Preoperative carbohydrate treatment for enhancing recovery after elective surgery

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2014, Issue 8, 2014, Pages

  Smith, Mark D ^a   Mccall, John ^b   Plank, Lindsay ^c   Herbison, G Peter ^b   Soop, Mattias ^d   Nygren, Jonas ^e  

^a SOUTHLAND HOSPITAL   (New Zealand)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

^c UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

^d SALFORD ROYAL NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^e KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBOHYDRATE; GLUCOSE; INSULIN; PLACEBO;

ABDOMINAL SURGERY; ANESTHESIA INDUCTION; ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA; BRAZIL; CANADA; CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE; CHINA; CONVALESCENCE; DIET RESTRICTION; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; ELECTIVE SURGERY; EUROPE; FATIGUE; FLATULENCE; HEART SURGERY; HUMAN; HYPERINSULINEMIC-EUGLYCEMIC CLAMP TECHNIQUE; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; INTESTINE FUNCTION; LENGTH OF STAY; META ANALYSIS; METHODOLOGY; NEW ZEALAND; ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA; POSTOPERATIVE VOMITING; PREOPERATIVE CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SYSTEMATIC ERROR; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THYROIDECTOMY; TREATMENT OUTCOME; ADULT; BEVERAGE; POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING;

ADULT; BEVERAGES; CARBOHYDRATES; FATIGUE; FLATULENCE; HUMANS; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LENGTH OF STAY; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING; PREOPERATIVE CARE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; SURGICAL PROCEDURES, ELECTIVE;

EID: 84907168856     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1469493X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009161.pub2     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. An G-Q, Zhao X-L, Gao Y-C, Wang G-Y, Yu Y-M. Effects of preoperative carbohydrate loading on the changes in serum tumor necrosis factor receptors 1 and 2 and insulin resistance in patients of colon carcinoma. [Chinese]. National Medical Journal of China 2008;88(29):2041-4.
2. Bisgaard T, Kristiansen VB, Hjortso NC, Jacobsen LS, Rosenberg J, Kehlet H. Randomized clinical trial comparing an oral carbohydrate beverage with placebo before laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The British Journal of Surgery 2004;91(2):151-8. [PUBMED: 14760661]
3. Braga M, Bissolati M, Rocchetti S, Beneduce A, Pecorelli N, Di Carlo V. Oral preoperative antioxidants in pancreatic surgery: a double-blind, randomized, clinical trial. Nutrition 2012;28:160-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2011.05.014; PUBMED: 21890323]
4. Breuer JP, von Dossow V, von Heymann C, Griesbach M, von Schickfus M, Mackh E, et al.Preoperative oral carbohydrate administration to ASA III-IV patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2006;103(5):1099-108.
5. Harsten A, Hjartarson H, Toksvig-Larsen S. Total hip arthroplasty and perioperative oral carbohydrate treatment: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:271-4.
6. Hausel J, Nygren J, Thorell A, Lagerkranser M, Ljungqvist O. Randomized clinical trial of the effects of oral preoperative carbohydrates on postoperative nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The British Journal of Surgery 2005;92(4):415-21. [PUBMED: 15739210 ]
7. Henriksen MG, Hessov I, Dela F, Hansen HV, Haraldsted V, Rodt SA. Effects of preoperative oral carbohydrates and peptides on postoperative endocrine response, mobilization, nutrition and muscle function in abdominal surgery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2003;47(2):191-9.
8. Jarvela K, Maaranen P, Sisto T. Pre-operative oral carbohydrate treatment before coronary artery bypass surgery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2008;52(6):793-7.
9. Kaska M, Grosmanov T, Havel E, Hyspler R, Petrov Z, Brtko M, et al.The impact and safety of preoperative oral or intravenous carbohydrate administration versus fasting in colorectal surgery-a randomized controlled trial. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 2010;122(1-2):23-30.
10. Lauwick SM, Kaba A, Maweja S, Hamoir EE, Joris JL. Effects of oral preoperative carbohydrate on early postoperative outcome after thyroidectomy. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2009;60(2):67-73.
11. Lidder P, Thomas S, Fleming S, Hoise K, Shaw S, Lewis S. A randomized trial of preoperative carbohydrate drinks and early postoperative nutritional supplement drinks in colorectal surgery. Colorectal Disease 2013;15:737-46. [DOI: 10.1111/codi.12130]
12. Ljunggren S, Hahn RG. Oral nutrition or water loading before hip replacement surgery: a randomized clinical trial. Trials 2012;13:97.
13. Ljungqvist O, Thorell A, Gutniak M, Haggmark T, Efendic S. Glucose infusion instead of preoperative fasting reduces postoperative insulin resistance. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 1994;178(4):329-36. [PUBMED: 8149032]
14. Mathur S, Plank LD, McCall JL, Shapkov P, McIlroy K, Gillanders LK, et al.Randomized controlled trial of preoperative oral carbohydrate treatment in major abdominal surgery. The British Journal of Surgery 2010;97(4):485-94. [PUBMED: 20205227]
15. Noblett SE, Watson DS, Huong H, Davison B, Hainsworth PJ, Horgan AF. Pre-operative oral carbohydrate loading in colorectal surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Colorectal Disease 2006 Sep;8(7):563-9.
16. Ozdemir F, Eti Z, Dincer P, Gogus FY, Bekiroglu N. The effect of preoperative oral carbohydrate loading on stress response in patients undergoing major or minor surgery. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Science 2011;31(6):1392-400.
17. Perrone F, Da-Silva-Filho AC, Adorno IF, Anabuki NT, Leal FS, Colombo T, et al.Effects of preoperative feeding with a whey protein plus carbohydrate drink on the acute phase response and insulin resistance. A randomized trial. Nutrition Journal 2011;10:66. [PUBMED: 21668975]
18. Pexe-Machado PA, de Oliveira BD, Dock-Nascimento DB, de Aguilar-Nascimento JE. Shrinking preoperative fast time with maltodextrin and protein hydrolysate in gastrointestinal resections due to cancer. Nutrition 2013;29:1054-9. [PUBMED: 23759267]
19. Rapp-Kesek D, Stridsberg M, Andersson L, Berne C, Karlsson T. Insulin resistance after cardiopulmonary bypass in the elderly patient. Scandanavian Cardiovascular Journal 2007;41:102-8.
20. Soop M, Nygren J, Myrenfors P, Thorell A, Ljungqvist O. Preoperative oral carbohydrate treatment attenuates immediate postoperative insulin resistance. American Journal of Physiology, Endocrinology and Metabolism 2001;280(4):E576-83.
21. Soop M, Nygren J, Thorell A, Weidenhielm L, Lundberg M, Hammarqvist F, et al.Preoperative oral carbohydrate treatment attenuates endogenous glucose release 3 days after surgery. Clinical Nutrition 2004;23:733-41. [PUBMED: 15297112]
22. Tran S, Wolever TM, Errett LE, Ahn H, Mazer CD, Keith M. Preoperative carbohydrate loading in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass or spinal surgery. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2013;117(2):305-13. [PUBMED: 23757474]
23. Wang ZG, Wang Q, Wang WJ, Qin HL. Randomized clinical trial to compare the effects of preoperative oral carbohydrate versus placebo on insulin resistance after colorectal surgery. The British Journal of Surgery 2010;97(3):317-27. [PUBMED: 20101593]
24. Yang Y, Yan-Bing Z, Xue-Long J, Dong C, Zhi-Hao W. Effects and safety of preoperative oral carbohydrate in radical distal gastrectomy - a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Cancer Science and Therapy 2012;4(5):116-9.
25. Yildiz H, Gunal SE, Yilmaz G, Yucel S. Oral carbohydrate supplementation reduces preoperative discomfort in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Journal of Investigative Surgery 2013;26:89-95.
26. Yuill KA, Richardson RA, Davidson HI, Garden OJ, Parks RW. The administration of an oral carbohydrate-containing fluid prior to major elective upper-gastrointestinal surgery preserves skeletal muscle mass postoperatively-a randomised clinical trial. Clinical Nutrition 2005 Feb;24(1):32-7.
27. Zelic M, Stimac D, Mendrila D, Tokmadzic VS, Fisic E, Uravic M, et al.Influence of preoperative oral feeding on stress response after resection for colon cancer. Hepato-Gastroenterology 2012;59:1385-9.
28. Adanir T, Aksun M, Ozgurbuz U, Altin F, Sencan A. Does preoperative hydration affect postoperative nausea and vomiting? A randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques Part A 2008;18(1):1-4. [PUBMED: 18266566]
29. Aronsson A, Al-Ani NA, Brismar K, Hedstrom M. A carbohydrate-rich drink shortly before surgery affected IGF-I bioavailability after a total hip replacement. A double-blind placebo controlled study on 29 patients. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 2009;21(2):97-101. [PUBMED: 19448380]
30. American Society of Anesthesiologists Committee. Practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration: application to healthy patients undergoing elective procedures: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Committee on Standards and Practice Parameters. Anesthesiology 2011;114(3):495-511. [PUBMED: 21307770]
31. Awad S, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Constantin D, Rowlands BJ, Fearon KC, Macdonald IA, et al.Cellular mechanisms underlying the protective effects of preoperative feeding: a randomized study investigating muscle and liver glycogen content, mitochondrial function, gene and protein expression. Annals of Surgery 2010;252(2):247-53. [PUBMED: 20622656]
32. Awad S, Lobo DN. What's new in perioperative nutritional support?. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 2011;24(3):339-48. [PUBMED: 21451404]
33. Awad S, Fearon KC, Macdonald IA, Lobo DN. A randomized cross-over study of the metabolic and hormonal responses following two preoperative conditioning drinks. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) 2011;27(9):938-42. [PUBMED: 21126861]
34. Awad S, Blackshaw PE, Wright JW, Macdonald IA, Perkins AC, Lobo DN. A randomized crossover study of the effects of glutamine and lipid on the gastric emptying time of a preoperative carbohydrate drink. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 2011;30(2):165-71. [PUBMED: 20971535]
35. Awad S, Stephens F, Shannon C, Lobo DN. Perioperative perturbations in carnitine metabolism are attenuated by preoperative carbohydrate treatment: another mechanism by which preoperative feeding may attenuate development of postoperative insulin resistance. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 2012;31(5):717-20. [PUBMED: 22444237]
36. Bisgaard T, Kehlet H. Letter. Randomized clinical trial of the effects of oral preoperative carbohydrates on postoperative nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (The British Journal of Surgery 2005;92:415-21). The British Journal of Surgery 2006;93:120.
37. Bopp C, Hofer S, Klein A, Weigand MA, Martin E, Gust R. A liberal preoperative fasting regimen improves patient comfort and satisfaction with anesthesia care in day-stay minor surgery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2011;77(7):680-6. [PUBMED: 19190563]
38. Brady M, Kinn S, Ness V, O'Rourke K, Randhawa N, Stuart P. Preoperative fasting for preventing perioperative complications in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005285.pub2]
39. Breitman I, Saraf N, Kakade M, Yellumahanthi K, White M, Hackett JA, et al.The effects of an amino acid supplement on glucose homeostasis, inflammatory markers, and incretins after laparoscopic gastric bypass. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 2011;212(4):617-25; discussion 625-7. [PUBMED: 21463799]
40. Burden S, Todd C, Hill J, Lal S. Pre-operative nutrition support in patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 11. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008879.pub2; PUBMED: 23152265]
41. Crowe PJ, Dennison A, Royle GT. The effect of pre-operative glucose loading on postoperative nitrogen metabolism. The British Journal of Surgery 1984;71(8):635-7. [PUBMED: 6430379]
42. Dock-Nascimento BD, Aguilar-Nascimento JE, Caporossi C, Sepulveda Magalhaes Faria M, Bragagnolo R, Caporossi FS, et al.Safety of oral glutamine in the abbreviation of preoperative fasting: a double-blind, controlled, randomized clinical trial. Nutricion Hospitalaria 2011;26(1):86-90. [PUBMED: 21519733]
43. Dock-Nascimento DB, de Aguilar-Nascimento JE, Magalhaes Faria MS, Caporossi C, Slhessarenko N, Waitzberg DL. Evaluation of the effects of a preoperative 2-hour fast with maltodextrine and glutamine on insulin resistance, acute-phase response, nitrogen balance, and serum glutathione after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a controlled randomized trial. JPEN Journal of Parenteral & Enteral Nutrition 2012;36(1):43-52. [PUBMED: 22235107]
44. Enoki T, Hatano Y, Tsujimura Y, Nomura R. Attenuation of gastric effects of famotidine by preoperative administration of intravenous fluids. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1992;74(1):68-71. [PUBMED: 1734801]
45. Faria MS, de Aguilar-Nascimento JE, Pimenta OS, Alvarenga LC Jr, Dock-Nascimento DB, Slhessarenko N. Preoperative fasting of 2 hours minimizes insulin resistance and organic response to trauma after video-cholecystectomy: a randomized, controlled, clinical trial. World Journal of Surgery 2009;33(6):1158-64. [PUBMED: 19363695]
46. Goodwin AP, Rowe WL, Ogg TW, Samaan A. Oral fluids prior to day surgery. The effect of shortening the pre-operative fluid fast on postoperative morbidity. Anaesthesia 1991;46(12):1066-8. [PUBMED: 1781536]
47. Hausel J, Nygren J, Almstrom C, Thorell A, Ljungqvist O. Preoperative oral carbohydrates improve well-being after elective colorectal surgery [abstract]. Clinical Nutrition 1999;18(Suppl 1):21.
48. Hausel J, Nygren J, Lagerkranser M, Hellstrom PM, Hammarqvist F, Almstrom C, et al.A carbohydrate-rich drink reduces preoperative discomfort in elective surgery patients. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2001;93(5):1344-50. [PUBMED: 11682427]
49. Helminen H, Viitanen H, Sajanti J. Effect of preoperative intravenous carbohydrate loading on preoperative discomfort in elective surgery patients. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(2):123-7. [PUBMED: 19142085]
50. Hendry PO, van Dam RM, Bukkems SF, McKeown DW, Parks RW, Preston T, et al.Randomized clinical trial of laxatives and oral nutritional supplements within an enhanced recovery after surgery protocol following liver resection. The British Journal of Surgery 2010;97(8):1198-206. [PUBMED: 20602497]
51. Hubner M, Muller S, Schafer M, Clavien PA, Demartines N. Impact of the nutritional risk score in fast-track colon surgery. Digestive Surgery 2010;27(5):436-9. [PUBMED: 21051894]
52. Hutchinson A, Maltby JR, Reid CR. Gastric fluid volume and pH in elective inpatients. Part I: Coffee or orange juice versus overnight fast. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1988;35(1):12-5. [PUBMED: 3349549]
53. Itou K, Fukuyama T, Suzuki N, Taniguchi H, Iwao Y, Hinenoya H, et al.Safety and efficacy of oral rehydration therapy until 2 h before surgery: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Journal of Anesthesia 2012;26(1):20-7. [PUBMED: 22041970]
54. Jones C, Badger SA, Hannon R. The role of carbohydrate drinks in pre-operative nutrition for elective colorectal surgery. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 2011;93(7):504-7. [PUBMED: 22004631]
55. Jones C, Day A, Kelliher L, Levy B, Smith R, Fawcett W, et al.Safety of pre-operative oral carbohydrate loading in laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Colorectal Disease 2012:19.
56. Kaska M, Grosmanova T, Havel E, Hyspler R. [Preparation of patients for operation with per-oral intake on the day of the planned surgery] [Priprava k operaci s peroralnim prijmem v den planovane operace.]. Rozhledy v Chirurgii : Mesicnik Ceskoslovenske Chirurgicke Spolecnosti 2006;85(11):554-9. [PUBMED: 17323547]
57. Korusic A, Hauptman A, Brundula A, Duzel V, Husedzinovic I, Horic M, et al.Perioperative management with glucose solution and insulin. Collegium Antropologicum 2009;33(2):653-7. [PUBMED: 19662793]
58. Lassen K, Lobo DN. Randomized controlled trial of preoperative oral carbohydrate treatment in major abdominal surgery (The British Journal of Surgery 2010;97:485-94). The British Journal of Surgery 2010;97(4):494-5. [PUBMED: 20205225]
59. Lin MT, Saito H, Fukushima R, Inaba T, Fukatsu K, Inoue T, et al.Preoperative total parenteral nutrition influences postoperative systemic cytokine responses after colorectal surgery. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) 1997;13(1):8-12. [PUBMED: 9058440]
60. Ljungqvist O, Efendic S, Gutniak M, Haggmark T, Thorell A. Glucose infusion during preoperative fasting reduces postoperative development of insulin resistance [abstract]. Clinical Nutrition 1991;10(Spec Suppl 2):27.
61. Ljungqvist O, Nygren J, Thorell A. Preoperative carbohydrates instead of overnight fasting reduces hospital stay following elective surgery [abstract]. Clinical Nutrition 1998;17(Suppl 1):3.
62. Ljungqvist O, Nygren J, Hausel J, Thorell A. Preoperative nutrition therapy - Novel developments. Scandinavian Journal of Nutrition 2000;44(1):3-7.
63. Ljungqvist O, Nygren J, Thorell A, Brodin U, Efendic S. Preoperative nutrition - Elective surgery in the fed or the overnight fasted state. Clinical Nutrition 2001;20(1):167-71.
64. Ljungqvist O. Randomized clinical trial to compare the effects of preoperative oral carbohydrate versus placebo on insulin resistance after colorectal surgery (The British Journal of Surgery 2010;97:317-27). The British Journal of Surgery 2010;97(3):327. [PUBMED: 20140949]
65. Longarela A, Olarra J, Garcia de Lorenzo A. Preoperative administration of carbohydrates and insulin results in lesser amino acid consumption. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 2005; Vol. 24, issue 4:529. [PUBMED: 16011861]
66. Maltby JR, Reid CR, Hutchinson A. Gastric fluid volume and pH in elective inpatients. Part II: Coffee or orange juice with ranitidine. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1988;35(1):16-9. [PUBMED: 3349550]
67. Maltby JR, Lewis P, Martin A, Sutheriand LR. Gastric fluid volume and pH in elective patients following unrestricted oral fluid until three hours before surgery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1991;38(4 Pt 1):425-9. [PUBMED: 2065409]
68. Maltby JR, Pytka S, Watson NC, Cowan RA, Fick GH. Drinking 300 mL of clear fluid two hours before surgery has no effect on gastric fluid volume and pH in fasting and non-fasting obese patients. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;51(2):111-5. [PUBMED: 14766684]
69. Maltby JR. Preoperative fasting guidelines. Canadian Journal of Surgery 2006; Vol. 49, issue 2:138-9; author reply 139. [PUBMED: 16630428]
70. McCaul C, Moran C, O'Cronin D, Naughton F, Geary M, Carton E, et al.Intravenous fluid loading with or without supplementary dextrose does not prevent nausea, vomiting and pain after laparoscopy. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;50(5):440-4. [PUBMED: 12734150]
71. Meisner M, Ernhofer U, Schmidt J. [Liberalisation of preoperative fasting guidelines: effects on patient comfort and clinical practicability during elective laparoscopic surgery of the lower abdomen] [Liberalisierte praoperative Flussigkeitskarenz: Patientenbefinden und klinische Praktikabilitat bei elektiven laparoskopischen Eingriffen im Unterbauch.]. Zentralblatt fur Chirurgie 2008;133(5):479-85. [PUBMED: 18924048]
72. Melis GC, van Leeuwen PA, von Blomberg-van der Flier BM, Goedhart-Hiddinga AC, Uitdehaag BM, Strack van Schijndel RJ, et al.A carbohydrate-rich beverage prior to surgery prevents surgery-induced immunodepression: a randomized, controlled, clinical trial. JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2006;30(1):21-6. [PUBMED: 16387895]
73. Muehling B, Schelzig H, Steffen P, Meierhenrich R, Sunder-Plassmann L, Orend KH. A prospective randomized trial comparing traditional and fast-track patient care in elective open infrarenal aneurysm repair. World Journal of Surgery 2009;33(3):577-85. [PUBMED: 19137363]
74. Noblett SE, Watson DS, Houng H, Davidson B, Hainsworth PJ, Horgan AF. Pre-operative oral carbohydrate loading in colorectal patients: a randomised controlled trial. Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2004.
75. Nygren J, Thorell A, Jacobsson H, Larsson S, Schnell PO, Hylen L, et al.Preoperative gastric emptying. Effects of anxiety and oral carbohydrate administration. Annals of Surgery 1995;222(6):728-34. [PUBMED: 8526579]
76. Nygren J, Soop M, Thorell A, Efendic S, Nair KS, Ljungqvist O. Preoperative oral carbohydrate administration reduces postoperative insulin resistance. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 1998;17(2):65-71. [PUBMED: 10205319]
77. Nygren J, Soop M, Thorell A, Sree Nair K, Ljungqvist O. Preoperative oral carbohydrates and postoperative insulin resistance. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 1999;18(2):117-20. [PUBMED: 10459075]
78. Okabayashi T, Nishimori I, Yamashita K, Sugimoto T, Namikawa T, Maeda H, et al.Preoperative oral supplementation with carbohydrate and branched-chain amino acid-enriched nutrient improves insulin resistance in patients undergoing a hepatectomy: a randomized clinical trial using an artificial pancreas. Amino Acids 2010;38(3):901-7. [PUBMED: 19399583]
79. Okabayashi T, Iyoki M, Sugimoto T, Kobayashi M, Hanazaki K. Oral supplementation with carbohydrate- and branched-chain amino acid-enriched nutrients improves postoperative quality of life in patients undergoing hepatic resection. Amino Acids 2011;40(4):1213-20. [PUBMED: 20852905]
80. Phillips S, Hutchinson S, Davidson T. Preoperative drinking does not affect gastric contents. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;70(1):6-9. [PUBMED: 8431336]
81. Power H. Review: evidence is lacking that adults given fluids 1.5 to 3 hours preoperatively have greater risks of aspiration or regurgitation than those given a standard fast. Evidence-Based Nursing 2004;7(2):44. [PUBMED: 15106594]
82. Protic A, Bobinac M, Ivancic A, Zuvic-Butorac M, Sustis A, Jakljevic T. Effect of preoperative feeding on gallbladder size and peristaltic of the small bowel following spinal anesthesia for the hip surgery. Collegium Antropologicum 2010;34(Suppl 2):195-8. [PUBMED: 21305734]
83. Protic A, Turina D, Matanic D, Spanjol J, Zuvic-Butorac M, Sustic A. Effect of preoperative feeding on gastric emptying following spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 2010;122(1-2):50-3. [PUBMED: 20177860]
84. Schricker T, Meterissian S, Lattermann R, Adegoke OA, Marliss EB, Mazza L, et al.Anticatabolic effects of avoiding preoperative fasting by intravenous hypocaloric nutrition: a randomized clinical trial. Annals of Surgery 2008;248(6):1051-9. [PUBMED: 19092350]
85. Serclova Z, Dytrych P, Marvan J, Nova K, Hankeova Z, Ryska O, et al.[Tolerance of accelerated postoperative rehabilitation following intestinal resections] [Tolerance akcelerovane pooperacni rehabilitace po strevnich resekcnich vykonech]. Rozhledy v Chirurgii: Mesicnik Ceskoslovenske Chirurgicke Spolecnosti 2009;88(4):178-84. [PUBMED: 19645142]
86. Smith I, Kranke P, Murat I, Smith A, O'Sullivan G, Soreide E, et al.Perioperative fasting in adults and children: guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28(8):556-69. [PUBMED: 21712716]
87. Soop M, Carlson G. Perioperative nutritional support. CME Journal Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition 2000;3(3):99-103.
88. Stuart PC. The evidence base behind modern fasting guidelines. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Anaesthesiology 2006;20(3):457-69. [PUBMED: 17080696]
89. Svanfeldt M, Thorell A, Hausel J, Soop M, Rooyackers O, Nygren J, et al.Randomized clinical trial of the effect of preoperative oral carbohydrate treatment on postoperative whole-body protein and glucose kinetics. The British Journal of Surgery 2007;94(11):1342-50. [PUBMED: 17902094]
90. Tanabe T, Hashimoto Y, Sugihara K, Miyata A, Maeda A, Ishihara H, et al.[The effect of preoperative oral fluid intake on the volume and pH of gastric contents in elective surgical patients-a comparison of tea with apple juice]. Masui. The Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;45(8):967-70. [PUBMED: 8818093]
91. Taniguchi H, Sasaki T, Fujita H, Takamori M, Kawasaki R, Momiyama Y, et al.Preoperative fluid and electrolyte management with oral rehydration therapy. Journal of Anesthesia 2009;23(2):222-9.
92. Thorell A, Alston-Smith J, Ljungqvist O. The effect of preoperative carbohydrate loading on hormonal changes, hepatic glycogen, and glucoregulatory enzymes during abdominal surgery. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) 1996;12(10):690-5. [PUBMED: 8936492]
93. Vincent RD Jr, McNeil TJ, Spaid CL, MacMahon FR, Maxwell SJ, Brenner JS, et al.Does 360 ml of apple juice ingested before elective surgery worsen gastric volume and acidity in patients given acid aspiration prophylaxis?. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):285-9. [PUBMED: 1910795]
94. Wendel K, Karlsson A, Polits S, Vilstrup C, Hedenbro J. Preoperative carbohydrate intake is coupled to increased nausea after gastric bypass. Obesity Surgery 2013;23(8):1228.
95. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective Cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. [PUBMED: 10566921]
96. Yagci G, Can MF, Ozturk E, Dag B, Ozgurtas T, Cosar A, et al.Effects of preoperative carbohydrate loading on glucose metabolism and gastric contents in patients undergoing moderate surgery: a randomized, controlled trial. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) 2008;24(3):212-6. [PUBMED: 18096368]
97. Zargar-Shoshtari K, Paddison JS, Booth RJ, Hill AG. A prospective study on the influence of a fast-track program on postoperative fatigue and functional recovery after major colonic surgery. The Journal of Surgical Research 2009;154(2):330-5. [PUBMED: 19118844]
98. Zhang H, Cui M-M, Liu D-S, Feng Y, Chen C-S. Effect of fast track surgery on serum levels of CRP, IL-6 and insulin resistance in patients with colorectal cancer. [Chinese]. World Chinese Journal of Digestology 2010;18(35):3813-7.
99. Aguilar-Nascimento JE, Pexe-Machado PA, Dock-Nascimento DB, De Oliveira BD. Abbreviation of preoperative fast with a beverage containing maltodextrin and pea protein hydrolysate to improve recovery from laparotomies for gastrointestinal malignancies. Clinical Nutrition Supplements 2012;7:163-4.
100. Asakura A, Goto T. Does quality of recovery improve by preoperative oral carbohydrate?. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:29.
101. Forde CL, Farrer K, Meskell R, Anderson I, Slade D, Lees N, et al.Long term metabolic and clinical effects of preoperative carbohydrate loading. A prospective randomised clinical trial. Clinical Nutrition Supplements 2012;7:155-6.
102. Jodlowski T, Dobosz M, Noga M. Preoperative oral carbohydrate load in colorectal surgery reduces insulin resistance and may improve outcomes preliminary results of prospective randomized study. Clinical Nutrition Supplements 2011;6:134.
103. Ozer Ayse B, Demirel I, Kavak Burcin S, Gurbuz O, Unlu S, Bayar Mustafa K, et al.Effects of preoperative oral carbohydrate solution intake on thermoregulation. Medical Science Monitor 2013;19:625-30.
104. Tsutsumi YM, Horikawa YT, Tsutsumi R, Tanaka K, Ohshita S. Effect of preoperative oral carbohydrate intake on respiratory metabolism during surgery. Clinical Nutrition Supplements 2011;6:188-9.
105. Yilmaz N, Cekmen N, Bilgin F, Erten E, Odie, Zhan MO, et al.Preoperative carbohydrate nutrition reduces postoperative nausea and vomiting compared to preoperative fasting. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2013;18(10):827-32.
106. Zelic M, Stimac D, Mendrila D, Tokmadzic VS, Fisic E, Uravic M, et al.Preoperative oral feeding reduces stress response after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Hepato-Gastroenterology 2013;60(127):1602-6.
107. Zhao G, Cao S, Cui J. Effect of fast track surgery on insulin resistance indexes of esophageal cancer patients. Supportive Care in Cancer 2013;21:S62-3.
108. Awad S, Varadhan KK, Ljungqvist O, Lobo DN. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials on preoperative oral carbohydrate treatment in elective surgery. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 2013;32(1):34-44. [PUBMED: 23200124]
109. Brady MC, Kinn S, Stuart P, Ness V. Preoperative fasting for adults to prevent perioperative complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004423; PUBMED: 14584013]
110. Desborough JP. The stress response to trauma and surgery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;85(1):109-17. [PUBMED: 10927999]
111. Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed) 1997;315(7109):629-34. [PUBMED: 9310563]
112. Gouvas N, Tan E, Windsor A, Xynos E, Tekkis PP. Fast-track vs standard care in colorectal surgery: a meta-analysis update. International Journal of Colorectal Disease 2009;24(10):1119-31. [PUBMED: 19415308]
113. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Vist GE, Falck-Ytter Y, Schunemann HJ. What is "quality of evidence" and why is it important to clinicians. BMJ 2008;336:995-8. [MEDLINE: 18456631]
114. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. www.cochrane-handbook.org.
115. Hozo SP, Djulbegovic B, Hozo I. Estimating the mean and variance from the median, range, and the size of a sample. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2005;5:13. [PUBMED: 15840177]
116. Kehlet H. Multimodal approach to control postoperative pathophysiology and rehabilitation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(5):606-17. [PUBMED: 9175983]
117. Li L, Wang Z, Ying X, Tian J, Sun T, Yi K, et al.Preoperative carbohydrate loading for elective surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surgery Today 2012;42(7):613-24. [PUBMED: 22581289]
118. Ljungqvist O, Soreide E. Preoperative fasting. The British Journal of Surgery 2003;90(4):400-6. [PUBMED: 12673740]
119. Guido Schwarzer. meta: Meta-Analysis with R. 1.6-1. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2010.
120. Muniyappa R, Lee S, Chen H, Quon MJ. Current approaches for assessing insulin sensitivity and resistance in vivo: advantages, limitations, and appropriate usage. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism 2008;294(1):E15-26.
121. Nygren J. The metabolic effects of fasting and surgery. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Anaesthesiology 2006;20(3):429-38. [PUBMED: 17080694]
122. Pouwer F, Snoek FJ, van der Ploeg HM, Ader HJ, Heine RJ. The well-being questionnaire: evidence for a three-factor structure with 12 items (W-BQ12). Psychological Medicine 2000;30(2):455-62. [PUBMED: 10824665]
123. R Development Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2011.
124. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). 5.1. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 20011.
125. Wilmore DW. From Cuthbertson to fast-track surgery: 70 years of progress in reducing stress in surgical patients. Annals of Surgery 2002;236(5):643-8. [PUBMED: 12409671]
126. Smith MD, McCall J, Plank L, Herbison GP, Soop M, Nygren J. Preoperative carbohydrate treatment for enhancing recovery after elective surgery. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 6. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009161]