Biomechanical conditioning of tissue engineered heart valves: Too much of a good thing?

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews

Volumn 96, Issue , 2016, Pages 161-175

  Parvin Nejad, Shouka ^a,b   Blaser, Mark C ^a,b   Santerre, J Paul ^a,b,c   Caldarone, Christopher A ^a,b,d   Simmons, Craig A ^a,b,c  

^a TED ROGERS CENTRE FOR HEART RESEARCH   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^d HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN   (Canada)

Author keywords

Bioreactors; Fibrosis; Heart valves; Mechanical conditioning; Mechanobiology; Mesenchymal stem cells; Tissue engineering; Valvular interstitial cells

Indexed keywords

BIOMECHANICS; BIOREACTORS; CELL CULTURE; CELL ENGINEERING; CELLS; CYTOLOGY; STEM CELLS; SURGERY; TISSUE ENGINEERING; VALVES (MECHANICAL);

FIBROSIS; HEART VALVES; MECHANICAL CONDITIONING; MECHANO-BIOLOGY; MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL;

TISSUE;

2 (2 AMINO 3 METHOXYPHENYL)CHROMONE; ALGINIC ACID; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; BIOMATERIAL; BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN; COLLAGEN; ELASTIN; FIBRIN; GELATIN; GUANYLATE CYCLASE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE TYPE C; NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY; NITRIC OXIDE; POLY(4 HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID); POLY(GLYCEROL SEBACATE); POLYGLYCOLIC ACID; POLYHYDROXYALKATE; POLYHYDROXYOCTANOATE; POLYLACTIC ACID; POLYMER; POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID; RHOA GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN; SEROTONIN; SMAD1 PROTEIN; SMAD5 PROTEIN; SMAD8 PROTEIN; SMALL INTERFERING RNA; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; HYDROGEL; NANOFIBER;

BIOMECHANICS; BIOMIMETICS; BIOREACTOR; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); DRUG TARGETING; HEART HEMODYNAMICS; HEART MUSCLE FIBROSIS; HEART VALVE BIOPROSTHESIS; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS; HEART VALVE REPLACEMENT; HUMAN; HYDROGEL; IN VITRO STUDY; MECHANICAL HEART VALVE; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MEDICAL DEVICE COMPLICATION; MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL; MYOFIBROBLAST; NONHUMAN; PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTHETIC VALVE THROMBOSIS; PULMONARY VALVE PROSTHESIS; REOPERATION; REVIEW; STEM CELL; TISSUE ENGINEERING; TISSUE REPAIR; TISSUE SCAFFOLD; VALVULAR HEART DISEASE; XENOGRAFT; ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY; ANIMAL; BIOPROSTHESIS; CHEMISTRY; CYTOLOGY; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; HEART VALVE; PHYSIOLOGY; POROSITY; PROCEDURES;

ANIMALS; BIOMECHANICAL PHENOMENA; BIOPROSTHESIS; BIOREACTORS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS; HEART VALVES; HUMANS; HYDROGELS; MYOFIBROBLASTS; NANOFIBERS; POROSITY; TISSUE ENGINEERING; TISSUE SCAFFOLDS;

EID: 84952637979     PISSN: 0169409X     EISSN: 18728294     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.11.003     Document Type: Review

References (213)

1. Carapetis J.R., Steer A.C., Mulholland E.K., Weber M. The global burden of group A streptococcal diseases. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2005, 5:685-694.
2. Yacoub M.H., Takkenberg J.J. Will heart valve tissue engineering change the world? Nature clinical practice. Cardiovasc. Med. 2005, 2:60-61.
3. Butcher J.T., Mahler G.J., Hockaday L.A. Aortic valve disease and treatment: the need for naturally engineered solutions. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2011, 63:242-268.
4. d'Arcy J.L., Prendergast B.D., Chambers J.B., Ray S.G., Bridgewater B. Valvular heart disease: the next cardiac epidemic. Heart 2011, 97:91-93. (British Cardiac Society).
5. Friedewald V.E., Bonow R.O., Borer J.S., Carabello B.A., Kleine P.P., Akins C.W., Roberts W.C. The Editor's Roundtable: cardiac valve surgery. Am. J. Cardiol. 2007, 99:1269-1278.
6. Cannegieter S.C., Rosendaal F.R., Briet E. Thromboembolic and bleeding complications in patients with mechanical heart valve prostheses. Circulation 1994, 89:635-641.
7. Baddour L.M., Wilson W.R., Bayer A.S., Fowler V.G., Bolger A.F., Levison M.E., Ferrieri P., Gerber M.A., Tani L.Y., Gewitz M.H., Tong D.C., Steckelberg J.M., Baltimore R.S., Shulman S.T., Burns J.C., Falace D.A., Newburger J.W., Pallasch T.J., Takahashi M., Taubert K.A. Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia. Circulation 2005, 111:e394-e434.
8. Schoen F.J., Levy R.J. Founder's Award, 25th Annual Meeting of the Society for Biomaterials, perspectives. Providence, RI, April 28-May 2, 1999. Tissue heart valves: current challenges and future research perspectives. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1999, 47:439-465.
9. Sacks M.S., Schoen F.J., Mayer J.E. Bioengineering challenges for heart valve tissue engineering. Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2009, 11:289-313.
10. Jana S., Tefft B.J., Spoon D.B., Simari R.D. Scaffolds for tissue engineering of cardiac valves. Acta Biomater. 2014, 10:2877-2893.
11. MacGrogan D., Luxan G., Driessen-Mol A., Bouten C., Baaijens F., de la Pompa J.L. How to make a heart valve: from embryonic development to bioengineering of living valve substitutes. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. perspect. med 2014, 4.
12. Jana S., Lerman A. Bioprinting a Cardiac Valve. Biotechnol. Adv. 2015.
13. Emmert M.Y., Weber B., Falk V., Hoerstrup S.P. Transcatheter tissue engineered heart valves. Expert Rev. Med. Devices 2014, 11:15-21.
14. Hasan A., Ragaert K., Swieszkowski W., Selimovic S., Paul A., Camci-Unal G., Mofrad M.R., Khademhosseini A. Biomechanical properties of native and tissue engineered heart valve constructs. J. Biomech. 2014, 47:1949-1963.
15. Joyce E.M., Liao J., Schoen F.J., Mayer J.E., Sacks M.S. Functional collagen fiber architecture of the pulmonary heart valve cusp. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2009, 87:1240-1249.
16. Otto C.M., Kuusisto J., Reichenbach D.D., Gown A.M., O'Brien K.D. Characterization of the early lesion of 'degenerative' valvular aortic stenosis Histological and immunohistochemical studies. Circulation 1994, 90:844-853.
17. Thubrikar M. The Aortic Valve 1990, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton.
18. Schoen F.J. Aortic valve structure-function correlations: role of elastic fibers no longer a stretch of the imagination. J. Heart Valve Dis. 1997, 6:1-6.
19. Sacks M.S., David Merryman W., Schmidt D.E. On the biomechanics of heart valve function. J. Biomech. 2009, 42:1804-1824.
20. Flanagan T.C., Wilkins B., Black A., Jockenhoevel S., Smith T.J., Pandit A.S. A collagen-glycosaminoglycan co-culture model for heart valve tissue engineering applications. Biomaterials 2006, 27:2233-2246.
21. Schoen F.J. Evolving concepts of cardiac valve dynamics: the continuum of development, functional structure, pathobiology, and tissue engineering. Circulation 2008, 118:1864-1880.
22. Stradins P., Lacis R., Ozolanta I., Purina B., Ose V., Feldmane L., Kasyanov V. Comparison of biomechanical and structural properties between human aortic and pulmonary valve. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 2004, 26:634-639.
23. Fong P.M., Park J., Breuer C.K. Heart Valves. Principles of Tissue Engineering 2007, 585-601. Elsevier Academic Press, London, England. R. Lanza, R. Langer, J.P. Vacanti (Eds.).
24. Rabkin-Aikawa E., Mayer J.E., Schoen F.J. Heart valve regeneration. Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. 2005, 94:141-179.
25. Weber B., Scherman J., Emmert M.Y., Gruenenfelder J., Verbeek R., Bracher M., Black M., Kortsmit J., Franz T., Schoenauer R., Baumgartner L., Brokopp C., Agarkova I., Wolint P., Zund G., Falk V., Zilla P., Hoerstrup S.P. Injectable living marrow stromal cell-based autologous tissue engineered heart valves: first experiences with a one-step intervention in primates. Eur. Heart J. 2011, 32:2830-2840.
26. Driessen-Mol A., Emmert M.Y., Dijkman P.E., Frese L., Sanders B., Weber B., Cesarovic N., Sidler M., Leenders J., Jenni R., Grunenfelder J., Falk V., Baaijens F.P., Hoerstrup S.P. Transcatheter implantation of homologous "off-the-shelf" tissue-engineered heart valves with self-repair capacity: long-term functionality and rapid in vivo remodeling in sheep. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2014, 63:1320-1329.
27. Tao G., Kotick J.D., Lincoln J. Heart valve development, maintenance, and disease: the role of endothelial cells. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 2012, 100:203-232.
28. Deck J.D. Endothelial cell orientation on aortic valve leaflets. Cardiovasc. Res. 1986, 20:760-767.
29. Farivar R.S., Cohn L.H., Soltesz E.G., Mihaljevic T., Rawn J.D., Byrne J.G. Transcriptional profiling and growth kinetics of endothelium reveals differences between cells derived from porcine aorta versus aortic valve. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 2003, 24:527-534.
30. Butcher J.T., Tressel S., Johnson T., Turner D., Sorescu G., Jo H., Nerem R.M. Transcriptional profiles of valvular and vascular endothelial cells reveal phenotypic differences: influence of shear stress. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2006, 26:69-77.
31. Simmons C.A., Grant G.R., Manduchi E., Davies P.F. Spatial heterogeneity of endothelial phenotypes correlates with side-specific vulnerability to calcification in normal porcine aortic valves. Circ. Res. 2005, 96:792-799.
32. Holliday C.J., Ankeny R.F., Jo H., Nerem R.M. Discovery of shear- and side-specific mRNAs and miRNAs in human aortic valvular endothelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2011, 301:H856-H867.
33. Schoen F.J. Cardiac valves and valvular pathology: update on function, disease, repair, and replacement. Cardiovasc. Pathol. 2005, 14:189-194.
34. Aikawa E., Whittaker P., Farber M., Mendelson K., Padera R.F., Aikawa M., Schoen F.J. Human semilunar cardiac valve remodeling by activated cells from fetus to adult: implications for postnatal adaptation, pathology, and tissue engineering. Circulation 2006, 113:1344-1352.
35. Moraes C., Likhitpanichkul M., Lam C.J., Beca B.M., Sun Y., Simmons C.A. Microdevice array-based identification of distinct mechanobiological response profiles in layer-specific valve interstitial cells. Integr. Biol. 2013, 5:673-680.
36. Merryman W.D., Youn I., Lukoff H.D., Krueger P.M., Guilak F., Hopkins R.A., Sacks M.S. Correlation between heart valve interstitial cell stiffness and transvalvular pressure: implications for collagen biosynthesis. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2006, 290:H224-H231.
37. Pho M., Lee W., Watt D.R., Laschinger C., Simmons C.A., McCulloch C.A. Cofilin is a marker of myofibroblast differentiation in cells from porcine aortic cardiac valves. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2008, 294:H1767-H1778.
38. Taylor P.M., Batten P., Brand N.J., Thomas P.S., Yacoub M.H. The cardiac valve interstitial cell. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2003, 35:113-118.
39. Nomura A., Seya K., Yu Z., Daitoku K., Motomura S., Murakami M., Fukuda I., Furukawa K. CD34-negative mesenchymal stem-like cells may act as the cellular origin of human aortic valve calcification. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2013, 440:780-785.
40. Wang H., Sridhar B., Leinwand L.A., Anseth K.S. Characterization of cell subpopulations expressing progenitor cell markers in porcine cardiac valves. PLoS One 2013, 8.
41. Chen J.H., Yip C.Y., Sone E.D., Simmons C.A. Identification and characterization of aortic valve mesenchymal progenitor cells with robust osteogenic calcification potential. Am. J. Pathol. 2009, 174:1109-1119.
42. Taylor P.M., Allen S.P., Yacoub M.H. Phenotypic and functional characterization of interstitial cells from human heart valves, pericardium and skin. J. Heart Valve Dis. 2000, 9:150-158.
43. Rabkin E., Aikawa M., Stone J.R., Fukumoto Y., Libby P., Schoen F.J. Activated interstitial myofibroblasts express catabolic enzymes and mediate matrix remodeling in myxomatous heart valves. Circulation 2001, 104:2525-2532.
44. Eriksen H.A., Satta J., Risteli J., Veijola M., Vare P., Soini Y. Type I and type III collagen synthesis and composition in the valve matrix in aortic valve stenosis. Atherosclerosis 2006, 189:91-98.
45. Rabkin-Aikawa E., Farber M., Aikawa M., Schoen F.J. Dynamic and reversible changes of interstitial cell phenotype during remodeling of cardiac valves. J. Heart Valve Dis. 2004, 13:841-847.
46. Satta J., Oiva J., Salo T., Eriksen H., Ohtonen P., Biancari F., Juvonen T.S., Soini Y. Evidence for an altered balance between matrix metalloproteinase-9 and its inhibitors in calcific aortic stenosis. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2003, 76:681-688. discussion 688.
47. Balachandran K., Sucosky P., Jo H., Yoganathan A.P. Elevated cyclic stretch alters matrix remodeling in aortic valve cusps: implications for degenerative aortic valve disease. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2009, 296:H756-H764.
48. Fondard O., Detaint D., Iung B., Choqueux C., Adle-Biassette H., Jarraya M., Hvass U., Couetil J.P., Henin D., Michel J.B., Vahanian A., Jacob M.P. Extracellular matrix remodelling in human aortic valve disease: the role of matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors. Eur. Heart J. 2005, 26:1333-1341.
49. Guyton A.C. Textbook of Medical Physiology 1976, W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia.
50. Lo D., Vesely I. Biaxial strain analysis of the porcine aortic valve. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1995, 60:S374-S378.
51. Brewer R.J., Mentzer R.M., Deck J.D., Ritter R.C., Trefil J.S., Nolan S.P. An in vivo study of the dimensional changes of the aortic valve leaflets during the cardiac cycle. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1977, 74:645-650.
52. Missirlis Y.F., Armeniades C.D. Stress analysis of the aortic valve during diastole: important parameters. J. biomech. 1976, 9:477-480.
53. Thubrikar M., Piepgrass W.C., Deck J.D., Nolan S.P. Stresses of natural versus prosthetic aortic valve leaflets in vivo. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1980, 30:230-239.
54. Gerdts E., Rossebo A.B., Pedersen T.R., Boman K., Brudi P., Chambers J.B., Egstrup K., Gohlke-Barwolf C., Holme I., Kesaniemi Y.A., Malbecq W., Nienaber C., Ray S., Skjaerpe T., Wachtell K., Willenheimer R. Impact of baseline severity of aortic valve stenosis on effect of intensive lipid lowering therapy (from the SEAS Study). Am. J. Cardiol. 2010, 106:1634-1639.
55. Weyman A.E. Principles and Practice of Echocardiography 1994, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA.
56. Baumgartner H., Hung J., Bermejo J., Chambers J.B., Evangelista A., Griffin B.P., Iung B., Otto C.M., Pellikka P.A., Quinones M. Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. 2009, 22:1-23. (quiz 101-102).
57. Yap C.H., Saikrishnan N., Yoganathan A.P. Experimental measurement of dynamic fluid shear stress on the ventricular surface of the aortic valve leaflet. Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol. 2012, 11:231-244.
58. Yap C.H., Saikrishnan N., Tamilselvan G., Yoganathan A.P. Experimental measurement of dynamic fluid shear stress on the aortic surface of the aortic valve leaflet. Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol. 2012, 11:171-182.
59. Butcher J.T., Simmons C.A., Warnock J.N. Mechanobiology of the aortic heart valve. J. Heart Valve Dis. 2008, 17:62-73.
60. Arjunon S., Rathan S., Jo H., Yoganathan A.P. Aortic valve: mechanical environment and mechanobiology. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2013, 41:1331-1346.
61. Yip C.Y., Simmons C.A. The aortic valve microenvironment and its role in calcific aortic valve disease. Cardiovasc. Pathol. 2011, 20:177-182.
62. Chen J.H., Simmons C.A. Cell-matrix interactions in the pathobiology of calcific aortic valve disease: critical roles for matricellular, matricrine, and matrix mechanics cues. Circ. Res. 2011, 108:1510-1524.
63. Gould S.T., Srigunapalan S., Simmons C.A., Anseth K.S. Hemodynamic and cellular response feedback in calcific aortic valve disease. Circ. Res. 2013, 113:186-197.
64. Hinton R.B., Yutzey K.E. Heart valve structure and function in development and disease. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 2011, 73:29-46.
65. Engler A.J., Sen S., Sweeney H.L., Discher D.E. Matrix elasticity directs stem cell lineage specification. Cell 2006, 126:677-689.
66. Yip C.Y., Chen J.H., Zhao R., Simmons C.A. Calcification by valve interstitial cells is regulated by the stiffness of the extracellular matrix. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2009, 29:936-942.
67. Chen J.H., Chen W.L., Sider K.L., Yip C.Y., Simmons C.A. (sahanaBeta)-catenin mediates mechanically regulated, transforming growth factor-(sahanabeta)1-induced myofibroblast differentiation of aortic valve interstitial cells. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2011, 31:590-597.
68. Kloxin A.M., Benton J.A., Anseth K.S. In situ elasticity modulation with dynamic substrates to direct cell phenotype. Biomaterials 2010, 31:1-8.
69. Quinlan A.M., Billiar K.L. Investigating the role of substrate stiffness in the persistence of valvular interstitial cell activation. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2012, 100:2474-2482.
70. Wang H., Tibbitt M.W., Langer S.J., Leinwand L.A., Anseth K.S. Hydrogels preserve native phenotypes of valvular fibroblasts through an elasticity-regulated PI3K/AKT pathway. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2013, 110:19336-19341.
71. Cushing M.C., Liao J.T., Jaeggli M.P., Anseth K.S. Material-based regulation of the myofibroblast phenotype. Biomaterials 2007, 28:3378-3387.
72. Rodriguez K.J., Masters K.S. Regulation of valvular interstitial cell calcification by components of the extracellular matrix. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2009, 90:1043-1053.
73. Gu X., Masters K.S. Regulation of valvular interstitial cell calcification by adhesive peptide sequences. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2010, 93:1620-1630.
74. Gould S.T., Darling N.J., Anseth K.S. Small peptide functionalized thiol-ene hydrogels as culture substrates for understanding valvular interstitial cell activation and de novo tissue deposition. Acta Biomater. 2012, 8:3201-3209.
75. Chen J., Ryzhova L.M., Sewell-Loftin M.K., Brown C.B., Huppert S.S., Baldwin H.S., Merryman W.D. Notch1 mutation leads to valvular calcification through enhanced myofibroblast mechanotransduction. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2015, 35:1597-1605.
76. Bouchareb R., Boulanger M.C., Fournier D., Pibarot P., Messaddeq Y., Mathieu P. Mechanical strain induces the production of spheroid mineralized microparticles in the aortic valve through a RhoA/ROCK-dependent mechanism. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 2014, 67:49-59.
77. Hutcheson J.D., Chen J., Sewell-Loftin M.K., Ryzhova L.M., Fisher C.I., Su Y.R., Merryman W.D. Cadherin-11 regulates cell-cell tension necessary for calcific nodule formation by valvular myofibroblasts. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2013, 33:114-120.
78. Balachandran K., Konduri S., Sucosky P., Jo H., Yoganathan A.P. An ex vivo study of the biological properties of porcine aortic valves in response to circumferential cyclic stretch. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2006, 34:1655-1665.
79. Balachandran K., Sucosky P., Jo H., Yoganathan A.P. Elevated cyclic stretch induces aortic valve calcification in a bone morphogenic protein-dependent manner. Am. J. Pathol. 2010, 177:49-57.
80. Merryman W.D., Lukoff H.D., Long R.A., Engelmayr G.C., Hopkins R.A., Sacks M.S. Synergistic effects of cyclic tension and transforming growth factor-beta1 on the aortic valve myofibroblast. Cardiovasc. Pathol. 2007, 16:268-276.
81. Chen W.L.K., Sider K.L., Simmons C.A. Matrix mechanical and biochemical regulation of mouse multipotent stromal cell (MSC) lineage specification. Biomaterials 2015, (submitted).
82. Throm Quinlan A.M., Sierad L.N., Capulli A.K., Firstenberg L.E., Billiar K.L. Combining dynamic stretch and tunable stiffness to probe cell mechanobiology in vitro. PloS one 2011, 6.
83. Kural M.H., Billiar K.L. Mechanoregulation of valvular interstitial cell phenotype in the third dimension. Biomaterials 2014, 35:1128-1137.
84. Vesely I. Heart valve tissue engineering. Circ. Res. 2005, 97:743-755.
85. Mendelson K., Schoen F.J. Heart valve tissue engineering: concepts, approaches, progress, and challenges. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2006, 34:1799-1819.
86. Spoon D.B., Tefft B.J., Lerman A., Simari R.D. Challenges of biological valve development. Interv. Cardiol. 2013, 5:319-334.
87. Mol A., Smits A.I., Bouten C.V., Baaijens F.P. Tissue engineering of heart valves: advances and current challenges. Expert Rev. Med. Devices 2009, 6:259-275.
88. Weber B., Emmert M.Y., Hoerstrup S.P. Stem cells for heart valve regeneration. Swiss Med. Wkly. 2012, 142:w13622.
89. Baraki H., Tudorache I., Braun M., Hoffler K., Gorler A., Lichtenberg A., Bara C., Calistru A., Brandes G., Hewicker-Trautwein M., Hilfiker A., Haverich A., Cebotari S. Orthotopic replacement of the aortic valve with decellularized allograft in a sheep model. Biomaterials 2009, 30:6240-6246.
90. Theodoridis K., Tudorache I., Calistru A., Cebotari S., Meyer T., Sarikouch S., Bara C., Brehm R., Haverich A., Hilfiker A. Successful matrix guided tissue regeneration of decellularized pulmonary heart valve allografts in elderly sheep. Biomaterials 2015, 52:221-228.
91. Elkins R.C., Goldstein S., Hewitt C.W., Walsh S.P., Dawson P.E., Ollerenshaw J.D., Black K.S., Clarke D.R., O'Brien F. Recellularization of heart valve grafts by a process of adaptive remodeling. Semin. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2001, 13:87-92.
92. Dohmen P.M., Costa F., Lopes S.V., Yoshi S., Souza F.P., Vilani R., Costa M.B., Konertz W. Results of a decellularized porcine heart valve implanted into the juvenile sheep model. The Heart Surgery Forum 2005, 8:E100-E104. (Discussion E104).
93. Syedain Z., Reimer J., Schmidt J., Lahti M., Berry J., Bianco R., Tranquillo R.T. 6-Month aortic valve implantation of an off-the-shelf tissue-engineered valve in sheep. Biomaterials 2015, 73:175-184.
94. Scholl F.G., Boucek M.M., Chan K.C., Valdes-Cruz L., Perryman R. Preliminary experience with cardiac reconstruction using decellularized porcine extracellular matrix scaffold: human applications in congenital heart disease. World J. Pediatr. Congenit. Heart Surg 2010, 1:132-136.
95. Luk A., Rao V., Cusimano R.J., David T.E., Butany J. CorMatrix extracellular matrix used for valve repair in the adult: is there de novo valvular tissue seen?. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2015, 99:2205-2207.
96. Zaidi A.H., Nathan M., Emani S., Baird C., del Nido P.J., Gauvreau K., Harris M., Sanders S.P., Padera R.F. Preliminary experience with porcine intestinal submucosa (CorMatrix) for valve reconstruction in congenital heart disease: histologic evaluation of explanted valves. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2014, 148:2214-2216. (2225.e2211).
97. Weber B., Emmert M.Y., Schoenauer R., Brokopp C., Baumgartner L., Hoerstrup S.P. Tissue engineering on matrix: future of autologous tissue replacement. Semin. Immunol. 2011, 33:307-315.
98. Cebotari S., Lichtenberg A., Tudorache I., Hilfiker A., Mertsching H., Leyh R., Breymann T., Kallenbach K., Maniuc L., Batrinac A., Repin O., Maliga O., Ciubotaru A., Haverich A. Clinical application of tissue engineered human heart valves using autologous progenitor cells. Circulation 2006, 114:I132-I137.
99. Lichtenberg A., Tudorache I., Cebotari S., Suprunov M., Tudorache G., Goerler H., Park J.K., Hilfiker-Kleiner D., Ringes-Lichtenberg S., Karck M., Brandes G., Hilfiker A., Haverich A. Preclinical testing of tissue-engineered heart valves re-endothelialized under simulated physiological conditions. Circulation 2006, 114:I559-I565.
100. Moroni F., Mirabella T. Decellularized matrices for cardiovascular tissue engineering. Am. J. Stem Cells 2014, 3:1-20.
101. Lu X., Zhai W., Zhou Y., Zhou Y., Zhang H., Chang J. Crosslinking effect of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) on decellularized heart valve scaffold for tissue engineering. J. Mater. Sci. 2010, 21:473-480.
102. Tedder M.E., Liao J., Weed B., Stabler C., Zhang H., Simionescu A., Simionescu D.T. Stabilized collagen scaffolds for heart valve tissue engineering. Tissue Eng. Part A 2009, 15:1257-1268.
103. Kim S.S., Lim S.H., Hong Y.S., Cho S.W., Ryu J.H., Chang B.C., Choi C.Y., Kim B.S. Tissue engineering of heart valves in vivo using bone marrow-derived cells. Artif. Organs 2006, 30:554-557.
104. O'Brien M.F., Goldstein S., Walsh S., Black K.S., Elkins R., Clarke D. The SynerGraft valve: a new acellular (nonglutaraldehyde-fixed) tissue heart valve for autologous recellularization first experimental studies before clinical implantation. Semin. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1999, 11:194-200.
105. Simon P., Kasimir M.T., Seebacher G., Weigel G., Ullrich R., Salzer-Muhar U., Rieder E., Wolner E. Early failure of the tissue engineered porcine heart valve SYNERGRAFT in pediatric patients. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 2003, 23:1002-1006. (discussion 1006).
106. Bechtel J.F., Stierle U., Sievers H.H. Fifty-two months' mean follow up of decellularized SynerGraft-treated pulmonary valve allografts. J. Heart Valve Dis. 2008, 17:98-104. (discussion 104).
107. Brown J.W., Ruzmetov M., Eltayeb O., Rodefeld M.D., Turrentine M.W. Performance of SynerGraft decellularized pulmonary homograft in patients undergoing a Ross procedure. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2011, 91:416-422. (discussion 422-413).
108. Rieder E., Seebacher G., Kasimir M.T., Eichmair E., Winter B., Dekan B., Wolner E., Simon P., Weigel G. Tissue engineering of heart valves: decellularized porcine and human valve scaffolds differ importantly in residual potential to attract monocytic cells. Circulation 2005, 111:2792-2797.
109. da Costa F.D., Costa A.C., Prestes R., Domanski A.C., Balbi E.M., Ferreira A.D., Lopes S.V. The early and midterm function of decellularized aortic valve allografts. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2010, 90:1854-1860.
110. Shinoka T., Ma P.X., Shum-Tim D., Breuer C.K., Cusick R.A., Zund G., Langer R., Vacanti J.P., Mayer J.E. Tissue-engineered heart valves. Autologous valve leaflet replacement study in a lamb model. Circulation 1996, 94:164-168.
111. Stock U.A., Nagashima M., Khalil P.N., Nollert G.D., Herden T., Sperling J.S., Moran A., Lien J., Martin D.P., Schoen F.J., Vacanti J.P., Mayer J.E. Tissue-engineered valved conduits in the pulmonary circulation. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2000, 119:732-740.
112. Sodian R., Hoerstrup S.P., Sperling J.S., Daebritz S., Martin D.P., Moran A.M., Kim B.S., Schoen F.J., Vacanti J.P., Mayer J.E. Early in vivo experience with tissue-engineered trileaflet heart valves. Circulation 2000, 102:22-29. (Iii).
113. Chen Q., Bruyneel A., Clarke K., Carr C., Czernuszka J. Collagen-based scaffolds for potential application of heart valve tissue engineering. J. Tissue Sci. Eng. S 2012, 11:2.
114. Chen Q., Bruyneel A., Carr C., Czernuszka J. Bio-mechanical properties of novel bi-layer collagen-elastin scaffolds for heart valve tissue engineering. Protein Eng. 2013, 59:247-254.
115. Sales V.L., Engelmayr G.C., Johnson J.A., Gao J., Wang Y., Sacks M.S., Mayer J.E. Protein precoating of elastomeric tissue-engineering scaffolds increased cellularity, enhanced extracellular matrix protein production, and differentially regulated the phenotypes of circulating endothelial progenitor cells. Circulation 2007, 116:I55-I63.
116. Mei N., Chen G., Zhou P., Chen X., Shao Z.Z., Pan L.F., Wu C.G. Biocompatibility of Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) scaffold modified by chitosan--the fibroblasts proliferation in vitro. J. Biomater. Appl. 2005, 19:323-339.
117. Masoumi N., Johnson K.L., Howell M.C., Engelmayr G.C. Valvular interstitial cell seeded poly(glycerol sebacate) scaffolds: toward a biomimetic in vitro model for heart valve tissue engineering. Acta Biomater. 2013, 9:5974-5988.
118. Patel A., Gaharwar A.K., Iviglia G., Zhang H., Mukundan S., Mihaila S.M., Demarchi D., Khademhosseini A. Highly elastomeric poly(glycerol sebacate)-co-poly(ethylene glycol) amphiphilic block copolymers. Biomaterials 2013, 34:3970-3983.
119. Jana S., Lerman A., Simari R.D. In vitro model of a fibrosa layer of a heart valve. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7:20012-20020.
120. Courtney T., Sacks M.S., Stankus J., Guan J., Wagner W.R. Design and analysis of tissue engineering scaffolds that mimic soft tissue mechanical anisotropy. Biomaterials 2006, 27:3631-3638.
121. Hoerstrup S.P., Sodian R., Daebritz S., Wang J., Bacha E.A., Martin D.P., Moran A.M., Guleserian K.J., Sperling J.S., Kaushal S., Vacanti J.P., Schoen F.J., Mayer J.E. Functional living trileaflet heart valves grown in vitro. Circulation 2000, 102:44-49. (Iii).
122. Kadner A., Hoerstrup S.P., Tracy J., Breymann C., Maurus C.F., Melnitchouk S., Kadner G., Zund G., Turina M. Human umbilical cord cells: a new cell source for cardiovascular tissue engineering. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2002, 74:S1422-S1428.
123. Perry T.E., Kaushal S., Sutherland F.W., Guleserian K.J., Bischoff J., Sacks M., Mayer J.E. Thoracic Surgery Directors Association Award. Bone marrow as a cell source for tissue engineering heart valves. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2003, 75:761-767. (discussion 767).
124. Hoerstrup S.P., Kadner A., Melnitchouk S., Trojan A., Eid K., Tracy J., Sodian R., Visjager J.F., Kolb S.A., Grunenfelder J., Zund G., Turina M.I. Tissue engineering of functional trileaflet heart valves from human marrow stromal cells. Circulation 2002, 106:I143-I150.
125. Emmert M.Y., Weber B., Wolint P., Behr L., Sammut S., Frauenfelder T., Frese L., Scherman J., Brokopp C.E., Templin C., Grunenfelder J., Zund G., Falk V., Hoerstrup S.P. Stem cell-based transcatheter aortic valve implantation: first experiences in a pre-clinical model JACC. Cardiovasc. Interv. 2012, 5:874-883.
126. Sutherland F.W., Perry T.E., Yu Y., Sherwood M.C., Rabkin E., Masuda Y., Garcia G.A., McLellan D.L., Engelmayr G.C., Sacks M.S., Schoen F.J., Mayer J.E. From stem cells to viable autologous semilunar heart valve. Circulation 2005, 111:2783-2791.
127. Ahmed E.M. Hydrogel: preparation, characterization, and applications: a review. J. Adv. Res. 2015, 6:105-121.
128. Ye Q., Zund G., Benedikt P., Jockenhoevel S., Hoerstrup S.P., Sakyama S., Hubbell J.A., Turina M. Fibrin gel as a three dimensional matrix in cardiovascular tissue engineering. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 2000, 17:587-591.
129. Duan B., Hockaday L.A., Kapetanovic E., Kang K.H., Butcher J.T. Stiffness and adhesivity control aortic valve interstitial cell behavior within hyaluronic acid based hydrogels. Acta Biomater. 2013, 9:7640-7650.
130. Duan B., Kapetanovic E., Hockaday L.A., Butcher J.T. Three-dimensional printed trileaflet valve conduits using biological hydrogels and human valve interstitial cells. Acta Biomater. 2014, 10:1836-1846.
131. Duan B., Hockaday L.A., Kang K.H., Butcher J.T. 3D bioprinting of heterogeneous aortic valve conduits with alginate/gelatin hydrogels. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2013, 101:1255-1264.
132. Benton J.A., DeForest C.A., Vivekanandan V., Anseth K.S. Photocrosslinking of gelatin macromers to synthesize porous hydrogels that promote valvular interstitial cell function. Tissue Eng. Part A 2009, 15:3221-3230.
133. Salinas C.N., Anseth K.S. The influence of the RGD peptide motif and its contextual presentation in PEG gels on human mesenchymal stem cell viability. J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. 2008, 2:296-304.
134. Bryant S.J., Arthur J.A., Anseth K.S. Incorporation of tissue-specific molecules alters chondrocyte metabolism and gene expression in photocrosslinked hydrogels. Acta biomater. 2005, 1:243-252.
135. Eslami M., Vrana N.E., Zorlutuna P., Sant S., Jung S., Masoumi N., Khavari-Nejad R.A., Javadi G., Khademhosseini A. Fiber-reinforced hydrogel scaffolds for heart valve tissue engineering. J. Biomater. Appl. 2014, 29:399-410.
136. Tseng H., Puperi D.S., Kim E.J., Ayoub S., Shah J.V., Cuchiara M.L., West J.L., Grande-Allen K.J. Anisotropic poly(ethylene glycol)/polycaprolactone hydrogel-fiber composites for heart valve tissue engineering. Tissue Eng. Part A 2014, 20:2634-2645.
137. Kirschner C.M., Alge D.L., Gould S.T., Anseth K.S. Clickable, photodegradable hydrogels to dynamically modulate valvular interstitial cell phenotype. Adv. Healthcare Mater. 2014, 3:649-657.
138. Weber M., Gonzalez de Torre I., Moreira R., Frese J., Oedekoven C., Alonso M., Rodriguez Cabello C.J., Jockenhoevel S., Mela P. Multiple-step injection molding for fibrin-based tissue-engineered heart valves. Tissue Eng. Part C Methods 2015, 21:832-840.
139. Schmidt D., Dijkman P.E., Driessen-Mol A., Stenger R., Mariani C., Puolakka A., Rissanen M., Deichmann T., Odermatt B., Weber B., Emmert M.Y., Zund G., Baaijens F.P., Hoerstrup S.P. Minimally-invasive implantation of living tissue engineered heart valves: a comprehensive approach from autologous vascular cells to stem cells. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2010, 56:510-520.
140. Dominici M., Le Blanc K., Mueller I., Slaper-Cortenbach I., Marini F., Krause D., Deans R., Keating A., Prockop D., Horwitz E. Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement. Cytotherapy 2006, 8:315-317.
141. Weiner L.P. Definitions and criteria for stem cells. Methods Mol. Biol. 2008, 438:3-8. (Clifton, N.J.).
142. Zuk P.A., Zhu M., Mizuno H., Huang J., Futrell J.W., Katz A.J., Benhaim P., Lorenz H.P., Hedrick M.H. Multilineage cells from human adipose tissue: implications for cell-based therapies. Tissue Eng. 2001, 7:211-228.
143. Colazzo F., Sarathchandra P., Smolenski R.T., Chester A.H., Tseng Y.T., Czernuszka J.T., Yacoub M.H., Taylor P.M. Extracellular matrix production by adipose-derived stem cells: implications for heart valve tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2011, 32:119-127.
144. Schmidt D., Achermann J., Odermatt B., Breymann C., Mol A., Genoni M., Zund G., Hoerstrup S.P. Prenatally fabricated autologous human living heart valves based on amniotic fluid derived progenitor cells as single cell source. Circulation 2007, 116:I64-I70.
145. Schmidt D., Achermann J., Odermatt B., Genoni M., Zund G., Hoerstrup S.P. Cryopreserved amniotic fluid-derived cells: a lifelong autologous fetal stem cell source for heart valve tissue engineering. J. Heart Valve Dis. 2008, 17:446-455. (discussion 455).
146. Schmidt D., Mol A., Breymann C., Achermann J., Odermatt B., Gossi M., Neuenschwander S., Pretre R., Genoni M., Zund G., Hoerstrup S.P. Living autologous heart valves engineered from human prenatally harvested progenitors. Circulation 2006, 114:I125-I131.
147. Kadner A., Zund G., Maurus C., Breymann C., Yakarisik S., Kadner G., Turina M., Hoerstrup S.P. Human umbilical cord cells for cardiovascular tissue engineering: a comparative study. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 2004, 25:635-641.
148. Sodian R., Schaefermeier P., Abegg-Zips S., Kuebler W.M., Shakibaei M., Daebritz S., Ziegelmueller J., Schmitz C., Reichart B. Use of human umbilical cord blood-derived progenitor cells for tissue-engineered heart valves. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2010, 89:819-828.
149. Sarugaser R., Lickorish D., Baksh D., Hosseini M.M., Davies J.E. Human umbilical cord perivascular (HUCPV) cells: a source of mesenchymal progenitors. Stem Cells 2005, 23:220-229. (Dayton, Ohio).
150. Schmidt D., Mol A., Neuenschwander S., Breymann C., Gossi M., Zund G., Turina M., Hoerstrup S.P. Living patches engineered from human umbilical cord derived fibroblasts and endothelial progenitor cells. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 2005, 27:795-800.
151. Gonzalez F., Boue S., Izpisua Belmonte J.C. Methods for making induced pluripotent stem cells: reprogramming a la carte Nature reviews. Genetics 2011, 12:231-242.
152. Drews K., Jozefczuk J., Prigione A., Adjaye J. Human induced pluripotent stem cells-from mechanisms to clinical applications. J. Mol. Med. 2012, 90:735-745. (Berlin, Germany).
153. Jung Y., Bauer G., Nolta J.A. Concise review: induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells: progress toward safe clinical products. Stem Cells 2012, 30:42-47. (Dayton, Ohio).
154. Hoerstrup S.P., Sodian R., Sperling J.S., Vacanti J.P., Mayer J.E. New pulsatile bioreactor for in vitro formation of tissue engineered heart valves. Tissue Eng. 2000, 6:75-79.
155. Sodian R., Lemke T., Loebe M., Hoerstrup S.P., Potapov E.V., Hausmann H., Meyer R., Hetzer R. New pulsatile bioreactor for fabrication of tissue-engineered patches. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2001, 58:401-405.
156. Sodian R., Hoerstrup S.P., Sperling J.S., Daebritz S.H., Martin D.P., Schoen F.J., Vacanti J.P., Mayer J.E. Tissue engineering of heart valves: in vitro experiences. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2000, 70:140-144.
157. Dumont K., Yperman J., Verbeken E., Segers P., Meuris B., Vandenberghe S., Flameng W., Verdonck P.R. Design of a new pulsatile bioreactor for tissue engineered aortic heart valve formation. Artif. Organs 2002, 26:710-714.
158. Hildebrand D.K., Wu Z.J., Mayer J.E., Sacks M.S. Design and hydrodynamic evaluation of a novel pulsatile bioreactor for biologically active heart valves. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2004, 32:1039-1049.
159. Niklason L.E., Gao J., Abbott W.M., Hirschi K.K., Houser S., Marini R., Langer R. Functional arteries grown in vitro. Science 1999, 284:489-493. (New York, N.Y.).
160. Niklason L.E., Abbott W., Gao J., Klagges B., Hirschi K.K., Ulubayram K., Conroy N., Jones R., Vasanawala A., Sanzgiri S., Langer R. Morphologic and mechanical characteristics of engineered bovine arteries. J. Vasc. Surg. 2001, 33:628-638.
161. Seliktar D., Black R.A., Vito R.P., Nerem R.M. Dynamic mechanical conditioning of collagen-gel blood vessel constructs induces remodeling in vitro. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2000, 28:351-362.
162. Mol A., Driessen N.J., Rutten M.C., Hoerstrup S.P., Bouten C.V., Baaijens F.P. Tissue engineering of human heart valve leaflets: a novel bioreactor for a strain-based conditioning approach. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2005, 33:1778-1788.
163. Mol A., Rutten M.C., Driessen N.J., Bouten C.V., Zund G., Baaijens F.P., Hoerstrup S.P. Autologous human tissue-engineered heart valves: prospects for systemic application. Circulation 2006, 114:I152-I158.
164. Kortsmit J., Driessen N.J., Rutten M.C., Baaijens F.P. Real time, non-invasive assessment of leaflet deformation in heart valve tissue engineering. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2009, 37:532-541.
165. Kortsmit J., Rutten M.C., Wijlaars M.W., Baaijens F.P. Deformation-controlled load application in heart valve tissue engineering. Tissue Eng. Part C Methods 2009, 15:707-716.
166. Vismara R., Soncini M., Talo G., Dainese L., Guarino A., Redaelli A., Fiore G.B. A bioreactor with compliance monitoring for heart valve grafts. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2010, 38:100-108.
167. Syedain Z.H., Tranquillo R.T. Controlled cyclic stretch bioreactor for tissue-engineered heart valves. Biomaterials 2009, 30:4078-4084.
168. Balachandran K., Bakay M.A., Connolly J.M., Zhang X., Yoganathan A.P., Levy R.J. Aortic valve cyclic stretch causes increased remodeling activity and enhanced serotonin receptor responsiveness. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2011, 92:147-153.
169. Engelmayr G.C., Hildebrand D.K., Sutherland F.W., Mayer J.E., Sacks M.S. A novel bioreactor for the dynamic flexural stimulation of tissue engineered heart valve biomaterials. Biomaterials 2003, 24:2523-2532.
170. Engelmayr G.C., Rabkin E., Sutherland F.W., Schoen F.J., Mayer J.E., Sacks M.S. The independent role of cyclic flexure in the early in vitro development of an engineered heart valve tissue. Biomaterials 2005, 26:175-187.
171. Butcher J.T., Penrod A.M., Garcia A.J., Nerem R.M. Unique morphology and focal adhesion development of valvular endothelial cells in static and fluid flow environments. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2004, 24:1429-1434.
172. Jockenhoevel S., Zund G., Hoerstrup S.P., Schnell A., Turina M. Cardiovascular tissue engineering: a new laminar flow chamber for in vitro improvement of mechanical tissue properties. ASAIO J. 2002, 48:8-11. (1992).
173. Butcher J.T., Nerem R.M. Valvular endothelial cells regulate the phenotype of interstitial cells in co-culture: effects of steady shear stress. Tissue Eng 2006, 12:905-915.
174. Xing Y., Warnock J.N., He Z., Hilbert S.L., Yoganathan A.P. Cyclic pressure affects the biological properties of porcine aortic valve leaflets in a magnitude and frequency dependent manner. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2004, 32:1461-1470.
175. Xing Y., He Z., Warnock J.N., Hilbert S.L., Yoganathan A.P. Effects of constant static pressure on the biological properties of porcine aortic valve leaflets. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2004, 32:555-562.
176. Engelmayr G.C., Soletti L., Vigmostad S.C., Budilarto S.G., Federspiel W.J., Chandran K.B., Vorp D.A., Sacks M.S. A novel flex-stretch-flow bioreactor for the study of engineered heart valve tissue mechanobiology. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2008, 36:700-712.
177. Gould R.A., Chin K., Santisakultarm T.P., Dropkin A., Richards J.M., Schaffer C.B., Butcher J.T. Cyclic strain anisotropy regulates valvular interstitial cell phenotype and tissue remodeling in three-dimensional culture. Acta biomater. 2012, 8:1710-1719.
178. Engelmayr G.C., Sales V.L., Mayer J.E., Sacks M.S. Cyclic flexure and laminar flow synergistically accelerate mesenchymal stem cell-mediated engineered tissue formation: Implications for engineered heart valve tissues. Biomaterials 2006, 27:6083-6095.
179. Simionescu A., Schulte J.B., Fercana G., Simionescu D.T. Inflammation in cardiovascular tissue engineering: the challenge to a promise: a minireview. Int. J. Inflamm. 2011, 2011:958247.
180. Mahler G.J., Butcher J.T. Inflammatory regulation of valvular remodeling: the good(?), the bad, and the ugly. Int. J. Inflamm. 2011, 2011:721419.
181. Christo S.N., Diener K.R., Bachhuka A., Vasilev K., Hayball J.D. Innate immunity and biomaterials at the nexus: friends or foes. Biomed. Res. Int. 2015, 2015:342304.
182. Flanagan T.C., Sachweh J.S., Frese J., Schnoring H., Gronloh N., Koch S., Tolba R.H., Schmitz-Rode T., Jockenhoevel S. In vivo remodeling and structural characterization of fibrin-based tissue-engineered heart valves in the adult sheep model. Tissue Eng. Part A 2009, 15:2965-2976.
183. Alavi S.H., Liu W.F., Kheradvar A. Inflammatory response assessment of a hybrid tissue-engineered heart valve leaflet. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2013, 41:316-326.
184. Sucosky P., Balachandran K., Elhammali A., Jo H., Yoganathan A.P. Altered shear stress stimulates upregulation of endothelial VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 in a BMP-4- and TGF-beta1-dependent pathway. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2009, 29:254-260.
185. Ghaisas N.K., Foley J.B., O'Briain D.S., Crean P., Kelleher D., Walsh M. Adhesion molecules in nonrheumatic aortic valve disease: endothelial expression, serum levels and effects of valve replacement. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2000, 36:2257-2262.
186. Hinz B. The myofibroblast: paradigm for a mechanically active cell. J. biomech. 2010, 43:146-155.
187. Massague J. TGFbeta signalling in context nature reviews. Mol. Cell Biol. 2012, 13:616-630.
188. Annes J.P., Chen Y., Munger J.S., Rifkin D.B. Integrin alphaVbeta6-mediated activation of latent TGF-beta requires the latent TGF-beta binding protein-1. J. Cell Biol. 2004, 165:723-734.
189. Keski-Oja J., Koli K., von Melchner H. TGF-beta activation by traction?. Trends Cell Biol. 2004, 14:657-659.
190. Page-McCaw A., Ewald A.J., Werb Z. Matrix metalloproteinases and the regulation of tissue remodelling Nature reviews. Mol. Cell Biol. 2007, 8:221-233.
191. Ng C.M., Cheng A., Myers L.A., Martinez-Murillo F., Jie C., Bedja D., Gabrielson K.L., Hausladen J.M., Mecham R.P., Judge D.P., Dietz H.C. TGF-beta-dependent pathogenesis of mitral valve prolapse in a mouse model of Marfan syndrome. J. Clin. Invest. 2004, 114:1586-1592.
192. Galvin K.M., Donovan M.J., Lynch C.A., Meyer R.I., Paul R.J., Lorenz J.N., Fairchild-Huntress V., Dixon K.L., Dunmore J.H., Gimbrone M.A., Falb D., Huszar D. A role for smad6 in development and homeostasis of the cardiovascular system. Nat. Genet. 2000, 24:171-174.
193. Han L., Gotlieb A.I. Fibroblast growth factor-2 promotes in vitro mitral valve interstitial cell repair through transforming growth factor-beta/Smad signaling. Am. J. Pathol. 2011, 178:119-127.
194. Yang X., Meng X., Su X., Mauchley D.C., Ao L., Cleveland J.C., Fullerton D.A. Bone morphogenic protein 2 induces Runx2 and osteopontin expression in human aortic valve interstitial cells: role of Smad1 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2009, 138:1008-1015.
195. Yang X., Fullerton D.A., Su X., Ao L., Cleveland J.C., Meng X. Pro-osteogenic phenotype of human aortic valve interstitial cells is associated with higher levels of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 and enhanced expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2009, 53:491-500.
196. Song R., Fullerton D.A., Ao L., Zheng D., Zhao K.S., Meng X. BMP-2 and TGF-beta1 mediate biglycan-induced pro-osteogenic reprogramming in aortic valve interstitial cells. J. Mol. Med. 2015, 93:403-412. (Berlin, Germany).
197. Ankeny R.F., Thourani V.H., Weiss D., Vega J.D., Taylor W.R., Nerem R.M., Jo H. Preferential activation of SMAD1/5/8 on the fibrosa endothelium in calcified human aortic valves-association with low BMP antagonists and SMAD6. PLoS One 2011, 6.
198. Cagirci G., Cay S., Canga A., Karakurt O., Yazihan N., Kilic H., Topaloglu S., Aras D., Demir A.D., Akdemir R. Association between plasma asymmetrical dimethylarginine activity and severity of aortic valve stenosis. J. Cardiovasc. Med. (Hagerstown) 2011, 12:96-101.
199. Richards J., El-Hamamsy I., Chen S., Sarang Z., Sarathchandra P., Yacoub M.H., Chester A.H., Butcher J.T. Side-specific endothelial-dependent regulation of aortic valve calcification: interplay of hemodynamics and nitric oxide signaling. Am. J. Pathol. 2013, 182:1922-1931.
200. Chester A.H., El-Hamamsy I., Butcher J.T., Latif N., Bertazzo S., Yacoub M.H. The living aortic valve: from molecules to function. Glob. Cardiol. Sci. Pract. 2014, 2014:52-77.
201. Kennedy J.A., Hua X., Mishra K., Murphy G.A., Rosenkranz A.C., Horowitz J.D. Inhibition of calcifying nodule formation in cultured porcine aortic valve cells by nitric oxide donors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2009, 602:28-35.
202. Peltonen T.O., Taskinen P., Soini Y., Rysa J., Ronkainen J., Ohtonen P., Satta J., Juvonen T., Ruskoaho H., Leskinen H. Distinct downregulation of C-type natriuretic peptide system in human aortic valve stenosis. Circulation 2007, 116:1283-1289.
203. Yip C.Y., Blaser M.C., Mirzaei Z., Zhong X., Simmons C.A. Inhibition of pathological differentiation of valvular interstitial cells by C-type natriuretic peptide. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2011, 31:1881-1889.
204. Wyss K., Yip C.Y., Mirzaei Z., Jin X., Chen J.H., Simmons C.A. The elastic properties of valve interstitial cells undergoing pathological differentiation. J. Biomech. 2012, 45:882-887.
205. Li P., Wang D., Lucas J., Oparil S., Xing D., Cao X., Novak L., Renfrow M.B., Chen Y.F. Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits transforming growth factor beta-induced Smad signaling and myofibroblast transformation in mouse cardiac fibroblasts. Circ. Res. 2008, 102:185-192.
206. Rajamannan N.M., Caplice N., Anthikad F., Sebo T.J., Orszulak T.A., Edwards W.D., Tajik J., Schwartz R.S. Cell proliferation in carcinoid valve disease: a mechanism for serotonin effects. J. Heart Valve Dis. 2001, 10:827-831.
207. Jian B., Xu J., Connolly J., Savani R.C., Narula N., Liang B., Levy R.J. Serotonin mechanisms in heart valve disease I: serotonin-induced up-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 via G-protein signal transduction in aortic valve interstitial cells. Am. J. Pathol. 2002, 161:2111-2121.
208. Gustafsson B.I., Tommeras K., Nordrum I., Loennechen J.P., Brunsvik A., Solligard E., Fossmark R., Bakke I., Syversen U., Waldum H. Long-term serotonin administration induces heart valve disease in rats. Circulation 2005, 111:1517-1522.
209. Balachandran K., Hussain S., Yap C.H., Padala M., Chester A.H., Yoganathan A.P. Elevated cyclic stretch and serotonin result in altered aortic valve remodeling via a mechanosensitive 5-HT(2A) receptor-dependent pathway. Cardiovasc. Pathol. 2012, 21:206-213.
210. Guilluy C., Rolli-Derkinderen M., Tharaux P.L., Melino G., Pacaud P., Loirand G. Transglutaminase-dependent RhoA activation and depletion by serotonin in vascular smooth muscle cells. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282:2918-2928.
211. Gu X., Masters K.S. Role of the Rho pathway in regulating valvular interstitial cell phenotype and nodule formation. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2011, 300:H448-H458.
212. Witt W., Buttner P., Jannasch A., Matschke K., Waldow T. Reversal of myofibroblastic activation by polyunsaturated fatty acids in valvular interstitial cells from aortic valves. Role of RhoA/G-actin/MRTF signalling. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 2014, 74:127-138.
213. Monzack E.L., Gu X., Masters K.S. Efficacy of simvastatin treatment of valvular interstitial cells varies with the extracellular environment. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2009, 29:246-253.