Martel-Pelletier J, Lajeunesse D, Reboul P, Pelletier JP (2003) Therapeutic role of dual inhibitor s of 5-LOX and COX, selective and non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Ann Rheum Dis 62:501-509
105. Martinez ME, McPherson RS, Levin B, Annegers JF (1995) Aspirin and other non-steroidal ant iinflammatory drugs and risk of colorectal adenomatous polyps among endoscoped individuals. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 4:703-707
106. McAnuff MA, Harding WW, Omoruyi FO, Jacobs H, Morrison EY, Asemota H N (2005) Hypoglycemic effects of steroidal sapogenins isolated from Jamaican bitter yam, Dioscorea polygonoides. Food Chem Toxicol 43(11):1667-1672
107. Meira LB, Bugni JM, Green SL et al (2008) DNA damage induced by chronic inflammation contributes to colon carcinogenesis in mice. J Clin Invest 118:2516-2525
108. Metzger U Meier J Uhlschmid G Weihe H 1984 Influence of various prostglandin synthesis inhibitors on DMH-induced rat colon cancer Dis Colon Rectum 27: 366-369
109. Mohammed A, Janakiram NB, Li Q, Choi CI, Zhang Y, Steele VE, Rao CV (2011) Chemoprevention of colon and small inte stinal tumorigenesis in APCMin/+ Mice by licofelone, a novel dual 5-LOX/COX inhibitor: potential implications for human colon cancer prevention. Cancer Prev Res 4(12):2015-2026
110. Moorghen M, Ince P, Finney KJ, Sunter JP, Appleton DR, Watson AJA (1988) A protective effect of sulindac against chemically-induced primary colonic tumors in mice. J Pathol 156:341-347
111. Moorghen M, Orde M, Finney KJ, Appleton DR, Watson AJ (1998) Sulindac enhances cell proliferation in DMH-treated mouse colonic mucosa. Cell Prolif 31:59-70
112. Moreau M, Daminet S, Martel-Pelletier J, Fernandes J, Pelletier JP (2005) Superiority of the gastroduodenal safety profile of licofelone over rofecoxib, a COX-2 selective inhibitor, in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 28:81-86
113. Mund RC, Pizato N, Bonatto S, Nunes EA, Vicenzi T, Tanhoffer R, de Oliveira HH, Curi R, Calder PC, Fernandes LC (2007) Decreased tumor growth in Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats chronically supplemented with fish oil involves COX-2 and PGE2 reduction associated with apoptosis and increased peroxidation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 76(2):113-120
114. Murata T, Lin MI, Aritake K et al (2008) Role of prostaglandin D 2 receptor DP as a suppressor of tumor hyper-permeability and angiogenesis in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105(50):20009-20014
115. Muscat JE, Stellman SD, Wynder EL (1994) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and colorectal cancer. Cancer 74:1847-1854
116. Nalini N, Manju V, Menon VP (2006) Effect of spices on lipid metabolism in 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine-induced rat colon carcinogenesis. J Med Food 9(2):237-245
117. Nam KT, Oh SY, Ahn B, Ki m YB, Jang DD, Yang KH et al (2004) Decreased Helicobacter pylori associated gastric carcinogenesis in mice lacking inducible nitric oxide synthase. Gut 20(53):1250-1255
118. Narisawa T, Satoh M, Sano M, Takahashi T (1993) Inhibition of initiation and promotionon N-methylnitrosourea-inducedcolon carcinogenesisin rats by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent indomethacin. Carcinogenesis (London) 14:1493-1497
119. Narisawa T et al (1981) Inhibition of development of methylnitrosourea- induced rat colon tumors by indomethacin treatment. Cancer Res 41:1954-1957
120. Nguyen AV, Martinez M, Stamos MJ, Moyer MP, Planutis K, Hope C, Holcombe RF (2009) Results of a phase I pilot clinical trial examining the effect of plant-derived resveratrol and grape powder on Wnt pathway target gene expression in colonic mucosa and colon cancer. Cancer M anag Res 1:25-37
121. Nieto N, Torres MI, Rí os A, Gil A (2002) Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids improve histological and biochemical alterations in rats with experimental ulcerative colitis. J Nutr 132:11-19
122. Nussmeier NA et al (2005) Complications of the COX-2 inhibitors parecoxib and valdecoxib after cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med 352:1081-1091
123. Oh SF, Vickery TW, Serhan CN (2011) Chiral lipidomics of E-series resolvins: aspirin and the biosynthesis of novel mediators. Biochim Biophys Acta 1811(11):737-747
124. Ohd JF, Nielsen CK, Campbell J, Landberg G, Lofberg H, Sjolander A (2003) Expression of the leukotriene D4 receptor CysLT1, COX-2, colorectal adenocarcinomas. Gastroenterology 124:57-70
125. Ohshima H, Bartsch H (1994) Chronic infection and inflammatory processes as cancer risk factors: possible role of NO in carcinogenesis. Mutat Res 305:253-264
126. Orner GA, Dashwood WM, Blum CA, Daz GD, Li Q, Dashwood RH (2003) Suppression of tumorigenesis in the Apc(Min) mouse: down-regulation of b-catenin signaling by a combination of tea plus sulindac. Carcinogenesis 24:263-267
127. Oshima M, Di nchuk JE, Kargman SL, Oshima H, Hancock B, Kwong E, Trzaskos JM, Evans JF, Taketo MM (1996a ) Suppression of intestinal polyposis in Apc delta 716 knockout mice by inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). Cell 8 7(5):803-809
128. Oshima M, Dinchuk JE, Kargman SL (1996b ) Suppression of intestinal polyposis in APC-716 knockout mice by inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Cell 87:803-809
129. Oshima M, Murai N, Kargman S et al (2001) Chemoprevention of intestinal polyposis in the APC-716 mouse by rofecoxib, a specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. Cancer Res 61:1733-1740
130. Patel KR, Brown VA, Jones DJ, Britton RG, Hemingway D, Miller AS, West KP, Booth TD, Perloff M, Crowell JA (2010) Clinical pharmacology of resveratrol and its metabolites in colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Res 70:7392-7399
131. Peleg II, Maibach HT, Brown SH, Wilcox CM (1994) Aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and the risk of subsequent colorectal cancer. Arch Intern Med 154:394-399
132. Piyachaturawat P, Glinsukon T, Toskulkao C (1983) Acute and subacute toxicity of piperine in mice, rats and hamsters. Toxicol Lett 16(3-4):351-359
133. Pizato N, Bonatto S, Yamazaki R K, Aikawa J, Nogata C, Mund RC, Nunes EA, Piconcelli M, Naliwaiko K, Curi R, Calder PC, Fernandes LC (2005) Ratio of n6 to n-3 fatty acids in the diet affects tumor growth and cachexia in Walker 256 tumor-beari ng rats. Nutr Cancer 53(2):194-201
134. Pollard M, Luckert PH (1980) Indomethacin treatment of rats with dimethylhydrazine-induced intestinal tumors. Cancer Treat Rep 64:1323-1327
135. Pollard M, Luckert PH (1984) Effect of piroxicam on primary intestinal tumors induced in rats by N-methylnitrosourea. Cancer Left 25:117-121
136. Pollard M, Luckert PH (1981) Treatment of chemically-induced intestinal cancers with indomethacin. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 167:161-164
137. Qiao L, Kozoni V, Tsioulias GJ, Koutsos MI, Hanif R, Shiff SJ et al (1995) Selected eicosanoids increase the pr oliferation rate of human colon carcinoma cell lines and mouse colonocytes in vivo. Biochim et Biophys Acta 1258:215-223
138. Rachmilewitz D, Stamler JS, Bachwich D, Karmeli F, Ackerman Z, Podolsky DK (1995) Enhanced colonic nitric oxide generation and nitric oxide synthase activity in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Gut 36: 718-723
139. Raju J, Mehta R (2009) Cancer chemopreventive and therapeutic effects of diosgenin, a food saponin. Nutr Cancer 61(1):27-35
140. Raju J, Patlolla JM, Swamy MV, Rao CV (2004) Diosgenin, a steroid saponin of Trigonella foenum graecum (Fenugreek), inhibits azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci formation in F344 rats and induces apoptosis in HT-29 human colon cancer cells. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13(8):1392-1398
141. Rao CV (2004) Nitric Oxide signaling in colon cancer chemoprevention. Mut Res 555:107-119
142. Rao CV, Cooma I, Rodriguez JG, Simi B, El-Bayoumy K, Red dy BS (2000) Chemoprevention of familial adenomatous polyposis development in the APC(min) mouse model by 1, 4-phenylene bis(methylene) selenocyanate. Carcinogenesis 21:617-621
143. Rao CV, Cooma I, Simi B, Manning PT, Connor JR, Reddy BS (2002) Chemopreventive properties of a selective inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor in colon carcinogenesis, administered alone or in combination with celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibito r. Cancer Res 62:165-170
144. Rao CV, Kawamori T, Hamid R, Reddy BS (1999) Chemoprevention of colonic aberrant crypt foci by an inducible nitric oxide synthase-selective inhibitor. Carcinogenesis 20:641-644
145. Rao CV, Reddy BS, Steele VE, Wang CX, Liu X, Ouyang N, Patlolla JM, Simi B, Kopelovich L, Rigas B (2006) Nitric oxide-releasing aspirin and indomethacin are potent inhibitors agai nst colon cancer in azoxymethane-treated rats: effects on molecular targets. Mol Cancer Ther 6:1530-1538
146. Rao CV, Reddy BS (2004) NSAIDs and chemoprevention. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 4:29-42 Rao CV, Rivenson A, Simi B, Zang E, Kelloff G, Steele V, Reddy BS (1995) Chemoprevention of colon carcinogenesis by sulindac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent. Cancer Res 55:1464-1472
147. Reddy BS, Maruyama H, Kelloff G (1987) Dose-related inhibition of colon carcinogenesis by dietary piroxicam, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, during different stages of rat colon tumor development. Cancer Res 4 7:5340-5346
148. Reddy BS, Rao CV, Rivenson A, Kelloff G (1993) Inhibitory effect of aspirin on azoxymethaneinduced colon carcinogenesis in F344 rats. Carcinogenesis (London) 14:1493-1497
149. Reddy BS Rao CV 2002 Novel approaches for colon cancer prevention by COX-2 inhibitors J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 21: 155-164
150. Rigau J, Pique JM, Rubio E, Planas R, Tarrech JM, Bordas JM (1991) Effect of long-term sulindac therapy on colonic polyposis. Ann Intern Med 115:952-954
151. Sale S, Tunstall RG, Ruparelia KC, Potter GA, Steward WP, Gescher AJ (2005) Comparison of the effects of the chemopreventive agent resveratrol and its synthetic analog trans 3, 4, 5, 4'-tetramethoxystilbene ( DMU-212) on adenoma development in the Apc(Min+) mouse and cyclooxygenase-2 in human-derived colon cancer cells. Int J Cancer 115(2):194-201
152. Sandler RS et al (2003) A randomized trial of aspirin to prevent colorectal adenomas in patients with previous colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 348:883-890
153. Schleiffer R, Duranton B, Goss é F, Bergmann C, Raul F (2000) Nitric oxide synthase inhibition promotes carcinogen-induced preneoplastic changes in the colon of rats. Nitric Oxide 4(6):583-589
154. Schneider Y, Duranton B, Goss é F , Schleiffer R, Seiler N, Raul F (2001) Resveratrol inhibits intestinal tumorigenesis and modulates host-defense-related gene expression in an animal model of human familial adenomatous polyposis. Nutr Cancer 39(1):102-107
155. Schreinemachers DM, Everson RB (1994) Aspirin use and lung, colon, and breast cancer incidence in a prospective study. Epidemiology 5:138-146
156. Sengottuvelan M, Nalini N (2006) Dietary supplementation of resveratrol suppresses colonic tumour incidence in 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine-treated rats by modulating biotransforming enzymes and aberrant crypt foci development. Br J Nutr 96(1):145-153
157. S erhan CN (1997) Lipoxins and novel aspirin-triggered 15-epi-lipoxins (ATL). Prostaglandins 53:107-137
158. Serhan CN (2002) Lipoxins and aspirin-triggered 15-epilipoxin biosynthesis: an update and role in anti-inflammation and pro-resolution. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 68-69:4333-4455
159. Sharma RA, Euden SA, Platton SL, Cooke DN, Shafayat A, Hewitt HR, Marczylo TH, Morgan B, Hemingway D, Pl ummer SM, Pirmohamed M, Gescher AJ, Steward WP (2004) Phase I clinical trial of oral curcumin: biomarkers of systemic activity and compliance. Clin Cancer Res 10(20):6847-6854
160. Sharma RA, McLell and HR, Hill KA, Ireson CR, Euden SA, Manson MM, Pirmohamed M, Marnett LJ, Gescher AJ, Steward WP (2001) Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic study of oral Curcuma extract in patients with colorectal cancer. Cl in Cancer Res 7:1894-1900
161. Shpitz B, Giladi N, Sagiv E, Lev-Ari S, Liberman E, Kazanov D, Arber N (2006) Celecoxib and curcumin additively inhibit the growth of colorectal cancer in a rat model. Digestion 74(3-4):140-144
162. Silverstein FE et al (2000) Gastrointestinal toxicity with celecoxib vs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: the CLASS study: a ra ndomized controlled trial. Celecoxib long-term arthritis safety study. JAMA 284:1247-1255
163. Skinner SA, Penney AG, O'Brien PE (1991) Sulindac inhibits the rate of growth and appearance of colon tumor in the rat Arch Surg 126:1094-1096
164. Smalley WE, DuBois RN (1997) Colorectal cancer and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Adv Pharmacol 39:1-20
165. Smith WL, DeWitt DL, Garavito RM (2000) Cyclooxygenases: structural, cellular, and molecular biology. Ann Rev Biochem 69:145-182
166. Smith WL (1992) Prostanoid biosynthesis and mechanisms of action. Am J Physiol 263:F181-F191
167. Solomon SD et al (2005) Cardiovascular risk associated with celecoxib in a clinical trial for colorectal adenoma prevention. N Engl J Med 352:1071-1080
168. Son IS, Kim JH, Sohn HY, Son KH, Kim JS, Kwon CS (2007) Antioxidative and hypolipidemic effects of diosgenin, a steroidal saponin of yam (Dioscorea spp.), on high-cholesterol fed rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 71(12):3063-3071
169. Spagnesi MT, Tonelli F, Dolara P, Caderni G, Valanzano R, Anastasi A, Bianchini F (1994) Rectal proliferation and polyp occurrence in patients with familial adenomatous polypo sis after sulindac treatment. Gastroenterology 106:362-366
170. Suh N Reddy BS DeCastro A Paul S Lee HJ Smolarek AK So JY Simi B Wang CX Janakiram NB Steele V Rao CV 2011) Combination of atorvastatin with sulindac or naproxen profoundly inhibits colonic adenocarcinomas by suppressing the p65/b-catenin/cyclin D1 signaling pathway in rats. Cancer Prev Res 4: 1895-1902
171. Suh O, Mettlin C, Petr elli NJ (1993) Aspirin use, cancer, and polyps of the large bowel. Cancer 72:1171-1177
172. Swamy MV, Patlolla JM, Steele VE, Kopelovich L, Reddy BS, Rao CV (2006) Chemoprevention of familia l adenomatous polyposis by low doses of atorvastatin and celecoxib given individually and in combination to APCMin mice. Cancer Res 66:7370-7377
173. Szaleczky E, Pronai L, Nakazawa H, Tulassay Z (2000) Evid ence of in vivo peroxynitrite formation in patients with colorectal carcinoma, higher plasma nitrate/nitrite levels, and lower protection against oxygen free radicals. J Clin Gastroenterol 30:47-51
174. Tamir S, Tannenbaus S R (1996) The role of nitric oxide in carcinogenic process. Biochim Biophys Acta 1288:F31-F36
175. Tenesa A, Dunlop MG (2009) New insights into the aetiology of colorectal cancer from genomewide association studies. Nat Rev Genet 10:353-358
176. Tessitore L, Davit A, Sarotto I, Caderni G (2000) Resveratrol depresses the growth of colorectal aberrant crypt foci by affecting bax and p21 (CIP) expression. Car cinogenesis 21(8):1619-1622
177. Thun MH, Namboodiri MM, Heath CW (1991) Aspirin use and reduced risk of fatal colon cancer. N Eng J Med 325:1593-1596
178. Togni V, Ota CC, Fo lador A, Jú nior OT, Aikawa J, Yamazaki RK, Freitas FA, Longo R, Martins EF, Calder PC, Curi R, Fernandes LC (2003) Cancer cachexia and tumor growth reduction in Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats supplemented with N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for one generation. Nutr Cancer 46(1):52-58
179. Tong WG, Ding XZ, Talamonti MS, Bell RH, Adrian TE (2005) LTB4 stimulates growth of human pancreatic cancer cells via MAPK and PI-3 kinase pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 335:949-956
180. T rebino CE, Stock JL, Gibbons CP, Naiman BM, Wachtmann TS, Umland JP, Pandher K, Lapointe JM, Saha S, Roach ML, Carter D, Thomas NA, Durtschi BA, McNeish JD, Hambor JE, Jakobsson PJ, Carty TJ, Perez JR, Audoly LP (2003) Impaired inflammatory and pain responses in mice lacking an inducible prostaglandin E synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:9044-9049
181. Ukil A, Maity S, Karmakar S, Datta N, Vedasiromoni JR, Das PK (2003) Curcumin, the major component of food flavour turmeric, reduces mucosal injury in trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid-induced colitis. Br J Pharmacol 139:209-218
182. Vanamala J, Glagolenko A, Yang P, Carroll RJ, Murphy ME, Newman RA, Ford JR, Braby LA, Chapkin RS, Turner ND, Lupton JR (2008) Dietary fish oil and pectin enhance colonocyte apoptosis in part through suppression of PPAR delta/PGE2 and elevation of PGE3. Carcinogenesis 29(4):790-796
183. Velayos FS, Loftus EV, Jess T, Harmsen WS, Bida J, Zinsmeister AR, Tremaine WJ, Sandborn WJ (2006) Predictive and prote ctive factors associated with colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis: a case-control study. Gastroenterol 130:1941-1949
184. Waddel RW, Ganser GF, Cerise EJ, Loughry RW (1989) Sulindac for polyposis of the colon. Am J Surg 157:175-179
185. Waldner MJ, Neurath MF (2008) Cytokines in colitis associated cancer: potential drug targets? Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets 7:187-194
186. Walle T (2011) Bioavailability of resveratrol. Ann NY Acad Sci 1215:9-15
187. Wan G, Kato N, Watanabe H (2000) High fat diet elevates the activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase and 1, 2 dimethyl-hydrazine induced aberrant crypt foci in colon of rats. Oncolo Rep 7:391-395
188. Wang D, Dubois RN (2006) Review prostaglandins and cancer. Gut 55(1):115-122
189. West NJ, Clark SK, Phillips RKS, Hutchinson JM, Leicester RJ, Belluzzi A, Hull MA (2010) Eicosapentaenoic acid reduces rectal polyp number and size in familial adenomatous polyposis. Gut. doi:10.1136/gut.2009.200642
190. Westbrook AM, Wei B, Braun J, Schiestl RH (2009) Intestinal mucosal inflammation leads to systemic genotoxicity in mice. Cancer Res 69:4827-4834
191. Winde G, Gumbinger HG, Osswald H, Kemper F, Bunte H (1993) The NSA ID sulindac reverses rectal adenomas in colectomized patients with familial adenomatous polyposis: clinical results of a dose finding study on rectal sulindac administration. Int J Colorect Dis 8:13-17
192. Xu G, Ren G, Xu X, Yuan H, Wang Z, Kang L, Yu W, Tian K (2010) Combination of curcumin and green tea catechins prevents dimethylhydrazine- induced colon carcinogenesis. Food Chem Toxicol 48(1):390-395. doi:10.1016/j.f ct.2009.10.027. Epub 25 Oct 2009
193. Xu W, Liu L, Charles IG (2002) Microencapsulated iNOS-expressing cells cause tumor suppression in mice. FASEB J 16:213-215
194. Yagihashi N, Kasajima H, Sugai S et al (2000) Increased in situ expression of nitric oxide synthase in human colorectal cancer. Virchows Arch 436:109-114
195. Yamada T, Hoshino M, Hayakawa T , Ohhara H, Yamada H, Nakazawa T, Inagaki T, Iida M, Ogasawara T, Uchida A, Hasegawa C, Murasaki G, Miyaji M, Hirata A, Takeuchi T (1997) Dietary diosgenin attenuates subacute intestinal inflammatio n associated with indomethacin in rats. Am J Physiol 273(2):G355-G364
196. Ziegler CC, Rainwater L, Whelan J, McEntee MF (2004) Dietary resveratrol does not affect intestinal tumorigenesis in Apc(Min/+) mice. J Nutr 134(1):5-10