Adaptive Response of T and B Cells in Atherosclerosis

Circulation Research

Volumn 118, Issue 4, 2016, Pages 668-678

  Ketelhuth, Daniel F J ^a   Hansson, Göran K ^a  

^a KAROLINSKA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

Author keywords

atherosclerosis; B cells; immunomodulation; lipoproteins; T cells; therapy

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL; ARTICLE; ATHEROGENESIS; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; B LYMPHOCYTE; BLOOD VESSEL WALL; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CD8+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; CYTOKINE RELEASE; EXPERIMENTAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS; HUMAN; HUMORAL IMMUNITY; IMMUNOMODULATION; INNATE IMMUNITY; LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATION; NATURAL KILLER T CELL; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REGULATORY T LYMPHOCYTE; TH1 CELL; TH2 CELL; ANIMAL; ARTERY; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; IMMUNOLOGY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; METABOLISM; PATHOLOGY; PROCEDURES; T LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATION;

AUTACOID; LIPOPROTEIN;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ANIMALS; ARTERIES; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; B-LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS; HUMANS; IMMUNOTHERAPY; INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS; LIPOPROTEINS; PLAQUE, ATHEROSCLEROTIC; T-LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS;

EID: 84959043560     PISSN: 00097330     EISSN: 15244571     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306427     Document Type: Article

References (162)

1. Tabas I, Williams KJ, Borén J., Subendothelial lipoprotein retention as the initiating process in atherosclerosis: update and therapeutic implications. Circulation 2007 116 1832 1844. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.676890.
2. Skålén K, Gustafsson M, Rydberg EK, Hultén LM, Wiklund O, Innerarity TL, Borén J., Subendothelial retention of atherogenic lipoproteins in early atherosclerosis. Nature 2002 417 750 754. doi: 10.1038/nature00804.
3. Hansson GK., Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2005 352 1685 1695. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra043430.
4. Blasi C., The autoimmune origin of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2008 201 17 32. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.05.025.
5. Ketelhuth DF, Hansson GK., Cellular immunity, low-density lipoprotein and atherosclerosis: break of tolerance in the artery wall. Thromb Haemost 2011 106 779 786. doi: 10.1160/TH11-05-0321.
6. Mohanta SK, Yin C, Peng L, Srikakulapu P, Bontha V, Hu D, Weih F, Weber C, Gerdes N, Habenicht AJ., Artery tertiary lymphoid organs contribute to innate and adaptive immune responses in advanced mouse atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2014 114 1772 1787. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.114.301137.
7. Ketelhuth DF, Bäck M., The role of matrix metalloproteinases in atherothrombosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2011 13 162 169. doi: 10.1007/s11883-010-0159-7.
8. Hansson GK, Libby P, Tabas I., Inflammation and plaque vulnerability. J Intern Med 2015 278 483 493. doi: 10.1111/joim.12406.
9. Murphy K, Travers P, Walport M., Janeway's Immunobiology 2008 New York: Garland Science
10. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Updated 6th Edition 2010 Philadelphia, PA Saunders/Elsevier
11. Wakao H, Kawamoto H, Sakata S, Inoue K, Ogura A, Wakao R, Oda A, Fujita H., A novel mouse model for invariant NKT cell study. J Immunol 2007 179 3888 3895
12. Zhou X, Hansson GK., Detection of B cells and proinflammatory cytokines in atherosclerotic plaques of hypercholesterolaemic apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Scand J Immunol 1999 50 25 30
13. Aubry MC, Riehle DL, Edwards WD, Maradit-Kremers H, Roger VL, Sebo TJ, Gabriel SE., B-Lymphocytes in plaque and adventitia of coronary arteries in two patients with rheumatoid arthritis and coronary atherosclerosis: preliminary observations. Cardiovasc Pathol 2004 13 233 236. doi: 10.1016/j.carpath.2004.02.005.
14. Jonasson L, Holm J, Skalli O, Bondjers G, Hansson GK., Regional accumulations of T cells, macrophages, and smooth muscle cells in the human atherosclerotic plaque. Arteriosclerosis 1986 6 131 138
15. + regulatory T cells limits atherosclerosis and tertiary lymphoid organ development. Circulation 2015 131 560 570. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010988.
16. Gräbner R, Lötzer K, Döpping S, Lymphotoxin beta receptor signaling promotes tertiary lymphoid organogenesis in the aorta adventitia of aged ApoE-/-mice. J Exp Med 2009 206 233 248. doi: 10.1084/jem.20080752.
17. Hu D, Mohanta SK, Yin C, Artery tertiary lymphoid organs control aorta immunity and protect against atherosclerosis via vascular smooth muscle cell lymphotoxin β receptors. Immunity 2015 42 1100 1115. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.05.015.
18. Daugherty A, Puré E, Delfel-Butteiger D, Chen S, Leferovich J, Roselaar SE, Rader DJ., The effects of total lymphocyte deficiency on the extent of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-/-mice. J Clin Invest 1997 100 1575 1580. doi: 10.1172/JCI119681.
19. Song L, Leung C, Schindler C., Lymphocytes are important in early atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 2001 108 251 259. doi: 10.1172/JCI11380.
20. Reardon CA, Blachowicz L, White T, Cabana V, Wang Y, Lukens J, Bluestone J, Getz GS., Effect of immune deficiency on lipoproteins and atherosclerosis in male apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001 21 1011 1016
21. Zhou X, Nicoletti A, Elhage R, Hansson GK., Transfer of CD4(+) T cells aggravates atherosclerosis in immunodeficient apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Circulation 2000 102 2919 2922
22. Dansky HM, Charlton SA, Harper MM, Smith JD., T and B lymphocytes play a minor role in atherosclerotic plaque formation in the apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997 94 4642 4646
23. Zhou X, Robertson AK, Rudling M, Parini P, Hansson GK., Lesion development and response to immunization reveal a complex role for CD4 in atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2005 96 427 434. doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000156889.22364.f1.
24. Elhage R, Gourdy P, Brouchet L, Jawien J, Fouque MJ, Fiévet C, Huc X, Barreira Y, Couloumiers JC, Arnal JF, Bayard F., Deleting TCR alpha beta+ or CD4+ T lymphocytes leads to opposite effects on site-specific atherosclerosis in female apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Am J Pathol 2004 165 2013 2018
25. Kolbus D, Ramos OH, Berg KE, Persson J, Wigren M, Björkbacka H, Fredrikson GN, Nilsson J., CD8+ T cell activation predominate early immune responses to hypercholesterolemia in Apoe-(/)-mice. BMC Immunol 2010 11 58. doi: 10.1186/1471-2172-11-58.
26. Olofsson PS, Söderström LA, Wågsäter D, Sheikine Y, Ocaya P, Lang F, Rabu C, Chen L, Rudling M, Aukrust P, Hedin U, Paulsson-Berne G, Sirsjö A, Hansson GK., CD137 is expressed in human atherosclerosis and promotes development of plaque inflammation in hypercholesterolemic mice. Circulation 2008 117 1292 1301. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.699173.
27. Chyu KY, Zhao X, Dimayuga PC, Zhou J, Li X, Yano J, Lio WM, Chan LF, Kirzner J, Trinidad P, Cercek B, Shah PK., CD8+ T cells mediate the athero-protective effect of immunization with an ApoB-100 peptide. PLoS One 2012 7 e30780. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030780.
28. Gupta S, Pablo AM, Jiang Xc, Wang N, Tall AR, Schindler C., IFN-gamma potentiates atherosclerosis in ApoE knock-out mice. J Clin Invest 1997 99 2752 2761. doi: 10.1172/JCI119465.
29. Whitman SC, Ravisankar P, Daugherty A., IFN-gamma deficiency exerts gender-specific effects on atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-/-mice. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2002 22 661 670. doi: 10.1089/10799900260100141.
30. Buono C, Come CE, Stavrakis G, Maguire GF, Connelly PW, Lichtman AH., Influence of interferon-gamma on the extent and phenotype of diet-induced atherosclerosis in the LDLR-deficient mouse. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003 23 454 460. doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000059419.11002.6E.
31. Lee TS, Yen HC, Pan CC, Chau LY., The role of interleukin 12 in the development of atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999 19 734 742
32. Davenport P, Tipping PG., The role of interleukin-4 and interleukin-12 in the progression of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Am J Pathol 2003 163 1117 1125. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63471-2.
33. Buono C, Binder CJ, Stavrakis G, Witztum JL, Glimcher LH, Lichtman AH., T-bet deficiency reduces atherosclerosis and alters plaque antigen-specific immune responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005 102 1596 1601. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0409015102.
34. Buono C, Come CE, Stavrakis G, Maguire GF, Connelly PW, Lichtman AH., Influence of interferon-gamma on the extent and phenotype of diet-induced atherosclerosis in the LDLR-deficient mouse. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003 23 454 460. doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000059419.11002.6E.
35. Elhage R, Jawien J, Rudling M, Ljunggren HG, Takeda K, Akira S, Bayard F, Hansson GK., Reduced atherosclerosis in interleukin-18 deficient apolipoprotein E-knockout mice. Cardiovasc Res 2003 59 234 240
36. Robertson AK, Rudling M, Zhou X, Gorelik L, Flavell RA, Hansson GK., Disruption of TGF-beta signaling in T cells accelerates atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 2003 112 1342 1350. doi: 10.1172/JCI18607.
37. Liuzzo G, Goronzy JJ, Yang H, Kopecky SL, Holmes DR, Frye RL, Weyand CM., Monoclonal T-cell proliferation and plaque instability in acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 2000 101 2883 2888
38. Nakajima T, Schulte S, Warrington KJ, Kopecky SL, Frye RL, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM., T-cell-mediated lysis of endothelial cells in acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 2002 105 570 575
39. Warrington KJ, Kent PD, Frye RL, Lymp JF, Kopecky SL, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM., Rheumatoid arthritis is an independent risk factor for multi-vessel coronary artery disease: a case control study. Arthritis Res Ther 2005 7 R984 R991. doi: 10.1186/ar1775.
40. Binder CJ, Hartvigsen K, Chang MK, Miller M, Broide D, Palinski W, Curtiss LK, Corr M, Witztum JL., IL-5 links adaptive and natural immunity specific for epitopes of oxidized LDL and protects from atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 2004 114 427 437. doi: 10.1172/JCI20479.
41. Cardilo-Reis L, Gruber S, Schreier SM, Drechsler M, Papac-Milicevic N, Weber C, Wagner O, Stangl H, Soehnlein O, Binder CJ., Interleukin-13 protects from atherosclerosis and modulates plaque composition by skewing the macrophage phenotype. EMBO Mol Med 2012 4 1072 1086. doi: 10.1002/emmm.201201374.
42. Engelbertsen D, Rattik S, Knutsson A, Björkbacka H, Bengtsson E, Nilsson J., Induction of T helper 2 responses against human apolipoprotein B100 does not affect atherosclerosis in ApoE-/-mice. Cardiovasc Res 2014 103 304 312. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvu131.
43. King VL, Szilvassy SJ, Daugherty A., Interleukin-4 deficiency decreases atherosclerotic lesion formation in a site-specific manner in female LDL receptor-/-mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002 22 456 461
44. Wang J, Cheng X, Xiang MX, IgE stimulates human and mouse arterial cell apoptosis and cytokine expression and promotes atherogenesis in Apoe-/-mice. J Clin Invest 2011 121 3564 3577. doi: 10.1172/JCI46028.
45. Niccoli G, Cosentino N., Eosinophils: a new player in coronary atherosclerotic disease. Hypertens Res 2012 35 269 271. doi: 10.1038/hr.2011.221.
46. Kritikou E, Kuiper J, Kovanen PT, Bot I., The impact of mast cells on cardiovascular diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2015. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.050.
47. van Es T, van Puijvelde GH, Ramos OH, Segers FM, Joosten LA, van den Berg WB, Michon IM, de Vos P, van Berkel TJ, Kuiper J., Attenuated atherosclerosis upon IL-17R signaling disruption in LDLr deficient mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009 388 261 265. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.07.152.
48. Butcher MJ, Gjurich BN, Phillips T, Galkina EV., The IL-17A/IL-17RA axis plays a proatherogenic role via the regulation of aortic myeloid cell recruitment. Circ Res 2012 110 675 687. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.261784.
49. Erbel C, Chen L, Bea F, Wangler S, Celik S, Lasitschka F, Wang Y, Böckler D, Katus HA, Dengler TJ., Inhibition of IL-17A attenuates atherosclerotic lesion development in apoE-deficient mice. J Immunol 2009 183 8167 8175. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901126.
50. Gao Q, Jiang Y, Ma T, Zhu F, Gao F, Zhang P, Guo C, Wang Q, Wang X, Ma C, Zhang Y, Chen W, Zhang L., A critical function of Th17 proinflammatory cells in the development of atherosclerotic plaque in mice. J Immunol 2010 185 5820 5827. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000116.
51. Smith E, Prasad KM, Butcher M, Dobrian A, Kolls JK, Ley K, Galkina E., Blockade of interleukin-17A results in reduced atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circulation 2010 121 1746 1755. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.924886.
52. Taleb S, Romain M, Ramkhelawon B, Uyttenhove C, Pasterkamp G, Herbin O, Esposito B, Perez N, Yasukawa H, Van Snick J, Yoshimura A, Tedgui A, Mallat Z., Loss of SOCS3 expression in T cells reveals a regulatory role for interleukin-17 in atherosclerosis. J Exp Med 2009 206 2067 2077. doi: 10.1084/jem.20090545.
53. Danzaki K, Matsui Y, Ikesue M, Ohta D, Ito K, Kanayama M, Kurotaki D, Morimoto J, Iwakura Y, Yagita H, Tsutsui H, Uede T., Interleukin-17A deficiency accelerates unstable atherosclerotic plaque formation in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012 32 273 280. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.111.229997.
54. Gisterå A, Robertson AK, Andersson J, Ketelhuth DF, Ovchinnikova O, Nilsson SK, Lundberg AM, Li MO, Flavell RA, Hansson GK., Transforming growth factor-β signaling in T cells promotes stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques through an interleukin-17-dependent pathway. Sci Transl Med 2013 5 196ra100. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006133.
55. VanderLaan PA, Reardon CA, Sagiv Y, Blachowicz L, Lukens J, Nissenbaum M, Wang CR, Getz GS., Characterization of the natural killer T-cell response in an adoptive transfer model of atherosclerosis. Am J Pathol 2007 170 1100 1107. doi: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.060188.
56. Tupin E, Nicoletti A, Elhage R, Rudling M, Ljunggren HG, Hansson GK, Berne GP., CD1d-dependent activation of NKT cells aggravates atherosclerosis. J Exp Med 2004 199 417 422. doi: 10.1084/jem.20030997.
57. Nakai Y, Iwabuchi K, Fujii S, Natural killer T cells accelerate atherogenesis in mice. Blood 2004 104 2051 2059. doi: 10.1182/blood-2003-10-3485.
58. Major AS, Wilson MT, McCaleb JL, Ru Su Y, Stanic AK, Joyce S, Van Kaer L, Fazio S, Linton MF., Quantitative and qualitative differences in proatherogenic NKT cells in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004 24 2351 2357. doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000147112.84168.87.
59. Aslanian AM, Chapman HA, Charo IF., Transient role for CD1d-restricted natural killer T cells in the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005 25 628 632. doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000153046.59370.13.
60. van Puijvelde GH, van Wanrooij EJ, Hauer AD, de Vos P, van Berkel TJ, Kuiper J., Effect of natural killer T cell activation on the initiation of atherosclerosis. Thromb Haemost 2009 102 223 230. doi: 10.1160/TH09-01-0020.
61. Jäger A, Kuchroo VK., Effector and regulatory T-cell subsets in autoimmunity and tissue inflammation. Scand J Immunol 2010 72 173 184. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2010.02432.x.
62. Ait-Oufella H, Salomon BL, Potteaux S, Robertson AK, Gourdy P, Zoll J, Merval R, Esposito B, Cohen JL, Fisson S, Flavell RA, Hansson GK, Klatzmann D, Tedgui A, Mallat Z., Natural regulatory T cells control the development of atherosclerosis in mice. Nat Med 2006 12 178 180. doi: 10.1038/nm1343.
63. Mallat Z, Gojova A, Marchiol-Fournigault C, Esposito B, Kamaté C, Merval R, Fradelizi D, Tedgui A., Inhibition of transforming growth factor-beta signaling accelerates atherosclerosis and induces an unstable plaque phenotype in mice. Circ Res 2001 89 930 934
64. Caligiuri G, Rudling M, Ollivier V, Jacob MP, Michel JB, Hansson GK, Nicoletti A., Interleukin-10 deficiency increases atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and low-density lipoproteins in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Mol Med 2003 9 10 17
65. Mallat Z, Gojova A, Brun V, Esposito B, Fournier N, Cottrez F, Tedgui A, Groux H., Induction of a regulatory T cell type 1 response reduces the development of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice. Circulation 2003 108 1232 1237. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000089083.61317.A1.
66. Klingenberg R, Gerdes N, Badeau RM, Depletion of FOXP3+ regulatory T cells promotes hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 2013 123 1323 1334. doi: 10.1172/JCI63891.
67. Lahl K, Loddenkemper C, Drouin C, Freyer J, Arnason J, Eberl G, Hamann A, Wagner H, Huehn J, Sparwasser T., Selective depletion of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells induces a scurfy-like disease. J Exp Med 2007 204 57 63. doi: 10.1084/jem.20061852.
68. Munn DH., Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, Tregs and cancer. Curr Med Chem 2011 18 2240 2246
69. Polyzos KA, Ketelhuth DF., The role of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in cardiovascular disease. An emerging field. Hamostaseologie 2015 35 128 136. doi: 10.5482/HAMO-14-10-0052.
70. Zhang L, Ovchinnikova O, Jönsson A, Lundberg AM, Berg M, Hansson GK, Ketelhuth DF., The tryptophan metabolite 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid lowers plasma lipids and decreases atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolaemic mice. Eur Heart J 2012 33 2025 2034. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs175.
71. Polyzos KA, Ovchinnikova O, Berg M, Baumgartner R, Agardh H, Pirault J, Gisterå A, Assinger A, Laguna-Fernandez A, Bäck M, Hansson GK, Ketelhuth DF., Inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase promotes vascular inflammation and increases atherosclerosis in Apoe-/-mice. Cardiovasc Res 2015 106 295 302. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvv100.
72. Cole JE, Astola N, Cribbs AP, Goddard ME, Park I, Green P, Davies AH, Williams RO, Feldmann M, Monaco C., Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 is protective in atherosclerosis and its metabolites provide new opportunities for drug development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2015 112 13033 13038. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1517820112.
73. Metghalchi S, Ponnuswamy P, Simon T, Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Fine-Tunes Immune Homeostasis in Atherosclerosis and Colitis through Repression of Interleukin-10 Production. Cell Metab 2015 22 460 471. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.07.004.
74. Chang MY, Smith C, DuHadaway JB, Pyle JR, Boulden J, Soler AP, Muller AJ, Laury-Kleintop LD, Prendergast GC., Cardiac and gastrointestinal liabilities caused by deficiency in the immune modulatory enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Cancer Biol Ther 2011 12 1050 1058. doi: 10.4161/cbt.12.12.18142.
75. Dörner T, Giesecke C, Lipsky PE., Mechanisms of B cell autoimmunity in SLE. Arthritis Res Ther 2011 13 243. doi: 10.1186/ar3433.
76. Caligiuri G, Nicoletti A, Poirier B, Hansson GK., Protective immunity against atherosclerosis carried by B cells of hypercholesterolemic mice. J Clin Invest 2002 109 745 753. doi: 10.1172/JCI7272.
77. Major AS, Fazio S, Linton MF., B-lymphocyte deficiency increases atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-null mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002 22 1892 1898
78. Kyaw T, Tay C, Krishnamurthi S, Kanellakis P, Agrotis A, Tipping P, Bobik A, Toh BH., B1a B lymphocytes are atheroprotective by secreting natural IgM that increases IgM deposits and reduces necrotic cores in atherosclerotic lesions. Circ Res 2011 109 830 840. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.248542.
79. Rosenfeld SM, Perry HM, Gonen A, Prohaska TA, Srikakulapu P, Grewal S, Das D, McSkimming C, Taylor AM, Tsimikas S, Bender TP, Witztum JL, McNamara CA., B-1b cells secrete atheroprotective IgM and attenuate atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2015 117 e28 e39. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.306044.
80. Grasset EK, Duhlin A, Agardh HE, Ovchinnikova O, Hägglöf T, Forsell MN, Paulsson-Berne G, Hansson GK, Ketelhuth DF, Karlsson MC., Sterile inflammation in the spleen during atherosclerosis provides oxidation-specific epitopes that induce a protective B-cell response. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2015 112 E2030 E2038. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1421227112.
81. Mauri C, Bosma A., Immune regulatory function of B cells. Annu Rev Immunol 2012 30 221 241. doi: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-020711-074934.
82. Strom AC, Cross AJ, Cole JE, Blair PA, Leib C, Goddard ME, Rosser EC, Park I, Hultgårdh Nilsson A, Nilsson J, Mauri C, Monaco C., B regulatory cells are increased in hypercholesterolaemic mice and protect from lesion development via IL-10. Thromb Haemost 2015 114 835 847. doi: 10.1160/TH14-12-1084.
83. Sage AP, Nus M, Baker LL, Finigan AJ, Masters LM, Mallat Z., Regulatory B cell-specific interleukin-10 is dispensable for atherosclerosis development in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015 35 1770 1773. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.115.305568.
84. Yang M, Rui K, Wang S, Lu L., Regulatory B cells in autoimmune diseases. Cell Mol Immunol 2013 10 122 132. doi: 10.1038/cmi.2012.60.
85. Sage AP, Tsiantoulas D, Baker L, Harrison J, Masters L, Murphy D, Loinard C, Binder CJ, Mallat Z., BAFF receptor deficiency reduces the development of atherosclerosis in mice-brief report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012 32 1573 1576. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.111.244731.
86. Kyaw T, Tay C, Khan A, Dumouchel V, Cao A, To K, Kehry M, Dunn R, Agrotis A, Tipping P, Bobik A, Toh BH., Conventional B2 B cell depletion ameliorates whereas its adoptive transfer aggravates atherosclerosis. J Immunol 2010 185 4410 4419. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000033.
87. Ait-Oufella H, Herbin O, Bouaziz JD, Binder CJ, Uyttenhove C, Laurans L, Taleb S, Van Vré E, Esposito B, Vilar J, Sirvent J, Van Snick J, Tedgui A, Tedder TF, Mallat Z., B cell depletion reduces the development of atherosclerosis in mice. J Exp Med 2010 207 1579 1587. doi: 10.1084/jem.20100155.
88. Hamaguchi Y, Uchida J, Cain DW, Venturi GM, Poe JC, Haas KM, Tedder TF., The peritoneal cavity provides a protective niche for B1 and conventional B lymphocytes during anti-CD20 immunotherapy in mice. J Immunol 2005 174 4389 4399
89. Ketelhuth DF, Tonini GC, Carvalho MD, Ramos RF, Boschcov P, Gidlund M., Autoantibody response to chromatographic fractions from oxidized LDL in unstable angina patients and healthy controls. Scand J Immunol 2008 68 456 462. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02154.x.
90. Palinski W, Ylä-Herttuala S, Rosenfeld ME, Butler SW, Socher SA, Parthasarathy S, Curtiss LK, Witztum JL., Antisera and monoclonal antibodies specific for epitopes generated during oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein. Arteriosclerosis 1990 10 325 335
91. Palinski W, Hörkkö S, Miller E, Steinbrecher UP, Powell HC, Curtiss LK, Witztum JL., Cloning of monoclonal autoantibodies to epitopes of oxidized lipoproteins from apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Demonstration of epitopes of oxidized low density lipoprotein in human plasma. J Clin Invest 1996 98 800 814. doi: 10.1172/JCI118853.
92. Tsimikas S., Oxidized low-density lipoprotein biomarkers in atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2006 8 55 61
93. Fredrikson GN, Hedblad B, Berglund G, Alm R, Ares M, Cercek B, Chyu KY, Shah PK, Nilsson J., Identification of immune responses against aldehyde-modified peptide sequences in apoB associated with cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003 23 872 878. doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000067935.02679.B0.
94. Ylä-Herttuala S, Palinski W, Butler SW, Picard S, Steinberg D, Witztum JL., Rabbit and human atherosclerotic lesions contain IgG that recognizes epitopes of oxidized LDL. Arterioscler Thromb 1994 14 32 40
95. Hansson GK, Bondjers G, Bylock A, Hjalmarsson L., Ultrastructural studies on the localization of IgG in the aortic endothelium and subendothelial intima of atherosclerotic and nonatherosclerotic rabbits. Exp Mol Pathol 1980 33 302 315
96. Palinski W, Miller E, Witztum JL., Immunization of low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-deficient rabbits with homologous malondialdehyde-modified LDL reduces atherogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995 92 821 825
97. Ameli S, Hultgårdh-Nilsson A, Regnström J, Calara F, Yano J, Cercek B, Shah PK, Nilsson J., Effect of immunization with homologous LDL and oxidized LDL on early atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996 16 1074 1079
98. Freigang S, Hörkkö S, Miller E, Witztum JL, Palinski W., Immunization of LDL receptor-deficient mice with homologous malondialdehyde-modified and native LDL reduces progression of atherosclerosis by mechanisms other than induction of high titers of antibodies to oxidative neoepitopes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998 18 1972 1982
99. George J, Afek A, Gilburd B, Levkovitz H, Shaish A, Goldberg I, Kopolovic Y, Wick G, Shoenfeld Y, Harats D., Hyperimmunization of apo-E-deficient mice with homologous malondialdehyde low-density lipoprotein suppresses early atherogenesis. Atherosclerosis 1998 138 147 152
100. Zhou X, Caligiuri G, Hamsten A, Lefvert AK, Hansson GK., LDL immunization induces T-cell-dependent antibody formation and protection against atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001 21 108 114
101. Fredrikson GN, Söderberg I, Lindholm M, Dimayuga P, Chyu KY, Shah PK, Nilsson J., Inhibition of atherosclerosis in apoE-null mice by immunization with apoB-100 peptide sequences. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003 23 879 884. doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000067937.93716.DB.
102. Binder CJ, Chou MY, Fogelstrand L, Hartvigsen K, Shaw PX, Boullier A, Witztum JL., Natural antibodies in murine atherosclerosis. Curr Drug Targets 2008 9 190 195
103. Schiopu A, Frendéus B, Jansson B, Söderberg I, Ljungcrantz I, Araya Z, Shah PK, Carlsson R, Nilsson J, Fredrikson GN., Recombinant antibodies to an oxidized low-density lipoprotein epitope induce rapid regression of atherosclerosis in apobec-1(-/-)/low-density lipoprotein receptor(-/-) mice. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007 50 2313 2318. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.07.081.
104. Shah PK, Chyu KY, Dimayuga PC, Nilsson J., Vaccine for atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 64 2779 2791. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.10.018.
105. - mice. Immunobiology 2012 217 540 547. doi: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.06.006.
106. Dunér P, To F, Beckmann K, Björkbacka H, Fredrikson GN, Nilsson J, Bengtsson E., Immunization of apoE-/-mice with aldehyde-modified fibronectin inhibits the development of atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2011 91 528 536. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvr101.
107. Faria-Neto JR, Chyu KY, Li X, Dimayuga PC, Ferreira C, Yano J, Cercek B, Shah PK., Passive immunization with monoclonal IgM antibodies against phosphorylcholine reduces accelerated vein graft atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-null mice. Atherosclerosis 2006 189 83 90. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.11.033.
108. Schiopu A, Bengtsson J, Söderberg I, Janciauskiene S, Lindgren S, Ares MP, Shah PK, Carlsson R, Nilsson J, Fredrikson GN., Recombinant human antibodies against aldehyde-modified apolipoprotein B-100 peptide sequences inhibit atherosclerosis. Circulation 2004 110 2047 2052. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000143162.56057.B5.
109. Ketelhuth DF, Gistera A, Johansson DK, Hansson GK., T cell-based therapies for atherosclerosis. Curr Pharm Des 2013 19 5850 5858
110. Steffens S, Burger F, Pelli G, Dean Y, Elson G, Kosco-Vilbois M, Chatenoud L, Mach F., Short-term treatment with anti-CD3 antibody reduces the development and progression of atherosclerosis in mice. Circulation 2006 114 1977 1984. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.627430.
111. Groyer E, Nicoletti A, Ait-Oufella H, Khallou-Laschet J, Varthaman A, Gaston AT, Thaunat O, Kaveri SV, Blatny R, Stockinger H, Mallat Z, Caligiuri G., Atheroprotective effect of CD31 receptor globulin through enrichment of circulating regulatory T-cells. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007 50 344 350. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.04.040.
112. Takeda M, Yamashita T, Sasaki N, Nakajima K, Kita T, Shinohara M, Ishida T, Hirata K., Oral administration of an active form of vitamin D3 (calcitriol) decreases atherosclerosis in mice by inducing regulatory T cells and immature dendritic cells with tolerogenic functions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010 30 2495 2503. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.110.215459.
113. Foks AC, Frodermann V, ter Borg M, Habets KL, Bot I, Zhao Y, van Eck M, van Berkel TJ, Kuiper J, van Puijvelde GH., Differential effects of regulatory T cells on the initiation and regression of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2011 218 53 60. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.04.029.
114. Klingenberg R, Lebens M, Hermansson A, Fredrikson GN, Strodthoff D, Rudling M, Ketelhuth DF, Gerdes N, Holmgren J, Nilsson J, Hansson GK., Intranasal immunization with an apolipoprotein B-100 fusion protein induces antigen-specific regulatory T cells and reduces atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010 30 946 952. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.109.202671.
115. Wigren M, Kolbus D, Dunér P, Ljungcrantz I, Söderberg I, Björkbacka H, Fredrikson GN, Nilsson J., Evidence for a role of regulatory T cells in mediating the atheroprotective effect of apolipoprotein B peptide vaccine. J Intern Med 2011 269 546 556. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02311.x.
116. Hermansson A, Johansson DK, Ketelhuth DF, Andersson J, Zhou X, Hansson GK., Immunotherapy with tolerogenic apolipoprotein B-100-loaded dendritic cells attenuates atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic mice. Circulation 2011 123 1083 1091. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.973222.
117. van Puijvelde GH, Hauer AD, de Vos P, van den Heuvel R, van Herwijnen MJ, van der Zee R, van Eden W, van Berkel TJ, Kuiper J., Induction of oral tolerance to oxidized low-density lipoprotein ameliorates atherosclerosis. Circulation 2006 114 1968 1976. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.615609.
118. Maron R, Sukhova G, Faria AM, Hoffmann E, Mach F, Libby P, Weiner HL., Mucosal administration of heat shock protein-65 decreases atherosclerosis and inflammation in aortic arch of low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice. Circulation 2002 106 1708 1715
119. George J, Yacov N, Breitbart E, Bangio L, Shaish A, Gilburd B, Shoenfeld Y, Harats D., Suppression of early atherosclerosis in LDL-receptor deficient mice by oral tolerance with beta 2-glycoprotein I. Cardiovasc Res 2004 62 603 609. doi: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2004.01.028.
120. Ewing MM, Karper JC, Abdul S, de Jong RC, Peters HA, de Vries MR, Redeker A, Kuiper J, Toes RE, Arens R, Jukema JW, Quax PH., T-cell co-stimulation by CD28-CD80/86 and its negative regulator CTLA-4 strongly influence accelerated atherosclerosis development. Int J Cardiol 2013 168 1965 1974. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.12.085.
121. Mach F, Schönbeck U, Sukhova GK, Atkinson E, Libby P., Reduction of atherosclerosis in mice by inhibition of CD40 signalling. Nature 1998 394 200 203. doi: 10.1038/28204.
122. Lutgens E, Cleutjens KB, Heeneman S, Koteliansky VE, Burkly LC, Daemen MJ., Both early and delayed anti-CD40L antibody treatment induces a stable plaque phenotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000 97 7464 7469
123. Lutgens E, Lievens D, Beckers L, Deficient CD40-TRAF6 signaling in leukocytes prevents atherosclerosis by skewing the immune response toward an antiinflammatory profile. J Exp Med 2010 207 391 404. doi: 10.1084/jem.20091293.
124. van Wanrooij EJ, van Puijvelde GH, de Vos P, Yagita H, van Berkel TJ, Kuiper J., Interruption of the Tnfrsf4/Tnfsf4 (OX40/OX40L) pathway attenuates atherogenesis in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007 27 204 210. doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000251007.07648.81.
125. Foks AC, Bot I, Frodermann V, de Jager SC, Ter Borg M, van Santbrink PJ, Yagita H, Kuiper J, van Puijvelde GH., Interference of the CD30-CD30L pathway reduces atherosclerosis development. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012 32 2862 2868. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.112.300509.
126. Suntharalingam G, Perry MR, Ward S, Brett SJ, Castello-Cortes A, Brunner MD, Panoskaltsis N., Cytokine storm in a phase 1 trial of the anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody TGN1412. N Engl J Med 2006 355 1018 1028. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa063842.
127. Yazdany J, Davis J., The role of CD40 ligand in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2004 13 377 380
128. Koga M, Kai H, Yasukawa H, Yamamoto T, Kawai Y, Kato S, Kusaba K, Kai M, Egashira K, Kataoka Y, Imaizumi T., Inhibition of progression and stabilization of plaques by postnatal interferon-gamma function blocking in ApoE-knockout mice. Circ Res 2007 101 348 356. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.106.147256.
129. Brånén L, Hovgaard L, Nitulescu M, Bengtsson E, Nilsson J, Jovinge S., Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha reduces atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004 24 2137 2142. doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000143933.20616.1b.
130. Hauer AD, Uyttenhove C, de Vos P, Stroobant V, Renauld JC, van Berkel TJ, van Snick J, Kuiper J., Blockade of interleukin-12 function by protein vaccination attenuates atherosclerosis. Circulation 2005 112 1054 1062. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.533463.
131. Mallat Z, Corbaz A, Scoazec A, Graber P, Alouani S, Esposito B, Humbert Y, Chvatchko Y, Tedgui A., Interleukin-18/interleukin-18 binding protein signaling modulates atherosclerotic lesion development and stability. Cir Res 2001 89 e41 e45
132. Popa C, van den Hoogen FH, Radstake TR, Netea MG, Eijsbouts AE, den Heijer M, van der Meer JW, van Riel PL, Stalenhoef AF, Barrera P., Modulation of lipoprotein plasma concentrations during long-term anti-TNF therapy in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2007 66 1503 1507. doi: 10.1136/ard.2006.066191.
133. Caligiuri G, Khallou-Laschet J, Vandaele M, Gaston AT, Delignat S, Mandet C, Kohler HV, Kaveri SV, Nicoletti A., Phosphorylcholine-targeting immunization reduces atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007 50 540 546. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.11.054.
134. Li S, Kievit P, Robertson AK, Targeting oxidized LDL improves insulin sensitivity and immune cell function in obese Rhesus macaques. Mol Metab 2013 2 256 269. doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2013.06.001.
135. Zhao M, Wigren M, Dunér P, Kolbus D, Olofsson KE, Björkbacka H, Nilsson J, Fredrikson GN., FcgammaRIIB inhibits the development of atherosclerosis in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice. J Immunol 2010 184 2253 2260. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902654.
136. Persson L, Borén J, Nicoletti A, Hansson GK, Pekna M., Immunoglobulin treatment reduces atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-/-low-density lipoprotein receptor-/-mice via the complement system. Clin Exp Immunol 2005 142 441 445. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02954.x.
137. Nicoletti A, Kaveri S, Caligiuri G, Bariéty J, Hansson GK., Immunoglobulin treatment reduces atherosclerosis in apo E knockout mice. J Clin Invest 1998 102 910 918. doi: 10.1172/JCI119892.
138. Yuan Z, Kishimoto C, Sano H, Shioji K, Xu Y, Yokode M., Immunoglobulin treatment suppresses atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice via the Fc portion. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003 285 H899 H906. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00926.2002.
139. Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, Blackwell L, Buck G, Pollicino C, Kirby A, Sourjina T, Peto R, Collins R, Simes R, Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaborators Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 2005 366 1267 1278. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67394-1.
140. Greenland P, Knoll MD, Stamler J, Neaton JD, Dyer AR, Garside DB, Wilson PW., Major risk factors as antecedents of fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease events. JAMA 2003 290 891 897. doi: 10.1001/jama.290.7.891.
141. Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, Genest J, Gotto AM Jr, Kastelein JJ, Koenig W, Libby P, Lorenzatti AJ, Macfadyen JG, Nordestgaard BG, Shepherd J, Willerson JT, Glynn RJ, JUPITER Trial Study Group Reduction in C-reactive protein and LDL cholesterol and cardiovascular event rates after initiation of rosuvastatin: a prospective study of the JUPITER trial. Lancet 2009 373 1175 1182. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60447-5.
142. Getts DR, Shankar S, Chastain EM, Martin A, Getts MT, Wood K, Miller SD., Current landscape for T-cell targeting in autoimmunity and transplantation. Immunotherapy 2011 3 853 870. doi: 10.2217/imt.11.61.
143. Serruys PW, Kutryk MJ, Ong AT., Coronary-artery stents. N Engl J Med 2006 354 483 495. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra051091.
144. Maradit-Kremers H, Nicola PJ, Crowson CS, Ballman KV, Gabriel SE., Cardiovascular death in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based study. Arthritis Rheum 2005 52 722 732. doi: 10.1002/art.20878.
145. Farkouh ME, Greenberg BP., An evidence-based review of the cardiovascular risks of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Am J Cardiol 2009 103 1227 1237. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.01.014.
146. Roubille C, Richer V, Starnino T, McCourt C, McFarlane A, Fleming P, Siu S, Kraft J, Lynde C, Pope J, Gulliver W, Keeling S, Dutz J, Bessette L, Bissonnette R, Haraoui B., The effects of tumour necrosis factor inhibitors, methotrexate, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids on cardiovascular events in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis 2015 74 480 489. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206624.
147. Ridker PM., Targeting inflammatory pathways for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J 2014 35 540 543. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht398.
148. Moreira DM, Lueneberg ME, da Silva RL, Fattah T, Mascia Gottschall CA., Rationale and design of the TETHYS trial: the effects of methotrexate therapy on myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation. Cardiology 2013 126 167 170. doi: 10.1159/000351972.
149. Bulgarelli A, Martins Dias AA, Caramelli B, Maranhão RC., Treatment with methotrexate inhibits atherogenesis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2012 59 308 314. doi: 10.1097/FJC.0b013e318241c385.
150. Bulgarelli A, Leite AC Jr, Dias AA, Maranhão RC., Anti-atherogenic effects of methotrexate carried by a lipid nanoemulsion that binds to LDL receptors in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2013 27 531 539. doi: 10.1007/s10557-013-6488-3.
151. Sharma M, Deekshith V, Semwal A, Sriram D, Yogeeswari P., Discovery of Fused Triazolo-thiadiazoles as Inhibitors of TNF-alpha: Pharmacophore Hybridization for Treatment of Neuropathic Pain. Pain Ther 2012 1 3. doi: 10.1007/s40122-012-0003-6.
152. Barnabe C, Martin BJ, Ghali WA., Systematic review and meta-analysis: anti-tumor necrosis factor α therapy and cardiovascular events in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2011 63 522 529. doi: 10.1002/acr.20371.
153. Jacobsson LT, Turesson C, Gülfe A, Kapetanovic MC, Petersson IF, Saxne T, Geborek P., Treatment with tumor necrosis factor blockers is associated with a lower incidence of first cardiovascular events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2005 32 1213 1218
154. Smolen JS, Landewé R, Breedveld FC, EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2013 update. Ann Rheum Dis 2014 73 492 509. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204573.
155. Smolen JS, Landewé R, Breedveld FC, EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Ann Rheum Dis 2010 69 964 975. doi: 10.1136/ard.2009.126532.
156. Kremer JM, Westhovens R, Leon M, Di Giorgio E, Alten R, Steinfeld S, Russell A, Dougados M, Emery P, Nuamah IF, Williams GR, Becker JC, Hagerty DT, Moreland LW., Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by selective inhibition of T-cell activation with fusion protein CTLA4Ig. N Engl J Med 2003 349 1907 1915. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa035075.
157. Mathieu S, Couderc M, Glace B, Pereira B, Tournadre A, Dubost JJ, Soubrier M., Effects of 6 months of abatacept treatment on aortic stiffness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Biologics 2013 7 259 264. doi: 10.2147/BTT.S52003.
158. Das S, Fernandez Matilla M, Dass S, Buch MH, Rawstron AC, Vital EM, Emery P., Statins do not influence clinical response and B cell depletion after rituximab treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2013 72 463 464. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202454.
159. Arts EE, Jansen TL, Den Broeder A, Vonkeman HE, Dutmer E, Van de Laar MA, Van Riel PL, Fransen J., Statins inhibit the antirheumatic effects of rituximab in rheumatoid arthritis: results from the Dutch Rheumatoid Arthritis Monitoring (DREAM) registry. Ann Rheum Dis 2011 70 877 878. doi: 10.1136/ard.2010.136093.
160. Lehrer-Graiwer J, Singh P, Abdelbaky A, FDG-PET imaging for oxidized LDL in stable atherosclerotic disease: a phase II study of safety, tolerability, and anti-inflammatory activity. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2015 8 493 494. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.06.021.
161. Rosenbaum D, Millon A, Fayad ZA., Molecular imaging in atherosclerosis: FDG PET. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2012 14 429 437. doi: 10.1007/s11883-012-0264-x.
162. Sheikine Y, Akram K., FDG-PET imaging of atherosclerosis: do we know what we see? Atherosclerosis 2010 211 371 380. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.01.002.