Virulence gene regulation in Shigella

EcoSal Plus

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2004, Pages

  Dorman, Charles J ^a  

^a TRINITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84959051483     PISSN: None     EISSN: 23246200     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.8.9.3     Document Type: Article

References (191)

1. Kotloff KL, Winickoff JP, Ivanoff B, Clemens JD, Swerdlow DL, Sansonetti PJ, Adak GK, Levine MM. 1999. Global burden of Shigella infections: implications for vaccine development and implementation of control strategies. Bull WHO 77:651-666.
2. DuPont HL, Levine MM, Hornick RB, Formal SB. 1989. Inoculum size in shigellosis and implications for expected mode of transmission. J Infect Dis 159:1126-1128.
3. LaBrec EH, Schneider H, Mangani TJ, Formal SB. 1964. Epithelial cell penetration as an essential step in the pathogenesis of bacillary dysentery. J Bacteriol 88:1503-1518.
4. Mounier J, Vasselon T, Hellio R, Lesourd M, Sansonetti PJ. 1992. Shigella flexneri enters human colonic Caco-2 epithelial cells through the basolateral pole. Infect Immun 60:237-248.
5. Sansonetti PJ, Phalipon A. 1999. M cells as ports of entry for enteroinvasive pathogens: mechanisms of interaction, consequences for the disease process. Semin Immunol 11:193-203.
6. Wassef JS, Keren DF, Mailloux JL. 1989. Role of M cells in initial antigen uptake and in ulcer formation in the rabbit intestinal loop model of shigellosis. Infect Immun 57:858-863.
7. 7.8facilitates escape of virulent bacteria from the endocytic vacuoles of mouse and human macrophages. Infect Immun 68:3608-3619.
8. Chen Y, Smith MR, Thirumalai K, Zychlinsky A. 1996. A bacterial invasin induces macrophage apoptosis by directly binding ICE. EMBO J 15:3853-3860.
9. Zychlinsky A, Kenny B, Ménard R, Prévost MC, Holland IB, Sansonetti PJ. 1994. IpaB mediates macrophage apoptosis induced by Shigella flexneri. Mol Microbiol 11:619-627.
10. Navarre WW, Zychlinsky A. 2000. Pathogen-induced apoptosis of macrophages: a common end for different pathogenic strategies. Cell. Microbiol. 2:265-273.
11. Perdomo JJ, Gounon P, Sansonetti PJ. 1994. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte transmigration promotes invasion of colonic epithelial monolayer by Shigella flexneri. J Clin Invest 93:633-643.
12. Perdomo OJ, Cavaillon JM, Huerre M, Ohayon H, Gounon P, Sansonetti PJ. 1994. Acute inflammation causes epithelial invasion and mucosal destruction in experimental shigellosis. J Exp Med 180:1307-1319.
13. Zychlinsky A, Sansonetti PJ. 1997. Apoptosis as a proinflammatory event: what can we learn from bacteria-induced cell death? Trends Microbiol 5:201-204.
14. Jung HC, Eckmann L, Yang SK, Panja A, Fierer J, Morzycka-Wroblewska E, Kagnoff MF. 1995. A distinct array of proinflammatory cytokines is expressed in human epithelial cells in response to bacterial invasion. J Clin Invest 95:55-62.
15. Sansonetti PJ, Arondel J, Huerre M, Harada A, Matsushima K. 1999. Interleukin-8 controls bacterial transepithelial translocation at the cost of epithelial destruction in experimental shigellosis. Infect Immun 67:1471-1480.
16. Philpott DJ, Edgeworth JD, Sansonetti PJ. 2000. The pathogenesis of Shigella flexneri infection: lessons from in vitro and in vivo studies. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 355:575-586.
17. Allaoui A, Sansonetti PJ, Parsot C. 1993. MxiD, an outer membrane protein necessary for the secretion of the Shigella flexneri Ipa invasins. Mol Microbiol 7:59-68.
18. Andrews GP, Maurelli AT. 1992. mxiA of Shigella flexneri 2a, which facilitates export of invasion plasmid antigens, encodes a homolog of the low-calcium-response protein, LcrD, of Yersinia pestis. Infect Immun 60:3287-3295.
19. Blocker A, Jouihri N, Larquet E, Gounon P, Ebel F, Parsot C, Sansonetti PJ, Allaoui A. 2001. Structure and composition of the Shigella flexneri "needle complex," a part of its type III secretion. Mol Microbiol 39:652-663.
20. Parsot C, Ménard R, Gounon P, Sansonetti PJ. 1995. Enhanced secretion through the Shigella flexneri Mxi-Spa translocon leads to assembly of extracellular proteins into macromolecular structures. Mol Microbiol 16:291-300.
21. Sasakawa C, Komatsu K, Tobe T, Suzuki T, Yoshikawa M. 1993. Eight genes in region 5 that form an operon are essential for invasion of epithelial cells by Shigella flexneri 2a. J Bacteriol 175:2334-2346.
22. Venkatesan MM, Buysse JM, Oaks EV. 1992. Surface presentation of Shigella flexneri invasion plasmid antigens requires the products of the spa locus. J Bacteriol 174:1990-2001.
23. Allaoui A, Ménard R, Sansonetti PJ, Parsot C. 1993. Characterization of the Shigella flexneri ipgD and ipgF genes, which are located in the proximal part of the mxi locus. Infect Immun 61:1707-1714.
24. Baudry B, Kaczorek M, Sansonetti PJ. 1988. Nucleotide sequence of the invasion plasmid antigen B and C genes (ipaB and ipaC) of Shigella flexneri. Microb Pathog 4:345-357.
25. Ménard R, Sansonetti P, Parsot C. 1994. The secretion of the Shigella flexneri Ipa invasins is activated by epithelial cells and controlled by IpaB and IpaD. EMBO J 13:5293-5302.
26. Niebuhr K, Jouihri N, Allaoui A, Gounon P, Sansonetti PJ, Parsot C. 2000. IpgD, a protein secreted by the type III secretion machinery of Shigella flexneri, is chaperoned by IpgE and implicated in entry focus formation. Mol Microbiol 38:8-19.
27. Page AL, Ohayon H, Sansonetti PJ, Parsot C. 1999. The secreted IpaB and IpaC invasins and their cytoplasmic chaperone IpgC are required for intercellular dissemination of Shigella flexneri. Cell Microbiol 1:183-193.
28. Page AL, Fromont-Racine M, Sansonetti PJ, Legrain P, Parsot C. 2001. Characterization of the interaction partners of secreted proteins and chaperones of Shigella flexneri. Mol Microbiol 42:1133-1145.
29. Sasakawa C, Adler B, Tobe T, Okada N, Nagai S, Komatsu K, Yoshikawa M. 1989. Functional organization and nucleotide sequence of virulence Region-2 on the large virulence plasmid in Shigella flexneri 2a. Mol Microbiol 3:1191-1201.
30. Venkatesan MM, Buysse JM. 1990. Nucleotide sequence of invasion plasmid antigen gene ipaA from Shigella flexneri 5. Nucleic Acids Res. 18:1648.
31. Bahrani FK, Sansonetti PJ, Parsot C. 1997. Secretion of Ipa proteins by Shigella flexneri: inducer molecules and kinetics of activation. Infect Immun 65:4005-4010.
32. Ménard R, Sansonetti P, Parsot C, Vasselon T. 1994. Extracellular association and cytoplasmic partitioning of the IpaB and IpaC invasins of S. flexneri. Cell 79:515-525.
33. Watarai M, Tobe T, Yoshikawa M, Sasakawa C. 1995. Contact of Shigella with host cells triggers release of Ipa invasins and is an essential function of invasiveness. EMBO J 14:2461-2470.
34. Blocker A, Gounon P, Larquet E, Niebuhr K, Cabiaux V, Parsot C, Sansonetti P. 1999. The tripartite type III secreton of Shigella flexneri inserts IpaB and IpaC into host membranes. J Cell Biol 147:683-693.
35. Bourdet-Sicard R, Rudiger M, Jockusch BM, Gounon P, Sansonetti PJ, Nhieu GT. 1999. Binding of the Shigella protein IpaA to vinculin induces F-actin depolymerization. EMBO J 18:5853-5862.
36. Tran Van Nhieu G, Caron E, Hall A, Sansonetti PJ. 1999. IpaC induces actin polymerization and filopodia formation during Shigella entry into epithelial cells. EMBO J 18:3249-3262.
37. High N, Mounier J, Prévost MC, Sansonetti PJ. 1992. IpaB of Shigella flexneri causes entry into epithelial cells and escape from the phagocytic vacuole. EMBO J 11:1991-1999.
38. Goldberg MB. 2001. Actin-based motility of intracellular bacterial pathogens. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 65:595-626.
39. Prévost MC, Lesourd M, Arpin M, Vernel F, Mounier J, Hellio R, Sansonetti PJ. 1992. Unipolar reorganization of F-actin layer at bacterial division and bundling of actin filaments by plastin correlate with movement of Shigella flexneri within HeLa cells. Infect Immun 60:4088-4099.
40. Suzuki T, Lett MC, Sasakawa C. 1995. Extracellular transport of VirG protein in Shigella. J Biol Chem 270:30874-30880.
41. Vasselon T, Mounier J, Hellio R, Sansonetti PJ. 1992. Movement along actin filaments of the perijunctional area and de novo polymerization of cellular actin are required for Shigella flexneri colonization of epithelial Caco-2 cell monolayers. Infect Immun 60:1031-1040.
42. Bernardini ML, Mounier J, d'Hauteville H, Coquis-Rondon M, Sansonetti PJ. 1989. Identification of icsA, a plasmid locus of Shigella flexneri that governs bacterial intra- and intercellular spread through interaction with F-actin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:3867-3871.
43. Lett MC, Sasakawa C, Okada N, Sakai T, Makino S, Yamada M, Komatsu K, Yoshikawa M. 1989. virG, a plasmid-coded virulence gene of Shigella flexneri: identification of the VirG protein and determination of the complete coding sequence. J Bacteriol 171:353-359.
44. Makino S, Sasakawa C, Kamata K, Kurata T, Yoshikawa M. 1986. A genetic determinant required for continuous reinfection of adjacent cells on large plasmid in. flexneri 2a. Cell 46:551-555.
45. Sansonetti PJ, Mounier J, Prévost MC, Mege RM. 1994. Cadherin expression is required for the spread of Shigella flexneri between epithelial cells. Cell 5:829-839.
46. Steinhauer J, Agha R, Pham T, Varga AW, Goldberg MB. 1999. The unipolar Shigella surface protein IcsA is targeted directly to the bacterial old pole: IcsP cleavage of IcsA occurs over the entire bacterial surface. Mol Microbiol 32:367-377.
47. Egile C, Loisel TP, Laurent V, Li R, Pantaloni D, Sansonetti PJ, Carlier MF. 1999. Activation of the CDC42 effector N-WASP by the Shigella flexneri IcsA protein promotes actin nucleation by Arp2/3 complex and bacterial actin-based motility. J Cell Biol 146:1319-1332.
48. Fukuda I, Suzuki T, Munakata H, Hayashi N, Katayama E, Yoshikawa M, Sasakawa C. 1995. Cleavage of Shigella surface protein VirG occurs at a specific site, but the secretion is not essential for intracellular spreading. J Bacteriol 177:1719-1726.
49. Nakata N, Tobe T, Fukuda I, Suzuki T, Komatsu K, Yoshikawa M, Sasakawa C. 1993. The absence of a surface protease, OmpT, determines the intercellular spreading ability of Shigella: the relationship between the ompT and kcpA loci. Mol Microbiol 9:459-468.
50. Shere KD, Sallustio S, Manessis A, D'Aversa TG, Goldberg MB. 1997. Disruption of IcsP, the major Shigella protease that cleaves IcsA, accelerates actin-based motility. Mol Microbiol 25:451-462.
51. Sansonetti PJ, Kopecko DJ, Formal SB. 1982. Involvement of a plasmid in the invasive ability of Shigella flexneri. Infect Immun 35:852-860.
52. Sansonetti PJ, Hale TL, Dammin GJ, Kapfer C, Collins HH Jr, Formal SB. 1983. Alterations in the pathogenicity of Escherichia coli K-12 after transfer of plasmid and chromosomal genes from Shigella flexneri. Infect Immun 39:1392-1402.
53. Sasakawa C, Kamata K, Sakai T, Murayama SY, Makino S, Yoshikawa M. 1986. Molecular alteration of the 140-megadalton plasmid associated with loss of virulence and Congo red binding activity in Shigella flexneri. Infect Immun 51:470-475.
54. Buchrieser C, Glaser P, Rusniok C, Nedjari H, d'Hauteville H, Kunst F, Sansonetti P, Parsot C. 2000. The virulence plasmid pWR100 and the repertoire of proteins secreted by the type III secretion apparatus of Shigella flexneri. Mol Microbiol 38:760-771.
55. Hale TL. 1991. Genetic basis of virulence in Shigella species. Microbiol Rev 55:206-224.
56. Jin Q, Yuan Z, Xu J, Wang Y, Shen Y, Lu W, Wang J, Liu H, Yang J, Yang F, Zhang X, Zhang J, Yang G, Wu H, Qu D, Dong J, Sun L, Xue Y, Zhao A, Gao Y, Zhu J, Kan B, Ding K, Chen S, Cheng H, Yao Z, He B, Chen R, Ma D, Qiang B, Wen Y, Hou Y, Yu J. 2002. Genome sequence of Shigella flexneri 2a: insights into pathogenicity through comparison with genomes of Escherichia coli K12 and O157. Nucleic Acids Res 30:4432-4441.
57. Maurelli AT, Baudry B, d'Hauteville H, Hale TL, Sansonetti PJ. 1985. Cloning of plasmid DNA sequences involved in invasion of HeLa cells by Shigella flexneri. Infect Immun 49:164-171.
58. Sasakawa C, Kamata K, Sakai T, Makino S, Yamada M, Okada N, Yoshikawa M. 1988. Virulence-associated genetic regions comprising 31 kilobases of the 230-kilobase plasmid in Shigella flexneri 2a. J Bacteriol 170:2480-2484.
59. Venkatesan MM, Goldberg MB, Rose DJ, Grotbeck EJ, Burland V, Blattner FR. 2001. Complete DNA sequence and analysis of the large virulence plasmid of Shigella flexneri. Infect Immun 69:3271-3285.
60. Beloin C, Dorman CJ. 2003. An extended role for the nucleoid structuring protein H-NS in the virulence gene regulatory cascade of Shigella flexneri. Mol Microbiol 47:825-838.
61. Porter ME, Dorman CJ. 1994. A role for H-NS in the thermoosmotic regulation of virulence gene expression in Shigella flexneri. J Bacteriol 176:4187-4191.
62. Tobe T, Yoshikawa M, Mizuno T, Sasakawa C. 1993. Transcriptional control of the invasion regulatory gene virB of Shigella flexneri: activation by VirF and repression by H-NS. J Bacteriol 175:6142-6149.
63. Tobe T, Yoshikawa M, Sasakawa C. 1995. Thermoregulation of virB transcription in Shigella flexneri by sensing of changes in local DNA superhelicity. J Bacteriol 177:1094-1097.
64. Porter ME, Dorman CJ. 1997. Positive regulation of Shigella flexneri virulence genes by integration host factor. J Bacteriol 179:6537-6550.
65. Taniya T, Mirobe J, Nakayama S-i, Mingshan Q, Okuda K, Watanabe H. 2003. Determination of the InvE binding site required for expression of IpaB of the Shigella sonnei virulence plasmid: involvement of a ParB BoxA-like sequence. J Bacteriol 185:5158-5165.
66. Buysse JM, Dunyak DS, Hartman AB, Venkatesan MM. 1997. Identification and molecular characterization of a 27 kDa Shigella flexneri invasion plasmid antigen, IpaJ. Microb Pathog 23:357-369.
67. Kane CD, Schuch R, Day WA Jr, Maurelli AT. 2002. MxiE regulates in4racellular expression of factors secreted by the Shigella flexneri 2a type III secretion system. J Bacteriol 184:4409-4419.
68. Mavris M, Page AL, Tournebize R, Demers B, Sansonetti PJ, Parsot C. 2002. Regulation of transcription by the activity of the Shigella flexneri type III secretion apparatus. Mol Microbiol 43:1543-1553.
69. Mavris M, Sansonetti PJ, Parsot C. 2002. Identification of the cisacting site involved in activation of promoters regulated by activity of the type III secretion apparatus in Shigella flexneri. J Bacteriol 184:6751-6759.
70. Toyotome T, Suzuki T, Kuwae A, Nonaka T, Fukuda H, Imajoh-Ohmi S, Toyofuku T, Hori M, Sasakawa C. 2001. Shigella protein IpaH(9.8) is secreted from bacteria within mammalian cells and transported to the nucleus. J Biol Chem 276:32071-32079.
71. Venkatesan MM, Buysse JM, Hartman AB. 1991. Sequence variation in two ipaH genes of Shigella flexneri 5 and homology to the LRG-like family of proteins. Mol Microbiol 5:2435-2445.
72. Goldberg MB, Theriot JA. 1995. Shigella flexneri surface protein IcsA is sufficient to direct actin-based motility. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:6572-6576.
73. Monack DM, Theriot JA. 2001. Actin-based motility is sufficient for bacterial membrane protrusion formation and host cell uptake. Cell. Microbiol 3:633-647.
74. Robbins JR, Monack D, McCallum SJ, Vegas A, Pham E, Goldberg MB, Theriot JA. 2001. The making of a gradient: IcsA (VirG) polarity in Shigella flexneri. Mol Microbiol 41:861-872.
75. Nakata N, Sasakawa C, Okada N, Tobe T, Fukuda I, Suzuki T, Komatsu K, Yoshikawa M. 1992. Identification and characterization of virK, a virulence-associated large plasmid gene essential for intercellular spreading of Shigella flexneri. Mol Microbiol 6:2387-2395.
76. Uchiya K, Tobe T, Komatsu K, Suzuki T, Watarai M, Fukuda I, Yoshikawa M, Sasakawa C. 1995. Identification of a novel virulence gene, virA, on the large plasmid of Shigella, involved in invasion and intercellular spreading. Mol Microbiol 17:241-250.
77. Yoshida S, Sasakawa C. 2003. Exploiting host microtubule dynamics:a new aspect of bacterial invasion. Trends Microbiol 11:139-143.
78. Yoshida S, Katayama E, Kuwae A, Mimuro H, Suzuki T, Sasakawa C. 2002. Shigella deliver an effector protein to trigger host microtubule destabilization, which promotes Rac1 activity and efficient bacterial internalization. EMBO J 21:2923-2935.
79. Maurelli AT, Blackmon B, Curtiss R III. 1984. Temperaturedependent expression of virulence genes in Shigella species. Infect Immun 43:195-201.
80. Nakayama S, Watanabe H. 1995. Involvement of cpxA, a sensor of a two-component regulatory system, in the pH-dependent regulation of expression of Shigella sonnei virF gene. J Bacteriol 177:5062-5069.
81. Nakayama S, Watanabe H. 1998. Identification of cpxR as a positive regulator essential for expression of the Shigella sonnei virF gene. J Bacteriol 180:3522-3528.
82. Adler B, Sasakawa C, Tobe T, Makino S, Komatsu K, Yoshikawa M. 1989. A dual transcriptional activation system for the 230 kb plasmid genes coding for virulence-associated antigens of Shigella flexneri. Mol Microbiol 3:627-635.
83. Dorman CJ, Porter ME. 1998. The Shigella virulence gene regulatory cascade: a paradigm of bacterial gene control mechanisms. Mol Microbiol 29:677-684.
84. Dorman CJ, McKenna S, Beloin C. 2001. Regulation of virulence gene expression in Shigella flexneri, a facultative intracellular pathogen. Int J Med Microbiol 291:89-96.
85. Tobe T, Nagai S, Okada N, Adler B, Yoshikawa M, Sasakawa C. 1991. Temperature-regulated expression of invasion genes in Shigella flexneri is controlled through the transcriptional activation of the virB gene on the large plasmid. Mol Microbiol 5:887-893.
86. Sakai T, Sasakawa C, Yoshikawa M. 1988. Expression of four virulence antigens of Shigella flexneri is positively regulated at the transcriptional level by the 30 kiloDalton VirF protein. Mol Microbiol 2:589-597.
87. Beloin C, McKenna S, Dorman CJ. 2002. Molecular dissection of VirB, a key regulator of the virulence cascade of Shigella flexneri. J Biol Chem 277:15333-15344.
88. Wing HJ, Yan AW, Goldman SR, Goldberg MB. 2004. Regulation of IcsP, the outer membrane protease of the Shigella actin tail assembly protein IcsA, by virulence plasmid regulators VirF and VirB. J Bacteriol 186:699-705.
89. Porter ME, Dorman CJ. 1997. Differential regulation of the plasmid-encoded genes in the Shigella flexneri virulence regulon. Mol Gen Genet 256:93-103.
90. Demers B, Sansonetti PJ, Parsot C. 1998. Induction of type III secretion in Shigella flexneri is associated with differential control of transcription of genes encoding secreted proteins. EMBO J 17:2894-2903.
91. Porter ME, Dorman CJ. 2002. In vivo DNA-binding and oligomerization properties of the Shigella flexneri AraC-like transcriptional regulator VirF as identified by random and site-specific mutagenesis. J Bacteriol 184:531-539.
92. Savelkoul PH, Willshaw GA, McConnell MM, Smith HR, Hamers AM, van der Zeijst BA, Gaastra W. 1990. Expression of CFA/I fimbriae is positively regulated. Microb Pathog 8:91-99.
93. Schleif R. 1996. Two positively regulated systems, ara and mal, p 1300-1309. In Neidhardt FC, Curtiss R III, Ingraham JL, Lin ECC, Low KB, Magasanik B, Reznikoff WS, Riley M, Schaechter M, and Umbarger HE (ed), Escherichia coli and Salmonella: Cellular and Molecular Biology, 2nd ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
94. Soisson SM, MacDougall-Shackleton B, Schleif R, Wolberger C. 1997. The 1.6 Å crystal structure of the AraC sugar-binding and dimerization domain complexed with D-fucose. J Mol Biol 273:226-237.
95. Soisson SM, MacDougall-Shackleton B, Schleif R, Wolberger C. 1997. Structural basis for ligand-regulated oligomerization of AraC. Science 276:421-425.
96. Eustance RJ, Schleif RF. 1996. The linker region of AraC protein. J Bacteriol 178:7025-7030.
97. Gallegos MT, Schleif R, Bairoch A, Hofmann K, Ramos JL. 1997. AraC/XylS family of transcriptional regulators. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 61:393-410.
98. Martin RG, Rosner JL. 2001. The AraC transcriptional activators. Curr Opin Microbiol 4:132-137.
99. de Haan LA, Willshaw GA, van der Zeijst BA, Gaastra W. 1991. The nucleotide sequence of a regulatory gene present on a plasmid in an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain of serotype O167:H5. FEMS Microbiol Lett 67:341-346.
100. Munson GP, Holcomb LG, Scott JR. 2001. Novel group of virulence activators within the AraC family that are not restricted to upstream binding sites. Infect Immun 69:186-193.
101. Porter ME, Smith SG, Dorman CJ. 1998. Two highly related regulatory proteins, Shigella flexneri VirF and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Rns, have common and distinct regulatory properties. FEMS Microbiol Lett 162:303-309.
102. Falconi M, Colonna B, Prosseda G, Micheli G, Gualerzi CO. 1998. Thermoregulation of Shigella and Escherichia coli EIEC pathogenicity. A temperature-dependent structural transition of DNA modulates accessibility of virF promoter to transcriptional repressor H-NS. EMBO J 17:7033-7043.
103. Falconi M, Prosseda G, Giangrossi M, Beghetto E, Colonna B. 2001. Involvement of FIS in the H-NS-mediated regulation of virF gene of Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 42:439-452.
104. Prosseda G, Fradiani PA, Di Lorenzo M, Falconi M, Micheli G, Casalino M, Nicoletti M, Colonna B. 1998. A role for H-NS in the regulation of the virF gene of Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. Res Microbiol 149:15-25.
105. Prosseda G, Falconi M, Nicoletti M, Casalino M, Micheli G, Colonna B. 2002. Histone-like proteins and the Shigella invasivity regulon. Res Microbiol 153:461-468.
106. Prosseda G, Falconi M, Giangrossi M, Gualerzi CO, Micheli G, Colonna B. 2004. The virF promoter in Shigella: more than just a curved DNA stretch. Mol Microbiol 51:523-537.
107. Runyen-Janecky LJ, Reeves SA, Gonzales EG, Payne SM. 2003. Contribution of the Shigella flexneri Sit, Iuc, and Feo iron acquisition systems to iron acquisition in vitro and in cultured cells. Infect Immun 71:1919-1928.
108. Durand JMB, Dagberg B, Uhlin BE, Björk GR. 2000. Transfer RNA modification, temperature and DNA superhelicity have a common target in the regulatory network of the virulence of Shigella flexneri: the expression of the virF gene. Mol Microbiol 35:924-935.
109. 6-isopentenyladenosine in tRNA of Shigella flexneri is required for expression of virulence genes. J Bacteriol 179:5777-5782.
110. Curran J. 1998. Modified nucleosides in translation, p 493-516. In H. Grosjean and B. Benne (ed.), Modification and Editing of RNA. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
111. Durand JMB, Okada N, Tobe T, Watarai M, Fukuda I, Suzuki T, Nakata N, Komatsu K, Yoshikawa M, Sasakawa C. 1994. vacC, a virulence-associated chromosomal locus of Shigella flexneri, is homologous to tgt, a gene encoding tRNA-guanine transglycosylase (Tgt) of Escherichia coli K-12. J Bacteriol 176:4627-4634.
112. Durand JMB, Björk GR. 2003. Putrescine or a combination of methionine and arginine restores virulence gene expression in a tRNA modification-deficient mutant of Shigella flexneri: a possible role in adaptation of virulence. Mol Microbiol 47:519-527.
113. Adamcik J, Viglasky V, Valle F, Antalik M, Podhradsky D, Dietler G. 2002. Effect of bacteria growth temperature on the distribution of supercoiled DNA and its thermal stability. Electrophoresis 23:3300-3309.
114. Drlica K, Perl-Rosenthal NR. 1999. DNA switches for thermal control of gene expression. Trends Microbiol 7:425-426.
115. Goldstein E, Drlica K. 1984. Regulation of bacterial DNA supercoiling: plasmid linking numbers vary with growth temperature. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:4046-4050.
116. Lopez-Garcia P. 1999. DNA supercoiling and temperature adaptation: a clue to early diversification of life? J Mol Evol 49:439-452.
117. Rohde JR, Luan XS, Rohde H, Fox JM, Minnich SA. 1999. The Yersinia enterocolitica pYV virulence plasmid contains multiple intrinsic DNA bends which melt at 37 degrees C. J Bacteriol 181:4198-4204.
118. Rui S, Tse-Dinh YC. 2003. Topoisomerase function during bacterial responses to environmental challenge. Front Biosci 8:d256- d263.
119. Tse-Dinh YC, Qi H, Menzel R. 1997. DNA supercoiling and bacterial adaptation: thermotolerance and thermoresistance. Trends Microbiol 5:323-326.
120. Wang JY. 1998. Mathematical relationships among DNA supercoiling, cation concentration, and temperature for prokaryotic transcription. Math Biosci 151:155-163.
121. Tobe T, Yoshikawa M, Sasakawa C. 1994. Deregulation of temperature-dependent transcription of the invasion regulatory gene, virB, in Shigella by rho mutation. Mol Microbiol 12:267-276.
122. Arnold GF, Tessman I. 1988. Regulation of DNA superhelicity by rpoB mutations that suppress defective Rho-mediated transcription termination in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 170:4266-4271.
123. Fassler JS, Arnold GF, Tessman I. 1986. Reduced superhelicity of plasmid DNA produced by the rho-15 mutation in Escherichia coli. Mol Gen Genet 204:424-429.
124. McNairn E, Ní Bhriain N, Dorman CJ. 1995. Overexpression of the Shigellaflexneri genes coding for DNA topoisomerase IV compensates for loss of DNA topoisomerase I: effect on virulence gene expression. Mol Microbiol 15:507-517.
125. Ní Bhriain N, Dorman CJ. 1993. Isolation and characterization of a topA mutant of Shigella flexneri. Mol Microbiol 7:351-358.
126. Rice PA, Yang S, Mizuuchi K, Nash HA. 1996. Crystal structure of an IHF-DNA complex: a protein-induced DNA U-turn. Cell 87:1295-1306.
127. Abeles AL, Friedman SA, Austin SJ. 1985. Partition of unitcopy miniplasmids to daughter cells. III. The DNA sequence and functional organization of the P1 partition region. J Mol Biol 185:261-272.
128. Bignell C, Thomas CM. 2001. The bacterial ParA-ParB partitioning proteins. J Biotechnol 91:1-34.
129. Porter ME. 1998. The regulation of virulence gene expression in Shigella flexneri. Ph.D. thesis. University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
130. Radnedge L, Davis MA, Austin SJ. 1996. P1 and P7 plasmid partition: ParB protein bound to its partition site makes a separate discriminator contact with the DNA that determines species specificity. EMBO J 15:1155-1162.
131. Watanabe H, Arakawa E, Ito K, Kato J, Nakamura A. 1990. Genetic analysis of an invasion region by use of a Tn3-lac transposon and identification of a second positive regulator gene, invE, for cell invasion of Shigella sonnei: significant homology of invE with ParB of plasmid P1. J Bacteriol 172:619-629.
132. Ogawa M, Suzuki T, Tatsuno I, Abe H, Sasakawa C. 2003. IcsB, secreted via the type III secretion system, is chaperoned by IpgA and required at the post-invasion stage of Shigella pathogenicity. Mol Microbiol 48:913-931.
133. McKenna S, Beloin C, Dorman CJ. 2003. In vitro DNA binding properties of VirB, the Shigella flexneri virulence regulatory protein. FEBS Lett 545:183-187.
134. Lynch AS, Wang JC. 1995. SopB protein-mediated silencing of genes linked to the sopC locus of Escherichia coli F plasmid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:1896-1900.
135. Rodionov O, Lobocka M, Yarmolinsky M. 1999. Silencing of genes flanking the P1 plasmid centromere. Science 283:546-549.
136. Surtees JA, Funnell BE. 2001. The DNA binding domains of P1 ParB and the architecture of the P1 plasmid partition complex. J Biol Chem 276:12385-12394.
137. Maurelli AT, Sansonetti PJ. 1988. Identification of a chromosomal gene controlling temperature-regulated expression of Shigella virulence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:2820-2824.
138. Dorman CJ, Ní Bhriain N, Higgins CF. 1990. DNA supercoiling and environmental regulation of virulence gene expression in Shigella flexneri. Nature 344:789-792.
139. Hromockyj AE, Tucker SC, Maurelli AT. 1992. Temperature regulation of Shigella virulence: identification of the repressor gene virR, an analogue of hns, and partial complementation by tyrosyl transfer RNA (tRNA1(Tyr)). Mol Microbiol 6:2113-2124.
140. Hulton CS, Seirafi A, Hinton JC, Sidebotham JM, Waddell L, Pavitt GD, Owen-Hughes T, Spassky A, Buc H, Higgins CF. 1990. Histone-like protein H1 (H-NS), DNA supercoiling, and gene expression in bacteria. Cell 63:631-642.
141. Atlung T, Ingmer H. 1997. H-NS: a modulator of environmentally regulated gene expression. Mol Microbiol 24:7-17.
142. Bertin P, Benhabiles N, Krin E, Laurent-Winter C, Tendeng C, Turlin E, Thomas A, Danchin A, Brasseur R. 1999. The structural and functional organization of H-NS-like proteins is evolutionarily conserved in Gram-negative bacteria. Mol Microbiol 31:319-329.
143. Dorman CJ, Deighan P. 2003. Regulation of gene expression by histone-like proteins in bacteria. Curr Opin Gene Dev 13:179-184.
144. Schröder O, Wagner R. 2002. The bacterial regulatory protein H-NS: a versatile modulator of nucleic acid structures. Biol Chem 383:945-960.
145. Bracco L, Kotlarz D, Kolb A, Diekmann S, Buc H. 1989. Synthetic curved DNA sequences can act as transcriptional activators in Escherichia coli. EMBO J 8:4289-4296.
146. Owen-Hughes TA, Pavitt GD, Santos DS, Sidebotham JM, Hulton CSJ, Hinton JCD, Higgins CF. 1992. The chromatinassociated protein H-NS interacts with curved DNA to influence DNA topology and gene expression. Cell 71:255-265.
147. Rimsky S, Zuber F, Buckle M, Buc H. 2001. A molecular mechanism for the repression of transcription by the H-NS protein. Mol Microbiol 42:1311-1323.
148. Yamada H, Muramatsu S, Mizuno T. 1990. An Escherichia coli that preferentially binds to sharply curved DNA. J Biochem (Tokyo) 108:420-425.
149. Tupper AE, Owen-Hughes TA, Ussery DW, Santos DS, Ferguson FJP, Sidebotham JM, Hinton JCD, Higgins CF. 1994. The chromatin-associated protein H-NS alters DNA topology in vitro. EMBO J 13:258-268.
150. Higgins CF, Dorman CJ, Stirling DA, Waddell L, Booth IR, May G, Bremer E. 1988. A physiological role for DNA supercoiling in the osmotic regulation of gene expression in S. typhimurium and E. coli. Cell 52:569-584.
151. Hommais F, Krin E, Laurent-Winter C, Soutourina O, Malpertuy A, Le Caer JP, Danchin A, Bertin P. 2001. Large-scale monitoring of pleiotropic regulation of gene expression by the prokaryotic nucleoid-associated protein, H-NS. Mol Microbiol 40:20-36.
152. Badaut C, Williams R, Arluison V, Bouffartigues E, Robert B, Buc H, Rimsky S. 2002. The degree of oligomerization of the H-NS nucleoid structuring protein is related to specific binding to DNA. J Biol Chem 277:41657-41666.
153. Bloch V, Yang Y, Margeat E, Chavanieu A, Auge MT, Robert B, Arold S, Rimsky S, Kochoyan M. 2003. The H-NS dimerization domain defines a new fold contributing to DNA recognition. Nat Struct Biol 10:212-218.
154. Dorman CJ, Hinton JCD, Free A. 1999. Domain organization and oligomerization among H-NS-like nucleoid-associated proteins in bacteria. Trends Microbiol 7:124-128.
155. Esposito D, Petrovic A, Harris R, Ono S, Eccleston JF, Mbabaali A, Haq I, Higgins CF, Hinton JCD, Driscoll PC, Ladbury JE. 2002. H-NS oligomerization domain structure reveals the mechanism for high order self-association of the intact protein. J Mol Biol 324:841-850.
156. Cusick ME, Belfort M. 1998. Domain structure and RNA annealing activity of the Escherichia coli regulatory protein StpA. Mol Microbiol 28:847-857.
157. Sondén B, Uhlin BE. 1996. Coordinated and differential expression of histone-like proteins in Escherichia coli: regulation and function of the H-NS analog StpA. EMBO J 15:4970-4980.
158. Zhang A, Rimsky S, Reaban ME, Buc H, Belfort M. 1996. Escherichia coli protein analogs StpA and H-NS: regulatory networks, similar and disparate effects on nucleic acid dynamics. EMBO J 15:1340-1349.
159. Deighan P, Beloin C, Dorman CJ. 2003. Three-way interactions among the Sfh, StpA and H-NS nucleoid-structuring proteins of Shigella flexneri 2a strain 2457T. Mol Microbiol 48:1401-1416.
160. Beloin C, Deighan P, Doyle M, Dorman CJ. 2003. Shigella flexneri 2a strain 2457T expresses three members of the H-NS-like protein family: characterization of the Sfh protein. Mol Genet Genomics 270:66-77.
161. Sherburne CK, Lawley TD, Gilmour MW, Blattner FR, Burland V, Grotbeck E, Rose DJ, Taylor DE. 2000. The complete DNA sequence and analysis of R27, a large IncHI plasmid from Salmonella typhi that is temperature sensitive for transfer. Nucleic Acids Res 28:2177-2186.
162. Wain J, Diem Nga LT, Kidgell C, James K, Fortune S, Song Diep T, Ali T, O'Gaora P, Parry C, Parkhill J, Farrar J, White NJ, Dougan G. 2003. Molecular analysis of IncHI1 antimicrobial resistance plasmids from Salmonella serovar Typhi strains associated with typhoid fever. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:2732-2739.
163. Bernardini ML, Fontaine A, Sansonetti PJ. 1990. The twocomponent regulatory system OmpR-EnvZ controls the virulence of Shigella flexneri. J Bacteriol 172:6274-6281.
164. Cai SJ, Inouye M. 2002. EnvZ-OmpR interaction and osmoregulation in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 277:24155-24161.
165. Bernardini ML, Sanna MG, Fontaine A, Sansonetti PJ. 1993. OmpC is involved in invasion of epithelial cells by Shigella flexneri. J Bacteriol 61:3625-3635.
166. 2+ as a regulatory signal. Bioessays 20:96-101.
167. Moss JE, Fisher PE, Vick B, Groisman EA, Zychlinsky A. 2000. The regulatory protein PhoP controls susceptibility to the host inflammatory response in Shigella flexneri. Cell Microbiol 2:443-452.
168. Tamano K, Katayama E, Toyotome T, Sasakawa C. 2002. Shigella Spa32 is an essential secretory protein for functional type III secretion machinery and uniformity of its needle length. J Bacteriol 184:1244-1252.
169. Watarai M, Tobe T, Yoshikawa M, Sasakawa C. 1995. Disulfide oxidoreductase activity of Shigella flexneri is required for release of Ipa proteins and invasion of epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:4927-4931.
170. Yu J. 1998. Inactivation of DsbA, but not DsbC and DsbD, affects the intracellular survival and virulence of Shigella flexneri. Infect Immun 66:3909-3917.
171. Day WA Jr, Maurelli AT. 2001. Shigella flexneri LuxS quorumsensing system modulates virB expression but is not essential for virulence. Infect Immun 69:15-23.
172. Colonna B, Casalino M, Fradiani PA, Zagaglia C, Naitza S, Leoni L, Prosseda G, Coppo A, Ghelardini P, Nicoletti M. 1995. H-NS regulation of virulence gene expression in enteroinvasive Escherichia coli harboring the virulence plasmid integrated into the host chromosome. J Bacteriol 177:4703-4712.
173. Zagaglia C, Casalino M, Colonna B, Conti C, Calconi A, Nicoletti M. 1991. Virulence plasmids of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri integrate into a specific site on the host chromosome: integration greatly reduces expression of plasmidcarried virulence genes. Infect Immun 59:792-799.
174. Schuch R, Maurelli AT. 1997. Virulence plasmid instability in Shigella flexneri 2a is induced by virulence gene expression. Infect Immun 65:3686-3692.
175. Mills JA, Venkatesan MM, Baron LS, Buysse JM. 1992. Spontaneous insertion of an IS1-like element into the virF gene is responsible for avirulence in opaque colonial variants of Shigella flexneri 2a. Infect Immun 60:175-182.
176. Wei J, Goldberg MB, Burland V, Venkatesan MM, Deng W, Fournier G, Mayhew GF, Plunkett G III, Rose DJ, Darling A, Mau B, Perna NT, Payne SM, Runyen-Janecky LJ, Zhou S, Schwartz DC, Blattner FR. 2003. Complete genome sequence and comparative genomics of Shigella flexneri serotype 2a strain 2457T. Infect Immun 71:2775-2786 (Erratum, 71:4223.)
177. Behrens M, Sheikh J, Nataro JP. 2002. Regulation of the overlapping pic/set locus in Shigella flexneri and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 70:2915-2925.
178. Al-Hasani K, Rajakumar K, Bulach D, Robins-Browne R, Adler B, Sakellaris H. 2001. Genetic organization of the she pathogenicity island in Shigella flexneri 2a. Microb Pathog 30:1-8.
179. Day WA Jr, Fernandez RE, Maurelli AT. 2001. Pathoadaptive mutations that enhance virulence: genetic organization of the cadA regions of Shigella spp. Infect Immun 69:7471-7480.
180. Maurelli AT, Fernandez RE, Bloch CA, Rod CK, Fasano A. 1998. "Black holes" and bacterial pathogenicity: a large genomic deletion that enhances the virulence of Shigella spp. and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:3943-3948.
181. Nataro JP, Seriwatana J, Fasano A, Maneval DR, Guers LD, Noriega F, Dubovsky F, Levine MM, Morris JG Jr. 1995. Identification and cloning of a novel plasmid-encoded enterotoxin of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli and Shigella strains. Infect Immun 63:4721-4728.
182. Ingersoll MA, Moss JE, Weinrauch Y, Fisher PE, Groisman EA, Zychlinsky A. 2003. The ShiA protein encoded by the Shigella flexneri SHI-2 pathogenicity island attenuates inflammation. Cell Microbiol 5:797-807.
183. Moss JE, Cardozo TJ, Zychlinsky A, Groisman EA. 1999. The selC-associated SHI-2 pathogenicity island of Shigella flexneri. Mol Microbiol 33:74-83.
184. Vokes SA, Reeves SA, Torres AG, Payne SM. 1999. The aerobactin iron transport system genes in Shigella flexneri are present within a pathogenicity island. Mol Microbiol 33:63-73.
185. Escolar L, Pérez-Martín J, de Lorenzo V. 1999. Opening the iron box: transcriptional metalloregulation by the Fur protein. J Bacteriol 181:6223-6229.
186. Runyen-Janecky LJ, Payne SM. 2002. Identification of chromosomal Shigella flexneri genes induced by the eukaryotic intracellular environment. Infect Immun 70:4379-4388.
187. Svinarich DM, Palchaudhuri S. 1992. Regulation of the SLT-1A toxin operon by a ferric uptake regulatory protein in toxinogenic strains of Shigella dysenteriae type 1. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 10:139-145.
188. Lan R, Lumb B, Ryan D, Reeves PR. 2001. Molecular evolution of large virulence plasmid in Shigella clones and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 69:6303-6309.
189. Pupo GM, Lan R, Reeves PR. 2000. Multiple independent origins of Shigella clones of Escherichia coli and convergent evolution of many of their characteristics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:10567-10572.
190. Escobar-Paramo P, Giudicelli C, Parsot C, Denamur E. 2003. The evolutionary history of Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli revised. J Mol Evol 57:140-148.
191. Lan R, Stevenson G, Reeves PR. 2003. Comparison of two major forms of the Shigella virulence plasmid pINV: positive selection is a major force driving the divergence. Infect Immun 71:6298-6306.