Nitric oxide in cancer and chemoprevention

Free Radical Biology and Medicine

Volumn 34, Issue 8, 2003, Pages 955-968

  Hofseth, Lorne J ^a   Hussain, S Perwez ^a   Wogan, Gerald N ^b   Harris, Curtis C ^a  

^a NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMINOGUANIDINE; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; FREE RADICAL; N(G) NITROARGININE METHYL ESTER; NITRIC OXIDE; SC 51;

CANCER GENETICS; CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER RISK; CARCINOGENESIS; CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; DRUG EFFECT; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENOTYPE; HEREDITY; HUMAN; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STRESS; TARGET ORGAN; TUMOR GROWTH;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 0037446302     PISSN: 08915849     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0891-5849(02)01363-1     Document Type: Review

References (221)

1. Fleming I., Busse R. NO the primary EDRF . J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 31:1999;5-14.
2. Ignarro L.J. Physiology and pathophysiology of nitric oxide. Kidney Int. Suppl. 55:1996;S2-S5.
3. Moncada S., Higgs E.A. Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies related to nitric oxide. FASEB J. 9:1995;1319-1330.
4. Furchgott R.F. Introduction to EDRF research. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 22:(Suppl. 7):1993;S1-S2.
5. Moncada S., Palmer R.M., Higgs E.A. Nitric oxide physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology . Pharmacol. Rev. 43:1991;109-142.
6. Radomski M.W., Palmer R.M., Moncada S. An L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway present in human platelets regulates aggregation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 87:1990;5193-5197.
7. Sanders K.M., Ward S.M. Nitric oxide as a mediator of nonadrenergic noncholinergic neurotransmission. Am. J. Physiol. 262:1992;G379-G392.
8. Furchgott R.F., Jothianandan D. Endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation involving cyclic GMP relaxation induced by nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and light . Blood Vessels. 28:1991;52-61.
9. Nathan C., Shiloh M.U. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates in the relationship between mammalian hosts and microbial pathogens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 97:2000;8841-8848.
10. Cheung P.Y., Salas E., Etches P.C., Phillipos E., Schulz R., Radomski M.W. Inhaled nitric oxide and inhibition of platelet aggregation in critically ill neonates. Lancet. 351:1998;1181-1182.
11. Salvemini D., de Nucci G., Gryglewski R.J., Vane J.R. Human neutrophils and mononuclear cells inhibit platelet aggregation by releasing a nitric oxide-like factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 86:1989;6328-6332.
12. 2) control mammalian iron metabolism by different pathways. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:1996;3781-3788.
13. Domachowske J.B. The role of nitric oxide in the regulation of cellular iron metabolism. Biochem. Mol. Med. 60:1997;1-7.
14. Moncada S., Palmer R.M., Higgs E.A. Nitric oxide physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology . Pharmacol. Rev. 43:1991;109-142.
15. Nathan C., Xie Q.W. Nitric oxide synthases; roles, tolls, and controls. Cell. 78:1994;915-918.
16. Bredt D.S., Snyder S.H. Nitric oxide a physiologic messenger molecule . Annu. Rev. Biochem. 63:1994;175-195.
17. Hentze M.W., Kuhn L.C. Molecular control of vertebrate iron metabolism mRNA-based regulatory circuits operated by iron, nitric oxide, and oxidative stress . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:1996;8175-8182.
18. Tamir S., Tannenbaum S.R. The role of nitric oxide (NO) in the carcinogenic process. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1288:1996;F31-F36.
19. Ambs S., Hussain S.P., Harris C.C. Interactive effects of nitric oxide and the p53 tumor suppressor gene in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. FASEB J. 11:1997;443-448.
20. Marletta M.A. Nitric oxide synthase aspects concerning structure and catalysis . Cell. 78:1994;927-930.
21. Beckman J.S., Beckman T.W., Chen J., Marshall P.A., Freeman B.A. Apparent hydroxyl radical production by peroxynitrite implications for endothelial injury from nitric oxide and superoxide . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 87:1990;1620-1624.
22. Malinski T., Taha Z., Grunfeld S., Patton S., Kapturczak M., Tomboulian P. Diffusion of nitric oxide in the aorta wall monitored in situ by porphyrinic microsensors. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 193:1993;1076-1082.
23. Geller D.A., Lowenstein C.J., Shapiro R.A., Nussler A.K., Di Silvio M., Wang S.C., Nakayama D.K., Simmons R.L., Snyder S.H., Billiar T.R. Molecular cloning and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase from human hepatocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90:1993;3491-3495.
24. Sherman P.A., Laubach V.E., Reep B.R., Wood E.R. Purification and cDNA sequence of an inducible nitric oxide synthase from a human tumor cell line. Biochemistry. 32:1993;11600-11605.
25. Charles I.G., Palmer R.M., Hickery M.S., Bayliss M.T., Chubb A.P., Hall V.S., Moss D.W., Moncada S. Cloning, characterization, and expression of a cDNA encoding an inducible nitric oxide synthase from the human chondrocyte. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90:1993;11419-11423.
26. Chartrain N.A., Geller D.A., Koty P.P., Sitrin N.F., Nussler A.K., Hoffman E.P., Billiar T.R., Hutchinson N.I., Mudgett J.S. Molecular cloning, structure, and chromosomal localization of the human inducible nitric oxide synthase gene. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1994;6765-6772.
27. Marsden P.A., Schappert K.T., Chen H.S., Flowers M., Sundell C.L., Wilcox J.N., Lamas S., Michel T. Molecular cloning and characterization of human endothelial nitric oxide synthase. FEBS Lett. 307:1992;287-293.
28. Stuehr D.J., Cho H.J., Kwon N.S., Weise M.F., Nathan C.F. Purification and characterization of the cytokine-induced macrophage nitric oxide synthase an FAD- and FMN-containing flavoprotein . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88:1991;7773-7777.
29. Markewitz B.A., Michael J.R., Kohan D.E. Cytokine-induced expression of a nitric oxide synthase in rat renal tubule cells. J. Clin. Invest. 91:1993;2138-2143.
30. Koide M., Kawahara Y., Tsuda T., Yokoyama M. Cytokine-induced expression of an inducible type of nitric oxide synthase gene in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. FEBS Lett. 318:1993;213-217.
31. Lowenstein C.J., Alley E.W., Raval P., Snowman A.M., Snyder S.H., Russell S.W., Murphy W.J. Macrophage nitric oxide synthase gene two upstream regions mediate induction by interferon gamma and lipopolysaccharide . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90:1993;9730-9734.
32. Amaro M.J., Bartolome J., Carreno V. Hepatitis B virus X protein transactivates the inducible nitric oxide synthase promoter. Hepatology. 29:1999;915-923.
33. Elmore L.W., Hancock A.R., Chang S.F., Wang X.W., Chang S., Callahan C.P., Geller D.A., Will H., Harris C.C. Hepatitis B virus X protein and p53 tumor suppressor interactions in the modulation of apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 94:1997;14707-14712.
34. Dimmeler S., Fleming I., Fisslthaler B., Hermann C., Busse R., Zeiher A.M. Activation of nitric oxide synthase in endothelial cells by Akt-dependent phosphorylation. Nature. 399:1999;601-605.
35. Pan J., Burgher K.L., Szczepanik A.M., Ringheim G.E. Tyrosine phosphorylation of inducible nitric oxide synthase implications for potential post-translational regulation . Biochem. J. 314:1996;889-894.
36. Michel T., Li G.K., Busconi L. Phosphorylation and subcellular translocation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90:1993;6252-6256.
37. Cho H.J., Martin E., Xie Q.W., Sassa S., Nathan C. Inducible nitric oxide synthase identification of amino acid residues essential for dimerization and binding of tetrahydrobiopterin . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92:1995;11514-11518.
38. Kone B.C. Protein-protein interactions controlling nitric oxide synthases. Acta Physiol. Scand. 168:2000;27-31.
39. Govers R., Rabelink T.J. Cellular regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 280:2001;F193-F206.
40. Geller D.A., Billiar T.R. Molecular biology of nitric oxide synthases. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 17:1998;7-23.
41. Thomsen L.L., Lawton F.G., Knowles R.G., Beesley J.E., Riveros-Moreno V., Moncada S. Nitric oxide synthase activity in human gynecological cancer. Cancer Res. 54:1994;1352-1354.
42. Thomsen L.L., Miles D.W., Happerfield L., Bobrow L.G., Knowles R.G., Moncada S. Nitric oxide synthase activity in human breast cancer. Br. J. Cancer. 72:1995;41-44.
43. Cobbs C.S., Brenman J.E., Aldape K.D., Bredt D.S., Israel M.A. Expression of nitric oxide synthase in human central nervous system tumors. Cancer Res. 55:1995;727-730.
44. Koh E., Noh S.H., Lee Y.D., Lee H.Y., Han J.W., Lee H.W., Hong S. Differential expression of nitric oxide synthase in human stomach cancer. Cancer Lett. 146:1999;173-180.
45. Mendes R.V., Martins A.R., de Nucci G., Murad F., Soares F.A. Expression of nitric oxide synthase isoforms and nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity by B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and multiple myeloma. Histopathology. 39:2001;172-178.
46. Wolf H., Haeckel C., Roessner A. Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in human urinary bladder cancer. Virchows Arch. 437:2000;662-666.
47. Baltaci S., Orhan D., Gogus C., Turkolmez K., Tulunay O., Gogus O. Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in benign prostatic hyperplasia, low- and high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostatic carcinoma. BJU Int. 88:2001;100-103.
48. Vakkala M., Kahlos K., Lakari E., Paakko P., Kinnula V., Soini Y. Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, apoptosis, and angiogenesis in in situ and invasive breast carcinomas. Clin. Cancer Res. 6:2000;2408-2416.
49. Tschugguel W., Schneeberger C., Unfried G., Czerwenka K., Weninger W., Mildner M., Gruber D.M., Sator M.O., Waldhor T., Huber J.C. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in human breast cancer depends on tumor grade. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 56:1999;145-151.
50. Singer I.I., Kawka D.W., Scott S., Weidner J.R., Mumford R.A., Riehl T.E., Stenson W.F. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine in colonic epithelium in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 111:1996;871-885.
51. Kimura H., Hokari R., Miura S., Shigematsu T., Hirokawa M., Akiba Y., Kurose I., Higuchi H., Fujimori H., Tsuzuki Y., Serizawa H., Ishii H. Increased expression of an inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase and the formation of peroxynitrite in colonic mucosa of patients with active ulcerative colitis. Gut. 42:1998;180-187.
52. Dijkstra G., Moshage H., van Dullemen H.M., Jager-Krikken A., Tiebosch A.T., Kleibeuker J.H., Jansen P.L., van Goor H. Expression of nitric oxide synthases and formation of nitrotyrosine and reactive oxygen species in inflammatory bowel disease. J. Pathol. 186:1998;416-421.
53. Mannick E.E., Bravo L.E., Zarama G., Realpe J.L., Zhang X.J., Ruiz B., Fontham E.T., Mera R., Miller M.J., Correa P. Inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitrotyrosine, and apoptosis in Helicobacter pylori gastritis effect of antibiotics and antioxidants . Cancer Res. 56:1996;3238-3243.
54. Goto T., Haruma K., Kitadai Y., Ito M., Yoshihara M., Sumii K., Hayakawa N., Kajiyama G. Enhanced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine in gastric mucosa of gastric cancer patients. Clin. Cancer Res. 5:1999;1411-1415.
55. Fu S., Ramanujam K.S., Wong A., Fantry G.T., Drachenberg C.B., James S.P., Meltzer S.J., Wilson K.T. Increased expression and cellular localization of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase 2 in Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Gastroenterology. 116:1999;1319-1329.
56. Kane J.M. 3rd, Shears L.L. 2nd, Hierholzer C., Ambs S., Billiar T.R., Posner M.C. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection in humans induction of hepatic nitric oxide synthase and proposed mechanisms for carcinogenesis . J. Surg. Res. 69:1997;321-324.
57. Majano P.L., Garcia-Monzon C., Lopez-Cabrera M., Lara-Pezzi E., Fernandez-Ruiz E., Garcia-Iglesias C., Borque M.J., Moreno-Otero R. Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in chronic viral hepatitis. Evidence for a virus-induced gene upregulation. J. Clin. Invest. 101:1998;1343-1352.
58. Garcia-Monzon C., Majano P.L., Zubia I., Sanz P., Apolinario A., Moreno-Otero R. Intrahepatic accumulation of nitrotyrosine in chronic viral hepatitis is associated with histological severity of liver disease. J. Hepatol. 32:2000;331-338.
59. Cuzzocrea S., Zingarelli B., Villari D., Caputi A.P., Longo G. Evidence for in vivo peroxynitrite production in human chronic hepatitis. Life Sci. 63:1998;L25-L30.
60. Hussain S.P., Raja K., Amstad P.A., Sawyer M., Trudel L.J., Wogan G.N., Hofseth L.J., Shields P.G., Billiar T.R., Trautwein C., Hohler T., Galle P.R., Phillips D.H., Markin R., Marrogi A.J., Harris C.C. Increased p53 mutation load in nontumorous human liver of wilson disease and hemochromatosis oxyradical overload diseases . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 97:2000;12770-12775.
61. Marrogi A.J., Khan M.A., van Gijssel H.E., Welsh J.A., Rahim H., Demetris A.J., Kowdley K.V., Hussain S.P., Nair J., Bartsch M.C., Okby N., Poirier M.C., Ishak K.G., Harris C.C. Oxidative stress and p53 mutations in the carcinogenesis of iron overload-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 93:2001;1652-1655.
62. Wilson K.T., Fu S., Ramanujam K.S., Meltzer S.J. Increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in Barrett's esophagus and associated adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res. 58:1998;2929-2934.
63. Tamir S., Burney S., Tannenbaum S.R. DNA damage by nitric oxide. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 9:1996;821-827.
64. Zhuang J.C., Wright T.L., deRojas-Walker T., Tannenbaum S.R., Wogan G.N. Nitric oxide-induced mutations in the HPRT gene of human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells and in Salmonella typhimurium. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 35:2000;39-47.
65. Wink D.A., Cook J.A., Pacelli R., DeGraff W., Gamson J., Liebmann J., Krishna M.C., Mitchell J.B. The effect of various nitric oxide-donor agents on hydrogen peroxide-mediated toxicity a direct correlation between nitric oxide formation and protection . Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 331:1996;241-248.
66. Heller R., Polack T., Grabner R., Till U. Nitric oxide inhibits proliferation of human endothelial cells via a mechanism independent of cGMP. Atherosclerosis. 144:1999;49-57.
67. Kanamaru Y., Takada T., Saura R., Mizuno K. Effect of nitric oxide on mouse clonal osteogenic cell, MC3T3-E1, proliferation in vitro. Kobe J. Med. Sci. 47:2001;1-11.
68. Ulibarri J.A., Mozdziak P.E., Schultz E., Cook C., Best T.M. Nitric oxide donors, sodium nitroprusside and S-nitroso-N-acetylpencillamine, stimulate myoblast proliferation in vitro. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Anim. 35:1999;215-218.
69. McCafferty D.M., Miampamba M., Sihota E., Sharkey K.A., Kubes P. Role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid induced colitis in mice. Gut. 45:1999;864-873.
70. Zingarelli B., Szabo C., Salzman A.L. Reduced oxidative and nitrosative damage in murine experimental colitis in the absence of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Gut. 45:1999;199-209.
71. Peng H.B., Rajavashisth T.B., Libby P., Liao J.K. Nitric oxide inhibits macrophage-colony stimulating factor gene transcription in vascular endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995;17050-17055.
72. Berendji-Grun D., Kolb-Bachofen V., Kroncke K.D. Nitric oxide inhibits endothelial IL-1(beta)-induced ICAM-1 gene expression at the transcriptional level decreasing Sp1 and AP-1 activity. Mol. Med. 7:2001;748-754.
73. De Caterina R., Libby P., Peng H.B., Thannickal V.J., Rajavashisth T.B., Gimbrone M.A. Jr, Shin W.S., Liao J.K. Nitric oxide decreases cytokine-induced endothelial activation. Nitric oxide selectively reduces endothelial expression of adhesion molecules and proinflammatory cytokines. J. Clin. Invest. 96:1995;60-68.
74. Clancy R., Varenika B., Huang W., Ballou L., Attur M., Amin A.R., Abramson S.B. Nitric oxide synthase/COX cross-talk nitric oxide activates COX-1 but inhibits COX-2-derived prostaglandin production . J. Immunol. 165:2000;1582-1587.
75. Stadler J., Harbrecht B.G., Di Silvio M., Curran R.D., Jordan M.L., Simmons R.L., Billiar T.R. Endogenous nitric oxide inhibits the synthesis of cyclooxygenase products and interleukin-6 by rat Kupffer cells. J. Leukoc. Biol. 53:1993;165-172.
76. Gurjar M.V., DeLeon J., Sharma R.V., Bhalla R.C. Mechanism of inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-9 induction by NO in vascular smooth muscle cells. J. Appl. Physiol. 91:2001;1380-1386.
77. Park S.K., Lin H.L., Murphy S. Nitric oxide regulates nitric oxide synthase-2 gene expression by inhibiting NF-kappaB binding to DNA. Biochem. J. 322:1997;609-613.
78. Peng H.B., Spiecker M., Liao J.K. Inducible nitric oxide an autoregulatory feedback inhibitor of vascular inflammation . J. Immunol. 161:1998;1970-1976.
79. Sekkai D., Aillet F., Israel N., Lepoivre M. Inhibition of NF-kappaB and HIV-1 long terminal repeat transcriptional activation by inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 activity. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1998;3895-3900.
80. Laroux F.S., Pavlick K.P., Hines I.N., Kawachi S., Harada H., Bharwani S., Hoffman J.M., Grisham M.B. Role of nitric oxide in inflammation. Acta Physiol. Scand. 173:2001;113-118.
81. Orucevic A., Lala P.K. Role of nitric oxide in IL-2 therapy-induced capillary leak syndrome. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 17:1998;127-142.
82. Thomsen L.L., Miles D.W. Role of nitric oxide in tumour progression lessons from human tumours . Cancer Metastasis Rev. 17:1998;107-118.
83. Lala P.K., Orucevic A. Role of nitric oxide in tumor progression lessons from experimental tumors . Cancer Metastasis Rev. 17:1998;91-106.
84. Fukumura D., Jain R.K. Role of nitric oxide in angiogenesis and microcirculation in tumors. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 17:1998;77-89.
85. Felley-Bosco E. Role of nitric oxide in genotoxicity implication for carcinogenesis . Cancer Metastasis Rev. 17:1998;25-37.
86. Lala P.K. Significance of nitric oxide in carcinogenesis, tumor progression and cancer therapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 17:1998;1-6.
87. Xie K., Fidler I.J. Therapy of cancer metastasis by activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 17:1998;55-75.
88. Jenkins D.C., Charles I.G., Thomsen L.L., Moss D.W., Holmes L.S., Baylis S.A., Rhodes P., Westmore K., Emson P.C., Moncada S. Roles of nitric oxide in tumor growth. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA. 92:1995;4392-4396.
89. Maeda H., Noguchi Y., Sato K., Akaike T. Enhanced vascular permeability in solid tumor is mediated by nitric oxide and inhibited by both new nitric oxide scavenger and nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 85:1994;331-334.
90. Tozer G.M., Prise V.E., Chaplin D.J. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase induces a selective reduction in tumor blood flow that is reversible with L-arginine. Cancer Res. 57:1997;948-955.
91. Nicotera P., Bonfoco E., Brune B. Mechanisms for nitric oxide-induced cell death involvement of apoptosis . Adv. Neuroimmunol. 5:1997;411-420.
92. Dimmeler S., Haendeler J., Nehls M., Zeiher A.M. Suppression of apoptosis by nitric oxide via inhibition of interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme (ICE)-like and cysteine protease protein (CPP)-32-like proteases. J. Exp. Med. 185:1997;601-607.
93. Li J., Bombeck C.A., Yang S., Kim Y.M., Billiar T.R. Nitric oxide suppresses apoptosis via interrupting caspase activation and mitochondrial dysfunction in cultured hepatocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;17325-17333.
94. Chung H.T., Pae H.O., Choi B.M., Billiar T.R., Kim Y.M. Nitric oxide as a bioregulator of apoptosis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 282:2001;1075-1079.
95. Kim P.K., Zamora R., Petrosko P., Billiar T.R. The regulatory role of nitric oxide in apoptosis. Int. Immunopharmacol. 1:2001;1421-1441.
96. Melillo G., Musso T., Sica A., Taylor L.S., Cox G.W., Varesio L. A hypoxia-responsive element mediates a novel pathway of activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase promoter. J. Exp. Med. 182:1995;1683-1693.
97. Tretyakova N.Y., Burney S., Pamir B., Wishnok J.S., Dedon P.C., Wogan G.N., Tannenbaum S.R. Peroxynitrite-induced DNA damage in the supF gene correlation with the mutational spectrum . Mutat. Res. 447:2000;287-303.
98. Zhuang J.C., Lin C., Lin D., Wogan G.N. Mutagenesis associated with nitric oxide production in macrophages. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:1998;8286-8291.
99. Wink D.A., Hanbauer I., Grisham M.B., Laval F., Nims R.W., Laval J., Cook J., Pacelli R., Liebmann J., Krishna M., Ford P.C., Mitchell J.B. Chemical biology of nitric oxide regulation and protective and toxic mechanisms . Curr. Top. Cell. Regul. 34:1996;159-187.
100. Sibghat-Ullah; Gallinari, P.; Xu, Y. Z.; Goodman, M. F.; Bloom, L. B.; Jiricny, J.; Day, R. S. 3rd. Base analog and neighboring base effects on substrate specificity of recombinant human G:T mismatch-specific thymine DNA-glycosylase. Biochemistry 35:12926-12932;1996.
101. Messmer U.K., Brune B. Nitric oxide-induced apoptosis p53-dependent and p53-independent signalling pathways . Biochem. J. 319:1996;299-305.
102. Forrester K., Ambs S., Lupold S.E., Kapust R.B., Spillare E.A., Weinberg W.C., Felley-Bosco E., Wang X.W., Geller D.A., Billiar T.R., Harris C.C. Nitric oxide-induced p53 accumulation and regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) expression by wild-type p53. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:1996;2442-2447.
103. Nakaya N., Lowe S.W., Taya Y., Chenchik A., Enikolopov G. Specific pattern of p53 phosphorylation during nitric oxide-induced cell cycle arrest. Oncogene. 19:2000;6369-6375.
104. Ambs S., Merriam W.G., Ogunfusika M.O., Bennett W.P., Ishibe N., Hussain S.P., Tzeng E.E., Geller D.A., Billiar T.R., Harris C.C. p53 and vascular endothelial growth factor regulate tumour growth of NOS2-expressing human carcinoma cells. Nat. Med. 4:1998;1371-1376.
105. Chin K., Kurashima Y., Ogura T., Tajiri H., Yoshida S., Esumi H. Induction of vascular endothelial growth factor by nitric oxide in human glioblastoma and hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Oncogene. 15:1997;437-442.
106. Frank S., Stallmeyer B., Kampfer H., Schaffner C., Pfeilschifter J. Differential regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor fms-like-tyrosine kinase is mediated by nitric oxide in rat renal mesangial cells. Biochem. J. 338:1999;367-374.
107. Papapetropoulos A., Garcia-Cardena G., Madri J.A., Sessa W.C. Nitric oxide production contributes to the angiogenic properties of vascular endothelial growth factor in human endothelial cells. J. Clin. Invest. 100:1997;3131-3139.
108. Sharp P.A. RNA interference - 2001. Genes Dev. 15:2001;485-490.
109. Sandau K.B., Zhou J., Kietzmann T., Brune B. Regulation of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha by the inflammatory mediators nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in contrast to desferroxamine and phenylarsine oxide. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2001;39805-39811.
110. Sandau K.B., Fandrey J., Brune B. Accumulation of HIF-1alpha under the influence of nitric oxide. Blood. 97:2001;1009-1015.
111. Ravi R., Mookerjee B., Bhujwalla Z.M., Sutter C.H., Artemov D., Zeng Q., Dillehay L.E., Madan A., Semenza G.L., Bedi A. Regulation of tumor angiogenesis by p53-induced degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha. Genes Dev. 14:2000;34-44.
112. Ambs S., Ogunfusika M.O., Merriam W.G., Bennett W.P., Billiar T.R., Harris C.C. Upregulation of NOS2 expression in cancer-prone p53 knockout mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:1998;8823-8828.
113. Ambs S., Bennett W.P., Merriam W.G., Ogunfusika M.O., Oser S.M., Harrington A.M., Shields P.G., Felley-Bosco E., Hussain S.P., Harris C.C. Relationship between p53 mutations and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in human colorectal cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 91:1999;86-88.
114. Hussain S.P., Amstad P., Raja K., Ambs S., Nagashima M., Bennett W.P., Shields P.G., Ham A.J., Swenberg J.A., Marrogi A.J., Harris C.C. Increased p53 mutation load in noncancerous colon tissue from ulcerative colitis a cancer-prone chronic inflammatory disease . Cancer Res. 60:2000;3333-3337.
115. Umetani N., Sasaki S., Watanabe T., Shinozaki M., Matsuda K., Ishigami H., Ueda E., Muto T. Genetic alterations in ulcerative colitis-associated neoplasia focusing on APC, K-ras gene and microsatellite instability. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 90:1999;1081-1087.
116. Ambs S., Merriam W.G., Bennett W.P., Felley-Bosco E., Ogunfusika M.O., Oser S.M., Klein S., Shields P.G., Billiar T.R., Harris C.C. Frequent nitric oxide synthase-2 expression in human colon adenomas implication for tumor angiogenesis and colon cancer progression . Cancer Res. 58:1998;334-341.
117. Alleva D.G., Burger C.J., Elgert K.D. Tumor-induced regulation of suppressor macrophage nitric oxide and TNF-alpha production. Role of tumor-derived IL-10, TGF-beta, and prostaglandin E2. J. Immunol. 153:1994;1674-1686.
118. Hollstein M., Sidransky D., Vogelstein B., Harris C.C. p53 mutations in human cancers. Science. 253:1991;49-53.
119. Greenblatt M.S., Bennett W.P., Hollstein M., Harris C.C. Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene clues to cancer etiology and molecular pathogenesis . Cancer Res. 54:1994;4855-4878.
120. Levine A.J., Momand J., Finlay C.A. The p53 tumour suppressor gene. Nature. 351:1991;453-456.
121. Ellie E., Loiseau H., Lafond F., Arsaut J., Demotes-Mainard J. Differential expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA in human brain tumours. Neuroreport. 7:1995;294-296.
122. Gallo O., Masini E., Morbidelli L., Franchi A., Fini-Storchi I., Vergari W.A., Ziche M. Role of nitric oxide in angiogenesis and tumor progression in head and neck cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 90:1998;587-596.
123. Balkwill F., Mantovani A. Inflammation and cancer back to Virchow? Lancet. 357:2001;539-545.
124. O'Byrne K.J., Dalgleish A.G. Chronic immune activation and inflammation as the cause of malignancy. Br. J. Cancer. 85:2001;473-483.
125. Ohshima H., Bartsch H. Chronic infections and inflammatory processes as cancer risk factors possible role of nitric oxide in carcinogenesis . Mutat. Res. 305:1994;253-264.
126. Christen S., Hagen T.M., Shigenaga M.K., Ames B.N. Chronic inflammation, mutation, and cancer. Parsonnet J., Hornig S. Microbes and malignancy infection as a cause of cancer . 1999;35-88 Oxford University Press, New York.
127. Adler V., Yin Z., Tew K.D., Ronai Z. Role of redox potential and reactive oxygen species in stress signaling. Oncogene. 18:1999;6104-6111.
128. Shackelford R.E., Kaufmann W.K., Paules R.S. Oxidative stress and cell cycle checkpoint function. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 28:2000;1387-1404.
129. Kyriakis J.M., Avruch J. Mammalian mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathways activated by stress and inflammation. Physiol. Rev. 81:2001;807-869.
130. Cerutti P.A., Trump B.F. Inflammation and oxidative stress in carcinogenesis. Cancer Cells. 3:1991;1-7.
131. Shalon D., Smith S.J., Brown P.O. A DNA microarray system for analyzing complex DNA samples using two-color fluorescent probe hybridization. Genome Res. 6:1996;639-645.
132. Cerutti P.A. Prooxidant states and tumor promotion. Science. 227:1985;375-381.
133. MacMicking J.D., Nathan C., Hom G., Chartrain N., Fletcher D.S., Trumbauer M., Stevens K., Xie Q.W., Sokol K., Hutchinson N. Altered responses to bacterial infection and endotoxic shock in mice lacking inducible nitric oxide synthase. Cell. 81:1995;641-650.
134. Hokari R., Kato S., Matsuzaki K., Kuroki M., Iwai A., Kawaguchi A., Nagao S., Miyahara T., Itoh K., Sekizuka E., Nagata H., Ishii H., Miura S. Reduced sensitivity of inducible nitric oxide synthase-deficient mice to chronic colitis. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 31:2001;153-163.
135. Krieglstein C.F., Cerwinka W.H., Laroux F.S., Salter J.W., Russell J.M., Schuermann G., Grisham M.B., Ross C.R., Granger D.N. Regulation of murine intestinal inflammation by reactive metabolites of oxygen and nitrogen divergent roles of superoxide and nitric oxide . J. Exp. Med. 194:2001;1207-1218.
136. Konopka T.E., Barker J.E., Bamford T.L., Guida E., Anderson R.L., Stewart A.G. Nitric oxide synthase II gene disruption implications for tumor growth and vascular endothelial growth factor production . Cancer Res. 61:2001;3182-3187.
137. Cooper H.S., Everley L., Chang W.C., Pfeiffer G., Lee B., Murthy S., Clapper M.L. The role of mutant Apc in the development of dysplasia and cancer in the mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Gastroenterology. 121:2001;1407-1416.
138. Ahn B., Ohshima H. Suppression of intestinal polyposis in Apc(Min/+) mice by inhibiting nitric oxide production. Cancer Res. 61:2001;8357-8360.
139. Yamamoto Y., Gaynor R.B. Therapeutic potential of inhibition of the NF-kappaB pathway in the treatment of inflammation and cancer. J. Clin. Invest. 107:2001;135-142.
140. Tamir S., deRojas-Walker T., Gal A., Weller A.H., Li X., Fox J.G., Wogan G.N., Tannenbaum S.R. Nitric oxide production in relation to spontaneous B-cell lymphoma and myositis in SJL mice. Cancer Res. 55:1995;4391-4397.
141. Gal A., Tamir S., Tannenbaum S.R., Wogan G.N. Nitric oxide production in SJL mice bearing the RcsX lymphoma a model for in vivo toxicological evaluation of NO . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:1996;11499-11503.
142. Gal A., Wogan G.N. Mutagenesis associated with nitric oxide production in transgenic SJL mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:1996;15102-15107.
143. Ahn B., Han B.S., Kim D.J., Ohshima H. Immunohistochemical localization of inducible nitric oxide synthase and 3-nitrotyrosine in rat liver tumors induced by N-nitrosodiethylamine. Carcinogenesis. 20:1999;1337-1344.
144. Nair J., Gal A., Tamir S., Tannenbaum S.R., Wogan G.N., Bartsch H. Etheno adducts in spleen DNA of SJL mice stimulated to overproduce nitric oxide. Carcinogenesis. 19:1998;2081-2084.
145. Goldstein S.R., Yang G.Y., Chen X., Curtis S.K., Yang C.S. Studies of iron deposits, inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine in a rat model for esophageal adenocarcinoma. Carcinogenesis. 19:1998;1445-1449.
146. Okamoto T., Masuda Y., Kawasaki T., Shinohara M., Matsuzaki K. Aminoguanidine prevents concanavalin A-induced hepatitis in mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 396:2000;125-130.
147. Yasuhiro T., Korolkiewicz R.P., Kato S., Takeuchi K. Role of nitric oxide in pathogenesis of serotonine-induced gastric lesions in rats. Pharmacol. Res. 36:1997;333-338.
148. Rao C.V., Indranie C., Simi B., Manning P.T., Connor J.R., Reddy B.S. Chemopreventive properties of a selective inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor in colon carcinogenesis, administered alone or in combination with celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. Cancer Res. 62:2002;165-170.
149. Rao C.V., Kawamori T., Hamid R., Reddy B.S. Chemoprevention of colonic aberrant crypt foci by an inducible nitric oxide synthase-selective inhibitor. Carcinogenesis. 20:1999;641-644.
150. Kawamori T., Takahashi M., Watanabe K., Ohta T., Nakatsugi S., Sugimura T., Wakabayashi K. Suppression of azoxymethane-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci by a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Cancer Lett. 148:2000;33-37.
151. Doi K., Akaike T., Fujii S., Tanaka S., Ikebe N., Beppu T., Shibahara S., Ogawa M., Maeda H. Induction of haem oxygenase-1 nitric oxide and ischaemia in experimental solid tumours and implications for tumour growth. Br. J. Cancer. 80:1999;1945-1954.
152. Thomsen L.L., Scott J.M., Topley P., Knowles R.G., Keerie A.J., Frend A.J. Selective inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibits tumor growth in vivo studies with 1400W, a novel inhibitor . Cancer Res. 57:1997;3300-3304.
153. Tozer G.M., Prise V.E., Wilson J., Locke R.J., Vojnovic B., Stratford M.R., Dennis M.F., Chaplin D.J. Combretastatin A-4 phosphate as a tumor vascular-targeting agent early effects in tumors and normal tissues . Cancer Res. 59:1999;1626-1634.
154. Tozer G.M., Prise V.E., Motterlini R., Poole B.A., Wilson J., Chaplin D.J. The comparative effects of the NOS inhibitor, Nomega-nitro-L-arginine, and the haemoxygenase inhibitor, zinc protoporphyrin IX, on tumour blood flow. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 42:1998;849-853.
155. Ziche M., Morbidelli L., Masini E., Amerini S., Granger H.J., Maggi C.A., Geppetti P., Ledda F. Nitric oxide mediates angiogenesis in vivo and endothelial cell growth and migration in vitro promoted by substance P. J. Clin. Invest. 94:1994;2036-2044.
156. Orucevic A., Lala P.K. NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis, ameliorates interleukin 2-induced capillary leakage and reduces tumour growth in adenocarcinoma-bearing mice. Br. J. Cancer. 73:1996;189-196.
157. Ribbons K.A., Currie M.G., Connor J.R., Manning P.T., Allen P.C., Didier P., Ratterree M.S., Clark D.A., Miller M.J. The effect of inhibitors of inducible nitric oxide synthase on chronic colitis in the rhesus monkey. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 280:1997;1008-1015.
158. Yoshida Y., Iwai A., Itoh K., Tanaka M., Kato S., Hokari R., Miyahara T., Koyama H., Miura S., Kobayashi M. Role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 14:(Suppl. 1):2000;26-32.
159. Wink D.A., Hanbauer I., Krishna M.C., DeGraff W., Gamson J., Mitchell J.B. Nitric oxide protects against cellular damage and cytotoxicity from reactive oxygen species. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90:1993;9813-9817.
160. Schleiffer R., Duranton B., Gosse F., Bergmann C., Raul F. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition promotes carcinogen-induced preneoplastic changes in the colon of rats. Nitric Oxide. 4:2000;583-589.
161. Bruns C.J., Shinohara H., Harbison M.T., Davis D.W., Nelkin G., Killion J.J., McConkey D.J., Dong Z., Fidler I.J. Therapy of human pancreatic carcinoma implants by irinotecan and the oral immunomodulator JBT 3002 is associated with enhanced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in tumor-infiltrating macrophages. Cancer Res. 60:2000;2-7.
162. Shinohara H., Bucana C.D., Killion J.J., Fidler I.J. Intensified
163. Yamamoto T., Terada N., Seiyama A., Nishizawa Y., Akedo H., Kosaka H. Increase in experimental pulmonary metastasis in mice by L-arginine under inhibition of nitric oxide production by NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. Int. J. Cancer. 75:1998;140-144.
164. Iwasaki T., Higashiyama M., Kuriyama K., Sasaki A., Mukai M., Shinkai K., Horai T., Matsuda H., Akedo H. NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester inhibits bone metastasis after modified intracardiac injection of human breast cancer cells in a nude mouse model. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 88:1997;861-866.
165. Edwards P., Cendan J.C., Topping D.B., Moldawer L.L., MacKay S., Copeland E.M. III, Lind D.S. Tumor cell nitric oxide inhibits cell growth in vitro, but stimulates tumorigenesis and experimental lung metastasis in vivo. J. Surg. Res. 63:1996;49-52.
166. Wang B., Xiong Q., Shi Q., Tan D., Le X., Xie K. Genetic disruption of host nitric oxide synthase II gene impairs melanoma-induced angiogenesis and suppresses pleural effusion. Int. J. Cancer. 91:2001;607-611.
167. Wang B., Xiong Q., Shi Q., Le X., Abbruzzese J.L., Xie K. Intact nitric oxide synthase II gene is required for interferon-beta-mediated suppression of growth and metastasis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res. 61:2001;71-75.
168. Shi Q., Xiong Q., Wang B., Le X., Khan N.A., Xie K. Influence of nitric oxide synthase II gene disruption on tumor growth and metastasis. Cancer Res. 60:2000;2579-2583.
169. Shi Q., Huang S., Jiang W., Kutach L.S., Ananthaswamy H.N., Xie K. Direct correlation between nitric oxide synthase II inducibility and metastatic ability of UV-2237 murine fibrosarcoma cells carrying mutant p53. Cancer Res. 59:1999;2072-2075.
170. Juang S.H., Xie K., Xu L., Shi Q., Wang Y., Yoneda J., Fidler I.J. Suppression of tumorigenicity and metastasis of human renal carcinoma cells by infection with retroviral vectors harboring the murine inducible nitric oxide synthase gene. Hum. Gene Ther. 9:1998;845-854.
171. Xie K., Huang S., Dong Z., Gutman M., Fidler I.J. Direct correlation between expression of endogenous inducible nitric oxide synthase and regression of M5076 reticulum cell sarcoma hepatic metastases in mice treated with liposomes containing lipopeptide CGP 31362. Cancer Res. 55:1995;3123-3131.
172. Xie K., Dong Z., Fidler I.J. Activation of nitric oxide synthase gene for inhibition of cancer metastasis. J. Leukoc. Biol. 59:1996;797-803.
173. Dong Z., Staroselsky A.H., Qi X., Xie K., Fidler I.J. Inverse correlation between expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase activity and production of metastasis in K-1735 murine melanoma cells. Cancer Res. 54:1994;789-793.
174. Xie K., Huang S., Dong Z., Juang S.H., Gutman M., Xie Q.W., Nathan C., Fidler I.J. Transfection with the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene suppresses tumorigenicity and abrogates metastasis by K-1735 murine melanoma cells. J. Exp. Med. 181:1995;1333-1343.
175. Xie K., Huang S., Dong Z., Juang S.H., Wang Y., Fidler I.J. Destruction of bystander cells by tumor cells transfected with inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase gene. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 89:1997;421-427.
176. Matthews N.E., Adams M.A., Maxwell L.R., Gofton T.E., Graham C.H. Nitric oxide-mediated regulation of chemosensitivity in cancer cells. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 93:2001;1879-1885.
177. Janssens M.Y., Van den Berge D.L., Verovski V.N., Monsaert C., Storme G.A. Activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase results in nitric oxide-mediated radiosensitization of hypoxic EMT-6 tumor cells. Cancer Res. 58:1998;5646-5648.
178. Maccarrone M., Fantini C., Ranalli M., Melino G., Agro A.F. Activation of nitric oxide synthase is involved in tamoxifen-induced apoptosis of human erythroleukemia K562 cells. FEBS Lett. 434:1998;421-424.
179. Ho Y.S., Wang Y.J., Lin J.K. Induction of p53 and p21/WAF1/CIP1 expression by nitric oxide and their association with apoptosis in human cancer cells. Mol. Carcinog. 16:1996;20-31.
180. Bartsch H. Studies on biomarkers in cancer etiology and prevention a summary and challenge of 20 years of interdisciplinary research . Mutat. Res. 462:2000;255-279.
181. Marnett L.J. Oxyradicals and DNA damage. Carcinogenesis. 21:2000;361-370.
182. Burney S., Caulfield J.L., Niles J.C., Wishnok J.S., Tannenbaum S.R. The chemistry of DNA damage from nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. Mutat. Res. 424:1999;37-49.
183. Marnett L.J., Plastaras J.P. Endogenous DNA damage and mutation. Trends Genet. 17:2001;214-221.
184. Aguilar F., Harris C.C., Sun T., Hollstein M., Cerutti P. Geographic variation of p53 mutational profile in nonmalignant human liver. Science. 264:1994;1317-1319.
185. Aguilar F., Hussain S.P., Cerutti P. Aflatoxin B1 induces the transversion of G→T in codon 249 of the p53 tumor suppressor gene in human hepatocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90:1993;8586-8590.
186. Hussain S.P., Aguilar F., Amstad P., Cerutti P. Oxy-radical induced mutagenesis of hotspot codons 248 and 249 of the human p53 gene. Oncogene. 9:1994;2277-2281.
187. Hussain S.P., Aguilar F., Cerutti P. Mutagenesis of codon 248 of the human p53 tumor suppressor gene by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea. Oncogene. 9:1994;13-18.
188. Hussain S.P., Kennedy C.H., Amstad P., Lui H., Lechner J.F., Harris C.C. Radon and lung carcinogenesis mutability of p53 codons 249 and 250 to 238Pu alpha-particles in human bronchial epithelial cells . Carcinogenesis. 18:1997;121-125.
189. Niederau C., Fischer R., Sonnenberg A., Stremmel W., Trampisch H.J., Strohmeyer G. Survival and causes of death in cirrhotic and in noncirrhotic patients with primary hemochromatosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 313:1985;1256-1262.
190. Gillen C.D., Walmsley R.S., Prior P., Andrews H.A., Allan R.N. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease a comparison of the colorectal cancer risk in extensive colitis . Gut. 35:1994;1590-1592.
191. Guihot G., Guimbaud R., Bertrand V., Narcy-Lambare B., Couturier D., Duee P.H., Chaussade S., Blachier F. Inducible nitric oxide synthase activity in colon biopsies from inflammatory areas correlation with inflammation intensity in patients with ulcerative colitis but not with Crohn's disease . Amino Acids. 18:2000;229-237.
192. Boughton-Smith N.K. Pathological and therapeutic implications for nitric oxide in inflammatory bowel disease. J. R. Soc. Med. 87:1994;312-314.
193. Leonard N., Bishop A.E., Polak J.M., Talbot I.C. Expression of nitric oxide synthase in inflammatory bowel disease is not affected by corticosteroid treatment. J. Clin. Pathol. 51:1998;750-753.
194. Ekbom A., Helmick C., Zack M., Adami H.O. Ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer. A population-based study. N. Engl. J Med. 323:1990;1228-1233.
195. Iwashita E., Iwai A., Sawazaki Y., Matsuda K., Miyahara T., Itoh K. Activation of microvascular endothelial cells in active ulcerative colitis and detection of inducible nitric oxide synthase. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 27:(suppl. 1):1998;S74-S79.
196. Shin H.R., Lee C.U., Park H.J., Seol S.Y., Chung J.M., Choi H.C., Ahn Y.O., Shigemastu T. Hepatitis B and C virus, Clonorchis sinensis for the risk of liver cancer a case-control study in Pusan, Korea . Int. J. Epidemiol. 25:1996;933-940.
197. Kane J.M. III, Shears L.L., Hierholzer C., Ambs S., Billiar T.R., Posner M.C. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection in humans induction of hepatic nitric oxide synthase and proposed mechanisms for carcinogenesis . J. Surg. Res. 69:1997;321-324.
198. Rahman M.A., Dhar D.K., Yamaguchi E., Maruyama S., Sato T., Hayashi H., Ono T., Yamanoi A., Kohno H., Nagasue N. Coexpression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and COX-2 in hepatocellular carcinoma and surrounding liver possible involvement of COX-2 in the angiogenesis of hepatitis C virus-positive cases . Clin. Cancer Res. 7:2001;1325-1332.
199. Mitchell H., Drake M., Medley G. Prospective evaluation of risk of cervical cancer after cytological evidence of human papilloma virus infection. Lancet. 1:1986;573-575.
200. Zhang Z.F., Kurtz R.C., Klimstra D.S., Yu G.P., Sun M., Harlap S., Marshall J.R. Helicobacter pylori infection on the risk of stomach cancer and chronic atrophic gastritis. Cancer Detect. Prev. 23:1999;357-367.
201. Tatemichi M., Ogura T., Nagata H., Esumi H. Enhanced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in chronic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 27:1998;240-245.
202. Esrig D., McEvoy K., Bennett C.J. Bladder cancer in the spinal cord-injured patient with long-term catheterization a casual relationship? Semin. Urol. 10:1992;102-108.
203. Kanoh K., Shimura T., Tsutsumi S., Suzuki H., Kashiwabara K., Nakajima T., Kuwano H. Significance of contracted cholecystitis lesions as high risk for gallbladder carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett. 169:2001;7-14.
204. Csendes A., Becerra M., Burdiles P., Demian I., Bancalari K., Csendes P. Bacteriological studies of bile from the gallbladder in patients with carcinoma of the gallbladder, cholelithiasis, common bile duct stones and no gallstones disease. Eur. J. Surg. 160:1994;363-367.
205. Rosin M.P., Hofseth L.J. Schistosomiasis, bladder and colon cancer. Parsonnet J. Microbes and Malignancy Infection as a cause of human cancers . 1999;313-345 Oxford University Press, Oxford.
206. Shochina M., Fellig Y., Sughayer M., Pizov G., Vitner K., Podeh D., Hochberg A., Ariel I. Nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in human bladder carcinoma. Mol. Pathol. 54:2001;248-252.
207. Jaiswal M., LaRusso N.F., Shapiro R.A., Billiar T.R., Gores G.J. Nitric oxide-mediated inhibition of DNA repair potentiates oxidative DNA damage in cholangiocytes. Gastroenterology. 120:2001;190-199.
208. Haswell-Elkins M.R., Mairiang E., Mairiang P., Chaiyakum J., Chamadol N., Loapaiboon V., Sithithaworn P., Elkins D.B. Cross-sectional study of Opisthorchis viverrini infection and cholangiocarcinoma in communities within a high-risk area in northeast Thailand. Int. J. Cancer. 59:1994;505-509.
209. Streitz J.M. Jr. Barrett's esophagus and esophageal cancer. Chest Surg. Clin. N. Am. 4:1994;227-240.
210. Marrogi A.J., Pass H.I., Khan M., Metheny-Barlow L.J., Harris C.C., Gerwin B.I. Human mesothelioma samples overexpress both cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) in vitro antiproliferative effects of a COX-2 inhibitor . Cancer Res. 60:2000;3696-3700.
211. Bourdes V., Boffetta P., Pisani P. Environmental exposure to asbestos and risk of pleural mesothelioma review and meta-analysis . Eur. J. Epidemiol. 16:2000;411-417.
212. Stevens R.G., Moolgavkar S.H. Estimation of relative risk from vital data smoking and cancers of the lung and bladder . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 63:1979;1351-1357.
213. Liu C.Y., Wang C.H., Chen T.C., Lin H.C., Yu C.T., Kuo H.P. Increased level of exhaled nitric oxide and up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in patients with primary lung cancer. Br. J. Cancer. 78:1998;534-541.
214. Nakamura H., Tsukada H., Oya M., Onomura M., Saito T., Fukuda K., Kodama M., Taniguchi T., Tominaga M., Hosokawa M., Seino Y. Aminoguanidine has both an anti-inflammatory effect on experimental colitis and a proliferative effect on colonic mucosal cells. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 34:1999;1117-1122.
215. Yamaguchi T., Yoshida N., Ichiishi E., Sugimoto N., Naito Y., Yoshimoto T. Differing effects of two nitric oxide synthase inhibitors on experimental colitis. Hepatogastroenterology. 48:2001;118-122.
216. de Wilt J.H., Manusama E.R., van Etten B., van Tiel S.T., Jorna A.S., Seynhaeve A.L., ten Hagen T.L., Eggermont A.M. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition results in synergistic anti-tumour activity with melphalan and tumour necrosis factor alpha-based isolated limb perfusions. Br. J. Cancer. 83:2000;1176-1182.
217. Fukumura D., Yuan F., Endo M., Jain R.K. Role of nitric oxide in tumor microcirculation. Blood flow, vascular permeability, and leukocyte-endothelial interactions. Am. J. Pathol. 150:1997;713-725.
218. Jadeski L.C., Lala P.K. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester inhibits tumor-induced angiogenesis in mammary tumors. Am. J. Pathol. 155:1999;1381-1390.
219. Menchen L.A., Colon A.L., Moro M.A., Leza J.C., Lizasoain I., Menchen P., Alvarez E., Lorenzo P. N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine, an inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, decreases colonic inflammation induced by trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid in rats. Life Sci. 69:2001;479-491.
220. Armstrong A.M., Campbell G.R., Gannon C., Kirk S.J., Gardiner K.R. Oral administration of inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitors reduces nitric oxide synthesis but has no effect on the severity of experimental colitis. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 35:2000;832-838.
221. Hosoi T., Goto H., Arisawa T., Niwa Y., Okada N., Ohmiya N., Hayakawa T. Role of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor in experimental colitis induced by 2,4,6- trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid in rats. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 28:2001;9-12.