Physical view on migration modes

Cell Adhesion and Migration

Volumn 9, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 367-379

  Mierke, Claudia Tanja ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEIPZIG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Acto myosin cytoskeleton; Blebbing; Cell invasion; Cellular stiffness; Contractile forces; Cytoskeletal remodeling; Focal adhesions; Integrins; Intermediate filaments; Matrix metalloproteases; Transendothelial migration

Indexed keywords

MYOSIN II;

A375 CELL LINE; ACTIN FILAMENT; ACTIN POLYMERIZATION; ARTICLE; CANCER CELL LINE; CANCER GROWTH; CELL ADHESION; CELL EXPANSION; CELL MIGRATION; CELL MOTILITY; CELL STRUCTURE; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; GENE EXPRESSION; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; MELANOMA CELL; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; NEOPLASM; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT; WOUND HEALING; ANIMAL; CELL MEMBRANE; CELL MOTION; CELL SHAPE; CELL SURFACE; EPITHELIUM; HUMAN; MESODERM; METABOLISM; METASTASIS; PATHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; CELL MEMBRANE; CELL MOVEMENT; CELL SHAPE; CELL SURFACE EXTENSIONS; CELLULAR MICROENVIRONMENT; EPITHELIUM; HUMANS; MESODERM; NEOPLASM METASTASIS;

EID: 84948994887     PISSN: 19336918     EISSN: 19336926     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2015.1066958     Document Type: Article

References (148)

1. Adamson P, Paterson HF, Hall A. Intracellular localization of the P21rho proteins. J Cell Biol 1992; 119: 617-627. PMID:1383236.
2. Al-Mehdi AB, Tozawa K, Fisher AB, Shientag L, Lee A, Muschel RJ. Intravascular origin of metastasis from the proliferation of endothelium-attached tumor cells: A new model for metastasis. Nature Med 2000; 6: 100-102. PMID:10613833
3. Alcaraz J, Mori H, Ghajar CM, Brownfield D, Galgoczy R, Bissell MJ. Collective epithelial cell invasion overcomes mechanical barriers of collagenous extracellular matrix by a narrow tube-like geometry and MMP14-dependent local softening Integr. Biol. (Camb.) 2011; 3: 1153-1166.
4. Alfano D, Ragno P, Stoppelli MP, Ridley AJ. RhoB regulates uPAR signalling. J Cell Sci 2012; 125: 2369-2380. PMID:22366462
5. Bergert M, Chandradoss SD, Desai RA, Paluch E. Cell mechanics control rapid transitions between blebs and lamellipodia during migration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109: 14434-14439. PMID:22786929
6. Betz T., Koch D., Lu YB, Franze K., Käs JA. Growth cones as soft and weak force generators. PNAS 2011; 108(33): 13420-13425. PMID:21813757
7. Reichman-Fried M, Castanon I, Dumstrei K, Marlow FL, Kawakami K, Solnica-Krezel L, Heisenberg CP, Raz E. Migration of zebrafish primordial germ cells: a role for myosin contraction and cytoplasmic flow. Dev Cell 2006; 11: 613-627. PMID:17084355
8. Bloom RJ, George JP, Celedon A, Sun SX, Wirtz D. Mapping local matrix remodeling induced by a migrating tumor cell using 3-D multiple-particle tracking. Biophys. J. 2008; 95: 4077-4088. PMID:18641063
9. Bos JL, Rehmann H, Wittinghofer A. GEFsandGAPs: critical elements in the control of small G proteins. Cell 2007; 129: 865-877. PMID:17540168
10. Boulbitch A, Simson R, Simson DA, Merkel R, Hackl W, Barmann M, Sackmann E. Shape instability of a biomembrane driven by a local softening of the underlying actin cortex. Phys Rev E: Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Top 2000; 62: 3974-3985.
11. Brown MJ, Hallam JA, Colucci-Guyon E, Shaw S. Rigidity of circulating lymphocytes is primarily conferred by vimentin intermediate filaments. J Immunol 2001; 166: 6640-6646. PMID:11359818
12. Brugues J, Maugis B, Casademunt J, Nassoy P, Amblard F, Sens P. Dynamical organization of the cytoskeletal cortex probed by micropipette aspiration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107: 15415-15420. PMID:20713731
13. Burridge K, Chrzanowska-Wodnicka M. Focal adhesions, contractility, and signaling. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 1996; 12: 463-518. PMID:8970735
14. Campinho P, Behrndt M, Ranft J, Risler T, Minc N, Heisenberg CP. Tension-oriented cell divisions limit anisotropic tissue tension in epithelial spreading during zebrafish epiboly. Nat Cell Biol 2013; 15(12): 1405-1414. PMID:24212092
15. Charras G, Paluch E. Blebs lead the way: how to migrate without lamellipodia. Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol 2008; 9: 730-736.
16. Charras GT, Coughlin M, Mitchison TJ, Mahadevan L. Life and times of a cellular bleb. Biophys J 2008; 94: 1836-1853. PMID:17921219
17. Charras GT, Hu CK, Coughlin M, Mitchison TJ. Reassembly of contractile actin cortex in cell blebs. J. Cell Biol 2006; 175: 477-490 PMID:17088428
18. Charras GT, Mitchison TJ, Mahadevan L. Animal cell hydraulics. J Cell Sci 2009; 122: 3233-3241. PMID:19690051
19. Charras GT, Yarrow JC, Horton MA, Mahadevan L, Mitchison TJ. Non-equilibration of hydrostatic pressure in blebbing cells. Nature 2005; 435(7040): 365-369. PMID:15902261
20. Chen Z, Borek D, Padrick SB, Gomez TS, Metlagel Z, Ismail AM, Umetani J, Billadeau DD, Otwinowski Z, Rosen MK. Structure and control of the actin regula-tory WAVE complex. Nature 2010; 468: 533-8. PMID:21107423
21. Chen MB, Whisler JA, Jeon JS, Kamm RD. Mechanisms of tumor cell extravasation in an in vitro microvascular network platform. Integr Biol (Camb) 2013; 5(10): 1262-1271. PMID:23995847
22. Cunningham CC. Actin polymerization and intracellular solvent flow in cell surface blebbing. J Cell Biol 1995; 129: 1589-1599. PMID:7790356
23. Dang I, Gorelik R, Sousa-Blin C, Derivery E, Guerin C, Linkner J, Nemethova M, Dumortier JG, Giger FA, Chipysheva TA et al. Inhibitory signalling to the Arp2/3 complex steers cell migration. Nature 2013; 503: 281-4. PMID:24132237
24. de Toledo M, Anguille C, Roger L, Roux P, Gadea G. Cooperative anti-invasive effect of Cdc42/Rac1 activation and ROCK inhibition in SW620 colorectal cancer cells with elevated blebbing activity. PLoS One 2012; 7(11): e48344. PMID:23144867
25. Derivery E, Fink J, Martin D, Houdusse A, Piel M, Stradal TE, Louvard D, Gautreau A. Free Brick1 is a trimeric precursor in the assembly of a functional wave complex. PLoS ONE 2008; 3: e2462. PMID:18560548
26. Diz-Munoz A, Krieg M, Bergert M, Ibarlucea-Benitez I, Muller DJ, Paluch E, Heisenberg CP. Control of directed cell migration in vivo by membrane-to-cortex attachment. PLoS Biol 2010; 8: e1000544. PMID:21151339
27. Doitsidou M, Reichman-Fried M, Stebler J, Koprunner M, Dorries J, Meyer D, Esguerra CV, Leung T, Raz E. Guidance of primordial germ cell migration by the chemokine SDF-1. Cell 2002; 111: 647-659. PMID:12464177
28. Eden S, Rohatgi R, Podtelejnikov AV, Mann M, Kirschner MW. Mechanism of regulation of WAVE1-induced actin nucleation by Rac1 and Nck. Nature 2002; 418: 790-3. PMID:12181570
29. Evans EA, Skalak R. Mechanics and thermodynamics of biomembranes: Part 1. CRC Crit Rev Bioeng 1979; 3: 181-330. PMID:393460
30. Fackler OT, Grosse R. Cell motility through plasma membrane blebbing. J Cell Biol 2008; 181(6): 879-884. PMID:18541702
31. Fehon RG, McClatchey AI, Bretscher A. Organizing the cell cortex: the role of ERM proteins. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2010; 11: 276-287. PMID:20308985
32. Friedl P, Wolf K. Plasticity of cell migration: a multiscale tuning model. J Cell Biol 2010; 188: 11-19. PMID:19951899
33. Friedl P, Wolf K. Tumour-cell invasion and migration: diversity and escape mechanisms. Nat Rev Cancer 2003; 3: 362-374. PMID:12724734
34. Friedl P. Prespecification and plasticity: shifting mechanisms of cell migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2004; 16: 14-23. PMID:15037300
35. Gadea G, Sanz-Moreno V, Self A, Godi A, Marshall CJ. DOCK10-mediated Cdc42 activation is necessary for amoeboid invasion of melanoma cells. Curr Biol 2008; 18: 1456-65. PMID:18835169
36. Gaggioli C, Hooper S, Hidalgo-Carcedo C, Grosse R, Marshall JF, Harrington K, Sahai E. Fibroblast-led collective invasion of carcinoma cells with differing roles for RhoGTPases in leading and following cells. Nat Cell Biol 2007; 9: 1392-400. PMID:18037882
37. Gampel A, Mellor H. Small interfering RNAs as a tool to assign Rho GTPase exchange-factor function in vivo. Biochem J 2002; 366:393-8. PMID:12113653
38. Gampel A, Parker PJ, Mellor H. Regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor traffic by the small GTPase rhoB. Curr Biol 1999; 9: 955-8. PMID:10508588
39. Garcia-Mata R, Boulter E, Burridge K. The ‘invisible hand’: regulation of RHO GTPases by RHOGDIs. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2011; 12:493-504. PMID:21779026
40. Gervásio OL, Phillips WD, Cole L, Allen DG. Caveolae respond to cell stretch and contribute to stretchinduced signaling. J Cell Sci 2011; 124(Pt 21): 3581-3590.
41. Giri A, Bajpai S, Trenton N, Jayatilaka H, Longmore GD, Wirtz D. The Arp2/3 complex mediates multigeneration dendritic protrusions for efficient 3-dimensional cancer cell migration. FASEB J. 2013; 27(10): 4089-4099. PMID:23796785
42. Golde T, Schuldt C, Schnauß J, Strehle D, Glaser M, Käs JA. Fluorescent beads disintegrate actin networks. Phys. Rev. E 2013; 88(4): 044601.
43. Goudarzi M, Banisch TU, Mobin MB, Maghelli N, Tarbashevich K, Strate I, van den Berg J, Blaser H, Bandemer S, Paluch E et al. Identification and regulation of a molecular module for bleb-based cell motility. Dev Cell 2012; 23: 210-218. PMID:22705393
44. Guck J, Schinkinger S, Lincoln B, Wottawah F, Ebert S, Romeyke M, Lenz D, Erickson HM, Ananthakrishnan R, Mitchell D et al. Optical deformability as an inherent cell marker for testing malignant transformation and metastatic competence. Biophys. J. 2005; 88: 3689-3698. PMID:15722433
45. Haenisch J, Koelm R, Wozniczka M, Bumann D, Rottner K, Stradal TEB. Activation of a RhoA/Myosin II-Dependent but Arp2/3 Complex-Independent Pathway Facilitates Salmonella Invasion. Cell Host and Microbe 2011; 9: 273-285. PMID:21501827
46. Hall A. Rho family GTPases. Biochem Soc Trans 2012; 40: 1378-82. PMID:23176484
47. Huber F, Schnauß J, Rönicke S, Rauch P, Müller K, Fütterer C, Käs JA. Emergent complexity oft he cytoskeleton: from single filaments to tissue. Advances in Physics 2013; 62(1): 1-112. PMID:24748680
48. Jackson D, Waibel R, Weber E, Bell J, Stahel RA. CD24, a signal-transducing molecule expressed on human B cells, is a major surface antigen on small cell lung carcinomas. Cancer Res 1992; 52(19): 5264-5270. PMID:1327504
49. Jaffe AB, Hall A. RhoGTPases: biochemistry and biology. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2005; 21: 247-69. PMID:16212495
50. Jerrell RJ, Parekh A. Cellular traction stresses mediate extracellular matrix degradation by invadopodia. Acta Biomaterialia 2014; 10: 1886-1896. PMID:24412623
51. Jonas O, Mierke CT, Käs JA. Invasive cancer cell lines exhibit biomechanical properties that are distinct from their noninvasive counterparts. Soft Matter 2011; 7: 11488-11495.
52. Katoh H, Negishi M. RhoG activates Rac1 by direct interaction with the Dock180-binding protein Elmo. Nature 2003; 424: 461-4. PMID:12879077
53. Katoh K, Kano Y, Amano M, Onishi H, Kaibuchi K, Fujiwara K. Rho-kinase–mediated contraction of isolated stress fibers. J Cell Biol 2001; 153: 569-584. PMID:11331307
54. Kiessling TR, Herrera M, Nnetu KD, Balzer EM, Girvan M, Fritsch AW, Martin SS, Käs JA, Losert W. Analysis of multiple physical parameters for mechanical phenotyping of living cells. Eur Biophys J 2013; 42(5): 383-394. PMID:23504046
55. Kimura K, Ito M, Amano M, Chihara K, Fukata Y, Nakafuku M, Yamamori B, Feng J, Nakano T, Okawa K et al. Regulation of myosin phosphatase by Rho and Rho-associated kinase (Rho-kinase). Science 1996; 273: 245-248. PMID:8662509
56. Kunschmann T, Puder S, Fischer T, Perez J, Anika Steffen A, Rottner K, Mierke CT. The small GTPase Rac1 regulates the mechanical deformability facilitating. Cell motility into 3D extracelllular matrices 2015.
57. Laevsky G, Knecht DA. Cross-linking of actin filaments by myosin II is a major contributor to cortical integrity and cell motility in restrictive environments. J Cell Sci 2003; 116: 3761-3770. PMID:12890752
58. Lämmermann T, Sixt M. Mechanical modes of ‘amoeboid’ cell migration. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 2009; 21: 636-644.
59. Langridge PD, Kay RR. Blebbing of Dictyostelium cells in response to chemoattractant. Exp Cell Res 2006; 312: 2009-2017. PMID:16624291
60. Levental KR, Yu H, Kass L, Lakins JN, Egeblad M, Erler JT, Fong SF, Csiszar K, Liu YJ, Le Berre M et al. Confinement and low adhesion induce fast amoeboid migration of slow mesenchymal cells. Cell 2015; 160 (4): 659-672. PMID:25679760
61. Giaccia A, Weninger W, Yamauchi M, Gasser DL, Weaver VM. Matrix crosslinking forces tumor progression by enhancing integrin signaling Cell 2009; 139: 891-906. PMID:19931152
62. Lim F, Chiam K-H, Mahadevan L. The size, shape, and dynamics of cellular blebs. Eur Phys Lett 2012; 100: 28004.
63. Loitto VM, Karlsson T, Magnusson KE. Water flux in cell motility: Expanding the mechanisms of membrane protrusion. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 2009; 66: 237-247. PMID:19347962
64. Lorentzen A, Bamber J, Sadok A, Elson-Schwab I, Marshall CJ. An ezrin-rich, rigid uropod-like structure directs movement of amoeboid blebbing cells. J Cell Sci 2011; 124: 1256-1267. PMID:21444753
65. Machacek M, Hodgson L, Welch C, Elliott H, Pertz O, Nalbant P, Abell A, Johnson GL, Hahn KM, Danuser G. Coordination of Rho GTPase activities during cell protrusion. Nature 2009; 461: 99-103. PMID:19693013
66. Mahaffy RE, Shih CK, MacKintosh FC, Käs JA. Scanning probe-based frequency-dependent microrheology of polymer gels and biological cells. Phys. Rev. Letter 2000; 85(4): 880-883.
67. Maître JL, Berthoumieux H, Krens SF, Salbreux G, Jülicher F, Paluch E, Heisenberg CP. Adhesion functions in cell sorting by mechanically coupling the cortices of adhering cells. Science 2012; 338(6104): 253-256.
68. Martinelli S, Chen EJ, Clarke F, Lyck R, Affentranger S, Burkhardt JK, Niggli V. Ezrin/radixin/moesin proteins and flotillins cooperate to promote uropod formation in T cells. Front Immunol 2013; 4: 84. PMID:23579783
69. Maugis B, Brugues J, Nassoy P, Guillen N, Sens P, Amblard F. Dynamic instability of the intracellular pressure drives bleb-based motility. J Cell Sci 2010; 123: 3884-3892. PMID:20980385
70. McNulty AL, Weinberg JB, Guilak F. Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases enhances in vitro repair of the meniscus. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2009; 467: 1557-1567. PMID:18975039
71. Melendez J, Stengel K, Zhou X, Chauhan BK, Debidda M, Andreassen P, Lang RA, Zheng Y, Rho A. GTPase is dispensable for actomyosin regulation but is essential for mitosis in primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 2011; 286: 15132-15137. PMID:21454503
72. Merkel R, Simson R, Simson DA, Hohenadl M, Boulbitch A, Wallraff E, Sackmann E. A micromechanic study of cell polarity and plasma membrane cell body coupling in Dictyostelium. Biophys J 2000; 79: 707-719. PMID:10920005
73. Mierke CT, Bretz N, Altevogt P. Contractile forces contribute to increased GPI-anchored receptor CD24 facilitated cancer cell invasion. J Biol Chem 2011a; 286: 34858-34871.
74. Mierke CT, Frey B, Fellner M, Herrmann M, Fabry B. Integrin a5b1 facilitates cancer cell invasion through enhanced contractile forces. J Cell Sci 2011b; 124: 369-383.
75. Mierke CT, Kollmannsberger P, Paranhos-Zitterbart D, Diez G, Koch TM, Marg S, Ziegler WH, Goldmann WH, Fabry B. Vinculin facilitates cell invasion into 3D collagen matrices. J Biol Chem 2010; 285: 13121-13130. PMID:20181946
76. Mierke CT, Paranhos-Zitterbart D, Kollmannsberger P, Raupach C, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Goecke TW, Behrens J, Fabry B. Breakdown of the endothelial barrier function in tumor cell transmigration. Biophys J 2008; 94: 2832-2846. PMID:18096634
77. Mierke CT. Cancer cells regulate biomechanical properties of human microvascular endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2011; 286: 40025-40037 PMID:21940631
78. Mierke CT. Phagocytized beads reduce the a5b1 integrin facilitated invasiveness of cancer cells by regulating cellular stiffness. Cell Biochem Biophys 2013; 66: 599-622. PMID:23329175
79. Mierke CT. The integrin alphav beta3 increases cellular stiffness and cytoskeletal remodeling dynamics to facilitate cancer cell invasion. New Journal of Physics 2013a; 15, 015003 (pp23).
80. Mierke CT. The fundamental role of mechanical properties in the progression of cancer disease and inflammation. Rep Prog Phys 2014; 77 (35pp) (in press). PMID:25006689
81. Mitchison TJ, Charras GT, Mahadevan L. Implications of a poroelastic cytoplasm for the dynamics of animal cell shape. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2008; 19: 215-223. PMID:18395478
82. Mouw JK, Yui Y, Damiano L, Bainer RO, Lakins JN, Acerbi I, Ou G, Wijekoon AC, Levental KR, Gilbert PM et al. Tissue mechanics modulate microRNAdependent PTEN expression to regulate malignant progression Nature Med 2014; 20: 360-367. PMID:24633304
83. Narumiya S, Tanji M, Ishizaki T. Rho signaling, ROCK and mDia1, in transformation, metastasis and invasion. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2009; 28: 65-76. PMID:19160018
84. Niggli V, Rossy J. Ezrin/radixin/moesin: versatile controllers of signaling molecules and of the cortical cytoskeleton. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 40: 344-349. PMID:17419089
85. Nobes CD, Hall A. Rho, rac, and cdc42 GTPases regulate the assembly of multimolecular focal complexes associated with actin stress fibers, lamellipodia, and filopodia. Cell 1995; 81: 53-62. PMID:7536630
86. Norman LL, Brugues J, Sengupta K, Sens P, Aranda-Espinoza H. Cell blebbing and membrane area homeostasis in spreading and retracting cells. Biophys J 2010; 99: 1726-1733. PMID:20858416
87. Paluch E, Piel M, Prost J, Bornens M, Sykes C. Cortical actomyosin breakage triggers shape oscillations in cells and cell fragments. Biophys J 2005; 89: 724-733. PMID:15879479
88. Pasapera AM, Schneider IC, Rericha E, Schlaepfer DD, Waterman CM. Myosin II activity regulates vinculin recruitment to focal adhesions through FAKmediated paxillin phosphorylation. J Cell Biol 2010; 188(6): 877-890. PMID:20308429
89. Pathak A, Kumar S. Transforming potential and matrix stiffness co-regulate confinement sensitivity of tumor cell migration. Integr. Biol. (Camb.) 2013; 5: 1067-1075. PMID:23832051
90. Pertz O, Hodgson L, Klemke RL, Hahn KM. Spatiotemporal dynamics of RhoA activity in migrating cells. Nature 2006; 440: 1069-72. PMID:16547516
91. Petrie RJ, Gavara N, Chadwick RS, Yamada KM. Nonpolarized signaling reveals two distinct modes of 3D cell migration. J Cell Biol 2012; 197: 439-455. PMID:22547408
92. Petrie RJ, Koo H, Yamada KM. Generation of compartmentalized pressure by a nuclear piston governs cell motility in a 3D matrix. Science 2014; 345: 1062-1065. PMID:25170155
93. Poincloux R, Collin O, Liza rraga F, Romao M, Debray M, Piel M, Chavrier P. Contractility of the cell rear drives invasion of breast tumor cells in 3D Matrigel. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108: 1943-1948. PMID:21245302
94. Raftopoulou M, Hall A. Cell migration: Rho GTPases lead the way. Dev Biol 2004; 265: 23-32. PMID:14697350
95. Ramms L, Fabris G, Windoffer R, Schwarz N, Springer R, Zhou C, Lazar J, Stiefel S, Hersch N, Schnakenberg U et al. Keratins as the main component for the mechanical integrity of keratinocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2013; 110(46): 18513-18518. PMID:24167246
96. Renkawitz J, Sixt M. Mechanisms of force generation and force transmission during interstitial leukocyte migration. EMBO Rep 2010; 11: 744-750. PMID:20865016
97. Rentsch PS, Keller H. Suction pressure can induce uncoupling of the plasma membrane from cortical actin. Eur J Cell Biol 2000; 79: 975-981. PMID:11152288
98. Ridley AJ, Hall A. The small GTP-binding protein rho regulates the assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers in response to growth factors. Cell 1992; 70: 389-99. PMID:1643657
99. Ridley AJ, Paterson HF, Johnston CL, Diekmann D, Hall A. The small GTP-binding protein rac regulates growth factor-induced membrane ruffling. Cell 1992; 70: 401-10. PMID:1643658
100. Ridley AJ. Life at the leading edge. Cell 2011; 145: 1012-1022. PMID:21703446
101. Riou P, Kjær S, Garg R, Purkiss A, George R, Cain RJ, Bineva G, Reymond N, McColl B, Thompson AJ et al. Fourteen-3-3 proteins interact with a hybrid prenyl-phosphorylation motif to inhibit G proteins. Cell 2013; 153: 640-53. PMID:23622247
102. Rodriguez PL, Sahay S, Olabisi OO, Whitehead IP. ROCK I-mediated activation of NFkappaB by RhoB. Cell Signal 2007; 19: 2361-9. PMID:17728102
103. Rohatgi R, Ma L, Miki H, Lopez M, Kirchhausen T, Takenawa T, Kirschner MW. The interaction between N-WASP and the Arp2/3 complex links Cdc42-depen-dent signals to actin assembly. Cell 1999; 97: 221-31. PMID:10219243
104. Rösel D, Brábek J, Tolde O, Mierke CT, Zitterbart DP, Raupach C, Bicanová K, Kollmannsberger P, Panková D, Vesely P et al. Up-regulation of Rho/ ROCK signaling in sarcoma cells drives invasion and increased generation of protrusive forces. Mol Cancer Res 2008; 6: 1410-1420. PMID:18819929
105. Rossy J, Gutjahr MC, Blaser N, Schlicht D, Niggli V. Ezrin/moesin in motile Walker 256 carcinosarcoma cells: signal-dependent relocalization and role in migration. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313: 1106-1120. PMID:17292355
106. Rowe RG, Weiss SJ. Navigating ECM barriers at the invasive front: The cancer cell-stroma interface. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 2009; 25: 567-595. PMID:19575644
107. Rubashkin MG, Ou G, Weaver VM. Deconstructing signaling in three dimensions. Biochemistry 2014; 53: 2078-2090. PMID:24649923
108. Runz S, Keller S, Rupp C, Stoeck A, Issa Y, Koensgen D, Mustea A, Sehouli J, Kristiansen G, Altevogt P. Malignant ascites-derived exosomes of ovarian carcinoma patients contain CD24 and EpCAM. Gynecol Oncol 2007; 107(3): 563-571. PMID:17900673
109. Ruprecht V, Wieser S, Callan-Jones A, Smutny M, Morita H, Sako K, Barone V, Ritsch-Marte M, Sixt M, Voituriez R et al. Cortical contractility triggers a stochastic switch to fast amoeboid cell motility. Cell 2015; 160(4): 673-685. PMID:25679761
110. Sabeh F, Ota I, Holmbeck K, Birkedal-Hansen H, Soloway P, Balbin M, Lopez-Otin C, Shapiro S, Inada M, Krane S et al. Tumor cell traffic through the extracellular matrix is controlled by the membraneanchored collagenase MT1-MMP. J Cell Biol 2004; 167: 769-781. PMID:15557125
111. Sabeh F, Shimizu-Hirota R, Weiss SJ. Proteasedependent versus -independent cancer cell invasion programs: three-dimensional amoe-boid movement revisited. J Cell Biol 2009; 185: 11-19. PMID:19332889
112. Sahai E. Mechanisms of cancer cell invasion. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2005; 15: 87-96. PMID:15661538
113. Sanz-Moreno V, Gadea G, Ahn J, Paterson H, Marra P, Pinner S, Sahai E, Marshall CJ. Rac activation and inactivation control plasticity of tumor cell movement. Cell 2008; 135: 510-23. PMID:18984162
114. Sanz-Moreno V, Gadea G, Ahn J, Paterson H, Marra P, Pinner S, Sahai E, Marshall CJ. Rac activation and inactivation control plasticity of tumor cell movement. Cell 2008; 135: 510-523. PMID:18984162
115. Sanz-Moreno V, Marshall CJ. The plasticity of cytoskeletal dynamics underlying neoplastic cell migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2010; 22: 690-696. PMID:20829016
116. Sedzinski J, Biro M, Oswald A, Tinevez JY, Salbreux G, Paluch E. Polar actomyosin contractility destabilizes the position of the cytokinetic furrow. Nature 2011; 476: 462-466. PMID:21822289
117. Seltmann K, Fritsch AW, Käs JA, Magin TM. Keratins significantly contribute to cell stiffness and impact invasive behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2013; 110 (46): 18507-18512. PMID:24167274
118. Sinha B, Köster D, Ruez R, Gonnord P, Bastiani M, Abankwa D, Stan RV, Butler-Browne G, Vedie B, Johannes L et al. Cells respond to mechanical stress by rapid disassembly of caveolae. Cell 2011; 144(3): 402-413. PMID:21295700
119. Smith HW, Marra P, Marshall CJ. uPAR promotes formation of the p130Cas-Crk complex to activate Rac through DOCK180. J Cell Biol 2008; 182: 777-90. PMID:18725541
120. Spangler EJ, Harvey CW, Revalee JD, Kumar PB, Laradji M. Computer simulation of cytoskeletoninduced blebbing in lipid membranes. Phys Rev E: Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2011; 84: 051906. PMID:22181443
121. Sroka J, von Gunten M, Dunn GA, Keller HU. Phenotype modulation in non-adherent and adherent sublines of Walker carcinosarcoma cells: The role of cell–substratum contacts and microtubules in controlling cell shape, locomotion and cytoskeletal structure. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2002; 34: 882-899. PMID:11950602
122. Strychalski W, Guy RD. A computational model of bleb formation. Math Med Biol 2013; 30: 115-130. PMID:22294562
123. Svitkina TM, Verkhovsky AB, McQuade KM, Borisy GG. Analysis of the actin–myosin II system in fish epidermal keratocytes: mechanism of cell body translocation. J Cell Biol 1997; 139: 397-415. PMID:9334344
124. Taddei ML, Giannoni E, Morandi A, Ippolito L, Ramazzotti M, Callari M, Gandellini P, Chiarugi P. Mesenchymal to amoeboid transition is associated with stem-like features of melanoma cells. Cell Commun Signal 2014; 12: 24. PMID:24690323
125. Tang H, Li A, Bi J, Veltman DM, Zech T, Spence HJ, Yu X, Timpson P, Insall RH, Frame MC, et al. Loss of Scar/WAVE complex promotes N-WASPand FAK-dependent invasion. Curr Biol 2013; 23: 107-17. PMID:23273897
126. Terayama K, Kataoka K, Morichika K, Orii H, Watanabe K, Mochii M. Developmental regulation of locomotive activity in Xenopus primordial germ cells. Dev Growth Differ 2013; 55: 217-228. PMID:23278717
127. Thomas S, Harding MA, Smith SC, Overdevest JB, Nitz MD, Frierson HF, Tomlins SA, Kristiansen G, Theodorescu D. CD24 is an effector of HIF-1-driven primary tumor growth and metastasis. Cancer Res 2012; 72(21): 5600-5612. PMID:22926560
128. Tinevez JY, Schulze U, Salbreux G, Roensch J, Joanny JF, Paluch E. Role of cortical tension in bleb growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009; 106: 18581-18586. PMID:19846787
129. Tooley AJ, Gilden J, Jacobelli J, Beemiller P, Trimble WS, Kinoshita M, Krummel MF. Amoeboid T lymphocytes require the septin cytoskeleton for cortical integrity and persistent motility. Nat Cell Biol 2008; 11: 17-26. PMID:19043408
130. Tozluoglu M, Tournier AL, Jenkins RP, Hooper S, Bates PA, Sahai E. Matrix geometry determines optimal cancer cell migration strategy and modulates response to interventions. Nature Cell Biology 2013; 15: 751-762. PMID:23792690
131. Trinkaus JP. Surface activity and locomotion of Fundulus deep cells during blastula and gastrula stages. Dev Biol 1973;30: 69-103. PMID:4735370
132. Vanhecke D, Bellmann R, Baum O, Graber W, Eggli P, Keller H, Studer D. Pseudovacuoles — immobilized by high-pressure freezing — are associated with blebbing in walker carcinosarcoma cells. J Microsc 2008; 230: 253-262. PMID:18445155
133. Vega FM, Fruhwirth G, Ng T, Ridley AJ. RhoA and RhoC have distinct roles in migration and invasion by acting through different targets. J Cell Biol 2011; 193: 655-65. PMID:21576392
134. Vicente-Manzanares M, Choi CK, Horwitz AR. Integrins in cell migration—the actin connection. J Cell Sci 2009; 122: 199-206. PMID:19118212
135. Wallace DG, Rosenblatt J. Collagen gel systems for sustained delivery and tissue engineering. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2003; 55: 1631-1649. PMID:14623405
136. Waugh RE. Effects of abnormal cytoskeletal structure on erythrocyte membrane mechanical properties. Cell Motil 1983; 3: 609-622. PMID:6686495
137. Weiser DC, Pyati UJ, Kimelman D. Gravin regulates mesodermal cell behavior changes required for axis elongation during zebrafish gastrulation. Genes Dev 2007; 21: 1559-1571. PMID:17575056
138. Weiser DC, Row RH, Kimelman D. Rho-regulated myosin phosphatase establishes the level of protrusive activity required for cell movements during zebrafish gastrulation. Development 2009; 136: 2375-2384. PMID:19515695
139. Wilkinson S, Paterson HF, Marshall CJ. Cdc42-MRCK and Rho-ROCK signalling cooperate in myosin phosphorylation and cell invasion. Nat Cell Biol 2005; 7: 255-61. PMID:15723050
140. Wolf K, Mazo I, Leung H, Engelke K, von Andrian UH, Deryugina EI, Strongin AY, Bröcker EB, Friedl P. Compensation mechanism in tumor cell migration: mesenchymal-amoeboid transition after blocking of pericellular proteolysis. J Cell Biol 2003a; 160(2): 267-277.
141. Wolf K, te Lindert M, Krause M, Alexander S, te Riet J, Willis AL, Hoffman RM, Figdor CG, Weiss SJ, Friedl P. Physical limits of cell migration: Control by ECM space and nuclear deformation and tuning by proteolysis and traction force. J Cell Biol Vol 2013; 201: 1069-1084.
142. Wolf K, Wu YI, Liu Y, Geiger LJ, Tam E, Overall C, Stack MS, Friedl P. Multi-step pericellular proteolysis controls the transition from individual to collective cancer cell invasion. Nat Cell Biol 2007; 9, 893-904. PMID:17618273
143. Wolf K, Müller R, Borgmann S, Bröcker EB, Friedl P. Amoeboid shape change and contact guidance: Tlymphocyte crawling through fibrillar collagen is independent of matrix remodeling by MMPs and other proteases. Blood 2003b; 102: 3262-3269.
144. Wu PH, Giri A, Sun SX, Wirtz D. Three-dimensional cell migration does not follow a random walk. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2014; 111(11): 3949-3954. PMID:24594603
145. Xu J, Wang F, Van Keymeulen A, Rentel M, Bourne HR. Neutrophil microtubules suppress polarity and enhance directional migration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005; 102: 6884-6889. PMID:15860582
146. Yanase Y, Hide I, Mihara S, Shirai Y, Saito N, Nakata Y, Hide M, Sakai N. A critical role of conventional protein kinase C in morphological changes of rodent mast cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2011; 89: 149-159. PMID:20498673
147. Yoshida K, Soldati T. Dissection of amoeboid movement into two mechanically distinct modes. J Cell Sci 2006; 119: 3833-3844. PMID:16926192
148. Young J, Mitran S. A numerical model of cellular blebbing: a volume-conserving, fluid–structure interaction model of the entire cell. J Biomech 2010; 43: 210-220. PMID:19875121