Tackling inadequate vitamin D intakes within the population: fortification of dairy products with vitamin D may not be enough

Endocrine

Volumn 51, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 38-46

  Cashman, Kevin D ^a   Kiely, Mairead ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE CORK   (Ireland)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE CORK   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Adequacy of vitamin D intakes; Biofortification; Dairy; Food fortification; Milk; Vitamin D deficiency

Indexed keywords

VITAMIN D;

ADULT; AGE; ARTICLE; CHRONIC DISEASE; DAIRY PRODUCT; DIET; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DIETARY INTAKE; FOOD INTAKE; HUMAN; IRELAND; META ANALYSIS; OSTEOMALACIA; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RICKETS; SEX; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; UNITED KINGDOM; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; ADOLESCENT; BLOOD; CHILD; DIET THERAPY; DIETARY SUPPLEMENT; EATING; FEMALE; MALE; NUTRITION; NUTRITION POLICY; PHYSIOLOGY; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CHILD; DAIRY PRODUCTS; DIET; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; EATING; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; NUTRITION POLICY; NUTRITION SURVEYS; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84953839219     PISSN: 1355008X     EISSN: 15590100     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0711-x     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. A. Cranney, T. Horsley, S. O’Donnell, H. Weiler, L. Puil, D. Ooi, S. Atkinson, L. Ward, D. Moher, D. Hanley, M. Fang, F. Yazdi, C. Garritty, M. Sampson, N. Barrowman, A. Tsertsvadze, V. Mamaladze, Effectiveness and safety of vitamin D in relation to bone health. Evid. Rep. Technol. Assess. 158, 1–235 (2007)
2. M.F. Holick, N.C. Binkley, H.A. Bischoff-Ferrari, C.M. Gordon, D.A. Hanley, R.P. Heaney, M.H. Murad, C.M. Weaver, S. Atkinson, Endocrine society. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96, 1911–1930 (2011)
3. K.D. Cashman, M. Kiely, Towards prevention of vitamin D deficiency and beyond: knowledge gaps and research needs in vitamin D nutrition and public health. Br. J. Nutr. 106, 1617–1627 (2011)
4. A.C. Looker, C.L. Johnson, D.A. Lacher, C.M. Pfeiffer, R.L. Schleicher, C.T. Sempos, Vitamin D status: United States, 2001-2006. NCHS Data Brief. 59, 1–8 (2011)
5. ODIN, Food-based solutions for eradication of vitamin D deficiency and health promotion throughout the life-cycle. http://www.odin-vitd.eu/
6. R.P. van der Wielen, M.R. Löwik, H. van den Berg, L.C. de Groot, J. Haller, O. Moreiras, W.A. van Staveren, Serum vitamin D concentrations among elderly people in Europe. Lancet 346(8969), 207–210 (1995)
7. E. Adami, V. Romagnoli, A. Carnevale, A. Scillitani, M. Giusti, D. Rossini, R. Gatti, S. Nuti, Minisola; italian society for osteoporosis, mineral metabolism and bone diseases (siommms). [guidelines on prevention and treatment of vitamin D deficiency. italian society for osteoporosis, mineral metabolism and bone diseases (SIOMMMS)]. Reumatismo 63, 129–147 (2011)
8. S. Adami, F. Bertoldo, V. Braga, E. Fracassi, D. Gatti, G. Gandolini, S. Minisola, G. Battista, Rini. 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in healthy premenopausal women: association with bone turnover markers and bone mineral density. Bone 45, 423–426 (2009)
9. K.D. Cashman, S. Muldowney, B. McNulty, A. Nugent, A.P. FitzGerald, M. Kiely, J. Walton, M.J. Gibney, A. Flynn, Vitamin D status of Irish adults: findings from the National Adult Nutrition Survey. Br. J. Nutr. 109, 1248–1256 (2013)
10. National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) rolling program, https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/national-diet-and-nutrition-survey-results-from-years-1-to-4-combined-of-the-rolling-programme-for-2008-and-2009-to-2011-and-2012. Aaccessed 1 March 2015
11. IOM Institute of Medicine, Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D (The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2011)
12. German Nutrition Society, New reference values for vitamin D. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 60, 241–246 (2012)
13. NORDEN Nordic Nutrition Recommendations, 5th Edition (NNR5)—Vitamin D (2013). http://www.slv.se/en-gb/Startpage-NNR/Public-consultation11/
14. M. Kiely, L.J. Black, Dietary strategies to maintain adequacy of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. Suppl. 243, 14–23 (2012)
15. E.A. Yetley, Assessing the vitamin D status of the US population. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 88, 558S–564S (2008)
16. M.S. Calvo, S.J. Whiting, Public health strategies to overcome barriers to optimal vitamin D status in populations with special needs. J. Nutr. 136, 1135–1139 (2006)
17. C. Lamberg-Allardt, Vitamin D in foods and as supplements. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 92, 33–38 (2006)
18. M.S. Calvo, S.J. Whiting, C.N. Barton, Vitamin D fortification in the United States and Canada: current status and data needs. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 80, 1710S–1716S (2004)
19. H. Vatanparast, M.S. Calvo, T.J. Green, S.J. Whiting, Despite mandatory fortification of staple foods, vitamin D intakes of Canadian children and adults are inadequate. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 121, 301–303 (2010)
20. M.S. Calvo, S.J. Whiting, Survey of current vitamin D food fortification practices in the United States and Canada. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 136, 211–213 (2013)
21. Health Canada. Consolidation of the food and drugs act and the food and drug regulations, http://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/117118/publication.html. Accessed 21 March 2015
22. Health Canada. Food & Drug ActB.08.003, http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/c.r.c.,_c._870/page-87.html. Accessed 21 March 2015
23. Health Canada. Interim marketing authorization, http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/legislation/ima-amp/plant_based_beverages-boissons_vegetales-eng.php. Accessed 21 March 2015
24. Health Canada. Food & Drug Act B.01.404., http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/c.r.c.,_c._870/page-34.html#h-23. Accessed 21 March 2015
25. Health Canada. Food & Drug Act B.09.016, http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.,_c._870/section-B.09.016-20111027.html. Accessed 21 March 2015
26. K. Langlois, L. Greene-Finestone, J. Little, N. Hidiroglou, S.J. Whiting, Vitamin D status of Canadians as measured in the 2007 to 2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey. Health Rep. 21, 47–55 (2011)
27. US Food and Drug Administration. Direct food substances affirmed as generally recognized as safe. Subpart B. Listing of specific substances affirmed as GRAS. Sec 184.1950 vitamin D, http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr_184.1950. Accessed 21 March 2015
28. M.S. Calvo, Dietary considerations to prevent loss of bone and renal function. Nutrition 16, 564–566 (2000)
29. Removed as part of the Government’s Red Tape Challenge with the aim of reducing the ‘overall burden of regulation’, http://www.redtapechallenge.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/home/index/
30. F.A. Tylavsky, S. Cheng, A. Lyytikainen, H. Viljakainen, C. Lamberg-Allardt, Strategies to improve vitamin D status in northern European children: exploring the merits of vitamin D fortification and supplementation. J. Nutr. 136, 1130–1134 (2006)
31. I.T. Laaksi, J.P. Ruohola, T.J. Ylikomi, A. Auvinen, R.I. Haataja, H.K. Pihlajamaki, P.J. Tuohimaa, Vitamin D fortification as public health policy: significant improvement in vitamin D status in young Finnish men. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 60, 1035–1038 (2006)
32. T. Piirainen, K. Laitinen, E. Isolauri, Impact of national fortify cation of fluid milks and margarines with vitamin D on dietary intake and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in 4-year-old children. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 61, 123–128 (2007)
33. M. Lehtonen-Veromaa, T. Mottonen, A. Leino, O.J. Heinonen, E. Rautava, J. Viikari, Prospective study on food fortification with vitamin D among adolescent females in Finland: minor effects. Br. J. Nutr. 100, 418–423 (2008)
34. C. Lamberg-Allardt, M. Brustad, H.E. Meyer, L. Steingrimsdottir, Vitamin D—a systematic literature review for the 5th edition of the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations. Food Nutr Res. 57, 8–17 (2013)
35. A. Helldán, S. Raulio, M. Kosola, H. Tapanainen, M-L. Ovaskainen, S. Virtanen, Finravinto 2012-tutkimus—The National FINDIET 2012 Survey. ISBN 978-952-245-950-3 (painettu); 978-952-245-951-0 (verkko) THL. Raportti 16/2013, 187 s. Helsinki (2013)
36. L.J. Black, K.M. Seamans, K.D. Cashman, M. Kiely, An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of vitamin D food fortification. J. Nutr. 142, 1102–1108 (2012)
37. S. O’Donnell, A. Cranney, T. Horsley, H.A. Weiler, S.A. Atkinson, D.A. Hanley, D.S. Ooi, L. Ward, N. Barrowman, M. Fang, M. Sampson, A. Tsertsvadze, F. Yazdi, Efficacy of food fortification on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations: systematic review. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 88, 1528–1534 (2008)
38. K.H. Madsen, L.B. Rasmussen, R. Andersen, C. Mølgaard, J. Jakobsen, P.J. Bjerrum, E.W. Andersen, H. Mejborn, I. Tetens, Randomized controlled trial of the effects of vitamin D–fortified milk and bread on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in families in Denmark during winter: the VitmaD study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 98, 374–382 (2013)
39. S.A. Kazmi, R. Vieth, D. Rousseau, Vitamin D3 fortification and quantification in processed dairy products. Int. Dairy J. 17, 753–759 (2007)
40. J. El-Hayek, T. Trang Pham, S. Finch, T.J. Hazell, S. Jean-Philippe, C.A. Vanstone, S. Agellon, C. Rodd, F. Rauch, H.A. Weiler, Vitamin D status in montreal preschoolers is satisfactory despite low vitamin D intake. J. Nutr. 143, 154–160 (2013)
41. V.L. Fulgoni 3rd, D.R. Keast, R.L. Bailey, J. Dwyer, Foods, fortificants, and supplements: where do Americans get their nutrients? J. Nutr. 141, 1847–1854 (2011)
42. L. J. Black, J. Walton, A. Flynn, K. D. Cashman, M. Kiely, Small increments in vitamin D intake by Irish adults over a decade show that strategic initiatives to fortify the food supply are needed. J Nutr. (2015) Mar 11. pii: jn209106. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 25761500
43. A. Flynn, T. Hirvonen, G. B. Mensink, M. C. Ocke, L. Serra-Majem, K. Stos, L. Szponar, I. Tetens, A. Turrini, R. Fletcher, T. Wildemann, Intake of selected nutrients from foods, from fortification and from supplements in various European countries, Food Nutr. Res. (2009), doi:10.3402/fnr.v53i0.2038. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20011225
44. L.V. Van Horn, R. Bausermann, S. Affenito, D. Thompson, R. Striegel-Moore, D. Franko, A. Albertson, Ethnic differences in food sources of vitamin D in adolescent American girls: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study. Nutr. Res. 31, 579–585 (2011)
45. K.D. Cashman, Vitamin D: dietary requirements and food fortification as a means of helping achieve adequate vitamin D status. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 148, 19–26 (2015)
46. K.D. Cashman, K.M. Seamans, A.J. Lucey, E. Stöcklin, P. Weber, M. Kiely, T.R. Hill, Relative effectiveness of oral 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and vitamin D3 in raising wintertime serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in older adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 95, 1350–1356 (2012)
47. P.H. Mattila, E. Valkonen, J. Valaja, Effect of different vitamin D supplementations in poultry feed on vitamin D content of eggs and chicken meat. J. Agric. Food Chem. 59, 8298–8303 (2011)
48. ‘EnhanceD meats and eggs’ project website, http://www.ucc.ie/en/vitamind/history/ongoing/enhancedmeats
49. K. D. Cashman, A. Kazantzidis, A. R. Webb, M. Kiely. An integrated predictive model of population serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol for application in strategy development for vitamin D deficiency prevention. J Nutr. (2015) (in press)
50. Standing Committee of European Doctors. 2009 Vitamin D nutritional policy in Europe, http://cpme.dyndns.org:591/adopted/2009/CPME_AD_Brd_241009_179_final_EN.pdf. Accessed 30 June 2010
51. A.M. Natri, P. Salo, T. Vikstedt, A. Palssa, M. Huttunen, M.U. Karkkainen, H. Salovaara, V. Piironen, J. Jakobsen, C.J. Lamberg-Allardt, Bread fortified with cholecalciferol increases the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in women as effectively as a cholecalciferol supplement. J. Nutr. 136, 123–127 (2006)
52. R.M. Biancuzzo, A. Young, D. Bibuld, M.H. Cai, M.R. Winter, E.K. Klein, A. Ameri, R. Reitz, W. Salameh, T.C. Chen et al., Fortification of orange juice with vitamin D(2) or vitamin D(3) is as effective as an oral supplement in maintaining vitamin D status in adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 91, 1621–1626 (2010)
53. V. Tangpricha, P. Koutkia, S.M. Rieke, T.C. Chen, A.A. Perez, M.F. Holick, Fortification of orange juice with vitamin D: a novel approach for enhancing vitamin D nutritional health. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 77, 1478–1483 (2003)
54. T.J. Green, M.C. Skeaff, J.E. Rockell, Milk fortified with the current adequate intake for vitamin D (5 mug) increases serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D compared to control milk but is not sufficient to prevent a seasonal decline in young women. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 18, 195–199 (2010)
55. M.C. Kruger, L.M. Schollum, B. Kuhn-Sherlock, A. Hestiantoro, P. Wijanto, J. Li-Yu, I. Agdeppa, J.M. Todd, R. Eastell, The effect of a fortified milk drink on vitamin D status and bone turnover in post-menopausal women form South East Asia. Bone 46, 759–767 (2010)
56. W.S. Chee, A.R. Suriah, S.P. Chan, Y. Zaitun, Y.M. Chan, The effect of milk supplementation on bone mineral density in postmenopausal Chinese women in Malaysia. Osteoporos. Int. 14, 828–834 (2003)
57. M. de Jong, A.P.M. Chin, L.C. de Groot, C. de Graaf, F.J. Kok, W.A. van Staveren, Functional biochemical and nutrient indices in frail elderly people are partly affected by dietary supplements but not by exercise. J. Nutr. 129, 2028–2036 (1999)
58. Y. Manios, G. Moschonis, D.B. Panagiotakos, P. Farajian, G. Trovas, G.P. Lyritis, Changes in biochemical indices of bone metabolism in postmenopausal women following a dietary intervention with fortified dairy products. J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 22, 156–165 (2009)
59. S. Kukuljan, C. Nowson, S. Bass, K. Sanders, C.G. Nicholson, M.J. Seibel, J. Salmon, R.M. Daly, Effects of a multi-component exercise program and calcium-vitamin-D3-fortified milk on bone mineral density in older men: a randomised controlled trial. Osteoporos Int. 20, 1241–1251 (2009)
60. R.M. Daly, M. Brown, S. Bass, S. Kukuljan, C. Nowson, Calcium- and vitamin D3-fortified milk reduces bone loss at clinically relevant skeletal sites in older men: a 2-year randomized controlled trial. J. Bone Miner. Res. 21, 397–405 (2006)
61. E.M. Keane, M. Healy, R. O’Moore, D. Coakley, J.B. Walsh, Vitamin D-fortified liquid milk: benefits for the elderly community-based population. Calcif. Tissue Int. 62, 300–302 (1998)
62. M.J. McKenna, R. Freaney, P. Byrne, Y. McBrinn, B. Murray, M. Kelly, B. Donne, M. O’Brien, Safety and efficacy of increasing wintertime vitamin D and calcium intake by milk fortification. QJM 88, 895–898 (1995)