Risk for colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis: Changes, causes and management strategies

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 14, Issue 25, 2008, Pages 3937-3947

  Lakatos, Peter Laszlo ^a   Lakatos, Laszlo ^b  

^a SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY   (Hungary)

^b Csolnoky F County Hospital   (Hungary)

Author keywords

Chemprevention; Colorectal cancer; Risk factors; Surveillance; Ulcerative colitis

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; AZATHIOPRINE; MERCAPTOPURINE; MESALAZINE; METHOTREXATE; PLACEBO; SALAZOSULFAPYRIDINE; STEROID; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ANTIBODY; URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID;

ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER RISK; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLON RESECTION; COLONOSCOPY; COLORECTAL CANCER; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE DURATION; DRUG ACTIVITY; DRUG EFFICACY; EDITORIAL; ENTERITIS; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; FAMILY HISTORY; GENETIC ANALYSIS; HUMAN; MAINTENANCE THERAPY; POPULATION RESEARCH; PREVALENCE; PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS; RISK FACTOR; ULCERATIVE COLITIS; COLORECTAL TUMOR; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETICS; HOSPITALIZATION; INCIDENCE; ONSET AGE; PATHOLOGY; PEDIGREE; RISK ASSESSMENT; SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS; TIME;

AGE OF ONSET; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; ANTICARCINOGENIC AGENTS; CHOLANGITIS, SCLEROSING; COLITIS, ULCERATIVE; COLONOSCOPY; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; PEDIGREE; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 53449086211     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.3937     Document Type: Editorial

References (102)

1. Crohn B, Rosenberg H. The sigmoidoscopic picture of chronic ulcerative colitis (non- specific). Am J Med Sci 1925; 170: 220-228.
2. Munkholm P. Review article: the incidence and prevalence of colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 18 Suppl 2: 1-5
3. Eaden JA, Abrams KR, Mayberry JF. The risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. Gut 2001; 48: 526-535
4. Lakatos L, Mester G, Erdelyi Z, David G, Pandur T, Balogh M, Fischer S, Vargha P, Lakatos PL. Risk factors for ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer in a Hungarian cohort of patients with ulcerative colitig: results of a population-based study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006; 12: 205-211
5. Fuszek P, Horvath HC, Speer G, Papp J, Haller P, Fischer S, Halasz J, Jaray B, Szekely E, Schaff Z, PappA, Bursics A, Harsanyi L, Lukovich P, Kupcsulik P, Hitre E, Lakatos PL. Location and age at onset of colorectal cancer in Hungarian patients between 1993 and 2004. The high number of advanced cases supports the need for a colorectal cancer screening program in Hungary. Anticancer Res 2006; 26: 527-531
6. Delaunoit T, Limburg PJ, Goldberg RM, Lymp JF, Loftus EV Jr. Colorectal cancer prognosis among patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 4: 335-342
7. Bernstein CN, Blanchard JF, Kliewer E, Wajda A. Cancer risk in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study. Cancer 2001; 91: 854-862
8. Jess T, Loftus EV Jr, Velayos FS, Harmsen WS, Zinsmeister AR, Smyrk TC, Schleck CD, Tremaine WJ, Melton LJ 3rd, Munkholm P, Sandborn WJ. Risk of intestinal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study from olmsted county, Minnesota. Gastroenterology 2006; 130: 1039-1046
9. Mayer R, Wong WD, Rothenberger DA, Goldberg SM, Madoff RD. Colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: a continuing problem. Dis Colon Rectum 1999; 42: 343-347
10. Lennard-Jones JE, Morson BC, Ritchie JK, Williams CB. Cancer surveillance in ulcerative colitis. Experience over 15 years. Lancet 1983; 2: 149-152
11. Eaden J. Review article: colorectal carcinoma and inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 20 Suppl 4: 24-30
12. Ekbom A, Helmick C, Zack M, Adami HO. Ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer. A population-based study. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 1228-1233
13. Karlen P, Lofberg R, Brostrom O, Leijonmarck CE, Hellers G, Persson PG. Increased risk of cancer in ulcerative colitis: a population-based cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94: 1047-1052
14. Maratka Z, Nedbal J, Kocianova J, Havelka J, Kudrmann J, Hendl J. Incidence of colorectal cancer in proctocolitis: a retrospective study of 959 cases over 40 years. Gut 1985; 26: 43-49
15. Palli D, Trallori G, Bagnoli S, Saieva C, Tarantino O, Cerod M, d'Albasio G, Pacini F, Amorosi A, Masala G. Hodgkin's disease risk is increased in patients with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2000; 119: 647-653
16. Winther KV, Jess T, Langholz E, Munkholm P, Binder V. Long-term risk of cancer in ulcerative colitis: a population-based cohort study from Copenhagen County. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 2: 1088-1095
17. Rutter MD, Saunders BP, Wilkinson KH, Rumbles S, Schofield G, Kamm MA, Williams CB, Price AB, Talbot IC, Forbes A. Thirty-year analysis of a colonoscopic surveillance program for neoplasia in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2006; 130: 1030-1038
18. Terdiman JP, Steinbucb M, Blumentals WA, Ullman TA, Rubin DT. 5-Aminosalicylic acid therapy and the risk of colorectal cancer among patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007; 13: 367-371
19. Lutgens MWMD, Oldenburg B, Sierserna PD, Vleggaar FP. Colonoscopic surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease improves suvival after colorectal cancer diagnosis. J Crohn Colitis 2008; 2: 2 (Abstract)
20. Rubin DT. The changing face of colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: progress at last! Gastroenterology 2006; 130: 1350-1352
21. Delaunoit T, Limburg PJ, Goldberg RM, Lymp JF, Loftus EV Jr. Colorectal cancer prognosis among patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 4: 335-342
22. Lindberg J, Sterling R, Palmqvist R, Rutegard J. Efficiency of colorectal cancer surveillance in patients with ulcerative colitis: 26 years' experience in a patient cohort from a defined population area. Scand J Gastroenterol 2005; 40: 1076-1080
23. Jess T, Loftus EV Jr, Velayos FS, Harmsen WS, Zinsmeister AR, Smyrk TC, Tremaine WJ, Melton LJ 3rd, Munkholm P, Sandborn WJ. Incidence and prognosis of colorectal dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study from Olmsted County, Minnesota. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006; 12: 669-676
24. Itzkowitz SH, Present DH. Consensus conference: Colorectal cancer screening and surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005; 11: 314-321
25. Kornfeld D, Ekborn A, Ihre T. Is there an excess risk for colorectal cancer in patients with ulcerative colitis and concomitant primary sclerosing cholangitis? A population based study. Gut 1997; 41: 522-525
26. Vera A, Gunson BK, Ussatoff V, Nightingale P, Candinas D, Radley S, Mayer AD, Buckels JA, McMaster P, Neuberger J, Mirza DF. Colorectal cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease after liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Transplantation 2003; 75: 1983-1988
27. Loftus EV Jr, Harewood GC, Loftus CG, Tremaine WJ, Harmsen WS, Zinsmeister AR, Jewell DA, Sandborn WJ. PSC-IBD: a unique form of inflammatory bowel disease associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut 2005; 54: 91-96
28. Askling J, Dickman PW, Karlen P, Brostrom O, Lapidus A, Lofberg R, Ekborn A. Family history as a risk factor for colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2001; 120: 1356-1362
29. Rutter M, Saunders B, Wilkinson K, Rumbles S, Schofield G, Kamm M, Williams C, Price A, Talbot I, Forbes A. Severity of inflammation is a risk factor for colorectal neoplasia in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2004; 126: 451-459
30. Heuschen UA, Hinz U, Allemeyer EH, Stem J, Lucas M, Autschbach F, Herfarth C, Heuschen G. Backwash ileitis is strongly associated with colorectal carcinoma in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2001; 120: 841-847
31. Pinczowski D, Ekborn A, Baron J, Yuen L Adami HO. Risk factors for colorectal cancer in patients with ulcerative colitis: a case-control study. Gastroenterology 1994; 107: 117-120
32. Karvellas CJ, Fedorak RN, Hanson J, Wong CK. Increased risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis patients diagnosed after 40 years of age. Can J Gastroenterol 2007; 21: 443-446
33. Greenstein AJ, Sachar DB, Smith H, Pucillo A, Papatestas AE, Kreel I, Geller SA, Janowitz HD, Aufses AH Jr. Cancer in universal and left-sided ulcerative colitis: factors determining risk. Gastroenterology 1979; 77: 290-294
34. Shetty K, Rybicki L, Brzezinski A, Carey WD, Lashner BA. The risk for cancer or dysplasia in ulcerative cohtis patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94: 1643-1649
35. Kornfeld D, Ekborn A, Ihre T. Is there an excess risk for colorectal cancer in patients with ulcerative colitis and concomitant primary sclerosing cholangitis? A population based study. Gut 1997; 41: 522-525
36. Loftus EV Jr, Sandborn WJ, Tremaine WJ, Mahoney DW, Zinsmeister AR, Offord. KP, Melton LJ 3rd. Risk of colorectal neoplasia in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastroenterology 1996; 110: 432-440
37. Broome U, Lindberg G, Lofberg R. Primary sclerosing cholangitis in ulcerative colitis - a risk factor for the development of dysplasia and DNA aneuploidy? Gastroenterology 1992; 102:1877-1880
38. Lundqvist K, Broome U. Differences in colonic disease activity in patients with ulcerative cohtis with and without primary sclerosing cholangitis: a case control study. Dis Colon Rectum 1997; 40: 451-456
39. Anderson JC, Attarn R, Alpern Z, Messina CR, Hubbard P, Grimson R, Ells PF, Brand DL. Prevalence of colorectal neoplasia in smokers. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 2777-2783
40. Eaden J, Abrams K, Ekbom A, Jackson E, Mayberry J. Colorectal cancer prevention in ulcerative colitis: a case-control study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000; 14: 145-153
41. Gupta RB, Harpaz N, Itzkowitz S, Hossain S, Matula S, Kombluth A, Bodian C, Ullman T. Histologic inflammation is a risk factor for progression to colorectal neoplasia in ulcerative colitis: a cohort study. Gastroenterology 2007; 133: 1099-1105; quiz 1340-1341
42. Itzkowitz SH, Harpaz M, Diagnosis and management of dysplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology 2004; 126:1634-1648
43. Rhodes JM, Campbell BJ. Inflammation and colorectal cancer: IBD-associated and sporadic cancer compared. Trends Mol Med 2002; 8: 10-16
44. Schulmann K, Mori Y, Croog V, Yin J, Olaru A, Sterian A, Sato F, Wang S, Xu Y, Deacu E, Berki AT, Hamilton JP, Kan T, Abraham JM, Schmiegel W, Harpaz N, Meltzer SJ. Molecular phenotype of inflammatory bowel disease-associated neoplasms with microsatellite instability. Gastroenterology 2005; 129: 74-85
45. Issa JP, Ahuja N, Toyota M, Bronner MP, Brentnall TA. Accelerated age-related CpG island methylation in ulcerative colitis. Cancer Res 2001; 61: 3573-3577
46. Ozaki K, Nagasaka T, Notohara K, Kambara T, Takeda M, Sasamoto H, Jass JR, Tanaka N, Matsubara N. Heterogeneous microsatellite instability observed within epithelium of ulcerative colitis. Int J Cancer 2006; 119: 2513-2519
47. Sato F, Harpaz N, Shibata D, Xu Y, Yin J, Mori Y, Zou TT, Wang S, Desai K, Leytin A, Selaru FM, Abraham JM, Meltzer SJ. Hypermethylation of the pl4(ARF) gene in ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 2002; 62: 1148-1151
48. Svrcek M, El-Bchiri J, Chalastanis A, Capel E, Dumont S, Buhard O, Oliveira C, Seruca R, Bossard C, Mosnier JF, Berger F, Leteurtre E, Lavergne-Slove A, Chenard MP, Hamelin R, Cosnes J, Beaugerie L, Tiret E, Duval A, Flejou JF. Specific clinical and biological features characterize inflammatory bowel disease associated colorectal cancers showing microsatellite instability. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 4231-M238.
49. Tahara T, Inoue N, Hisamatsu T, Kashiwagi K, Takaishi H, Kanai T, Watanabe M, Ishii H, Hibi T. Clinical significance of microsatellite instability in the inflamed mucosa for the prediction of colonic neoplasms in patients with ulcerative colitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 20: 710-715
50. Konishi K, Shen L, Wang S, Meltzer SJ, Harpaz N, Issa. JP. Rare CpG island methylator phenotype in ulcerative colitis-associated neoplasias. Gastroenterology 2007; 132: 1254-1260
51. Terdiman JP, Aust DE, Chang CG, Willenbucher RF, Baretton GB, Waldman FM. High resolution analysis of chromosome 18 alterations in ulcerative colitis-related colorectal cancer. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2002; 136: 129-137
52. Lashner BA, Shapiro BD, Husain A, Goldblum JR. Evaluation of the usefulness of testing for p53 mutations in colorectal cancer surveillance for ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94: 456-462
53. Takaku H, Ajioka Y, Watanabe H, Hashidate H, Yamada S, Yokoyama L Kazama S, Suda T, Hatakeyama K. Mutations of p53 in morphologically non-neoplastic mucosa of long-standing ulcerative colitis. Jpn J Cancer Res 2001; 92: 119-126
54. Heinzlmann M, Lang SM, Neynaber S, Reinshagen M, Emmrich J, Stratakis DF, Heldwein W, Wiebecke B, Loeschke K. Screening for p53 and K-ras mutations in whole-gut lavage in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Eur Enterol Hepatol 2002; 14: 1061-1066
55. Yashiro M, Carethers JM, Laghi L, Saito K, Slezak P, Jaramillo E, Rubio C, Koizumi K, Hirakawa K, Boland CR. Genetic pathways in the evolution of morphologically distinct colorectal neoplasms. Cancer Res 2001; 61: 2676-2683
56. Aust DE, Terdiman JP, Willenbucher RF, Chang CG, Molinaro-Clark A, Baretton GB, Loehrs U, Waldman FM. The APC/beta-catenin pathway in ulcerative colitis-related colorectal carcinomas: a mutational analysis. Cancer 2002; 94: 1421-1427
57. van Dieren JM, Wink JC, Vissers KJ, van Marion R, Hoogmans MM, Dinjens WN, Schouten WR, Tanke HJ, Szuhai K, Kuipers EJ, van der Woude CJ, van Dekken H. Chromosomal and microsatellite instability of adenocarcinomas and dysplastic lesions (DALM) in ulcerative colitis. Diagn Mol Pathol 2006; 15: 216-222
58. Garrity-Park MM, Loftus EV Jr, Bryant SC, Sandborn WJ, Smyrk TC. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha polymorphisms in ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 407-415
59. Hole O, Wolters FL, Riis L, Bernklev T, Aamodt G, Clofent J, Tsianos E, Beltrami M, Odes S, Munkholm P, Vatn M, Stockbrugger RW, Moum B. Low colectomy rates in ulcerative colitis in an unselected European cohort followed for 10 years. Gastroenterology 2007; 132: 507-515
60. Shanahan F. Review article: colitis-associated cancer - time for new strategies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 18 Suppl 2: 6-9
61. Biancone L, Michetti P, Travis S, Escher JC, Moser G, Forbes A, Hoffmann JC, Dignass A, Gionchetti P, Jantschek G, Kiesslich R, Kolacek S, Mitchell R, Panes J, Soderholm J, Vucelic B, Stange E for the European Crohn's and Colitis Organisation (ECCO). European evidence-based Consensus on the management of ulcerative colitis: Special situations. J Crohn Colitis 2008; 2: 63-92
62. Rutter MD, Saunders BP, Wilkinson KH, Kamm MA, Williams CB, Forbes A. Most dysplasia in ulcerative colitis is visible at colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2004; 60: 334-339
63. Rubin DT, Rothe JA, Hetzel JT, Cohen RD, Hanauer SB. Are dysplasia and colorectal cancer endoscopically visible in patients with ulcerative colitis? Gastrointest Endosc 2007; 65: 998-1004
64. Rubin CE, Haggitt RC, Burmer GC, Brentnall TA, Stevens AC, Levine DS, Dean PJ, Kimmey M, Perera DR, Rabinovitch PS. DNA aneuploidy in colonic biopsies predicts future development of dysplasia in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1992; 103: 1611-1620
65. Bernstein CN, Shanahan F, Weinstein WM. Are we telling patients the truth about surveillance colonoscopy in ulcerative colitis? Lancet 1994; 343: 71-74
66. Thomas T, Abrams KA, Robinson RJ, Mayberry JF. Meta-analysis: cancer risk of low-grade dysplasia in chronic ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 25: 657-668
67. Befrits R, Ljung T, Jaramillo E, Rubio C. Low-grade dysplasia in extensive, long-standing inflammatory bowel disease: a follow-up study. Dis Colon Rectum 2002; 45: 615-620
68. Odze RD, Farraye FA, Hecht JL, Hornick JL. Long-term follow-up after polypectomy treatment for adenoma-like dysplastic lesions in ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 2: 534-541
69. Lynch DA, Lobo AJ, Sobala GM, Dixon MF, Axon AT. Failure of colonoscopic surveillance in ulcerative colitis. Gut 1993; 34: 1075-1080
70. Collins PD, Mpofu C, Watson AJ, Rhodes JM. Strategies for detecting colon cancer and/or dysplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; CD000279
71. Stange EF. Review article: the effect of aminosalicylates and immunomodulation on cancer risk in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 24 Suppl 3: 64-67
72. Ahmadi AA, Polyak S. Endoscopy/surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease. Surg Clin North Am 2007; 87: 743-762
73. Rutter MD, Saunders BP, Schofield D, Forbes A, Price AB, Talbot IC. Pancolonic indigo carmine dye spraying for the detection of dysplasia in ulcerative colitis. Gut 2004; 53: 256-260
74. Kiesslich R, Fritsch J, Holtmann M, Koehler HH, Stolte M, Kanzler S, Nafe B, Jung M, Galle PR, Neurath MF. Methylene blue-aided chromoendoscopy for the detection of intraepithelial neoplasia and colon cancer in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2003; 124: 880-888
75. Hurlstone DP, Sanders DS, Lobo AJ, McAlindon ME, Cross SS. Indigo carmine-assisted high-magnification chromoscopic colonoscopy for the detection and characterisation of intraepithelial neoplasia in ulcerative colitis: a prospective evaluation. Endoscopy 2005; 37:1186-1192
76. Marion JF, Wayne DJ, Present DH, Israel Y, Bodian C, Harpaz N Chapman M Abreu MT Ullman TA Aisenberg J Mayer L. Methylene blue dye-spray targeted biopsies are superior to standard colonoscopic surveillance biopsies for detecting dysplasia in patients with ulcerative and Crohn's colitis: a prospective endoscopic trial. Gastroenterology, 2007; 132 (supplS): 388 (Abstract)
77. Kiesslich R, Hoffman A, Neurath MF. Colonoscopy, tumors, and inflammatory bowel disease-new diagnostic methods. Endoscopy 2006; 38: 5-10
78. Kiesslich R, Goetz M, Vieth M, Galle PR, Neurath MF. Technology insight: confocal laser endoscopy for in vivo diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2007; 4: 480-490
79. Kiesslich R, Goetz M, Lammersdorf K, Schneider C, Burg J, Stolte M, Vieth M, Nafe B, Galle PR, Neurath MF. Chromoscopy-guided endomicroscopy increases the diagnostic yield of intraepithelial neoplasia in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2007; 132: 874-882
80. Hurlstone DP, Kiesslich R, Thomson M, Atkinson R, Cross SS. Confocal chromoscopic endomicroscopy is superior to chromoscopy alone for the detection and characterisation of intraepithelial neoplasia in chronic ulcerative colitis. Gut 2008; 57: 196-204
81. Dekker E, van den Broek FJ, Reitsma JB, Hardwick JC, Offerhaus GJ, van Deventer SJ, Hommes DW, Fockens P. Narrow-band imaging compared with conventional colonoscopy for the detection of dysplasia in patients with longstanding ulcerative colitis. Endoscopy 2007; 39: 216-221
82. Cheng Y, Desreumaux P. 5-aminosalicylic acid is an attractive candidate agent for chemoprevention of colon cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11: 309-314
83. Gasche C. Review article: the chemoprevention of colorectal carcinoma. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 20 Suppl 4: 31-35
84. Ryan BM, Russel MG, Langholz E, Stockbrugger RW. Aminosalicylates and colorectal cancer in IBD: a not-so bitter pill to swallow. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 1682-1687
85. Rousseaux C, Lefebvre B, Dubuquoy L, Lefebvre P, Romano O, Auwerx J, Metzger D, Wahli W, Desvergne B, Naccari GC, Chavatte P, Farce A, Bulois P, Cortot A, Colombel JF, Desreumaux P. Intestinal antiinflammatory effect of 5-aminosalicylic add is dependent on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma. J Exp Med 2005; 201: 1205-1215
86. Lashner BA, Heidenreich PA, Su GL, Kane SV, Hanauer SB. Effect of folate supplementation on the incidence of dysplasia and cancer in chronic ulcerative colitis. A case-control study. Gastroenterology 1989; 97: 255-259
87. Bernstein CN, Blanchard JF, Metge C, Yogendran M. Does the use of 5-aminosalicylates in inflammatory bowel disease prevent the development of colorectal cancer? Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 2784-2788
88. Rubin DT, Lashner BA. Will a 5-ASA a day keep the cancer (and dysplasia) away? Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 1354-1356
89. Velayos FS, Terdiman JP, Walsh JM. Effect of 5-aminosalicylate use on colorectal cancer and dysplasia risk: a systematic review and metaanalysis of observational studies. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 1345-1353
90. Rubin DT, LoSavio A, Yadron N, Huo D, Hanauer SB. Aminosalicylate therapy in the prevention of dysplasia and colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 4: 1346-1350
91. Tung BY, Emond MJ, Haggitt RC, Bronner MP, Kimmey MB, Kowdley KV, Brentnall TA. Ursodiol use is associated with lower prevalence of colonic neoplasia in patients with ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134: 89-95
92. Pardi DS, Loftus EV Jr, Kremers WK, Keach J, Lindor KD. Ursodeoxycholic acid as a chemopreventive agent in patients with ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastroenterology 2003; 124: 889-893
93. Lashner BA, Provencher KS, Seidner DL, Knesebeck A, Brzezinski A. The effect of folic acid supplementation on the risk for cancer or dysplasia in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1997; 112: 29-32
94. Matula S, Croog V, Itzkowitz S, Harpaz N, Bodian C, Hossain S, Ullman T. Chemoprevention of colorectal neoplasia in ulcerative colitis: the effect of 6-mercaptopurine. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 3: 1015-1021
95. Korelitz BI, Mirsky FJ, Fleisher MR, Warman JI, Wisch N, Gleim GW. Malignant neoplasms subsequent to treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with 6-mercaptopurine. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94: 3248-3253
96. Kandiel A, Fraser AG, Korefitz BI, Brensinger C, Lewis JD. Increased risk of lymphoma among inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine. Gut 2005; 54: 1121-1125
97. Lewis JD, Bilker WB, Brensinger C, Deren JJ, Vaughn DJ, Strom BL. Inflammatory bowel disease is not associated with an increased risk of lymphoma. Gastroenterology 2001; 121: 1080-1087
98. Lichtenstein GR, Feagan BG, Cohen RD, Salzberg BA, Diamond RH, Chen DM, Pritchard ML, Sandborn WJ. Serious infections and mortality in association with therapies for Crohn's disease: TREAT registry. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 4: 621-630.
99. Biancone L, Orlando A, Kohn A, Colombo E, Sostegni R, Angelucci E, Rizzello F, Castiglione F, Benazzato L, Papi C, Meucci G, Riegler G, Petruzziello C, Mocciaro F, Geremia A, Calabrese E, Cottone M, Pallone F. Infliximab and newly diagnosed neoplasia in Crohn's disease: a multicentre matched pair study. Gut 2006; 55: 228-233
100. Bongartz T, Sutton AJ, Sweeting MJ, Buchan I, Matteson EL, Montori V. Anti-TNF antibody therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of serious infections and malignancies: systematic review and meta-analysis of rare harmful effects in randomized controlled trials. JAMA 2006; 295: 2275-2285
101. Moody GA, Jayanthi V, Probert CS, Mac Kay H, Mayberry JF. Long-term therapy with sulphasalazine protects against colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis: a retrospective study of colorectal cancer risk and compliance with treatment in Leicestershire. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996; 8: 1179-1183
102. Lindberg BU, Broome U, Persson B. Proximal colorectal dysplasia or cancer in ulcerative colitis. The impact of primary sclerosing cholangitis and sulfasalazine: results from a 20-year surveillance study. Dis Colon Rectum 2001; 44: 77-85