Molecular Electronics: From Principles to Practice

Molecular Electronics: From Principles to Practice

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-521

  Petty, Michael C ^a  

^a DURHAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84948111869     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470723890     Document Type: Book

References (556)

1. Amos M. Genesis Machines. London: Altantic Books; 2006.
2. Bar-Cohen Y (Editor). Biomimetics: Biologically Inspired Technologies. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis; 2006.
3. Braun E, MacDonald S. Revolution in Miniature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1977.
4. Cuniberti G, Fagas G, Richer K (Editors). Introducing Molecular Electronics. Berlin: Springer; 2005.
5. Drexler KE. Engines of Creation. London: Fourth Estate; 1990.
6. Feast WJ, Tsibouklis J, Pouwer KL, Groenendaal, Meijer EW. Synthesis, processing and material properties of conjugated polymers. Polymer 1996; 37: 5017-5047.
7. Ferraro JR, Williams JM. Introduction to Synthetic Electrical Conductors. Orlando, FL: Academic Press; 1987.
8. Feynman RP. There's plenty of room at the bottom. Lecture of the American Physical Society at California Institute of Technology, December 1959. Available from URL http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html.
9. Flood AH, Stoddart JF, Steuerman DW, Heath JR. Whence molecular electronics. Science 2004; 306: 2055-2056.
10. Gardner JW. Microsensors - Principles and Applications. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 1994.
11. Gardner JV, Varadan VK, Awadelkarim OO. Microsensors, MEMS and Smart Devices. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2001.
12. Gershenfeld N. The Physics of Information Technology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2000.
13. Greer J, Korkin A, Labanowski J (Editors). Nano and Giga Challenges in Microelectronics. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2003.
14. Jones RAL. Soft Machines. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2004.
15. Leff HS, Rex AF (Editors). Maxwell's Demon: Entropy, Information, Computing. Bristol: Adam Hilger; 1990.
16. Mansoori GA. Principles of Nanotechnology. Singapore: World Scientific; 2005.
17. Petty C, Bryce MR, Bloor D (Editors). An Introduction to Molecular Electronics. London: Edward Arnold; 1995.
18. Reitman EA. Molecular Engineering of Nanosystems. New York: Springer; 2001.
19. Wallace GG, Spinks GM, Kane-Maguire LAP, Teasdale PR. Conductive Electroactive Polymers: Intelligent Materials Systems. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2002.
20. Whitesides GM. The once and future nanomachines. Sci. Am. 2001; 285: 78-83.
21. Whitesides GM, Love JC. The art of building small. Sci. Am. 2001; 285: 38-47.
22. Wright JD. Molecular Crystals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1995.
23. Pocchetino A. Sul comportamento foto-elettrico dell'antracene. Atti Acad. Naz. Lincei Rend. 1906; 15: 355-368.
24. Eley DD. Phthalocyanines as semiconductors. Nature 1948; 162: 819.
25. Varanyan AT. Poluprovodnikovye svoistva organicheskikh krasitelei. 1. Ftalotsianiny. Zh. Fiz. Khim. 1948; 22: 769-789.
26. Akamatu H, Inokuchi H. On the electrical conductivity of violanthrone, isoviolanthrone, and pyranthrone. J. Chem. Phys. 1950; 18: 810-811.
27. Natta G, Mazzanti G, Corradini P. Polimerizzazione stereospecifica dell'acetilene. Atti Acad. Naz. Lincei, Cl. Sci. Fis. Mat. Tend. 1958; 25: 3-12.
28. Aviram A, Ratner MA. Molecular rectifiers. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1974; 29: 277-283.
29. Carter FL. Molecular-level fabrication techniques and molecular electronic devices. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 1983; 1: 959-968.
30. Kuhn H. Organized monolayers - building blocks in constructing supramolecular devices. In FT Hong (editor). Molecular Electronics: Biosensors and Computers Symposium. New York: Plenum Press; 1989, pp. 3-24.
31. Dummer GWA. Electronic Inventions and Discoveries, 4th ed. Bristol: Institute of Physics; 1997.
32. Braun E, MacDonald S. Revolution in Miniature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1977.
33. Intel. Available from URL http://www.intel.com/.
34. International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. Semiconductor Industries Association. Available from URL http://public.itrs.net/.
35. Dettmer R. Grand designs. IEE Rev. 2003; 49: 30-33.
36. Kasap SO. Principles of Electrical Engineering Materials and Devices. Boston: McGraw-Hill; 1997.
37. Landauer R. Computation: a fundamental physical view. In HS Leff and AF Rex (Editors). Maxwell's Demon: Entropy, Information, Computing. Bristol: Adam Hilger; 1990, pp. 260-267.
38. Tour JM. Molecular Electronics. Singapore: World Scientific; 2003.
39. Weiser M. The computer for the 21st century. Sci. Am. 1991; 265: 66-75.
40. Janasek D, Franzke J, Manz A. Scaling and the design of miniaturized chemical-analysis systems. Nature 2006; 442: 374-380.
41. Research and technology development performed by Sandia's California laboratory for the Department of Energy. Available from URL http://www.ca.sandia.gov/casite/index.html.
42. Craighead C. Future lab-on-a-chip technologies for interrogating individual molecules. Nature 2006; 442: 387-393.
43. Blythe T, Bloor D. Electrical Properties of Polymers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2005.
44. Callister WD. Materials Science and Engineering: an Introduction, 6th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2003.
45. Hamley IW. Introduction to Soft Matter. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.; 2000.
46. Jones RAL. Soft Machines. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2004.
47. Kasap SO. Principles of Electrical Engineering Materials and Devices. Boston: McGraw-Hill; 1997.
48. Pauling L. The Nature of the Chemical Bond, 3rd ed. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press; 1960.
49. Petty MC, Bryce MR, Bloor D (Editors). An Introduction to Molecular Electronics. London: Edward Arnold; 1995.
50. Schwoerer M, Wolf HC. Organic Molecular Solids. Berlin: Wiley-VCH; 2006.
51. Sears FW, Salinger GL. Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory and Statistical Thermodynamics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley; 1975.
52. Streitwieser A, Heathcock CH. Introduction to Organic Chemistry. New York: Macmillan; 1976.
53. Woodruff DP, Delchar TA. Modern Techniques of Surface Science, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1994.
54. Barford W. Electronic and Optical Properties of Conjugated Polymers. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2005.
55. Blakemore JS. Solid State Physics. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1969.
56. Blythe T, Bloor D. Electrical Properties of Polymers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2005.
57. Cuniberti G, Fagas G, Richer K (Editors). Introducing Molecular Electronics. Berlin: Springer; 2005.
58. Farchioni R, Grosso G (Editors). Organic Electronic Materials. Berlin: Springer; 2001.
59. Ferraro JR, Williams JM. Introduction to Synthetic Electrical Conductors. Orlando, FL: Academic Press; 1987.
60. Harrop PJ. Dielectrics. London: Butterworth; 1972.
61. Hummel RE. Electronic Properties of Materials, 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer; 1992.
62. Kasap SO. Principles of Electrical Engineering Materials and Devices. Boston: McGraw-Hill; 1997.
63. Macdonald JR (Editor). Impedance Spectroscopy: Emphasizing Solid Materials and Systems. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1988.
64. Mott NF, Davis EA. Electronic Properties in Non-crystalline Materials, 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1979.
65. Nabook A. Organic and Inorganic Nanostructures. Boston: Artech House; 2005.
66. Roberts GG, Apsley N, Munn RW. Temperature dependent electronic conduction in polymers. Phys. Rep. 1980; 60: 59-150.
67. Roth S. One-dimensional Metals. Weinheim: VCH; 1995.
68. Rudden MN, Wilson J. Elements of Solid State Physics. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 1993.
69. Salaneck WR, Lundström I, Rånby B (Editors). Conjugated Polymers and Related Materials. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1993.
70. Simmons JG. DC Conduction in Thin Films. London: Mills and Boon; 1971.
71. Stubb H, Punkka E, Paloheimo J. Electronic and optical properties of conducting polymer thin films. Mater. Sci. Eng. 1993; 10: 85-140.
72. Wright JD. Molecular Crystals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1995.
73. Blakemore JS. Solid State Physics. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1969.
74. Kasap SO. Principles of Electrical Engineering Materials and Devices. Boston: McGraw-Hill; 1997.
75. Mott NF, Davis EA. Electronic Properties in Non-crystalline Materials, 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1979.
76. Karl N. Low molecular weight organic solids. Introduction. In R Farchioni, G Grosso (Editors). Organic Electronic Materials. Berlin: Springer; 2001, pp. 215-239.
77. Zheng G, Clark SJ, Brand S, Abram RA. First-principles studies of the structural and electronic properties of poly-para-phenylene vinylene. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 2004; 16: 8609-8620.
78. Dimitrakopoulos CD, Mascaro DJ. Organic thin-film transistors: a review of recent advances. IBM J. Res. Dev. 2001: 45; 11-27.
79. Pearson C, Moore AJ, Gibson JE, Bryce MR, Petty MC. A field effect transistor based on Langmuir-Blodgett films of an Ni(dmit)2 charge transfer complex. Thin Solid Films 1994; 244: 932-935.
80. Heeger AJ. Semiconducting and metallic polymers: the fourth generation of polymeric materials. Synth. Met. 2002; 125: 23-42.
81. MacDiarmid AG. Synthetic metals: a novel role for organic polymers. Synth. Met. 2002; 125: 11-22.
82. Pfeiffer M, Leo K, Zhou X, Huang JS, Hofmann M,Werner A, Blochwitz-Nimoth J. Doped organic semiconductors: physics and application in light emitting diodes. Org. Electron. 2003; 4: 89-103.
83. Roth S. One-dimensional Metals. Weinheim: VCH; 1995.
84. Little WA. Possibility of synthesizing an organic superconductor. Phys. Rev. A 1964; 134: 1416-1424.
85. Blythe T, Bloor D. Electrical Properties of Polymers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2005.
86. Simmons JG. DC Conduction in Thin Films. London: Mills and Boon; 1971.
87. Stratton R. Volt-current characteristics for tunnelling through insulating films. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 1962; 23: 1177-1190.
88. Petty MC. Langmuir-Blodgett Films. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1996.
89. Polymeropoulos EE. Electron tunnelling through fatty-acid monolayers. J. Appl. Phys. 1977; 48: 2404-2407.
90. Petty MC. Characterization and properties. In GG Roberts (Editor). Langmuir-Blodgett Films. New York: Plenum Press; 1992, pp. 133-221.
91. Roberts GG, Apsley N, Munn RW. Temperature dependent electronic conduction in polymers. Phys. Rep. 1980; 60: 59-150.
92. Tredgold RH. Space Charge Conduction in Solids. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1966.
93. Gould RD. Structure and electrical conduction properties of phthalocyanine thin films. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1966; 156: 237-274.
94. Jonscher AK. Dielectric Relaxation in Solids. London: Chelsea Dielectric Press; 1983.
95. Roberts GG, McGinnity TM, Barlow WA, Vincett PS. Ac and dc conduction in lightly substituted anthracene Langmuir films. Thin Solid Films 1980; 68: 223-232.
96. Scherbel J, Nguyen PH, Paasch G, Brütting W, Schwoerer MK. Temperature dependent broadband impedance spectroscopy on poly-(p-phenylene-vinylene) light-emitting diodes. J. Appl. Phys. 1998; 83: 5045-5055.
97. Barford W. Electronic and Optical Properties of Conjugated Polymers. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2005.
98. Duffin WJ. Electricity and Magnetism. 4th ed. London: McGraw-Hill; 1990.
99. Eisberg R, Resnick R. Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles, 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1985.
100. Joannopoulos JD, Meade RD, Winn JD. Photonic Crystals. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 1995.
101. Nabook A. Organic and Inorganic Nanostructures. Boston: Artech House; 2005.
102. Raether H. Surface plasma oscillations and their applications. Phys. Thin Films 1977; 9: 145-261.
103. Schwoerer M, Wolf HC. Organic Molecular Solids. Berlin: Wiley-VCH; 2006.
104. Wilson J, Hawkes J. Optoelectronics. London: Prentice Hall; 1998.
105. Richardson T, Roberts GG, Polywka MEC, Davies SG. Preparation and characterization of organotransition metal Langmuir-Blodgett films. Thin Solid Films 1988; 160: 231-239.
106. Friend RH, Bott DC, Bradley DDC, Chai CK, Feast WJ, Foot PJS, Giles JRM, Horton ME, Pereira CM, Townsend PD. Electronic properties of conjugated polymers. Phys. Trans. R. Soc. London A 1985; 314: 37-49.
107. Kuroda H, Kunii T, Hiroma S, Akamatu H. Charge-transfer bands in crystal spectra of molecular complexes. J. Mol. Spectrosc. 1967; 22: 60-75.
108. Kuhn H, Möbius D, Bücher H. Spectroscopy of monolayer assemblies. In A Weissberger, B Rossiter (Editor). Techniques of Chemistry, Vol. 1, Part 3B. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1972, pp. 577-702.
109. BulovićVG, Baldo MA, Forrest SR. Excitons and energy transfer in doped luminescent molecular organic materials. In R Farchioni, G Grosso (Editors). Organic Electronic Materials. Berlin: Springer; 2001, pp. 391-441.
110. Tanaka J. The electronic spectra of aromatic molecular crystals. The crystal structure and spectra of perylene. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1963; 36: 1237-1249.
111. Allen S, Ryan TG, Hutchings MG, Devonald DP, Ferguson I, Swart RM, Froggatt ES, Burgess A, Eaglesham A, Cresswell JP, Petty MC. Characterization of nonlinear optical Langmuir-Blodgett oligomers. In GJ Ashwell, D Bloor (Editors). Organic Materials for Non-linear Optics III. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry; 1993, pp. 50-60.
112. Swalen JG. Optical properties of Langmuir-Blodgett films. J. Mol. Electron. 1986; 2: 155-181.
113. Zizlsperger M, Knoll W. Multispot parallel on-line monitoring of interfacial binding reactions by surface plasmon microscopy. Prog. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1998; 109: 244-253.
114. Joannopoulos JD, Meade RD, Winn JD. Photonic Crystals, 2nd ed. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 1995.
115. Barnes WL, Dereux A, Ebbesen TW. Surface plasmon subwavelength optics. Nature 2003; 424: 824-830.
116. Ebbesen TW, Lezec HJ, Ghaemi HF, Thio T,Wolff PA. Extraordinary optical transmission through sub-wavelength hole arrays. Nature 1998; 391: 667-669.
117. Pendry J. Positively negative. Nature 2003; 423: 22-23.
118. Pendry JB. Negative diffraction makes a perfect lens. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2000; 85: 3966-3969.
119. Grigorenko N, Geim AK, Gleeson HF, Zhang Y, Firsov AA, Khrushchev IY, Petrovic J. Nanofabricated media with negative permeability at visible frequencies. Nature 2005; 438: 335-338.
120. Anantram MP, Léonard F. Physics of carbon nanotube electronic devices. Rep. Prog. Phys. 2006; 69: 507-561.
121. Atkins P, de Paula J. Physical Chemistry, 7th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2002.
122. Barford W. Electronic and Optical Properties of Conjugated Polymers. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2005.
123. Burgess J. Ions in Solution: Basic Principles of Chemical Interactions. Chichester: Ellis Horwood; 1988.
124. Bushby RJ, Paillaud J-L. Molecular magnets. In MC Petty, MR Bryce, D Bloor (Editors). An Introduction to Molecular Electronics. London: Edward Arnold; 1995, pp. 72-91.
125. Gatteschi D, Sessoli R, Villain J. Molecular Nanomagnets. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2006.
126. Das-Gupta DK. Piezoelectric and pyroelectric materials. In MC Petty, MR Bryce, D Bloor (Editors). An Introduction to Molecular Electronics. London: Edward Arnold; 1995, pp. 47-71.
127. Farchioni R, Grosso G (Editors). Organic Electronic Materials. Berlin: Springer; 2001.
128. Ferraro JR, Williams JM. Introduction to Synthetic Electrical Conductors. Orlando, FL: Academic Press; 1987.
129. Jones RAL. Soft Machines. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2004.
130. Kroto HW, Walton DRM (Editors). The Fullerenes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1993.
131. Leznoff CC, Lever ABP (Editors. Phthalocyanines: Properties and Applications. New York: VCH; 1989.
132. Lines ME, Glass AM. Principles and Applications of Ferroelectric and Related Materials. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1977.
133. Miller JS, Drillon M (Editors). Magnetism: Molecules to Materials: Molecule-based Materials, Vol. 2. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2001.
134. Muller TJJ, Bunz UHF (Editors). Functional Organic Materials. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2006.
135. Neto AC, Guina F, Peres NM. Drawing conclusions from graphene. Phys. World 2006; 19: 33-37.
136. Richens DT. The Chemistry of Aqua Ions. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 1997.
137. Saito R, Dresselhaus G, Dresselhaus MS. Physical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes. London: Imperial College Press; 1998.
138. Salaneck WR, Lundström I, Rånby B (Editors). Conjugated Polymers and Related Materials. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1993.
139. Schwoerer M, Wolf HC. Organic Molecular Solids. Berlin: Wiley-VCH; 2006.
140. Streitwieser A Jr., Heathcock CH. Introduction to Organic Chemistry, 3rd ed. New York: Macmillan; 1985.
141. Wallace GG, Spinks GM, Kane-Maguire LAP, Teasdale PR. Conductive Electroactive Polymers: Intelligent Materials Systems. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2002.
142. Whatmore RW. Pyroelectric devices and materials. Rep. Prog. Phys. 1986; 49: 1335-1386.
143. Wright JD. Molecular Crystals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1995.
144. Tour JM. Molecular Electronics. Singapore: World Scientific; 2003.
145. Richens DT. The Chemistry of Aqua Ions. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 1997.
146. Feast WJ, Tsibouklis J, Pouwer KL, Groenendaal L, Meijer EW. Synthesis, processing and material properties of conjugated polymers. Polymer 1996; 37: 5017-5047.
147. Springborg M, Schmidt K, Meider H, De Maria L. Theoretical studies of electronic properties of conjugated polymers. In R Farchioni, G Grosso (Editors). Organic Electronic Materials. Berlin: Springer; 2001, pp. 39-87.
148. Kirchmeyer S, Reuter K. Scientific importance, properties and growing applications of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). J. Mater. Chem. 2005; 15: 2077-2088.
149. Groenendaal L 'Bert', Jonas F, Freitag D, Pielartzik H, Reynolds JR. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and its derivatives: past, present, and future. Adv. Mater. 2000; 12: 481-494.
150. Andersson P, Nilsson D, Svensson P-O, Chen M, Malmström A, Remonen T, Kugler T, Berggren M. Active matrix displays based on all-organic electrochemical smart pixels printed on paper. Adv. Mater. 2002; 14:1460-1464.
151. Bryce MR. Conductive charge-transfer complexes. In MC Petty, MR Bryce, D Bloor (Editor). An Introduction to Molecular Electronics. London: Edward Arnold; 1995, pp. 168-184.
152. 6-: enhanced stability of fullerides in solution. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992; 114: 3978-3980.
153. Stephens PW, Mihaly L, Lee PL, Whetten RL, Huang S-M, Kaner R, Deiderich F, Holczer K. Structure of single-phase superconducting K3C60. Nature 1991; 351: 632-634.
154. Anantram MP, Léonard F. Physics of carbon nanotube electronic devices. Rep. Prog. Phys. 2006; 69: 507-561.
155. Kasap SO. Principles of Electrical Engineering Materials and Devices. Boston: McGraw-Hill; 1997.
156. Das-Gupta DK. Piezoelectric and pyroelectric materials. In MC Petty, MR Bryce, D Bloor (Editors). An Introduction to Molecular Electronics. London: Edward Arnold; 1995, pp. 47-71.
157. Harrison JS, Ounaies Z. Piezoelectric Polymers. NASA ICASE Report No. 2001-43. Washington, DC: NASA; 2001.
158. Petty M, Tsibouklis J, Petty MC, Feast WJ. A TGS/70:30 VDF;TrFE copolymer composite: thin film formation and pyroelectric properties. Ferroelectrics 1993; 150: 267-278.
159. Miller JS, Epstein AJ, Reiff WM. Ferromagnetic molecular charge-transfer complexes. Chem. Rev. 1988; 88: 201-220.
160. Miller JS, Epstein AJ. Tetracyanoethylene-based organic magnets. Chem. Commun. 1998: 1319-1325.
161. Miller JS. Organic- and molecule-based magnets. Electrochem. Soc Interface. 2002; Fall: 22-27.
162. Mrozińsli J. New trends in molecular magnetism. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2005; 249: 2534-2548.
163. Makarova TL, Sundqvist B, Höhne R, Esquinazi P, Kopelevich Y, Scharff P, Davydov VA, Kashevarova LS, Rakhmanina AV. Magnetic carbon. Nature 2001; 413: 716-718.
164. Bushby RJ, Paillaud J-L. Molecular magnets. In MC Petty, MR Bryce, D Bloor (Editors). An Introduction to Molecular Electronics. London: Edward Arnold; 1995, pp. 72-91.
165. Zaidi NA, Giblin SR, Terry I, Monkman AP. Room temperature magnetic order in an organic magnet derived from polyaniline. Polymer 2004; 45: 5683-5689.
166. Bellamy LJ. The Infrared Spectra of Complex Molecules, 3rd edn. London: Chapman and Hall; 1986.
167. Cheetham AK. Diffraction methods. In AK Cheetham, P Day (Editors). Solid State Chemistry Techniques. Oxford: Oxford Scientific Publications; 1988, pp. 39-51.
168. Feigin LA, Lvov YM, Troitsky VI. X-ray and electron diffraction study of Langmuir-Blodgett films. Sov. Sci. Rev. A Phys. 1989; 11: 285-377.
169. Hollas JM. Modern Spectroscopy, 2nd ed. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 1992.
170. Kitaigorodskii AI. Organic Chemical Crystallography. New York: Consultants Bureau; 1961.
171. Petty MC. An Introduction to Langmuir-Blodgett Films. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1996.
172. Roberts GG (Editor). Langmuir-Blodgett Films. New York: Plenum Press; 1990.
173. Russell GJ. Practical reflection electron diffraction. Prog. Cryst. Growth Charact. 1982; 5: 291-321.
174. Tredgold RH. Order in Thin Organic Films. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1994.
175. Ulman A. Ultrathin Organic Films. San Dieg, CA: Academic Press; 1991.
176. Ulman A (Editor). Characterization of Organic Thin Films. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1995.
177. Woodruff DR, Delchar TA. Modern Techniques of Surface Science, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1994.
178. Paul S, Pearson C, Molloy A, Cousins MA, Green M, Kolliopoulou S, Dimitrakis P, Normand P, Tsoukalas D, Petty MC. Langmuir-Blodgett film deposition of metallic nanoparticles and their application to electronic memory structures. Nano Lett. 2003; 3: 533-536.
179. Nicklow RM, Pomerantz M, Segmüller A. Neutron diffraction from small numbers of Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers of manganese stearate. Phys. Rev. B 1981; 23: 1081-1087.
180. Petty MC. An Introduction to Langmuir-Blodgett Films. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1996.
181. Leuthe A, Riegler H. Thermal behaviour of Langmuir-Blodgett films. II. X-ray and polarized reflection microscopy studies on coexisting polymorphism, thermal annealing and epitaxial layer growth of behenic acid multilayers. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 1992; 25: 1786-1797.
182. Lvov Y. Electrostatic layer-by-layer of proteins and polyions. In Y Lvov, H Mohwald (Editors). Protein Architecture, Interfacing Molecular Assemblies and Immobilisation Biotechnology. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2000, pp. 125-167.
183. Prakash M, Ketterson JB, Dutta P. Study of in-plane structure in lead-fatty acid LB films using X-ray diffraction. Thin Solid Films 1985; 134: 1-4.
184. Kitaigorodskii AI. Organic Chemical Crystallography. New York: Consultants Bureau; 1961.
185. Peterson IR, Russell GJ. An electron diffraction study of v-tricosenoic acid Langmuir-Blodgett films. Philos. Mag. A 1984; 49: 463-473.
186. Kumar NP, Major S, Vitta S, Talwar SS, Dubeck P, Amenitsch H, Bernstorff S, Ganesan V, Gupta A, Dasannacharya BA. Molecular packing in cadmium and zinc arachidate LB multilayers. Colloids Surf. A 2002; 198-200: 75-81.
187. Peterson IR, Russell GJ, Earls JD, Girling IR. Surface pressure dependence of molecular tilt in Langmuir-Blodgett films of 22-tricosenoic acid. Thin Solid Films 1988; 161: 325-331.
188. Robinson I, Sambles JR, Peterson IR. A reflection high energy electron diffraction analysis of the orientation of the monoclinic subcell of 22-tricosenoic acid Langmuir-Blodgett bilayers as a function of the deposition pressure. Thin Solid Films 1989; 172: 149-158.
189. Barnes WL, Sambles JR. Surface pressure effects on Langmuir-Blodgett multilayers of 22-tricosenoic acid. Surf. Sci. 1987; 187: 144-152.
190. Davies GH, Yarwood J. Infrared intensity enhancement for Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers using thick metal overlayers. Langmuir 1989; 5: 229-232.
191. Dhindsa AS, Bryce MR, Ancelin H, Petty MC, Yarwood J. Infrared spectroscopic studies on the structure and ordering of hexadecanolyletrathiafulvalene conducting Langmuir-Blodgett multilayers. Langmuir 1990; 6:1680-1682.
192. Evanson SA, Badyal JPS, Pearson C, Petty MC. Variation in intermolecular spacing with dipping pressure for arachidic acid LB films. J. Phys. Chem. 1996; 100: 11672-11674.
193. Adamson AW. Physical Chemistry of Surfaces, 5th ed. Chichester: Wiley-Interscience; 1990.
194. Brinker CJ, Scherer GW. Sol-Gel Science: the Physics and Chemistry of Sol-Gel Processing. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1990.
195. Chapman B. Glow Discharge Processes: Sputtering and Plasma Etching. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1980.
196. Forrest SR. The path to ubiquitous and low-cost organic electronic appliances on plastic. Nature 2004; 428; 911-918.
197. Hodes G (Editor). Electrochemistry of Nanomaterials. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2001.
198. Jones RW. Fundamental Principles of Sol-Gel Technology. London: Institute of Metals; 1989.
199. Maissel LI, Glang R (Editors). Handbook of Thin Film Technology. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1970.
200. McShane MJ, Lvov YM. Layer-by-layer electrostatic self-assembly. In J Schwartz, C Contescu (Editors). Dekker Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Technology. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2004, pp. 1-20.
201. Mitsuishi M, Matsui J, Miyashita T. Functional organized molecular assemblies based on polymer nanosheets. Polym. J. 2006; 38: 877-896.
202. Nabook A. Organic and Inorganic Nanostructures. Boston: Artech House; 2005.
203. Paunovic M. Fundamentals of Electrochemical Deposition. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1998.
204. Petty MC. An Introduction to Langmuir-Blodgett Films. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1996.
205. Pierre AC. Introduction to Sol-Gel Processing. Boston: Kluwer; 1998.
206. Roberts GG (Editor). Langmuir-Blodgett Films. New York: Plenum Press; 1990.
207. Talham DR. Conducting and magnetic Langmuir-Blodgett films. Chem. Rev. 2004; 104: 5479-5501.
208. Tredgold RH. Order in Thin Organic Films. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1994.
209. Ulman A. An Introduction to Organic Thin Films. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1991.
210. Wallace GG, Spinks GM, Kane-Maguire LAP, Teasdale PR. Conductive Electroactive Polymers: Intelligent Materials Systems. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2002.
211. Brodie I, Muray JJ. The Physics of Micro/Nano-Fabrication. New York: Plenum Press; 1992.
212. Flack WW, Soong DS, Bell AT, Hess DW. A mathematical model for spin-coating of polymer resists. J. Appl. Phys. 1984; 56: 1199-1206.
213. Bornside DE, Macosko CW, Scriven LE. On the modelling of spin-coating. J. Imaging Technol. 1987; 13: 122-130.
214. Bornside DE, Macosko CW, Scriven LE. Spin-coating: one-dimensional model. J. Appl. Phys. 1989; 66: 5185-5193.
215. Critchley SM, Willis MR, Cook MJ, McMurdo J, Maruyama Y. Deposition of ordered phthalocyanine films by spin-coating. J. Mater. Chem. 1992; 2: 157-159.
216. Glang R. Vacuum evaporation. In LI Maissel, R Glang (Editors). Handbook of Thin Film Technology. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1970, pp. 1-3-1-330.
217. Chrisey DB, Hubler GK (Editors). Pulsed Laser Deposition of Thin Films. New York: Wiley-Interscience; 1994.
218. Breen JJ, Tolman JS, GWFlynn GW. Scanning tunnelling microscopy studies of vapour deposited films of tetrathiafulvalene with iodine. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1993; 62: 1074-1076.
219. Leaver KD, Chapman BN. Thin Films. London: Wykeham; 1971.
220. Kolb D, University of Durham, unpublished work.
221. Kilitziraki M, Moore AJ, Petty MC, Bryce MR. Evaporated thin films of tetrathiafulvalene derivatives and their charge-transfer complexes. Thin Solid Films 1998; 335: 209-213.
222. Hara M, Sasabe H. Organic molecular beam epitaxy. In MC Petty, MR Bryce, D Bloor (Editors). An Introduction to Molecular Electronics. London: Edward Arnold; 1995, pp. 243-260.
223. Sherman A. Chemical Vapour Deposition for Microelectronics. Park Ridge: Noyes; 1987.
224. Chopra KL. Thin Film Phenomena. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1969.
225. Yasuda H. Plasma Polymerization. New York: Academic Press; 1985.
226. Lucovsky G, Ibbotson DE, Hess DW (Editors). Characterization of Plasma-Enhanced CVD Processes. Pittsburgh: Materials Research Society; 1990.
227. Eden JG. Photochemical vapour deposition. New York: Wiley-Interscience; 1992.
228. Heinze J. Electrochemistry of conducting polymers. Synth. Met. 1991; 41-43: 2805-2823.
229. Haushalter RC, Krause LJ. Electroless metallization of organic polymers using the polymer as a redox reagent: reaction of polyamide with zintl anions. Thin Solid Films 1983; 102: 161-171.
230. Sirringhaus H, Shimoda T (Editors). Inkjet printing of functional materials. MRS Bull. 2003; 28: 802-803.
231. Calvert P. Inkjet printing for materials and devices. Chem. Mater. 2001; 13: 3299-3305.
232. Morris DJ. Electrical and spectral characterization of inkjet printed poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(4-styrenesulphonate). PhD Thesis. Bangor: University of Wales; 2004.
233. Mohammed MF, Pearson C, Petty MC. An inkjet-printed chemical fuse. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005; 86: 013507.
234. Jones RW. Fundamental Principles of Sol-Gel Technology. London: Institute of Metals; 1989.
235. Brinker CJ, Scherer GW. Sol-Gel Science: the Physics and Chemistry of Sol-Gel Processing. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1990.
236. Sugiyasu K, Fujita N, Shinkai S. Design of novel composite materials by functional low molecularweight organogels. J. Synth. Org. Chem. Jpn. 2005; 63: 359-369.
237. Ogoshi T, Chujo Y. Organic-inorganic polymer hybrids prepared by the sol-gel method. Composite Interfaces 2005; 11: 539-566.
238. Petty MC. An Introduction to Langmuir-Blodgett Films. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1996.
239. Roberts GG (Editor). Langmuir-Blodgett Films. New York: Plenum Press; 1990.
240. Tredgold RH. Order in Thin Organic Films. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1994.
241. Ulman A. An Introduction to Organic Thin Films. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1991.
242. Peterson IR. Langmuir-Blodgett films. In GJ Ashwell (Editor). Molecular Electronics. Taunton: Research Studies Press; 1992, pp. 117-206.
243. Harkins WD. Physical Chemistry of Surface Films. New York: Reinhold; 1952.
244. Mingotaud A-F, Mingotaud C, Patterson LK (Editors). Handbook of Monolayers. Orlando, FL: Academic Press; 1993.
245. Neugebauer CA. Condensation, nucleation and growth of thin films. In LI Maissel, R Glang (Editors). Handbook of Thin Film Technology. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1970, pp. 8-3-8-44.
246. Peterson IR. Langmuir-Blodgett films. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 1990; 23: 379-395.
247. Peterson IR, Russell GJ. Deposition mechanisms in Langmuir-Blodgett films. B. Polym. J. 1985; 17: 364-367.
248. Batey J. Electroluminescent MIS structures incorporating Langmuir-Blodgett films. PhD Thesis. Durham: University of Durham; 1983.
249. Rosner RB, Rubner MF. Solid state polymerization of pyrrole within a Langmuir-Blodgett film of ferric stearate. Chem. Mater. 1994; 6: 581-586.
250. Netzer L, Iscovici R, Sagiv J. Adsorbed monolayers versus Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers - why and how? I: from monolayer to multilayer, by adsorption. Thin Solid Films 1983; 99: 235-241.
251. Decher G, Schlenoff JB (Editors). Multilayer Thin Films: Sequential Assembly of Nanocomposite Materials. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2003.
252. Dautzenberg H, Jaeger W, Kotz, Philipp B, Seidel Ch, Stscherbina D. Polyelectrolytes: Formation, Characterization and Application. Munich: Hanser; 1994.
253. Palumbo M, Pearson C, Petty MC. Atomic force microscope characterization of poly(ethyleneimine)/poly(ethylene-co-maleic acid) and poly(ethyleneimine)/poly(styrene sulfonate) multilayers. Thin Solid Films 2005; 483: 114-121.
254. Stockton WB, Rubner MF. Molecular-level processing of conjugated polymers. 4. Layer-by-layer manipulation of polyaniline via hydrogen-bonding interactions. Macromolecules 1997; 30: 2717-2725.
255. Whitesides GM, Laibinis PE. Wet chemical approaches to the characterization of organic surfaces: self-assembled monolayers, wetting, and the physical-organic chemistry of the solid-liquid interface. Langmuir 1990: 6: 87-96.
256. Brittain S, Paul K, Zhao X-M, Whitesides G. Soft lithography and microfabrication. Phys. World 1998; 11 (5): 31-36.
257. Qin L, Park S, Huang L, Mirkin CA. On-wire lithography. Science 2005; 309: 113-115.
258. Gimzewski J. Molecules, nanophysics and nanoelectronics. Phys. World 1998; 11 (6): 29-33.
259. Krämer S, Fuierer RR, Gorman CB. Scanning probe lithography using self-assembled monolayers. Chem. Rev. 2003; 103: 4367-4418.
260. Eigler DM, Schweizer EK. Positioning single atoms with a scanning tunnelling microscope. Nature 1990; 344: 524-526.
261. Sun S, Chong KSL, Leggett GJ. Nanoscale molecular patterns fabricated by scanning near-field optical lithography. J. Am. Chem. Soc. Commun. 2002; 124: 2414-2415.
262. Sun S, Chong KSL, Leggett GJ. Photopatterning of self-assembled monolayers at 244 nm and applications to the fabrication of functional microstructures and nanostructures. Nanotechnology 2005; 16: 1798-1808.
263. Sun S, Leggett GJ. Matching the resolution of electron beam lithography by scanning near-field photolithography. Nano Lett. 2004; 4: 1381-1384.
264. Piner RD, Zhu J, Xu F, Hong S, Mirkin CA. 'Dip-pen' nanolithography. Science 1999; 283: 661-663.
265. Lee SW, Sanedrin RG, Oh B-K, Mirkin CA. Nanostructured polyelectrolyte multilayer organic thin films generated via parallel dip-pen nanolithography. Adv. Mater. 2005; 17: 2749-2753.
266. Forrest SR. The path to ubiquitous and low-cost organic electronic appliances on plastic. Nature 2004; 428; 911-918.
267. Chandrasekhar S. Liquid Crystals. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1992.
268. Collins PJ. Liquid Crystals: Nature's Delicate Phase of Matter. Bristol: Adam Hilger; 1990.
269. Collins PJ, Hird M. Introduction to Liquid Crystals: Chemistry and Physics. London: Taylor and Francis; 1997.
270. De Gennes PG, Prost J, Prost J. The Physics of Liquid Crystals. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1995.
271. Demus D, Goodby J, Gray GW, Spiess H-W, Vill V (Editors). Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 1999.
272. Khoo I-C, Simoni F (Editors). Physics of Liquid Crystalline Materials. Philadelphia: Taylor and Francis; 1991.
273. Lacey D. Liquid crystals and devices In MC Petty, MR Bryce, D Bloor (Editors). An Introduction to Molecular Electronics. London: Edward Arnold; 1995, pp. 185-219.
274. Singh S. Liquid Crystals: Fundamentals. Singapore: World Scientific; 2003.
275. Lagerwell ST. Ferroelectric and Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystals. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 1999.
276. Tredgold RH. Order in Thin Organic Films. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1994.
277. Zorn R, Wu S-T. Liquid crystal displays. In R Waser (Editor). Nanoelectronics and Information Technology. 2nd ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2005, pp. 889-909.
278. Raynes EP. The theory of supertwist transitions. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Lett. 1986; 4: 1-8.
279. Clark NA, Lagerwall ST. Submicrosecond bistable electro-optic switching in liquid crystals. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1980; 36; 899-901.
280. Naumov AF, Love G. Control optimization of spherical modal liquid crystal lenses. Opt. Express 1999; 4: 344-352.
281. Love GD, Maumov AF. Modal liquid crystal lenses. Liq. Cryst. Today 2001; 10: 1-4.
282. Jiang H, Dong L. Smart lenses. Phys. World 2006; 19: 29-31.
283. Barford W. Electronic and Optical Properties of Conjugated Polymers. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2005.
284. Blythe T, Bloor D. Electrical Properties of Polymers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2005.
285. Borsenberger PM, Weiss DS. Organic Photoreceptors for Xerography. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1998.
286. Cuniberti G, Fagas G, Richer K (Editors). Introducing Molecular Electronics. Berlin: Springer; 2005.
287. Eisberg R, Resnick R. Quantum Physics, 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1985.
288. Forrest SR. The path to ubiquitous and low-cost organic electronic appliances on plastic. Nature 2004; 428: 911-918.
289. Klauk H (Editor). Organic Electronics: Materials, Manufacturing, and Applications. Weinhein: Wiley-VCH; 2006.
290. Miyata S, Nalwa HS (Editors). Organic Electroluminescent Materials and Devices. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach; 1997.
291. Petty MC, Bryce MR, Bloor D (Editors). An Introduction to Molecular Electronics. London: Edward Arnold; 1995.
292. Richardson TH (Editor). Functional Organic and Polymeric Materials. Chichester: JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd; 2000.
293. Schwoerer M, Wolf HC. Organic Molecular Solids. Berlin: Wiley-VCH; 2006.
294. Sze SM. Physics of Semiconductor Devices. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1969.
295. Wallace GG, Spinks GM, Kane-Maguire LAP, Teasdale PR. Conductive Electroactive Polymers: Intelligent Materials Systems. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2002.
296. Waser R (Editor). Nanoelectronics and Information Technology, 2nd ed. Weinhein: Wiley-VCH; 2005.
297. Zhenan B, Locklin J (Editors). Organic Field Effect Transitors. Boca Rafon, FL: CRC Press; 2007.
298. Kuo CS, Wakin FG, Sengupta SK, Tripathy SK. Schottky and metal-insulator-semiconductor diodes using poly(3-hexylthiophene). Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 1994; 33: 2629-2632.
299. Steudel S, Myny K, Arkhipov V, Deibel C, De Vusser S, Genoe J, Heremans P. 50 MHz rectifier based on an organic diode. Nature Mater. 2005; 4: 597-600.
300. Sze SM. Physics of Semiconductor Devices. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1969.
301. Grecu S, Bronner M, Opitz A, Brütting W. Characterization of polymeric metal-insulator-semiconductor diodes. Synth. Met. 2004; 146: 359-363.
302. Dimitrakopoulos CD, Mascaro DJ. Organic thin-film transistors: a review of recent advances. IBM J. Res. Dev. 2001; 45: 11-27.
303. Watkins NJ, Yan L, Gao Y. Electronic structure symmetry of interfaces between pentacene and metals. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002; 80: 4384-4386.
304. Plastic Logic. Available from URL http://www.plasticlogic.com/.
305. Klauk H, Halik M, Zschieschang U, Eder F, Schmid G, Dehm C. Pentacene organic transistors and ring oscillators on glass and on flexible polymeric substrates. Appl. Phys.Lett. 2003; 82: 4175-4177.
306. Pearson C, Moore AJ, Petty MC, Bryce MR. A field effect transistor based on a Langmuir-Blodgett film of an Ni(dmit)2 charge transfer complex. Thin Solid Films 1992; 210-211: 257-260.
307. Pappenfus TM, Chesterfield RJ, Frisbie CD, Mann KR, Casado J, Raff JD, Miller LL. A p-stacking tertiophene-based quinodimethane is an n-channel conductor in a thin film transistor. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002; 124: 4184-4185.
308. Katz HE. Organic molecular solids as thin film transistor semiconductors. J. Mater. Chem. 1997; 7: 369-376.
309. Klauk H, Zschieschang U, Pflaum J, Halik M. Ultralow-power organic complementary circuits. Nature 2007; 445: 745-748.
310. Baude PF, Ender DA, Haase MA, Kelley TW, Muyres DV, Theiss SD. Pentacene-based radiofrequency identification circuitry. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003; 82: 3964-3966.
311. Tsang CW, VanSlyke SA. Organic electroluminescent diodes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1987; 51: 913-915.
312. Burroughes JH, Bradley DDC, Brown AR, Marks RN, Mackay K, Friend RH, Burns PL, Holmes AB. Light-emitting diodes based on conjugated polymers. Nature 1990; 347: 539-541.
313. Miyata S, Nalwa HS (Editors). Organic Electroluminescent Materials and Devices. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach; 1997.
314. Hudson AJ,Weaver MS. In TH Richardson (Editor). Functional Organic and Polymeric Materials. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2000, pp. 365-394.
315. Rees ID, Robinson KL, Holmes AB, Towns CR, O'Dell R. Recent developments in light-emitting polymers. MRS Bull. 2002; 27: 451-455.
316. Karg S, Meier M, Riess W. Light-emitting diodes based on poly-p-phenylene-vinylene: I chargecarrier injection and transport. J. Appl. Phys. 1997; 82:1951-1966.
317. Campbell AJ, Weaver MS, Lidzey DG, Bradley DDC. Bulk limited conduction in electroluminescent polymer devices. J. Appl. Phys. 1998; 48: 6737-6746.
318. Parker ID. Carrier tunnelling and device characteristics in polymer light-emitting devices. J. Appl. Phys. 1994; 75: 1656-1666.
319. Coaton JR, Marsden AM (Editors). Lamps and Lighting, 4th ed. London: Edward Arnold; 1997.
320. Kido J, Kimura M, Nagai K. Multilayer white light-emitting organic electroluminescent device. Science 1995; 267: 1332-1334.
321. Kido J, Shionoya H, Nagai, K. Single-layer white light-emitting organic electroluminescent devices based on dye-dispersed poly(N-vinylcarbazole). Appl. Phys. Lett. 1995; 67: 2281-2283.
322. Thompson J, Blyth RIR, Mazzeo M, Anni M, Gigli G, Cingolani R. White light emission from blends of blue-emitting organic molecules: a general route to the white organic light-emitting diode? Appl. Phys. Lett. 2001; 79: 560-562.
323. Duggal AR, Shiang JJ, Heller CM, Foust DF. Organic light-emitting devices for illumination quality white light. Appl. Phys.Lett. 2002; 80: 3470-3472.
324. Forrest SR, Bradley DDC, Thompson ME. Measuring the efficiency of organic light-emitting devices. Adv. Mater. 2003; 15: 1043-1048.
325. Sumation Co. Ltd. Available from URL http://www.sumation.co.uk/.
326. Pfeiffer M, Leo K, Zhou X, Huang JS, Hofmann M,Werner A, Blochwitz-Nimoth J. Doped organic semiconductors: physics and application in light emitting diodes. Organic Electron. 2003; 4: 89-103.
327. Huang J, Pfeiffer, Werner, Blochwitz J, Leo K, Liu S. Low-voltage organic electroluminescent devices using pin structures. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002; 80: 139-141.
328. Gebeyehu D, Walzer K, He G, Pfeiffer M, Leo K, Brandt J, Gerhard A, Stössel, P, Vestweber H. Highly efficient deep-blue light-emitting diodes with doped transport layers. Synth. Met. 2005; 148: 205-211.
329. Borchardt JK. Developments in organic displays. Mater. Today 2004; 7: 43-46.
330. Universal Display Corporation. Available from URL http://www.universaldisplay.com/.
331. Krummacher BC, Choong V-E, Mathai MK, Choulis SA, So F, Jermann F, Fielder T, Zachau M. Highly efficient white organic light-emitting diode. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006; 88: 113506.
332. Kanno H, Sun Y, Forrest SR. White organic light-emitting device based on a compound fluorescentphosphor-sensitized-fluorescent emission layer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006; 89: 143516.
333. Burrows PE, Gu G, BulovićShen Z, Forrest SR, Thompson ME. Achieving full-colour organic light-emitting devices for lightweight, flat-panel displays. IEEE Trans. Electron Dev. 1997; 44: 1188-1202.
334. Nakayama T. Organic luminescent devices with a microcavity structure. In S Miyata, HS Nalwa (Editors). Organic Electroluminescent Materials and Devices. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach; 1997, pp. 359-389.
335. Ahn JH,Wang C, Pearson C, Bryce MR, Petty MC. Organic light-emitting diodes based on a blend of poly[2-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-5-methoxy-1,4-phenylenevinylene] and an electron transport material. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004; 85: 1283-1285.
336. Oyston S, Wang C, Hughes G, Batsanov AS, Perepichka IF, Bryce MR, Ahn JH, Pearson C, Petty MC. New 2,5-diaryl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-fluorene hybrids as electron transporting materials for blended-layer organic light emitting diodes. J. Mater. Chem. 2005; 15: 194-203.
337. Zang Z, Hu Y, Li H, Wang L, Jing X, Wang F, Ma D. Polymer light-emitting diodes based on a bipolar transporting luminescent polymer. J. Mater. Chem. 2003; 13: 773-777.
338. Thomas KRJ, Lin JT, Tao Y-T, Chuen C-H. New carbazole-oxadiazole dyads for electroluminescent devices: influence of acceptor substituents on luminescent and thermal properties. Chem. Mater. 2004; 16: 5437-5444.
339. Peng Q, Kang ET, Neoh KG, Xiao D, Zou D. Conjugated alternating copolymers of fluorene and 2-pyridine-4-ylidenemalononitrile: synthesis, characterization and electroluminescent properties. J. Mater. Chem. 2006; 16: 376-383.
340. Kamtekar KT,Wang C, Bettington S, Batsanov AS, Perepichka IF, Bryce MR, Ahn JH, Rabinal M, Petty MC. New electroluminescent bipolar compounds for balanced charge-transport and tuneable colour in organic light emitting diodes: triphenylamine-oxadiazole-fluorene triad molecules. J. Mater. Chem. 2006; 16: 3823-3835.
341. Fuhrmann T, Salbeck J. Organic materials for photonic devices. MRS Bull. 2003; 28: 354-359.
342. Jung S, Theis D. Electronic paper. In R Waser (Editor). Nanoelectronics and Information Technology, 2nd ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2005, pp. 953-965.
343. Saricifti NS. Plastic photovoltaics. Mater. Today 2004; 7: 36-40.
344. Pulfrey DL. Photovolatic Power Generation. New York: Van Nostrand; 1978.
345. O'Regan B, Grätzel M. A low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell based on dye sensitized colloidal TiO2 films. Nature 1991; 353: 737-740.
346. Bach U, Lupo D, Comte P, Moser JE, Weissörtel F, Salbeck J, Spreitzer H, Grätzel M. Solid-statedye-sensitised mesoporous TiO2 solar cells with high photon-to-electron conversion efficiencies. Nature 1998; 395: 583-585.
347. Krüger J, Plass R, Cevey L, Piccirelli M, Grätzel M, Bach U. High efficiency solid-state photovoltaic device due to inhibition of interface charge recombination. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2001; 79: 2085-2087.
348. Weber WH, Lambe J. Luminescent greenhouse collector for solar radiation. Appl. Opt. 1976; 15: 2299-2300.
349. Blythe T, Bloor D. Electrical Properties of Polymers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2005.
350. Blythe T, Bloor D. Electrical Properties of Polymers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2005.
351. Gardner JW, Bartlett PN. Electronic Noses: Principles and Applications. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1999.
352. Gardner JW, Varadan VK, Awadelkarim OO. Microsensors, MEMS and Smart Devices. Chichester: John Wiley & Son Ltd; 2001.
353. Janata J. Principles of Chemical Sensors. New York: Plenum Press; 1989.
354. Jiang H, Dong L. Smart lenses. Phys. World 2006; 19: 29-31.
355. Koryta J. Ion-Selective Electrodes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1975.
356. Kortya J. Ions, Electrodes and Membranes. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 1982.
357. Kumar CSSR (Editor) Nanomaterials for Biosensors. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2006.
358. Moseley PT, Crocker AJ. Sensor Materials. Bristol: Institute of Physics; 1996.
359. Nabook A. Organic and Inorganic Nanostructures. Boston: Artech House; 2005.
360. Voldman J. Electrical forces for microscale cell manipulation. Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2006; 8: 425-454.
361. Waiser R (Editor) Nanoelectronics and Information Technology. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2005.
362. Wright RH. The Sense of Smell. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1982.
363. Middelhoek S, Noorlag DW. Three-dimensional representation of input and output transducers. Sens. Actuators 1981-82; 2: 29-41.
364. Janata J. Principles of Chemical Sensors. New York: Plenum Press; 1989.
365. Bergveld P. Thirty years of ISFETOLOGY. What happened in the past 30 years and what may happen in the next 30 years. Sens. Actuators B 2003; 88: 1-20.
366. Janata J. Thirty years of CHEMFETs - a personal view. Electroanalysis 2004; 16: 1831-1835.
367. Snow AW, Barger WR. Phthalocyanine films in chemical sensors. In CC Leznoff and ABP Lever (Editors) Phthalocyanines, Properties and Applications. New York: VCH; 1989, pp. 341-391.
368. Bott B, Jones TA. A highly sensitive NO2 sensor based on electrical conductivity changes in phthalocyanine film. Sens. Actuators 1984; 5: 43-53.
369. Gardner JW, Bartlett PN. Electronic Noses: Principles and Applications. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1999.
370. Mabrook MF, Pearson C, Petty MC. An inkjet-printed chemical fuse. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005; 86: 013507.
371. Mabrook MF, Pearson C, Petty MC. Inkjet-printed chemical sensors for the detection of organic vapours. IEEE Sens. J. 2006; 6: 1435-1444.
372. Bartlett PN, Ling-Chung SK. Conducting polymer gas sensors. Part II. Response of polypyrrole to methanol vapour. Sens. Actuators 1989; 19: 141-150.
373. Senturia SD, Sechen CM, Wishneusky JA. The charge-flow transistor: a new MOS device. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1977; 30: 106-108.
374. Barker PS, Di Bartolomeo C, Monkman AP, Petty MC, Pride R. Gas sensing using a charge-flow transistor. Sens. Actuators B 1995; 25: 451-453.
375. Barker PS, Petty MC, Monkman AP, McMurdo J, Cook MJ, Pride R. A hybrid phthalocyanine/silicon field effect transistor sensor for NO2. Thin Solid Films 1996; 284-285: 94-97.
376. Carrillo A, Martin-DomÀnguez IR, Glossman D, Márquez. Study of the effect of solvent induced swelling on the resistivity of butadiene based elastomers filled with carbon particles. Sens. Actuators A 2005; 119: 157-168.
377. Grate JW, Abraham MH. Solubility interactions and the design of chemically selective sorbent coatings for chemical sensors and arrays. Sens. Actuators B 1991; 3: 85-111.
378. Casalini R,Wilde JN, Nagel J, Oertel U, Petty MC. Organic vapour sensing using thin films of a coordination polymer: comparison of electrical and optical techniques. Sens. Actuators B 1999; 57: 28-34.
379. Richardson TH, Dooling CM, Jones LT, Brook RA. Development and optimization of porphyrin gas sensing LB films. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2005; 116: 81-96.
380. Lednev IK, Petty MC. Langmuir monolayers and Langmuir-Blodgett multilayers containing macrocyclic ionophores. Adv. Mater. 1996; 8: 615-629.
381. Lednev IK, Petty MC. Aggregate formation in Langmuir-Blodgett films of an amphiphilic benzothiazolium styryl chromoionophore. Langmuir 1994; 10: 4185-4189.
382. Nylander C, Ljedeberg B, Lind T. Gas detection by means of surface plasmon resonance. Sens. Actuators 1982; 3: 79-88.
383. Nylander C, Ljedeberg B, Lundstrom I. Surface plasmon resonance for gas detection and biosensing. Sens. Acuators 1983; 4: 299-304.
384. Pearson C, Nagel J, Petty MC. Metal ion sensing using ultrathin organic films prepared by the layer-by-layer adsorption technique. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2001; 34: 285-291.
385. McDonnell JM. Surface plasmon resonance: towards an understanding of the mechanisms of biological molecular recognition. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2001; 5: 572-577.
386. Hall D. Use of optical biosensors for the study of mechanistically concerted surface adsorption processes. Anal. Biochem. 2001; 288: 109-125.
387. Biacore. Available from URL http://www.biacore.com/.
388. Texas Instruments. Available from URL http://www.ti.com/.
389. Chinowsky TM, Quinn JG, Bartholomew DU, Kaiser R, Elkind JL. Performance of the Spreeta 2000 integrated surface plasmon resonance affinity sensor. Sens. Actuators B 2003; 91: 266-274.
390. Homola J, Lu HB, Nenninger GG, Dostalek J, Yee SS. A novel multichannel surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Sens. Actuators B 2001; 76: 403-410.
391. Homola J, Lu HB, Lee SS. Dual-channel surface plasmon resonance sensor with spectral discrimination of sensing channels using dielectric overlayer. Electron. Lett. 1999; 35: 1105-1106.
392. Palumbo M, Nagel J, Petty MC. Surface plasmon resonance detection of metal ions: layer-by-layer assembly of polyelectrolyte sensing layers on a multichannel chip. IEEE Sens. J. 2005; 5: 1159-1164.
393. Palumbo M, Petty MC. Polyelectrolytes-based SPR sensors. In CA Grimes, EC Dickey, MV Pishko (Editors). Encyclopaedia of Sensors, Vol. 8. California: American Scientific Publishers; 2006, pp. 33-52.
394. Hammond PT. Chemistry directed deposition via electrostatic and secondary interactions: a nonlithographic approach to patterned polyelectrolyte multilayer systems. In G Decher and JB Schlenoff (Editors). Multilayer Thin Films. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2003, pp. 271-299.
395. Electronic Nose Network. Available from URL http://www.nose-network.org/review/.
396. Gardner JW, Varadan VK, Awadelkarim OO. Microsensors, MEMS and Smart Devices. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2001.
397. Bar-Cohen Y (Editor). Electroactive Polymer [EAP] Actuators as Artificial Muscles - Reality, Potential, and Challenges. Jet Propulsion Laboratory (NASA). Washington, DC SPIE Press; 2001.
398. NASA. Electroactive Polymer Actuators. Available from URL http://eap.jpl.nasa.gov/.
399. Jager EWH, Smela E, Inganäs O. Microfabricating conjugated polymer actuators. Science 2000; 290: 1540-1545.
400. Brock D, Lee WJ, Segalman D, Witkowski M. A dynamic-model of a linear-actuator based on polymer hydrogel. J. Intelli. Materi. Syst. Struct. 1994; 5: 764-771.
401. Blythe T, Bloor D. Electrical Properties of Polymers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2005.
402. Hua F, Cui T, Lvov YM. Ultrathin cantilevers based on polymer-ceramic nanocomposite assembled through layer-by-layer deposition. Nano Lette. 2004; 4: 823-825.
403. Mamedov AA, Kotov NA, Prato M, Guldi DM, Wicksted JP, Hirsch A. Molecular design of strong single-wall carbon nanotube/polyelectrolyte multilayer composites Nature Mater. 2002; 1: 190-194.
404. Cadd D,Wood D, Petty MC. Free standing polymer cantilevers and bridges reinforced with carbon nanotubes. Micro Nano Lett., in press.
405. Whitesides GM. The origins and future of microfluidics. Nature 2006; 442: 368-373.
406. Janasek D, Franzke J, Manz A. Scaling and the design of miniaturised chemical-analysis systems. Nature 2006; 442: 374-380.
407. Yager P, Edwards T, Fu E, Helton K, Nelson K, Tam MR, Weig BH. Microfluidic diagnostic technologies for global public health. Nature 2006; 442: 412-418.
408. Voldman J. Electrical forces for microscale cell manipulation. Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2006; 8: 425-454.
409. Hughes MP. AC electrokinetics: applications for nanotechnology. Nanotechnology 2000; 11; 124-132.
410. Hughes MP, Pethig R, Wang X-B. Forces on particles in travelling electric fields: computer-aided simulations. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 1996; 29: 474-482.
411. University of Bath. Centre for Biomimetric and Natural Technologies. Available from URL http://www.bath.ac.uk/mech-eng//biomimetics/home.htm.
412. Amos M. Genesis Machines. London: Atlantic Books; 2006.
413. Anantram MP, Léonard F. Physics of carbon nanotube electronic devices. Rep. Prog. Phys. 2006; 69: 507-561.
414. Balzani V, Credi A, Venturi M. Molecular Devices and Machines. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2003.
415. Bar-Cohen Y (Editor). Biomimetics: Biologically Inspired Technologies. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis; 2006.
416. Birge RR (Editor). Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society; 1994.
417. Carter FL (Editor). Proceedings of the Molecular Electronic Devices Workshop. Naval Research Laboratory Memorandum Report 4662. Washington, DC: Naval Research Laboratories; 1981.
418. Claverie A, Tsoukalas D, King T-J, Slaughter JM (Editors). Materials and Processes for Nonvolatile Memories. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, Vol. 830. Warrendale, PA: Materials Research Society; 2005.
419. Cuniberti G, Fagas G, Richer K. (Editors). Introducing Molecular Electronics. Berlin: Springer; 2005.
420. Drexler EK. Nanosystems. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1992.
421. Edwards C. The wages of spin. Eng. Technol. 2006; 1: 36-40.
422. Feringa BL (Editor). Molecular Switches. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2001.
423. Göpel W, Ziegler Ch (Editors). Nanostructures Based on Molecular Materials. Weinheim: VCH; 1992.
424. Greer J, Korkin A, Labanowski J (Editors). Nano and Giga Challenges in Microelectronics. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2003.
425. Jones RAL. Soft Machines. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2004.
426. Mansoori GA. Principles of Nanotechnology. Singapore: World Scientific; 2005.
427. Nabook A. Organic and Inorganic Nanostructures. Boston: Artech House; 2005.
428. Nicolini C (Editor). Molecular Manufacturing. New York: Plenum Press; 1996.
429. Nicolini C. Molecular Bioelectronics. Singapore: World Scientific; 1996.
430. Nicolini C (Editor). From Neural Networks and Biomolecular Engineering to Bioelectronics. New York: Plenum Press; 1995.
431. Poole CP Jr, Owens FJ. Introduction to Nanotechnology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2003.
432. Reed MA, Takhee L (Editors). Molecular Nanoelectronics. California: American Scientific Publishers; 2003.
433. Reitman EA. Molecular Engineering of Nanosystems. New York: Springer; 2001.
434. Schwoerer M, Wolf HC. Organic Molecular Solids. Berlin: Wiley-VCH; 2006.
435. Timp G (Editor). Nanotechnology. New York: Springer; 1999.
436. Tour JM. Molecular Electronics. Singapore: World Scientific; 2003.
437. Waser R (Editor). Nanoelectronics and Information Technology. 2nd ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2005.
438. Wolf EL. Nanophysics and Nanotechnology. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2004.
439. Drexler EK. Nanosystems. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1992.
440. Kasap SO. Principles of Electrical Engineering Materials and Devices. Boston: McGraw-Hill; 1997.
441. Reitman EA. Molecular Engineering of Nanosystems. New York: Springer; 2001.
442. Christie P, Roberts GG, Petty MC. Spontaneous polarization in organic superlattices. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1986; 48: 1101-1103.
443. Jones CA, Petty MC, Roberts GG. Langmuir-Blodgett films: a new class of pyroelectric materials. IEEE Trans. Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics Frequency Control 1988; 35: 736-740.
444. Petty MC. Langmuir-Blodgett Films. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1996.
445. Petty MC, Cresswell J. Deposition and characterization of multilayer films for nonlinear optics. In D Andrea, A Lapiccirella, G Marletta, A Viticoli, (Editors). Materials for Photonic Devices. Singapore: World Scientific; 1991. pp. 259-269.
446. Ashwell GJ, Ranjan R, Whittam AJ, Gandolfo DS. Second-harmonic generation from alternatelayer and Z-type Langmuir-Blodgett films: optimization of the transparency/efficiency trade-off. J. Mater. Chem. 2000; 10: 63-68.
447. Pisignano D, Persano L, Gigli G, Visconti P, Stomeo T, De Vittorio M, Barbarella G, Favaretto L, Cingolani R. Planar organic photonic crystals fabricated by soft lithography. Nanotechnology 2004; 15: 766-770.
448. Galisteo JF, García-Santamaría F, Golmayo D, Juárez BH, López C, Palacios E. Self-assembly approach to optical metamaterials. J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 2005; 7: S244-S254.
449. Bardosova M, Tredgold RH. Ordered layers of monodispersive colloids J. Mater. Chem. 2002; 12: 2835-2842.
450. Watkins NJ, Yan L, Gao Y. Electronic structure symmetry of interfaces between pentacene and metals. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002; 80: 4384-4386.
451. Cui XD, Primak A, Zarate X, Tomfohr J, Sankey OF, Moore AL, Moore TA, Gust D, Harris G, Lindsay SM. Reproducible measurement of single-molecule conductivity. Science 2001; 294: 571-574.
452. Moore AJ, Goldenberg LM, Bryce MR, Petty MC, Monkman AP, Marenco C, Yarwood J, Joyce MJ, Port SN. Cation recognition by self-assembled layers of novel crown-annelated tetrathiafulvalenes. Adv. Mater. 1998; 10: 395-398.
453. Aviram A, Ratner MA. Molecular rectifiers. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1974; 29: 277-283.
454. Ashwell GJ, Stokes RJ. Do alkyl tunnelling barriers contribute to molecular rectification? J. Mater. Chem. 2004; 14: 1228-1230.
455. Metzger RM. Monolayer rectifiers. J. Solid State Chem. 2002; 168: 696-711.
456. Honciuc A, Jaiswal A, Gong A, Ashworth K, Spangler CW, Peterson IR, Dalton LR, Metzger RM. Current rectification in a Langmuir-Schaefer monolayer of fullerene-bis[40-diphenylamino- 400-(N-ethyl-N-200-ethyl)amino-1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene] malonate between Au electrodes. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005; 109: 857-871.
457. Ashwell GJ, Mohib A, Miller JR. Induced rectification from self-assembled monolayers of sterically hindered p-bridged chromophores. J. Mater. Chem. 2005; 15: 1160-1166.
458. Peterson IR. Langmuir-Blodgett films: a route to molecular electronics. In W Göpel, Ch Ziegler (Editors). Nanostructures Based on Molecular Materials. Weinheim: VCH; 1992, pp. 195-208.
459. Yang Y, Ouyang J, Ma L, Tseng RJ-H, Chu C-W. Electrical switching and bistability in organic/polymeric thin films and memory devices. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2006; 16: 1001-1014.
460. Möller S, Perlov C, Jackson W, Taussig C, Forrest SR. A polymer/semiconductor write-once readmany-times memory. Nature 2003; 426: 166-169.
461. Vettiger P, Despont M, Drechsler U, Dürig U, Häberle W, Lutwyche MI, Rothuizen HE, Stutz R, Widmer R, Binnig GK. The 'Millipede' - more than one thousand tips for future AFM data storage. IBM J. Res. Dev. 2000; 44: 323-340.
462. Despont M, Drechsler U, Yu R, Pogge HB, Vettiger P. Wafer-scale microdevice transfer/interconnect: its application in an AFM-based data-storage system. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 2004; 13: 895-901.
463. Service RF. Next-generation technology hits an early midlife crisis. Science 2003; 302: 556-559.
464. Chen Y, Ohlberg DAA, Li X, Stewart DR, Williams RS, Jeppesen JO, Nielsen KA, Stoddart JF, Olynick DL, Anderson E. Nanoscale molecular-switch devices fabricated by imprint lithography. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003; 82: 1610-1612.
465. Flood AH, Stoddart JF, Steuerman DW, Heath JR. Whence molecular electronics? Science 2004; 306: 2055-2056.
466. Diehl MR, Steuerman DW, Tseng H-R, Vignon SA, Star A, Celestre PC, Stoddart JF, Heath JR. Single-walled carbon nanotube-based molecular switch tunnel junctions. Chem. Phys. Chem. 2003; 4: 1335-1339.
467. Green JE, Choi JW, Boukai A, Bunimovich Y, Johnston-Halperin E, Delonno E, Luo Y, Sheriff BA, Xu K, Shin YS, Tseng H-R, Stoddart JF, Heath JR. A 160-kilobit molecular electronic memory patterned at 1011 bits per square centimetre. Nature 2007; 445: 414-417.
468. Bozano LD, Kean BW, Deine VR, Salem JR, Scott JC. Mechanism for bistability in organic memory elements. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004; 84: 607-609.
469. Bozano LD, Kean BW, Beinhoff M, Carter KR, Rice PM, Scott JC. Organic materials and thin-film structures for cross-point memory cells based on trapping in metallic nanoparticles. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2005; 15: 1933-1939.
470. Simmons JG, Verderber RR. New conduction and reversible memory phenomena in thin insulating films. Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 1967; 301: 77-102.
471. Ouyang J, Chu C-W, Szmanda CR, Ma L, Yang Y. Programmable polymer thin film and nonvolatile memory device. Nature Mater. 2004; 31: 918-922.
472. Tseng RJ, Huang J, Ouyang J, Kaner RB, Yang Y. Polyaniline nanofibre/gold nanoparticle non-volatile memory. Nano Lett. 2005; 5: 1077-1080.
473. Tang W, Shi H, Xu G, Ong BS, Popovic ZD, Deng J, Ahao J, Rao G. Memory effect and negative differential resistance by electrode-induced two-dimensional single- electron tunnelling in molecular and organic electronic devices. Adv. Mater. 2005; 17: 2307-2311.
474. Lauters M, McCarthy B, Sarid D. Multilevel conductance switching in polymer films. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006; 89, 013507.
475. Scott JC, Bozano LD. Nonvolatile memory elements based on organic materials. Adv. Mater. 2007; 19: 1452-1463.
476. Rueckes T, Kim K, Joselevich E, Tseng GY, Cheung CL, Lieber CM. Carbon nanotube-based nonvolatile random access memory for molecular computing. Science 2000; 289: 94-97.
477. Terabe K, Hasegawa T, Nakayama T, Aono M. Quantised conductance atomic switch. Nature 2005; 433: 47-50.
478. Ruitenbeek J V. Silver nanoswitch. Nature 2005; 433: 21-22.
479. Liu Z, Yasseri AA, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF. Molecular memories that survive silicon device processing and real-world operation. Science 2003; 302: 1543-1545.
480. Fazio A. Flash memory scaling. MRS Bull. 2004; 29: 814-817.
481. Lee C, Meteer J, Narayan V, Kan EC. Self-assembly of metal nanocrystals on ultrathin oxide for non-volatile memory applications. J. Electron. Mater. 2005; 34: 1-11.
482. Paul S, Pearson C, Molloy A, Cousins MA, Green M, Kolliopoulou S, Dimitrakis P, Normand P, Tsoukalas D, Petty MC. Langmuir-Blodgett film deposition of metallic nanoparticles and their application to electronic memory structures. Nano Lett. 2003; 3: 533-536.
483. Kolliopoulou S, Dimitrakis P, Normand P, Zhang HL, Cant N, Evans SD, Paul S, Pearson C, Molloy A, Petty MC, Tsoukalas D. Integration of organic insulator and self-assembled gold nanoparticles on Si MOSFET for novel non-volatile memory cells. Microelectron. Eng. 2004; 73-74: 725-729.
484. Awschalom DD, Flatte, ME, Samarth N. Spintronics. Sci. Am. 2002; 286: 66-73.
485. Wolf SA, Chtchelkanova AY, Treger DM. Spintronics - a retrospective and perspective. IBM J. Res. Dev. 2006; 50: 101-110.
486. Rocha AR, García-Suárez VM, Bailey SW, Lambert CJ, Ferrer J, Sanvito S. Towards molecular spintronics. Nature Mater. 2005; 4: 335-339.
487. Wang FJ, Xiong ZH, Wu D, Shi J, Vardeny ZV. The case for Fe/Alq3/Co spin-valve devices. Synth. Met. 2005; 155: 172-175.
488. Burrows PE, Donovan KJ, Wilson EG. Electron motion perpendicular to Langmuir-Blodgett multilayers of conjugated macrocyclic compounds: the organic quantum well. Thin Solid Films 1989; 179: 129-136.
489. Uchida K. Single-electron devices for logic applications. In RWaser (Editor). Nanoelectronics and Information Technology, 2nd ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2005, pp. 423-441.
490. Yano K, Ishii T, Sano T, Mine T, Murai F, Hashimoto T, Kobayashi T, Kure T, Seki K. Singleelectron memory for giga-to-tera bit storage. Proc. IEEE 1999; 87: 633-650.
491. Oncel N, Hallbäck A-S, Zandvliet HJW, Speets EA, Ravoo BJ, Reinhoudt DN, Poelsema B. Coulomb blockade of small Pd clusters. J. Chem. Phys. 2005; 123: 004703.
492. Balzani V, Credi A, Venturi M. Molecular Devices and Machines. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2003.
493. Martin PJ. Photochromism. In MC Petty, MR Bryce, D Bloor (Editors). An Introduction to Molecular Electronics. London: Edward Arnold; 1995, pp. 112-141.
494. Srinivasan MP. Organic photochromism: spiro compounds as functional molecules. In TH Richardson (Editor). Functional Organic Polymeric Materials. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 2000. pp. 273-293.
495. Aviram A, Seiden PE, Ratner MA. Theoretical and experimental studies of hemiquinones and comments on their suitability for molecular storage elements. In FL Carter (Editor). Proceedings of the Molecular Electronic Devices Workshop. Naval Research Laboratory Memorandum Report 4662. Washington, DC: Naval Research Laboratoriers; 1981, pp. 3-16.
496. Echegoyen L, Echegoyen LE. Electrochemistry of fullerenes and their derivatives. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998; 31: 593-601.
497. Mingotaud C, Delhaus P, Meisel MW, Talham DR. Magnetic Langmuir-Blodgett films. In JS Miller, M Drillon (Editors). Magnetism: molecules to materials. Molecule- Based Materials Vol. 2. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2001, pp. 457-484.
498. Avouris P. Molecular electronics with carbon nanotubes. Acc. Chem. Res. 2002; 35: 1926-1034.
499. Ouyang M, Huang J-L, Lieber CM. Fundamental electronic properties and applications of singlewalled carbon nanotubes. Acc. Chem. Res. 2002; 35: 1018-1025.
500. McEuen PL, Park JY. Electron transport in single-walled carbon nanotubes. MRS Bull. 2004; 29: 272-275.
501. Javey A, Kim H, Brink M, Wang Q, Ural A, Guo J, McIntyre P, McEuen P, Lundstrom M, Dai H. High-k dielectrics for advanced carbon-nanotube transistors and logic gates. Nature Mater. 2002; 1: 241-246.
502. Avouris P, Appenzeller J. Electronics and optoelectronics with carbon nanotubes. Ind. Phys. 2004; 10: 18-21.
503. Appenzeller J, Joselevich E, Hönlein W. Carbon nanotubes for data processing. In R Waser (Editor). Nanoelectronics and Information Technology, 2nd ed. Weinheim: Wiley- VCH; 2005, pp. 471-497.
504. Lahann J, Mitragotri S, Tran TN, Kaido H, Sundaram J, Choi IS, Hoffer S, Somorjai GA, Langer R. A reversibly switching surface. Science 2003; 299: 371-374.
505. Lahann JR Langer R. Smart materials with dynamically controllable surfaces. MRS Bull. 2005; 30: 185-188.
506. Liu Y, Mu L, Liu B, Kong J. Controlled switchable surface. Chem. Eur. J. 2005; 11: 2622-2631.
507. Sauvage JP, Dietrich-Buchecker CO (Editors). Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 1999.
508. Shinkai S, Nakaji T, Ogawa T, Shigematsu K, Manabe O. Photoresponsive crown ethers. 2. Photocontrol of ion extraction and ion transport by a bis(crown ether) with a butterfly-like motion. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981; 103: 111-115.
509. De Silva AP, De Silva SA, Dissanayake AS, Sandanayake KRAS. Comparmental fluorescent pH indicators with nearly complete predictability of indicator parameters - molecular engineering of pH sensors. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1989: 1054-1056.
510. De Silva AP, Gunaratne HQN, McCoy CP. Molecular photoionic AND logic gates with bright fluorescence and 'off-on' digital action. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997; 119: 7891-7892.
511. Carter FL (Editor). Proceedings of the Molecular Electronic Devices Workshop. Naval Research Laboratory Memorandum Report 4662. Washington, DC: Naval Research Laboratories; 1981.
512. Roth S. One-dimensional Metals. Weinheim: VCH; 1995.
513. Barker JR. Molecular electronic logic and architectures. In MC Petty, MR Bryce, D Bloor (Editors). An Introduction to Molecular Electronics. London: Edward Arnold; 1995, pp. 345-376.
514. Amos M. Genesis Machines. London: Atlantic Books; 2006.
515. Heath JR, Kuekes PJ, Snider GS, Williams RS. A defect-tolerant computer architecture: opportunities for nanotechnology. Science 1998; 280: 1716-1721.
516. Nabook. A. Organic and Inorganic Nanostructures. Boston: Artech House; 2005.
517. Preskill J. Battling decoherence: the fault-tolerant quantum computer. Phys. Today 1999; 52: 24-30.
518. Montemerlo MS, Love JC, Opiteck GJ, Goldhaber-Gordon DJ, Ellenbogen JC. Technologies and Designs for Electronic Nanocomputers. MITRE Technical Report No. 96W0000044. McLean, VA: MITRE; 1996.
519. Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P. Molecular Biology of the Cell. New York: Garland Science; 2002.
520. Amos M. Genesis Machines. London: Atlantic Books; 2006.
521. Ball P. Designing the Molecular World. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 1994.
522. Balzani V, Credi A, Venturi M. Molecular Devices and Machines. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2003.
523. Bar-Cohen Y (Editor). Biomimetics: Biologically Inspired Technologies. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis; 2006.
524. Birge RR (Editor). Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society; 1994.
525. Blankenship RE. Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 2001.
526. Drexler KE. Engines of Creation. London: Fourth Estate; 1990.
527. Jones RAL. Soft Machines. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2004.
528. Kumar CSSR (Editor). Nanomaterials for Biosensors. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2006.
529. Nicolini C (Editor). Molecular Manufacturing. New York: Plenum Press; 1996.
530. Nicolini C. Molecular Bioelectronics. Singapore: World Scientific; 1996.
531. Nicolini C (Editor). From Neural Networks and Biomolecular Engineering to Bioelectronics. New York: Plenum Press; 1993.
532. Pessarakli M (Editor). Handbook of Photosynthesis. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis; 2005.
533. Ridley M. Genome. London: Fourth Estate; 1999.
534. Ridley M. Genome. London: Fourth Estate; 1999.
535. Ball P. Designing the Molecular World. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 1994.
536. Findlay JBC. The biological membrane. In MC Petty, MR Bryce, D Bloor (Editors). An Introduction to Molecular Electronics. London: Edward Arnold; 1995, pp. 279-294.
537. Petty M, Tsibouklis J, Petty MC, Feast WJ. Pyroelectric behaviour of synthetic biomembrane structures. Thin Solid Films 1992; 210-211: 320-323.
538. Aizawa M. Biosensors. In MC Petty, MR Bryce, D Bloor (Editors). An Introduction to Molecular Electronics. London: Edward Arnold; 1995, pp. 295-314.
539. Zhao S, Reichert WM. Influence of biotin lipid surface density and accessibility on avidin binding to the tip of an optical fibre sensor. Langmuir 1992; 8: 2785-2791.
540. Dekker C, Ratner MA. Electronic properties of DNA. Phys. World 2001; 14: 29-33.
541. Briman M, Armitage NP, Helgren E, Grüner G. Dipole relaxation losses in DNA. Nano Lett. 2004; 4: 733-736.
542. Adleman LM. Molecular computation of solutions to combinatorial problems. Science 1994; 266: 1021-1024.
543. Braich RS, Chelyapov N, Johnson C, Rothemund PWK, Adleman L. Solution of a 20-variable 3-SAT problem on a DNA computer. Science 2002; 296: 499-502.
544. Amos M. Genesis Machines. London: Atlantic Books; 2006.
545. Birge RR, Gross RB. Biomolecular optoelectronics. In MC Petty, MR Bryce, D Bloor (Editors). An Introduction to Molecular Electronics. London: Edward Arnold; 1995, pp. 315-344.
546. Hampp N. Bacteriorhodopsin as a photochromic retinal protein for optical memories. Chem. Rev. 2000; 100: 1755-1776.
547. Birge RR. Protein-based computers. Sci. Am. 1995; 272: 90-95.
548. Gust D, Moore TA, Moore AL. Mimicking photosynthetic solar energy transduction. Acc. Chem. Res. 2001; 34: 40-48.
549. Prathapan S, Johnson TE, Lindsey JS. Building-block synthesis of porphyrin light-harvesting arrays. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993; 115: 7519-7520.
550. Arizona State University: Center for the Study of Early Events in Photosynthesis. Available from URL http://photoscience.la.asu.edu/photosyn/.
551. MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology and the Cambridge Institute for Medical Research. The Myosin Home Page. Available from URL http://www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/myosin/myosin.html.
552. Rief M, Rock RS, Mehta AD, Mooseker MS, Cheney RE, Spudich JA. Myosin-V stepping kinetics: a molecular model for processivity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000; 97: 9482-9486.
553. Balzani V, Credi A, Venturi M. Molecular Devices and Machines. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2003.
554. Drexler KE. Engines of Creation. London: Fourth Estate; 1990.
555. Sherman WB, Seeman NC. A precisely controlled DNA walking device. Nano Lett. 2004; 4: 1203-1207.
556. Soong RK, Bachand GD, Neves HP, Olkhovets, AG, Craighead HG, Montemagno CD. Powering an inorganic nandevice with a biomolecular motor. Science 2000; 290: 1555-1558.