Scutellaria: Biotechnology, phytochemistry and its potential as a commercial medicinal crop

Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants: Micropropagation and Improvement

Volumn 9783642299742, Issue , 2013, Pages 69-99

  Joshee, N ^a   Tascan, A ^b   Medina Bolivar, F ^c   Parajuli, P ^d   Rimando, A M ^e   Shannon, D A ^f   Adelberg, J W ^b  

^a FORT VALLEY STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b CLEMSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c ARKANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e NATURAL PRODUCTS UTILIZATION RESEARCH UNIT   (United States)

^f AUBURN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CROPS; DIAGNOSIS; FLAVONOIDS;

FLAVONOID; HABITAT DESTRUCTION; INTEGRAL PART; LAMIACEAE; MEDICINAL CROPS; MICROPROPAGATION; NORTH AMERICAN; ORNAMENTAL PLANTS; PERENNIAL PLANTS; SEED-SET;

GENE TRANSFER;

EID: 84949175225     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-29974-2_3     Document Type: Chapter

References (155)

1. Abbott J, Medina-Bolivar F, Martin E, Engelberth AS, Villagarcia H, Clausen EC, Carrier DC (2010) Purification of resveratrol, arachidin-1 and arachidin-3 from hairy root culture of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) and determination of their antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity. Biotechnol Prog 26(5):1344-1351
2. Akishiro Y, Takayuki N, Takeshi T (1992) Flavones as inhibitors for therapeutic use. Japan Kokkai Koho JP 04, 18, 019 (Cl. A61 K31/35) (Patent
3. Alan AR, Zeng H, Assani AS, Wendy L, McRae HE, Murch SJ, Saxena PK (2007) Assessment of genetic stability of the germplasm lines of medicinal plant Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Huang-qin) in long-term, in vitro maintained cultures. Plant Cell Rep 26:1345-1355
4. American Herbal Pharmacopoeia and Therapeutic Compendium (2009) Skullcap aerial parts. In: Upton R (ed) Scutellaria lateriflora L. Standard of analysis quality control, and therapeutics, Scotts Valley, USA, pp 1-40
5. Awad R, Arnason T, Trudeau V, Bergeron C, Budzinski JW, Foster BC, Merali Z (2003) Phytochemical and biological analysis of Skullcap (S. lateriflora L): a medicinal plant with anxiolytic properties. Phytomedicine 10:640-649
6. Bailey LH, Bailey EZ (1978) Hortus third: a concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada. Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., New York
7. Baylor NW, Fu T, Yan Y-D, Ruscetti FW (1992) Inhibition of human T cell leukemia virus by the plant flavonoid baicalin (7-glucuronic acid 5, 6-dihydroxyflavone). J Infect Dis 165:433-437
8. Berlin J (1988) Formation of secondary metabolites in cultured plant cells and its impact on pharmacy. In: Bajaj YPS (ed) Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry. Medicinal and aromatic plants I, vol 4. Springer, Berlin
9. Betz W (1998) Epidemic of renal failure due to herbals. Sci Rev Altern Med 2:12-13
10. Bonham M, Posakony J, Coleman I, Montgomery B, Simon J, Nelson PS (2005) Characterization of chemical constituents in Scutellaria baicalensis with antiandrogenic and growth-inhibitory activities toward prostate carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 11:3905-3914
11. Brents LK, Medina-Bolivar F, Seely KA, Nair V, Bratton SM, Ñopo-Olazabal L, Patel RY, Liu H, Doerksen RJ, Prather PL, Radominska-Pandya A (2011) Natural prenylated resveratrol analogs, arachidin-1 and -3, demonstrate improved glucuronidation profile and have affinity for cannabinoid receptors. Xenobiotica 42(2):139-156
12. Brusselmans K, Vrolix R, Verhoeven G, Swinnen JV (2005) Induction of cancer cell apoptosis by flavonoids is associated with their ability to inhibit fatty acid synthase activity. J Biol Chem 280:5636-5645
13. Bunn E, Turner SR, Dixon KW (2011) Biotechnology for saving rare and threatened flora in a biodiversity hotspot. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 47:188-200
14. Butenko IG, Gladtchenko SV, Galushko SV (1993) Anti-inflammatory properties and inhibition of leukotriene C4 biosynthesis in vitro by flavonoid baicalein from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi roots. Agents Actions 39:49-51
15. Cappuzzo F, Finocchiaro G, Trisoloini R, Toschi L, Bartolini S, Metro G et al (2005) Perspectives on salvage therapy for non-small-cell lung cancer. Oncology 19:989-995
16. Chan FL, Choi HL, Chen ZY, Chan PS, Huang Y (2000) Induction of apoptosis in prostate cancer cell lines by a flavonoid, baicalin. Cancer Lett 160:219-228
17. Chan JY, Tang PM, Hon P, Au SW, Sui SK, Waye MM, Kong S, Mak TC, Fung K (2006) Pheophorbide a, a major antitumor component purified from Scutellaria barbata, induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Planta Med 72:28-33
18. Chang YL, Shen JJ, Wung BS, Cheng JJ, Wang DL (2001) Chinese herbal remedy wogonin inhibits monocyte chemotactic protein-1 gene expression in human endothelial cells. Mol Pharmacol 60:507-513
19. Chang WH, Chen CH, Lu FJ (2002) Different effects of baicalein, baicalin and wogonin on mitochondrial function, glutathione content and cell cycle progression in human hepatoma cell lines. Planta Med 68:128-132
20. Chavan P, Joshi K, Patwardhan B (2006) DNA microarrays in herbal drug research. Review eCAM 3:447-457
21. Chen S (2001) In vitro mechanism of PC SPES. Urology 58:28-35
22. Chi YS, Cheon BS, Kim HP (2001) Effect of wogonin, a plant flavone from Scutellaria radix, on the suppression of cyclooxygenase-2 and the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase in lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 61:1195-1203
23. Ching LC, Den ES (1996) The anti-inflammatory activity of Scutellaria rivularis extracts and its active components, baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin. Am J Chin Med 24:31-36
24. Chiu JH, Lay IS, Su MY, Chiu HL, Chiu AC, Lui WY, Wu CW (2002) Tumor necrosis factorproducing activity of wogonin in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line. Planta Med 68:1036-1039
25. Chou C-J (1978) Rivularin, a new flavone from Scutellaria rivularis. J Taiwan Pharm Assoc 30:36-43
26. Chou C-J, Lee S-Y (1986) Studies on the constituents of Scutellaria indica root (I). J Taiwan Pharm Assoc 38:107-118
27. Chuang H-N, Wang J-Y, Chiu J-H, Tsai T-H, Yeh S-F, Shu LF, Lui W-Y, Wu C-W (2005) Enhancing effects of Scutellaria baicalensis and some of its constituents on TGF-b1 gene expression in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line. Planta Med 71(5):440-445
28. Chung CP, Park JB, Bae KH (1995) Pharmacological effects of methanolic extracts from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis and its flavonoids on human gingival fibroblast. Planta Med 61:150-153
29. Clardy J, Walsh C (2004) Lessons from natural molecules. Nature 432:829-837
30. Cole IB, Saxena PK, Murch SJ (2007) Medicinal biotechnology in the genus Scutellaria. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 43:318-327
31. Condori J, Sivakumar S, Hubstenberger J, Dolan MC, Sobolev VS, Medina-Bolivar F (2010) Induced biosynthesis of resveratrol and the prenylated stilbenoids arachidin-1 and arachidin-3 in hairy root cultures of peanut: Effects of culture medium and growth stage. Plant Physiol Biochem 48:310-318
32. Crop Development Branch, Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food (2005) Crops Overview. http:// www.agriculture.gov.sk.ca/Default.aspx?DN=a6cd8eb3-e7fd-4b57-9d21-5d83a74c75bf. Verified 2 Dec 2008
33. Csermely P, Agoston V, Pongor S (2005) The efficiency of multi-target drugs: the network approach might help drug design. Trends Pharmacol Sci 26:178-182
34. Dai SJ, Tao JY, Liu K, Jiang YT, Shen L (2006) Neo-Clerodane diterpenoids from Scutellaria barbata with cytotoxic activities. Phytochemistry 67:1326-1330
35. Dandawate S, Williams L, Joshee N, Rimando AM, Mittal S, Thakur A, Lum L, Parajuli P (2011) Scutellaria extract and wogonin inhibit tumor-mediated induction of Treg cells via inhibition of TGF-beta1 activity. Cancer Immunol Immunother. doi:10.1007/s00262-011-1130-3
36. Davis PH (1982) Flora of Turkey, vol 7 University Press, Edinburgh, pp 78-99
37. Enomoto R, Suzuki C, Koshiba C, Nishino T, Nakayama M, Hirano H, Yokoi T, Lee E (2007) Wogonin prevents immunosuppressive action but not anti-inflammatory effect induced by glucocorticoid. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1095:412-417
38. Eun JS, Suh ES, So JN, Oh SH (1994) Effect of baicalin on the differentiation of 3T3-Li cells. Yakahak Hoeji 38:48
39. Foster S, Duke JA (2000) Medicinal plants and herbs of Eastern and Central North America, 2nd edn. Houston Mifflin Co, New York 211
40. Gamborg OL, Miller R, Ojima AK (1968) Nutrient requirements of suspension cultures of soybean root cells. Exp Cell Res 50:151-158
41. Gerhold DL, Jensen RV, Gullans SR (2002) Better therapeutics through microarrays. Nat Genet 32:547-551
42. Gomez-Galera S, Pelacho AM, Gene A, Capell T, Christou P (2007) The genetic manipulation of medicinal and aromatic plants. Plant Cell Rep 26:1689-1715
43. Greenfield J, Davis JM (2004) Skullcap (Scutellaria laterifolia L). Medicinal herb production guide. http://www.naturalmedicinesofnc.org. Accessed July 12, 2006
44. Guo X, Wang X, Su W, Zhang G, Zhou R (2011) DNA barcodes for discriminating the medicinal plant Scutellaria baicalensis (Lamiaceae) and its adulterants. Biol Pharm Bull 34:1198-1203
45. Halpern HJ, Yu C, Barth E, Peric M, Rosen GM (1995) In situ detection by spin trapping of hydroxyl radical markers produced from ionizing radiation in the tumor of the living mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:796-800
46. Hart J (2002) Skullcap alternative medicine. A.D.A.M., Inc. www.healthandage.com
47. Hattori S (1930) Spectrography of the flavone series. III. The constitution of wogonin. Acta Phytochim 5:99-116
48. Hefferon KL (2010) Biopharmaceutical in plants: toward the next century of medicine. CRC Press, Boca Raton, p 206
49. Hendrix SD, Kyhl JF (2000) Population size and reproduction in Phlox pilosa. Conserv Biol 14:304-313
50. Heo HJ, Kim D, Choi SJ, Shin DH, Lee CY (2004) Potent inhibitory effect of flavonoids in Scutellaria baicalensis on amyloid b protein-induced neurotoxicity. J Agric Food Chem 52:4128-4132
51. Himeji M, Ohtsuki T, Fukazawa H, Tanaka M, Yazaki S, Ui S, Nishio K, Yamamoto H, Tasaka K, Mimura A (2007) Difference of growth-inhibitory effect of Scutellaria baicalensisproducing flavonoid wogonin among human cancer cells and normal diploid cell. Cancer Lett 245:269-274
52. Hirotani M (1999) Genetic transformation of Scutellaria baicalensis. In: Bajaj YPS (ed) Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry. Transgenic medicinal plants, vol 45. Springer, New York, pp 271-283
53. Hosokawa K, Minami M, Kawahara K, Nakamura I, Shibata T (2000) Discrimination among three species of medicinal Scutellaria plants using RAPD markers. Planta Med 66:270-272
54. Hsieh TC, Lu X, Chea J, Wu JM (2002) Prevention and management of prostate cancer using PC-SES: a scientific perspective. J Nutr 132:3513-3517
55. Hsu SL, Hsieh YC, Hsieh WC, Chou CJ (2001) Baicalein induces a dual growth arrest by modulating multiple cell cycle regulatory molecules. Eur J Pharmacol 425:165-171
56. Huang WH, Lee AR, Yang CH (2006) Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of polyhydroxyflavonoids of Scutellaria baicalensis GEORGI. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 70:2371-2380
57. Ikemoto S, Sugimura K, Yoshida N, Yasumoto R, Wada S, Yamamoto K, Kishimoto T (2000) Antitumor effects of Scutellariae radix and its components baicalein, baicalin, and wogonin on bladder cancer cell lines. Urology 55:951-955
58. Ishimaru K, Nishikawa K, Omoto T, Asai I, Yoshihira K, Shimomura K (1995) Two flavone 20-glucosides from Scutellaria baicalensis. Phytochemistry 40:279-281
59. Jedinak A, Farago J, Psenakova I, Maliar T (2004) Approaches to flavonoids production in plant tissue cultures. Biologia Bratislava 59:697-710
60. Joshee N, Patrick TS, Mentreddy SR, Yadav AK (2002) Skullcap: potential medicinal crop. In: Janick J, Whipkey A (eds) Trends in new crops and new uses. ASHS Press, Alexandria
61. Joshee N, Mentreddy SR, Yadav AK (2007) Mycorrhizal fungi and growth and development of micropropagated Scutellaria integrifolia plants. Ind Crops Prod 25:169-177
62. Joshee N, Parajuli P, Medina-Bolivar F, Rimando AM, Yadav AK (2010) Scutellaria biotechnology: achievements and future prospects. Bull UASVM Horticulture 67:24-32. Print ISSN:1843-5254; Electronic ISSN:1843-5394
63. Kang BY, Chung SW, Kim SH, Cho D, Kim TS (2003) Involvement of nuclear factor-kappaB in the inhibition of interleukin-12 production from mouse macrophages by baicalein, a flavonoid in Scutellaria baicalensis. Planta Med 69:687-691
64. Kim JS, Jobin C (2005) The flavonoid luteolin prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced NF-kappaB signalling and gene expression by blocking IkappaB kinase activity in intestinal epithelial cells and bone-marrow derived dendritic cells. Immunology 115:375-387
65. Kim EK, Kwon KB, Han MJ, Song MY, Lee JH, Ko YS, Shin BC, Yu J, Lee YR, Ryu DG, Park JW, Park BH (2007) Induction of G1 arrest and apoptosis by Scutellaria barbata in the human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cell line. Int J Mol Med 20:123-128
66. Konoshima T, Kokumai M, Kozuka M, Iinuma M, Mizuno M, Tanaka T, Tokuda H, Nishino H, Iwashima A (1992) Studies on inhibitors of skin tumor promotion. XI. Inhibitory effects of flavonoids from Scutellaria baicalensis on Epstein-Barr virus activation and their anti-tumorpromoting activities. Chem Pharm Bull 40:531-533
67. Koppal T (2004) Microarrays: migrating from discovery to diagnostics. Drug Discov Dev 7:30-34
68. Krakauer T, Li BQ, Young HA (2001) The flavonoid baicalin inhibits superantigen-induced inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. FEBS Lett 500:52-55
69. Kumagai T, Muller CI, Desmond JC, Imai Y, Heber D, Koeffler HP (2007) Scutellaria baicalensis, a herbal medicine: anti-proliferative and apoptotic activity against acute lymphocytic leukemia, lymphoma and myeloma cell lines. Leukemia Res 31:523-530
70. Kyo R, Nakahata N, Sakakibara I, Kubo M, Ohizumi Y (1998) Baicalin and baicalein, constituents of an important medicinal plant, inhibit intracellular Ca2+ elevation by reducing phospholipase C activity in C6 rat glioma cells. J Pharm Pharmacol 50:1179-1182
71. Lai MY, Chen CC, Hsiu SL, Chao PDL (2001) Analysis and comparison of baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin contents in traditional decoctions and commercial extracts of Scutellaria radix. J Food Drug Anal 9:145-149
72. Lee SW, Song GS, Kwon CH, Kim YK (2005) Beneficial effect of flavonoid baicalein in cisplatin-induced cell death of human glioma cells. Neurosci Lett 382:71-75
73. Li J, Khan I (2006) The advanced bioactivity studies of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and its phenolic compounds. Acta Hort (ISHS) 720:157-169
74. Li B-Q, Fu T, Yan Y-D, Baylor NW, Ruscetti FW, Kung HF (1993) Inhibition of HIV infection by baicalin-A flavonoid compound purified from Chinese herbal medicine. Cell Mol Biol Res 39:119-124
75. Li B-Q, Fu T, Gong WH, Dunlop N, Kung H, Yan Y, Kang J, Wang JM (2000a) The flavonoid baicalin exhibits anti-inflammatory activity by binding to chemokines. Immunopharmacology 49:295-306
76. Li H, Murch SJ, Saxena PK (2000b) Thidiazuron-Induced De novo shoot organogenesis on seedlings, etiolated hypocotyls and stem segments of Huanq-qin. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 62:169-173
77. Li ZJ, Jayasankar S, Gray DJ (2004) Bi-directional duplex promoters with duplicated enhancers significantly increase transgene expression in grape and tobacco. Transgenic Res 13:143-154
78. Loon IM (1997) The golden root: clinical application of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi flavonoids as modulators of the inflammatory response. Altern Med Rev 3:472-480
79. Ma Z, Otsuyama K, Liu S, Abroun S, Ishikawa H, Tsuyama N, Obata M, Li FJ, Zheng X, Maki Y, Miyamoto K, Kawano MM (2005) Baicalein, a component of Scutellaria radix from Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang (HLJDT), leads to suppression of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in human myeloma cells. Blood 105:3312-3318
80. Maunder M, Culham A, Alden B, Zizka G, Orliac C, Lobin W, Bordeu A, Ramirez JM, Glissman-Gough S (2000) Conservation of the Toromiro tree: case study in the management of a plant extinct in the wild. Conserv Biol 14:1341-1350
81. Medina-Bolivar F, Condori J, Rimando A, Hubstenberger J, Shelton K, Bennett S, Dolan M (2007) Production and secretion of resveratrol in hairy root cultures of peanut. Phytochemistry 68:1992-2003
82. Medina-Bolivar F, Dolan M, Bennett S, Condori J, Hubstenberger J (2010) Production of stilbenes in hairy roots. US Patent N. 7666677
83. Merritt DJ, Dixon KW (2003) Seed storage characteristics and dormancy of Australian indigenous plant species. In: Smith RD, Dickie JB, Linington SH, Pritchard HW, Probert RJ (eds) Seed conservation: turning science into practice. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, London
84. Merritt DJ, Turner SR, Clarke S, Dixon KW (2007) Seed dormancy and germination stimulation syndromes for Australian temperate species. Aust J Bot 55:336-344
85. Miyaichi Y, Tomimori T (1994) Studies on the constituents of Scutellaria species XVI. On the phenol glycosides of the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Nat Med 48:215-218
86. Miyaichi Y, Tomimori T (1995) Studies on the constituents of Scutellaria species XVII. On the phenol glycosides of the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Nat Med 49:350-353
87. Miyaichi Y, Imoto Y, Tomimori T, Lin C-C (1987) Studies on the constituents of Scutellaria species XI. On the flavonoid constituents of the aerial parts of Scutellaria indica L. Chem Pharm Bull 35:3720-3725
88. Miyaichi Y, Imoto Y, Kizu H, Tomimori T (1988a) Studies on the Nepalese crude drugs. X. On the flavonoid constituents of the root of Scutellaria scadens Buch.-Ham. D. Don. Chem Pharm Bull 36:2371-2376
89. Miyaichi Y, Imoto Y, Kizu H, Tomimori T (1988b) Studies on the Nepalese crude drugs. X. On the flavonoid and stilbene constituents of the leaves of Scutellaria scadens Buch.-Ham. D. Don. Shoyakugaku Zasshi 42:204-207
90. Miyaichi Y, Imoto Y, Tomimori T, Lin C-C (1989) Studies on the constituents of Scutellaria species IX. On the flavonoid constituents of the root Scutellaria indica L. Chem Pharm Bull 37:794-797
91. Murashige T, Skoog F (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plantarum 15:473-492
92. Murch SJ, Rupasinghe HPV, Goodenowe D, Saxena PK (2004) A metabolomic analysis of medicinal diversity in Huang-qin (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi) genotypes discovery of novel compounds. Plant Cell Rep 23:419-425
93. Newman DJ, Cragg GM, Snader KM (2000) The influence of natural products upon drug discovery. Nat Prod Rep 17:215-234
94. Nijveldt RJ, Van Nood E, Van Hoorn DE, Boelens PG, Van Norren K, Van Leeuwen PA (2001) Flavonoids: a review of probable mechanisms of action and potential applications. Am J Clin Nutr 74:418-425
95. Nishikawa K, Ishimaru K (1997) Flavonoids in root cultures of Scutellaria baicalensis. J Plant Physiol 151:633-636
96. Nishikawa K, Furukawa H, Fujioka T, Fuji H, Mihashi K, Shimomura K, Ishmaru K (1999a) Phenolics in tissue cultures of Scutellaria. Nat Med 53:209-213
97. Nishikawa K, Furukawa H, Fujioka T, Fuji H, Mihashi K, Shimomura K, Ishimaru K (1999b) Flavone production in transformed root cultures of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Phytochemistry 52:885-890
98. NRCS (2010) Scutellaria lateriflora L. Blue skullcap. United States Department of Agriculture/Natural Resources Conservation Service. http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SCLA2. Accessed March 24, 2010
99. Parajuli P, Joshee N, Rimando A, Mittal S, Yadav AK (2009) In vitro anti-tumor mechanisms of various Scutellaria extracts and constituent flavonoids. Planta Med 75:41-48
100. Parajuli P, Joshee N, Chinni SR, Rimando AM, Mittal S, Sethi S, Yadav AK (2011) Delayed growth of glioma by Scutellaria flavonoids involve inhibition of Akt, GSK-3 and NF-kB signaling. J Neurooncol 101:15-24
101. Paton A (1990) A global taxonomic investigation of Scutellaria (Labiateae). Kew Bull 45:399-450
102. Patrick TS, Allison JR, Krakow GA (1995) Protected plants of Georgia. Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Atlanta, pp 171-174
103. Perez AT, Arun B, Tripathy D, Tagliaferri MA, Shaw HS, Kimmick GG, Cohen I, Shtivelman E, Caygill KA, Grady D, Schactman M, Shapiro CL (2010) A phase 1B dose escalation trial of Scutellaria barbata (BZL101) for patients with metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 120:111-118
104. Porter B (2006) Skullcap production in Saskatchewan. http://www.agr.gov.sk.ca/docs/crops/horticulture/skullcap.asp. Accessed July 12, 2006
105. Qian B (1987) Clinical effect of anticancer Chinese medicine. Shanghai Translation Publishing House, Shanghai, pp 6-7
106. Ravindran PN, Babu NK (2005) Ginger, the genus Zingiber, medicinal and aromatic plantsindustrial profiles. CRC Press, Boca Raton
107. Richardson MA (2001) Biopharmacologic and herbal therapies for cancer: research update from NCCAM. J Nutr 131:3037-3040
108. Rugo H, Shtivelman E, Perez A, Vogel C, Franco S, Tan Chiu E, Melisko M, Tagliaferri M, Cohen I, Shoemaker M, Tran Z, Tripathy D (2007) Phase I trial and antitumor effects of BZL101 for patients with advanced breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 105:17-28
109. Saif MW, Lansigan F, Ruta S, Lamb L, Mezes M, Elligers K, Grant N, Jiang ZL, Liu SH, Cheng YC (2010) Phase I study of the botanical formulation PHY906 with capecitabine in advanced pancreatic and other gastrointestinal malignancies. Phytomedicine 17:161-169
110. Sarin R (2005) Useful metabolites from plant tissue cultures. Biotechnology 4:79-93
111. Sato Y, Suzuki S, Nishikawa T, Kihara M, Shibata H, Higuti T (2000) Phytochemical flavones isolated from Scutellaria barbata and antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Ethnopharmacol 72:483-488
112. Scheck AC, Perry K, Hank NC, Clark WD (2006) Anticancer activity of extracts derived from the mature roots of Scutellaria baicalensis on human malignant brain tumor cells. BMC Complement Altern Med 6:27
113. Shang X, He X, He X, Li M, Zhang R, Fan P, Zhang Q, Jia Z (2010) The genus Scutellaria an ethnopharmacological and phytochemical review. J Ethnopharmacol 128:279-313
114. Shao Z-H, Li C-Q, Vanden Hoek TL, Becker LB, Schumacker PT, Wu JA, Attele AS, Yuan C-S (1999) Extract from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi attenuates oxidant stress in cardiomyocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 31:1885-1895
115. Shibata K, Iwata S, Nakamura M (1923) Baicalin, a new flavone-glucuronic acid compound from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis. Acta Phytochim 1:105-139
116. Shieh DE, Liu LT, Lin CC (2000) Antioxidant and free radical scavenging effects of baicalein, baicalin and wogonin. Anticancer Res 20:2861-2865
117. Shieh DE, Cheng HY, Yen MH, Chiang LC, Lin CC (2006) Baicalin-induced apoptosis is mediated by Bcl-2-dependent, but not p53-dependent, pathway in human leukemia cell lines. Am J Chin Med 34:245-261
118. Shin SW, Lee HK (1995) Production of baicalin by cell cultures of Scutellaria baicalensis. Korean J Pharmacog 26:159-163
119. Similien A (2009) Effect of shade, irrigation and nutrients on dry matter yield and flavonoid content in American skullcap. M.S. thesis, Department of Agronomy and Soils, Auburn University
120. Sinha S, Pokhrel S, Vaidya BN, Joshee N (1999) In vitro micropropagation and callus induction in Scutellaria discolor COLEBR.-A medicinally important plant of Nepal. Indian J Plant Genet Resour 12:219-223
121. Srivastava J, Lambert J, Vietmeyer N (1996) Medicinal plants: an expanding role in development. World Bank technical paper 320. The World Bank, Washington
122. Stojakovska A, Malarz J (2000) Flavonoid production in transformed root cultures of Scutellaria baicalensis. Plant Physiol 156:121-125
123. Stojakowska A, Malarz J, Kohlmuenzer S (1999) Micropropagation of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Acta Soc Bot Pol 68:103-107
124. Sucher NJ, Carles MC (2008) Genome based approaches to the authentication of medicinal plants. Planta Med 74:603-623
125. Tang W, Eisenbrand G (1992) Chinese drugs of plant origin. Springer, Berlin
126. Tani T, Katsuki T, Kubo M, Arichi S (1985) Histochemistry. VII. Flavones in Scutellaria Radix. Chem Pharm Bull 33:4894-4900
127. Tascan A (2007) Liquid culture systems for Scutellaria species in vitro. M.S. thesis. Clemson University, Clemson, SC
128. Tascan A, Adelberg JW, Joshee N, Yadav AK, Tascan M (2007) Liquid culture systems for Scutellaria spp. Acta Hort 756:163-170
129. Tascan A, Adelberg JW, Rimando AM, Tascan M, Joshee N, Yadav AK (2010) Hyperhydricity and flavonoid content of Scutellaria species in vitro on polyester-supported liquid culture systems. HortScience 45(10):1723-1728
130. Tomimori T, Miyaichi Y, Imoto Y, Kizu H, Namba T (1984) Studies on the constituents of Scutellaria species V. On the flavanoid constituents of Ban Zhi Lian, the whole herb of Scutellaria rivularis Wall (1). Shoyakugaku Zasshi 38:249-252
131. Tomimori T, Miyaichi Y, Imoto Y, Kizu H, Namba T (1985) Studies on Nepalese crude drugs. V. On the flavonoid constituents of the root of Scutellaria discolor Colebr. Chem Pharm Bull 33:4457-4463
132. Tomimori T, Miyaichi Y, Imoto Y, Kizu H (1986) Studies on the constituents of Scutellaria species. VIII. On the flavonoid constituents of Ban Zhi Lian, the whole herb of Scutellaria rivularis Wall (2). Shoyakugaku Zasshi 40:432-433
133. Tomimori T, Imoto Y, Miyaichi Y (1990) Studies on the constituents of Scutellaria species XIII. On the flavonoid constituents of the root of Scutellaria rivularis Wall. Chem Pharm Bull 38:3488-3490
134. Turner BL (2011) A new species of scutellaria (Lamiaceae) from Oaxaca, Mexico. Phytologia 93:241-244
135. Uhring J (1982) In vitro propagation of Scutellaria costaricana. HortScience 17:533
136. Ujiki MB, Ding XZ, Salabat MR, Bentrem DJ, Golkar L, Milam B, Talamonti MS, Bell RH Jr, Iwamura T, Adrian TE (2006) Apigenin inhibits pancreatic cancer cell proliferation through G2/M cell cycle arrest. Mol Cancer 5:76
137. Vanisree M, Lee C-Y, Lo S-F, Nalawade SM, Lin CY, Tsay H-S (2004) Studies on the production of some important secondary metabolites from medicinal plants by plant tissue cultures. Bot Bull Acad Sin 45:1-22
138. Verpoorte R, Van Der Heijden R, Memelink J (2000) Engineering the plant cell factory for secondary metabolite production. Transgenic Res 9:323-343
139. Way TD, Kao MC, Lin JK (2004) Apigenin induces apoptosis through proteasomal degradation of HER2/neu in HER2/neu-overexpressing breast cancer cells via the phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase/Akt-dependent pathway. J Biol Chem 279:4479-4489
140. Wermuth CG (2004) Multitargeted drugs: the end of the 'one-target-one-disease' philosophy?. Drug Discov Today 9:826-827
141. Wichtl M, Franz C, Czygan FZ, Frohne D, Holtzel C, Nagell A, Pfander HJ, Willuhn G, Buff W (1994) Herbal drugs and phytopharmaceuticals. CRC press, Boca Raton (translated by Bisset NG
142. Wills RBH, Stuart DL (2004) Generation of high quality Australian skullcap products. A report for the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, RIRDC publication no. 04/020, Australian Government. ISBN:0642587302, ISSN:1440-6845
143. Winkel-Shirley B (1998) Flavonoids in seeds and grains: physiological function, agronomic importance and the genetics of biosynthesis. Seed Sci Res 8:415-422
144. Yaghmai MS (1998) Volatile constituents of Scutellaria lateriflora L. Flavour Fragrance J 3: 27-31
145. Yano S, Umeda D, Yamashita T, Ninomiya Y, Sumida M, Fujimura Y, Yamada K, Tachibana H (2007) Dietary flavones suppresses IgE and Th2 cytokines in OVA-immunized BALB/c mice. Eur J Nutr 46:257-263
146. Ye F, Jiang S, Volshonok H, Wu J, Zhang DY (2007) Molecular mechanism of anti-prostate cancer activity of Scutellaria baicalensis extract. Nutr Cancer 57:100-110
147. Yin X, Zhou J, Jie C, Xing D, Zhang Y (2004) Anticancer activity and mechanism of Scutellaria barbata extract on human lung cancer cell line A549. Life Sci 75:2233-2244
148. Yoon HJ, Kim HK, Ma C-J, Huh H (2000) Induced accumulation of triterpenoids in Scutellaria baicalensis suspension cultures using a yeast elicitor. Biotech Lett 22:1071-1075
149. Yoon MS, Lee JS, Choi BM, Jeong YI, Lee CM, Park JH, Moon Y, Sung SC, Lee SK, Chang YH, Chung H, Park YM (2006) Apigenin inhibits immuno-stimulatory function of dendritic cells: implication of immunotherapeutic adjuvant. Mol Pharmacol 70:1033-1044
150. Yu J, Liu H, Lei J, Tan W, Hu X, Zou G (2007) Antitumor activity of chloroform fraction of Scutellaria barbata and its active constituents. Phytother Res 21:817-822
151. Zhang Y-Y, Guo Y-Z, Onda M, Hashimoto K, Ikeya Y, Okada M, Maruno M (1994) Four flavonoids from Scutellaria baicalensis. Phytochemistry 35:511-514
152. Zhang DY, Wu J, Ye F, Xue L, Jiang S, Yi J, Zhang W, Wei H, Sung M, Wang W, Li X (2003) Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and prostaglandin E2 synthesis by Scutellaria baicalensis. Cancer Res 63:4037-4043
153. Zheljazkov VD, Cantrell CL, Ebelhar M, Coker C, Evans WB (2007) Quality assessment and yield of Baikal skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis) grown at multiple locations across Mississippi. HortScience 42:1183-1187
154. Zhou Y, Hirotani M, Yoshikawa T, Furuya T (1997) Flavonoids and phenylethanoids from hairy root cultures of Scutellaria baicalensis. Phytochemistry 44:83-87
155. Zobayed SMA, Murch SJ, Rupasinghe HPV, De Boer JG, Glickman BW, Saxena PK (2004) Optimized system for biomass production, chemical characterization and evaluation of chemo-preventive properties of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Plant Sci 167:439-446