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84920310387
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note
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The parS-bearing plasmid pMLO6 (12) could not be maintained in the presence of a source of ParB. By moving parS ∼180° from its position in pMLO6, a plasmid was created that, in the presence of ParB, no longer conferred spectinomycin resistance but had become only moderately unstable. The altered distance of parS from the DNA loci that are involved in replication and in the expression of antibiotic resistance can account for the difference in phenotypes.
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unpublished material
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K. A. Martin, M. A. Davis, S. J. Austin, J. Bacteriol. 173, 3630 (1991); M. Łobocka and M. Yarmolinsky, unpublished material.
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84920310384
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unpublished material
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84920310383
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note
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repA), accompanied upstream by four rrnB T1 transcription terminators, was from pPP112 (24). The source of parS was a 298-base pair Eco RI fragment from pBEF143 (9). The cat gene was from pST52 (25). A mutant version of construct I that is constitutive for phoA expression was used for the alkaline phosphatase assay. Gene orientations and the absence of duplicate insertions were determined by restriction mapping.
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40
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84920310382
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note
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tac) control in a derivative of pMMB67EH (26) in which the kanamycin-resistance gene of transposon (Tn) 903 had been inserted so as to disrupt the bla gene of the vector. For assays, cultures were grown in LB broth (27) with kanamycin (25 mg/ml) and, subsequently, for about six generations, with isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) at several concentrations before the measurement of enzyme specific activities. The ParB concentration in sonicated cell extracts was estimated by the ECL protein immunoblotting analysis system (Amersham) with highly purified ParB as standard.
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42
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0020645049
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R. Wu, L. Grossman, K. Moldave, Eds. Academic Press, New York
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B. P. Nichols and C. Yanofsky, in Recombinant DNA, Part C, vol. 101 of Methods in Enzymology, R. Wu, L. Grossman, K. Moldave, Eds. (Academic Press, New York, 1983), pp. 155-164.
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Nichols, B.P.1
Yanofsky, C.2
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84920310381
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note
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Template DNAs were purified with a high pure PCR template preparation kit (Boehringer Mannheim) and, unless otherwise indicated, used at a dilution of 1:850. PCR reactions were performed with 100 pmoles of each primer and 0.25 units of Taq polymerase in B buffer (Promega) in 50-μl volumes as follows: An initial denaturation at 95°C for 2 min was followed by 25 cycles with denaturation for 30 s at 95°C, annealing for 30 s at 61°C (at 54°C with primers directed against P1 DNA), polymerization for 1 min at 72°C, and a final 2-min extension at 72°C.
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84920310380
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note
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Single-letter abbreviations for the amino acid residues are as follows: D, Asp; E, Glu; G, Gly; I, Ile; K, Lys; L, Leu; P, Pro; Q, Gln; R, Arg; T, Thr; and V. Val.
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48
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84920310378
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note
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We thank D. K. Chattoraj for valuable discussions, bacterial strains, plasmids, and antibody to RepA, and, with R. A. Weisberg, for critical readings of early versions of the manuscript; K. Gerdes for permission to cite unpublished material; B. E. Funnell for a sample of highly purified ParB; and D. C.-H. Lin for the cross-linking immunoprecipation protocol that he developed in the A. D. Grossman laboratory. O.R. and M.L. were supported by Fogarty postdoctoral fellowships.
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