Enhanced recovery after surgery: It's time to change practice!

Nutrition in Clinical Practice

Volumn 31, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 18-29

  Steenhagen, Elles ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER UTRECHT   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

clinical protocols; Enhanced Recovery After Surgery; enteral nutrition; fasting; nutritional support; surgery

Indexed keywords

CARBOHYDRATE; GLUCOSE; ANALGESIC AGENT; ANESTHETIC AGENT;

ABDOMINAL DISCOMFORT; ABDOMINAL DISTENSION; CHEWING GUM; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; ENHANCED RECOVERY AFTER SURGERY; FLUID BALANCE; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INTESTINE PREPARATION; MALNUTRITION; MECHANICAL BOWEL PREPARATION; MEDICAL AUDIT; MENTAL HEALTH; MOBILIZATION; PARENTERAL NUTRITION; PATIENT COUNSELING; PATIENT EDUCATION; PATIENT INFORMATION; POSTOPERATIVE ILEUS; POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING; POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; REVIEW; SURGICAL STRESS; ABDOMINAL SURGERY; CLINICAL PATHWAY; COUNSELING; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PROCEDURES; REHABILITATION; STANDARDS;

ANALGESICS; ANESTHETICS; COUNSELING; CRITICAL PATHWAYS; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM SURGICAL PROCEDURES; EARLY AMBULATION; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; NUTRITION ASSESSMENT; PERIOPERATIVE CARE; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC;

EID: 84954348970     PISSN: 08845336     EISSN: 19412452     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0884533615622640     Document Type: Review

References (169)

1. Miller TE, Thacker JK, White WD, et al. Reduced length of hospital stay in colorectal surgery after implementation of an enhanced recovery protocol. Anesth Analg. 2014; 118 (5): 1052-1061.
2. Gustafsson UO, Scott MJ, Schwenk W, et al. Guidelines for perioperative care in elective colonic surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) Society recommendations. Clin Nutr. 2012; 31 (6): 783-800.
3. Spanjersberg WR, Reurings J, Keus F, van Laarhoven CJ,. Fast track surgery versus conventional recovery strategies for colorectal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 (2): CD007635.
4. Fearon KC, Ljungqvist O, Von Meyenfeldt M, et al. Enhanced recovery after surgery: a consensus review of clinical care for patients undergoing colonic resection. Clin Nutr. 2005; 24 (3): 466-477.
5. Kehlet H,. Fast-track colorectal surgery. Lancet. 2008; 371 (9615): 791-793.
6. Kehlet H, Mogensen T,. Hospital stay of 2 days after open sigmoidectomy with a multimodal rehabilitation programme. Br J Surg. 1999; 86 (2): 227-230.
7. Aarts MA, Okrainec A, Glicksman A, Pearsall E, Victor JC, McLeod RS,. Adoption of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) strategies for colorectal surgery at academic teaching hospitals and impact on total length of hospital stay. Surg Endosc. 2012; 26 (2): 442-450.
8. Gustafsson UO, Scott MJ, Schwenk W, et al. Guidelines for perioperative care in elective colonic surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) Society recommendations. World J Surg. 2013; 37 (2): 259-284.
9. Zhuang CL, Ye XZ, Zhang XD, Chen BC, Yu Z,. Enhanced recovery after surgery programs versus traditional care for colorectal surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Dis Colon Rectum. 2013; 56 (5): 667-678.
10. Thiele RH, Rea KM, Turrentine FE, et al. Standardization of care: impact of an enhanced recovery protocol on length of stay, complications, and direct costs after colorectal surgery. J Am Coll Surg. 2015; 220 (4): 430-443.
11. Lassen K, Coolsen MM, Slim K, et al. Guidelines for perioperative care for pancreaticoduodenectomy: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) Society recommendations. Clin Nutr. 2012; 31 (6): 817-830.
12. Nygren J, Thacker J, Carli F, et al. Guidelines for perioperative care in elective rectal/pelvic surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) Society recommendations. Clin Nutr. 2012; 31 (6): 801-816.
13. Cerantola Y, Valerio M, Persson B, et al. Guidelines for perioperative care after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) Society recommendations. Clin Nutr. 2013; 32 (6): 879-887.
14. Mortensen K, Nilsson M, Slim K, et al. Consensus guidelines for enhanced recovery after gastrectomy: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) Society recommendations. Br J Surg. 2014; 101 (10): 1209-1229.
15. Findlay JM, Gillies RS, Millo J, Sgromo B, Marshall RE, Maynard ND,. Enhanced recovery for esophagectomy: a systematic review and evidence-based guidelines. Ann Surg. 2014; 259 (3): 413-431.
16. Dunne DF, Yip VS, Jones RP, et al. Enhanced recovery in the resection of colorectal liver metastases. J Surg Oncol. 2014; 110 (2): 197-202.
17. Weimann A, Braga M, Harsanyi L, et al. ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Surgery including organ transplantation. Clin Nutr. 2006; 25 (2): 224-244.
18. Thorell A, Nygren J, Hirshman MF, et al. Surgery-induced insulin resistance in human patients: relation to glucose transport and utilization. Am J Physiol. 1999; 276 (4, pt 1): E754-E761.
19. Svanfeldt M, Thorell A, Hausel J, et al. Randomized clinical trial of the effect of preoperative oral carbohydrate treatment on postoperative whole-body protein and glucose kinetics. Br J Surg. 2007; 94 (11): 1342-1350.
20. Fellander G, Nordenstrom J, Tjader I, Bolinder J, Arner P,. Lipolysis during abdominal surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994; 78 (1): 150-155.
21. Awad S, Varadhan KK, Ljungqvist O, Lobo DN,. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials on preoperative oral carbohydrate treatment in elective surgery. Clin Nutr. 2013; 32 (1): 34-44.
22. Nygren J, Soop M, Thorell A, Efendic S, Nair KS, Ljungqvist O,. Preoperative oral carbohydrate administration reduces postoperative insulin resistance. Clin Nutr. 1998; 17 (2): 65-71.
23. Nygren J, Soop M, Thorell A, Sree Nair K, Ljungqvist O,. Preoperative oral carbohydrates and postoperative insulin resistance. Clin Nutr. 1999; 18 (2): 117-120.
24. Torgersen Z, Balters M,. Perioperative nutrition. Surg Clin North Am. 2015; 95 (2): 255-267.
25. Wang ZG, Wang Q, Wang WJ, Qin HL,. Randomized clinical trial to compare the effects of preoperative oral carbohydrate versus placebo on insulin resistance after colorectal surgery. Br J Surg. 2010; 97 (3): 317-327.
26. Ren L, Zhu D, Wei Y, et al. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) program attenuates stress and accelerates recovery in patients after radical resection for colorectal cancer: a prospective randomized controlled trial. World J Surg. 2012; 36 (2): 407-414.
27. Martindale RG, McClave SA, Taylor B, Lawson CM,. Perioperative nutrition: what is the current landscape? JPEN J Parenteral Enteral Nutr. 2013; 37 (5)(suppl): 5S-20S.
28. Burden S, Todd C, Hill J, Lal S,. Pre-operative nutrition support in patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; 11: CD008879.
29. Zhong JX, Kang K, Shu XL,. Effect of nutritional support on clinical outcomes in perioperative malnourished patients: a meta-analysis. Asia Pacific J Clin Nutr. 2015; 24 (3): 367-378.
30. Grotenhuis BA, Wijnhoven BP, Grune F, van Bommel J, Tilanus HW, van Lanschot JJ,. Preoperative risk assessment and prevention of complications in patients with esophageal cancer. J Surg Oncol. 2010; 101 (3): 270-278.
31. Gustafsson UO, Ljungqvist O,. Perioperative nutritional management in digestive tract surgery. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2011; 14 (5): 504-509.
32. Heys SD, Schofield AC, Wahle KW, Garcia-Caballero M,. Nutrition and the surgical patient: triumphs and challenges. Surgeon. 2005; 3 (3): 139-144.
33. van Stijn MF, Korkic-Halilovic I, Bakker MS, van der Ploeg T, van Leeuwen PA, Houdijk AP,. Preoperative nutrition status and postoperative outcome in elderly general surgery patients: a systematic review. JPEN J Parenteral Enteral Nutr. 2013; 37 (1): 37-43.
34. Jie B, Jiang ZM, Nolan MT, Zhu SN, Yu K, Kondrup J,. Impact of preoperative nutritional support on clinical outcome in abdominal surgical patients at nutritional risk. Nutrition. 2012; 28 (10): 1022-1027.
35. Braga M, Ljungqvist O, Soeters P, Fearon K, Weimann A, Bozzetti F,. ESPEN guidelines on parenteral nutrition: surgery. Clin Nutr. 2009; 28 (4): 378-386.
36. Mueller C, Compher C, Ellen DM,. A.S.P.E.N. clinical guidelines: Nutrition screening, assessment, and intervention in adults. JPEN J Parenteral Enteral Nutr. 2011; 35 (1): 16-24.
37. Broadbent E, Kahokehr A, Booth RJ, et al. A brief relaxation intervention reduces stress and improves surgical wound healing response: a randomised trial. Brain Behav Immun. 2012; 26 (2): 212-217.
38. Lyon A, Solomon MJ, Harrison JD,. A qualitative study assessing the barriers to implementation of enhanced recovery after surgery. World J Surg. 2014; 38 (6): 1374-1380.
39. Carli F, Charlebois P, Baldini G, Cachero O, Stein B,. An integrated multidisciplinary approach to implementation of a fast-track program for laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Can J Anaesth. 2009; 56 (11): 837-842.
40. Kahokehr A, Broadbent E, Wheeler BR, Sammour T, Hill AG,. The effect of perioperative psychological intervention on fatigue after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized controlled trial. Surg Endosc. 2012; 26 (6): 1730-1736.
41. Stergiopoulou A, Birbas K, Katostaras T, Mantas J,. The effect of interactive multimedia on preoperative knowledge and postoperative recovery of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods Inform Med. 2007; 46 (4): 406-409.
42. Younis J, Salerno G, Fanto D, Hadjipavlou M, Chellar D, Trickett JP,. Focused preoperative patient stoma education, prior to ileostomy formation after anterior resection, contributes to a reduction in delayed discharge within the enhanced recovery programme. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2012; 27 (1): 43-47.
43. Clarke HD, Timm VL, Goldberg BR, Hattrup SJ,. Preoperative patient education reduces in-hospital falls after total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012; 470 (1): 244-249.
44. Edward GM, Naald NV, Oort FJ, et al. Information gain in patients using a multimedia website with tailored information on anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 2011; 106 (3): 319-324.
45. Haines TP, Hill AM, Hill KD, et al. Patient education to prevent falls among older hospital inpatients: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2011; 171 (6): 516-524.
46. Tonnesen H, Nielsen PR, Lauritzen JB, Moller AM,. Smoking and alcohol intervention before surgery: evidence for best practice. Br J Anaesth. 2009; 102 (3): 297-306.
47. Nichols RL, Condon RE,. Preoperative preparation of the colon. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1971; 132 (2): 323-337.
48. Holte K, Nielsen KG, Madsen JL, Kehlet H,. Physiologic effects of bowel preparation. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004; 47 (8): 1397-1402.
49. Cao F, Li J, Li F,. Mechanical bowel preparation for elective colorectal surgery: updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2012; 27 (6): 803-810.
50. Guenaga KF, Matos D, Wille-Jorgensen P,. Mechanical bowel preparation for elective colorectal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(9): CD001544.
51. Maltby JR,. Fasting from midnight-the history behind the dogma. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2006; 20 (3): 363-378.
52. Brady M, Kinn S, Stuart P,. Preoperative fasting for adults to prevent perioperative complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(4): CD004423.
53. Practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration: application to healthy patients undergoing elective procedures: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Committee on Standards and Practice Parameters. Anesthesiology. 2011; 114 (3): 495-511.
54. Woods DM, Macpherson R,. Australian and New Zealand guidelines for preoperative fasting. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2007; 35 (4): 622-623.
55. Smith I, Kranke P, Murat I, et al. Perioperative fasting in adults and children: guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2011; 28 (8): 556-569.
56. Ljungqvist O,. ERAS-Enhanced Recovery After Surgery: Moving Evidence-Based Perioperative Care to Practice. JPEN J Parenteral Enteral Nutr. 2014; 38 (5): 559-566.
57. Ljunggren S, Hahn RG, Nystrom T,. Insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function after carbohydrate oral loading in hip replacement surgery: a double-blind, randomised controlled clinical trial. Clin Nutr. 2014; 33 (3): 392-398.
58. Nygren J, Thorell A, Ljungqvist O,. Preoperative oral carbohydrate therapy. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2015; 28 (3): 364-369.
59. Smith MD, McCall J, Plank L, Herbison GP, Soop M, Nygren J,. Preoperative carbohydrate treatment for enhancing recovery after elective surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014; 8: CD009161.
60. Ljungqvist O, Thorell A, Gutniak M, Haggmark T, Efendic S,. Glucose infusion instead of preoperative fasting reduces postoperative insulin resistance. J Am Coll Surg. 1994; 178 (4): 329-336.
61. Ljungqvist O, Soop M, Hedstrom M,. Why metabolism matters in elective orthopedic surgery: a review. Acta Orthopaedica. 2007; 78 (5): 610-615.
62. Sato H, Carvalho G, Sato T, Lattermann R, Matsukawa T, Schricker T,. The association of preoperative glycemic control, intraoperative insulin sensitivity, and outcomes after cardiac surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010; 95 (9): 4338-4344.
63. Jackson RS, Amdur RL, White JC, Macsata RA,. Hyperglycemia is associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality after colectomy for cancer. J Am Coll Surg. 2012; 214 (1): 68-80.
64. Krinsley JS,. Glycemic control in the critically ill-3 domains and diabetic status means one size does not fit all! Crit Care. 2013; 17 (2): 131.
65. van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2001; 345 (19): 1359-1367.
66. Arabi YM, Dabbagh OC, Tamim HM, et al. Intensive versus conventional insulin therapy: a randomized controlled trial in medical and surgical critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2008; 36 (12): 3190-3197.
67. Brunkhorst FM, Engel C, Bloos F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2008; 358 (2): 125-139.
68. Preiser JC, Devos P, Ruiz-Santana S, et al. A prospective randomised multi-centre controlled trial on tight glucose control by intensive insulin therapy in adult intensive care units: the Glucontrol study. Intensive Care Med. 2009; 35 (10): 1738-1748.
69. Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU. N Engl J Med. 2006; 354 (5): 449-461.
70. Finfer S, Chittock DR, Su SY, et al. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2009; 360 (13): 1283-1297.
71. Van den Berghe G, Schetz M, Vlasselaers D, et al. Clinical review: Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients: NICE-SUGAR or Leuven blood glucose target? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009; 94 (9): 3163-3170.
72. Boonen E, Van den Berghe G,. Endocrine responses to critical illness: novel insights and therapeutic implications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014; 99 (5): 1569-1582.
73. Clain J, Ramar K, Surani SR,. Glucose control in critical care. World J Diabetes. 2015; 6 (9): 1082-1091.
74. Van den Berghe G,. Blood glucose monitoring in the intensive care unit: toward defining bias and imprecision thresholds for (near) continuous sensors. Clin Chem. 2014; 60 (4): 577-579.
75. Ljungqvist O, Jonathan E,. Rhoads lecture 2011: Insulin resistance and enhanced recovery after surgery. JPEN J Parenteral Enteral Nutr. 2012; 36 (4): 389-398.
76. Scott MJ, Baldini G, Fearon KC, et al. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) for gastrointestinal surgery, part 1: pathophysiological considerations. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2015; 59 (10): 1212-1231.
77. Group EC,. The impact of enhanced recovery protocol compliance on elective colorectal cancer resection: results from an international registry. Ann Surg. 2015; 261 (6): 1153-1159.
78. Gustafsson UO, Hausel J, Thorell A, Ljungqvist O, Soop M, Nygren J,. Adherence to the enhanced recovery after surgery protocol and outcomes after colorectal cancer surgery. Arch Surg. 2011; 146 (5): 571-577.
79. Lobo DN, Dube MG, Neal KR, Simpson J, Rowlands BJ, Allison SP,. Problems with solutions: drowning in the brine of an inadequate knowledge base. Clin Nutr. 2001; 20 (2): 125-130.
80. Lobo DN, Macafee DA, Allison SP,. How perioperative fluid balance influences postoperative outcomes. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2006; 20 (3): 439-455.
81. Corcoran T, Rhodes JE, Clarke S, Myles PS, Ho KM,. Perioperative fluid management strategies in major surgery: a stratified meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 2012; 114 (3): 640-651.
82. Holte K, Kehlet H,. Fluid therapy and surgical outcomes in elective surgery: a need for reassessment in fast-track surgery. J Am Coll Surg. 2006; 202 (6): 971-989.
83. Boersema GS, van der Laan L, Wijsman JH,. A close look at postoperative fluid management and electrolyte disorders after gastrointestinal surgery in a teaching hospital where patients are treated according to the ERAS protocol. Surg Today. 2014; 44 (11): 2052-2057.
84. Bragg D, El-Sharkawy AM, Psaltis E, Maxwell-Armstrong CA, Lobo DN,. Postoperative ileus: recent developments in pathophysiology and management. Clin Nutr. 2015; 34 (3): 367-376.
85. Brandstrup B, Tonnesen H, Beier-Holgersen R, et al. Effects of intravenous fluid restriction on postoperative complications: comparison of two perioperative fluid regimens: a randomized assessor-blinded multicenter trial. Ann Surg. 2003; 238 (5): 641-648.
86. Chappell D, Jacob M, Hofmann-Kiefer K, Conzen P, Rehm M,. A rational approach to perioperative fluid management. Anesthesiology. 2008; 109 (4): 723-740.
87. Tolstrup J, Brandstrup B,. Clinical assessment of fluid balance is incomplete for colorectal surgical patients. Scand J Surg. 2015; 104 (3): 161-168.
88. Navarro LH, Bloomstone JA, Auler JO Jr, et al. Perioperative fluid therapy: a statement from the international Fluid Optimization Group. Perioperative Med. 2015; 4: 3.
89. Varadhan KK, Lobo DN,. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of intravenous fluid therapy in major elective open abdominal surgery: getting the balance right. Proc Nutr Soc. 2010; 69 (4): 488-498.
90. Obrink E, Jildenstal P, Oddby E, Jakobsson JG,. Post-operative nausea and vomiting: update on predicting the probability and ways to minimize its occurrence, with focus on ambulatory surgery. Int J Surg. 2015; 15: 100-106.
91. Gan TJ, Diemunsch P, Habib AS, et al. Consensus guidelines for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg. 2014; 118 (1): 85-113.
92. Chandrakantan A, Glass PS,. Multimodal therapies for postoperative nausea and vomiting, and pain. Br J Anaesth. 2011; 107 (suppl 1): i27-i40.
93. Le TP, Gan TJ,. Update on the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting and postdischarge nausea and vomiting in ambulatory surgery. Anesthesiol Clin. 2010; 28 (2): 225-249.
94. Nelson R, Edwards S, Tse B,. Prophylactic nasogastric decompression after abdominal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(3): CD004929.
95. Cunningham J, Temple WJ, Langevin JM, Kortbeek J,. A prospective randomized trial of routine postoperative nasogastric decompression in patients with bowel anastomosis. Can J Surg. 1992; 35 (6): 629-632.
96. Lei WZ, Zhao GP, Cheng Z, Li K, Zhou ZG,. Gastrointestinal decompression after excision and anastomosis of lower digestive tract. World J Gastroenterol. 2004; 10 (13): 1998-2001.
97. Petrelli NJ, Stulc JP, Rodriguez-Bigas M, Blumenson L,. Nasogastric decompression following elective colorectal surgery: a prospective randomized study. Am Surg. 1993; 59 (10): 632-635.
98. Racette DL, Chang FC, Trekell ME, Farha GJ,. Is nasogastric intubation necessary in colon operations? Am J Surg. 1987; 154 (6): 640-642.
99. Wolff BG, Pembeton JH, van Heerden JA, et al. Elective colon and rectal surgery without nasogastric decompression. A prospective, randomized trial. Ann Surg. 1989; 209 (6): 670-675.
100. Zhou T, Wu XT, Zhou YJ, Huang X, Fan W, Li YC,. Early removing gastrointestinal decompression and early oral feeding improve patients' rehabilitation after colorectostomy. World J Gastroenterol. 2006; 12 (15): 2459-2463.
101. Vather R, Bissett I,. Management of prolonged post-operative ileus: evidence-based recommendations. ANZ J Surg. 2013; 83 (5): 319-324.
102. Short V, Herbert G, Perry R, et al. Chewing gum for postoperative recovery of gastrointestinal function. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015; 2: CD006506.
103. Su'a BU, Pollock TT, Lemanu DP, MacCormick AD, Connolly AB, Hill AG,. Chewing gum and postoperative ileus in adults: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg. 2015; 14: 49-55.
104. Vather R, Trivedi S, Bissett I,. Defining postoperative ileus: results of a systematic review and global survey. J Gastrointest Surg. 2013; 17 (5): 962-972.
105. Chandra RK,. Nutrition and the immune system: an introduction. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997; 66 (2): 460S-463S.
106. Kehlet H, Holte K,. Review of postoperative ileus. Am J Surg. 2001; 182 (5A)(suppl): 3S-10S.
107. Kronberg U, Kiran RP, Soliman MS, et al. A characterization of factors determining postoperative ileus after laparoscopic colectomy enables the generation of a novel predictive score. Ann Surg. 2011; 253 (1): 78-81.
108. Mattei P, Rombeau JL,. Review of the pathophysiology and management of postoperative ileus. World J Surg. 2006; 30 (8): 1382-1391.
109. Basse L, Madsen JL, Kehlet H,. Normal gastrointestinal transit after colonic resection using epidural analgesia, enforced oral nutrition and laxative. Br J Surg. 2001; 88 (11): 1498-1500.
110. Zingg U, Miskovic D, Pasternak I, Meyer P, Hamel CT, Metzger U,. Effect of bisacodyl on postoperative bowel motility in elective colorectal surgery: a prospective, randomized trial. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2008; 23 (12): 1175-1183.
111. Jorgensen H, Wetterslev J, Moiniche S, Dahl JB,. Epidural local anaesthetics versus opioid-based analgesic regimens on postoperative gastrointestinal paralysis, PONV and pain after abdominal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(4): CD001893.
112. Lobo DN, Bostock KA, Neal KR, Perkins AC, Rowlands BJ, Allison SP,. Effect of salt and water balance on recovery of gastrointestinal function after elective colonic resection: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002; 359 (9320): 1812-1818.
113. Basse L, Thorbol JE, Lossl K, Kehlet H,. Colonic surgery with accelerated rehabilitation or conventional care. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004; 47 (3): 271-278.
114. Charoenkwan K, Matovinovic E,. Early versus delayed oral fluids and food for reducing complications after major abdominal gynaecologic surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014; 12: CD004508.
115. Schwenk W, Bohm B, Haase O, Junghans T, Muller JM,. Laparoscopic versus conventional colorectal resection: a prospective randomised study of postoperative ileus and early postoperative feeding. Langenbeck Arch Surg. 1998; 383 (1): 49-55.
116. Asao T, Kuwano H, Nakamura J, Morinaga N, Hirayama I, Ide M,. Gum chewing enhances early recovery from postoperative ileus after laparoscopic colectomy. J Am Coll Surg. 2002; 195 (1): 30-32.
117. Schuster R, Grewal N, Greaney GC, Waxman K,. Gum chewing reduces ileus after elective open sigmoid colectomy. Arch Surg. 2006; 141 (2): 174-176.
118. Noble EJ, Harris R, Hosie KB, Thomas S, Lewis SJ,. Gum chewing reduces postoperative ileus? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg. 2009; 7 (2): 100-105.
119. Purkayastha S, Tilney HS, Darzi AW, Tekkis PP,. Meta-analysis of randomized studies evaluating chewing gum to enhance postoperative recovery following colectomy. Arch Surg. 2008; 143 (8): 788-793.
120. Fitzgerald JE, Ahmed I,. Systematic review and meta-analysis of chewing-gum therapy in the reduction of postoperative paralytic ileus following gastrointestinal surgery. World J Surg. 2009; 33 (12): 2557-2566.
121. Lim P, Morris OJ, Nolan G, Moore S, Draganic B, Smith SR,. Sham feeding with chewing gum after elective colorectal resectional surgery: a randomized clinical trial. Ann Surg. 2013; 257 (6): 1016-1024.
122. Zaghiyan K, Felder S, Ovsepyan G, et al. A prospective randomized controlled trial of sugared chewing gum on gastrointestinal recovery after major colorectal surgery in patients managed with early enteral feeding. Dis Colon Rectum. 2013; 56 (3): 328-335.
123. Lassen K, Soop M, Nygren J, et al. Consensus review of optimal perioperative care in colorectal surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Group recommendations. Arch Surg. 2009; 144 (10): 961-969.
124. Enomoto TM, Larson D, Martindale RG,. Patients requiring perioperative nutritional support. Med Clin North Am. 2013; 97 (6): 1181-1200.
125. Buchman AL, Moukarzel AA, Bhuta S, et al. Parenteral nutrition is associated with intestinal morphologic and functional changes in humans. JPEN J Parenteral Enteral Nutr. 1995; 19 (6): 453-460.
126. Doig GS, Heighes PT, Simpson F, Sweetman EA,. Early enteral nutrition reduces mortality in trauma patients requiring intensive care: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Injury. 2011; 42 (1): 50-56.
127. Hotchkiss RS, Karl IE,. The pathophysiology and treatment of sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2003; 348 (2): 138-150.
128. Sands KE, Bates DW, Lanken PN, et al. Epidemiology of sepsis syndrome in 8 academic medical centers. JAMA. 1997; 278 (3): 234-240.
129. Carr CS, Ling KD, Boulos P, Singer M,. Randomised trial of safety and efficacy of immediate postoperative enteral feeding in patients undergoing gastrointestinal resection. BMJ. 1996; 312 (7035): 869-871.
130. Jacobs M, Verdeja JC, Goldstein HS,. Minimally invasive colon resection (laparoscopic colectomy). Surg Laparosc Endosc. 1991; 1 (3): 144-150.
131. Phillips EH, Franklin M, Carroll BJ, Fallas MJ, Ramos R, Rosenthal D,. Laparoscopic colectomy. Ann Surg. 1992; 216 (6): 703-707.
132. Reissman P, Teoh TA, Cohen SM, Weiss EG, Nogueras JJ, Wexner SD,. Is early oral feeding safe after elective colorectal surgery? A prospective randomized trial. Ann Surg. 1995; 222 (1): 73-77.
133. Han-Geurts IJ, Hop WC, Kok NF, Lim A, Brouwer KJ, Jeekel J,. Randomized clinical trial of the impact of early enteral feeding on postoperative ileus and recovery. Br J Surg. 2007; 94 (5): 555-561.
134. Dervenis C, Avgerinos C, Lytras D, Delis S,. Benefits and limitations of enteral nutrition in the early postoperative period. Langenbeck Arch Surg. 2003; 387 (11-12): 441-449.
135. Wang G, Jiang ZW, Xu J, et al. Fast-track rehabilitation program vs conventional care after colorectal resection: a randomized clinical trial. World J Gastroenterol. 2011; 17 (5): 671-676.
136. Hannemann P, Lassen K, Hausel J, et al. Patterns in current anaesthesiological peri-operative practice for colonic resections: a survey in five northern-European countries. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2006; 50 (9): 1152-1160.
137. Lewis SJ, Egger M, Sylvester PA, Thomas S,. Early enteral feeding versus "nil by mouth" after gastrointestinal surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. BMJ. 2001; 323 (7316): 773-776.
138. Andersen HK, Lewis SJ, Thomas S,. Early enteral nutrition within 24h of colorectal surgery versus later commencement of feeding for postoperative complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(4): CD004080.
139. Binderow SR, Cohen SM, Wexner SD, Nogueras JJ,. Must early postoperative oral intake be limited to laparoscopy? Dis Colon Rectum. 1994; 37 (6): 584-589.
140. Stewart BT, Woods RJ, Collopy BT, Fink RJ, Mackay JR, Keck JO,. Early feeding after elective open colorectal resections: a prospective randomized trial. ANZ J Surg. 1998; 68 (2): 125-128.
141. Carlisle JB, Stevenson CA,. Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(3): CD004125.
142. Delaney CP, Wolff BG, Viscusi ER, et al. Alvimopan, for postoperative ileus following bowel resection: a pooled analysis of phase III studies. Ann Surg. 2007; 245 (3): 355-363.
143. Watters JM, Kirkpatrick SM, Norris SB, Shamji FM, Wells GA,. Immediate postoperative enteral feeding results in impaired respiratory mechanics and decreased mobility. Ann Surg. 1997; 226 (3): 369-380.
144. Guidelines for the use of parenteral and enteral nutrition in adult and pediatric patients. JPEN J Parenteral Enteral Nutr. 2002; 26 (1)(suppl): 1SA-138SA.
145. Casaer MP, Van den Berghe G,. Nutrition in the acute phase of critical illness. N Engl J Med. 2014; 370 (25): 2450-2451.
146. Acosta-Escribano J, Fernandez-Vivas M, Grau Carmona T, et al. Gastric versus transpyloric feeding in severe traumatic brain injury: a prospective, randomized trial. Intensive Care Med. 2010; 36 (9): 1532-1539.
147. Davies AR, Morrison SS, Bailey MJ, et al. A multicenter, randomized controlled trial comparing early nasojejunal with nasogastric nutrition in critical illness. Crit Care Med. 2012; 40 (8): 2342-2348.
148. McClave SA, Martindale RG, Vanek VW, et al. Guidelines for the provision and assessment of nutrition support therapy in the adult critically ill patient: Society of Crit Care Med (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.). JPEN J Parenteral Enteral Nutr. 2009; 33 (3): 277-316.
149. Singer P, Berger MM, Van den Berghe G, et al. ESPEN guidelines on parenteral nutrition: intensive care. Clin Nutr. 2009; 28 (4): 387-400.
150. Casaer MP, Mesotten D, Hermans G, et al. Early versus late parenteral nutrition in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med. 2011; 365 (6): 506-517.
151. Needham DM, Dinglas VD, Morris PE, et al. Physical and cognitive performance of patients with acute lung injury 1 year after initial trophic versus full enteral feeding. EDEN trial follow-up. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013; 188 (5): 567-576.
152. Hoogeboom TJ, Dronkers JJ, Hulzebos EH, van Meeteren NL,. Merits of exercise therapy before and after major surgery. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2014; 27 (2): 161-166.
153. Convertino VA,. Cardiovascular consequences of bed rest: effect on maximal oxygen uptake. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997; 29 (2): 191-196.
154. Kehlet H, Wilmore DW,. Multimodal strategies to improve surgical outcome. Am J Surg. 2002; 183 (6): 630-641.
155. Maessen J, Dejong CH, Hausel J, et al. A protocol is not enough to implement an enhanced recovery programme for colorectal resection. Br J Surg. 2007; 94 (2): 224-231.
156. Lassen K, Hannemann P, Ljungqvist O, et al. Patterns in current perioperative practice: survey of colorectal surgeons in five northern European countries. BMJ. 2005; 330 (7505): 1420-1421.
157. Nygren J, Hausel J, Kehlet H, et al. A comparison in five European centres of case mix, clinical management and outcomes following either conventional or fast-track perioperative care in colorectal surgery. Clin Nutr. 2005; 24 (3): 455-461.
158. Nadler A, Pearsall EA, Victor JC, Aarts MA, Okrainec A, McLeod RS,. Understanding surgical residents' postoperative practices and barriers and enablers to the implementation of an Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Guideline. J Surg Educ. 2014; 71 (4): 632-638.
159. Gillissen F, Hoff C, Maessen JM, et al. Structured synchronous implementation of an enhanced recovery program in elective colonic surgery in 33 hospitals in the Netherlands. World J Surg. 2013; 37 (5): 1082-1093.
160. McLeod RS, Aarts MA, Chung F, et al. Development of an enhanced recovery after surgery guideline and implementation strategy based on the knowledge-to-action cycle. Ann Surg. 2015; 262 (6): 1016-1025.
161. Hoffmann H, Kettelhack C,. Fast-track surgery-conditions and challenges in postsurgical treatment: a review of elements of translational research in enhanced recovery after surgery. Eur Surg Res. 2012; 49 (1): 24-34.
162. Ivers N, Jamtvedt G, Flottorp S, et al. Audit and feedback: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; 6: CD000259.
163. Sorensen J, Kondrup J, Prokopowicz J, et al. EuroOOPS: an international, multicentre study to implement nutritional risk screening and evaluate clinical outcome. Clin Nutr. 2008; 27 (3): 340-349.
164. Lee L, Tran T, Mayo NE, Carli F, Feldman LS,. What does it really mean to "recover" from an operation? Surgery. 2014; 155 (2): 211-216.
165. Neville A, Lee L, Antonescu I, et al. Systematic review of outcomes used to evaluate enhanced recovery after surgery. Br J Surg. 2014; 101 (3): 159-170.
166. Spanjersberg WR, van Sambeeck JD, Bremers A, Rosman C, van Laarhoven CJ,. Systematic review and meta-analysis for laparoscopic versus open colon surgery with or without an ERAS programme. Surg Endosc. 2015; 29 (12): 3443-3453.
167. Gonenc M, Dural AC, Celik F, et al. Enhanced postoperative recovery pathways in emergency surgery: a randomised controlled clinical trial. Am J Surg. 2014; 207 (6): 807-814.
168. Larsson G, Holgers KM,. Fast-track care for patients with suspected hip fracture. Injury. 2011; 42 (11): 1257-1261.
169. Fearon KC, Jenkins JT, Carli F, Lassen K,. Patient optimization for gastrointestinal cancer surgery. Br J Surg. 2013; 100 (1): 15-27.