Multiple sclerosis, mad cow disease and acinetobacter

Multiple Sclerosis, Mad Cow Disease and Acinetobacter

Volumn , Issue , 2015, Pages 1-200

  Ebringer, Alan ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84944242101     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-02735-7     Document Type: Book

References (249)

1. Baranzini SE. Revealing the genetic basis of multiple sclerosis: are we there yet? Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2011;21:317-24.
2. Brain L. Diseases of the nervous system. 6th ed. London: Oxford University Press; 1962.
3. Compston A, Coles A. Multiple sclerosis. Lancet. 2002;359:1221-31.
4. Ebringer A, Rashid T, Wilson C. Molecular mimicry as the basis of new theory of autoimmunity. In: Zouali M, editor. Frontiers in Autoimmunity. IOS press. 2003;354:79-99.
5. Kurtzke JF. Epidemiologic evidence for multiple sclerosis as an infection. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1993;6:382-427.
6. McDonald WI, Compston A, Edan G, et al. Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the International Panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2001;50:121-7.
7. Miller DH, Leary SM. Primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6:903-12.
8. Milo R, Kahana E. Multiple sclerosis: geoepidemiology, genetics and the environment. Autoimmun Rev. 2010;9:387-94.
9. Rovaris M, Confavreux C, Furlan R, Kappos L, Comi G, Folippi M. Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: current knowledge and future challenges. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5:343-54.
10. Dawson JD. The histology of disseminated sclerosis. Trans Royal Soc Edin. 1916;50:517-740.
11. Kurtzke JF. A Fenno-scandian focus of multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 1968;18:16-20.
12. Murray TJ. Multiple sclerosis: the history of a disease. New York: Demos Publishing company; 2005.
13. Pozzilli C, Romano S, Cannoni S. Epidemiology and current treatment of multiple sclerosis in Europe today. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2002;39:175-86.
14. Raine CS, Snyder DH, Valsamis MP, Stone SH. Chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in inbred guinea pigs. An ultrastructural study. Lab Invest. 1974;31:369-80.
15. Sempere AP, Claveria LE, Duarte J, Coria F, Cabezas C, Fernandez O, Dean G. Prevalence of multiple sclerosis in the region of Osona, Catalonia, Northern Spain. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995;58:577-81.
16. Cuille J, Chelle P. La maladie dite tremblante du mouton est-elle inoculable? Compt Rend l’Acad Science. 1936;203:1552-4.
17. Greig R. Scrapie in sheep. J Comp Pathol. 1950;60:263-6.
18. Hope J. Fibrils from brains of cows with new cattle disease contain scrapie associated protein. Nature. 1988;336:390-2.
19. Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers, Bridgeman J, Ferguson-Smith M. The BSE inquiry, Vol. 2. Science. London: Stationery Office; 2000.
20. Porter D, Porter H, Cox N. Failure to demonstrate a humoral immune response to scrapie infection in mice. J Immunol. 1973;111:1407-10.
21. Sigurdsson BR. A chronic encephalitis of sheep. Br Vet J. 1954;110:341-54.
22. Stockman S. Scrapie: an obscure disease of sheep. J Comp Pathol. 1913;26:317-27.
23. Behan PO, Geschwind N, Lamarche JB, Lisak RP, Kies WM. Delayed hypersensensitivity to encephalitogenic protein in disseminated encephalomyelitis. Lancet. 1968;2:1009-11.
24. Hurst EW. The effects of the injection of normal brain emulsion into rabbits with special reference to the aetiology of the paralytic accidents of antirabic treatment. J Hyg. 1932;32:33-44.
25. Lisak RP, Zweiman B, Blanchard N, Rorke LB. Effect of treatment with Copolymer 1 (Cop-1) on the in vivo and in vitro manifestations of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Neurol Sci. 1983;62:281-93.
26. Paterson PI. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and autoimmune disease. Adv Immunol. 1966;5:131-208.
27. Prineas J, Raine CS, Wisniewski H. An ultrastructural study of experimental demyelination and remyelination. III. Chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the central nervous system. Lab Invest. 1969;21:472-83.
28. Raine CS, Snyder DH, Valsamis MP, Stone SH. Chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in inbred guinea pigs. Lab Invest. 1974;31:369-80.
29. Rivers TM, Schwentker FF. Encephalomyelitis accompagnied by myelin destruction experimentally produced in monkeys. J Exp Med. 1935;61:689-702.
30. Rose NR, Witebsky E. Studies on organ specificity. V. Changes in the thyroid glands of rabbits following active immunization with rabbit thyroid extracts. J Immunol. 1956;76:417-27.
31. Santhoshkumar A, Kalpana D, Sowrabha R. Rabies encephalomyelitis versus acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: usefulness of MR in differential diagnosis. J Pediatr Neurosci. 2012;7:133-5.
32. Sriram S, Steiner I. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: a misleading model of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2005;58:939-45.
33. Anderson RM, Donnelly CA, Ferguson NM. Transmission dynamics and epidemiology of BSE in British cattle. Nature. 1996;382:779-88.
34. Crawford MA, Budowski P, Drury P. The nutritional contribution to bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Nutr Health. 1991;7:61-8.
35. Ebringer A. The link between genes and disease. New Scientist. 1978;79:865-7.
36. Ebringer A, Pirt J, Wilson C, Thorpe C, Tiwana H, Cunningham P, Ettelaie C. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: comparison between the prion hypothesis and the autoimmune theory. J Nutr Environ Med. 1998;8:265-76.
37. Ellis CJ, Katifi H, Weller O. A further British case of growth hormone induced Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992;55:1200-2.
38. Fielder M, Pirt SJ, Tarpey I, Wilson C, Cunningham P, Ettelaie C, Binder A, Bansal S, Ebringer A. Molecular mimicry and ankylosing spondylitis: possible role of a novel sequence in pullulanase of Klebsiella pneumoniae. FEBS Lett. 1995;369:243-8.
39. Jeffrey M, Scott JR, Williams A. Ultrastructural features of spongiform encephalopathy transmitted to mice from three species of bovidae. Acta Neuropathol. 1992;84:559-69.
40. Kimberlin RH. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: an appraisal of the current epidemic in the United Kingdom. Intervirology. 1993;35:208-18.
41. Lasmezas C, Deslys J, Robain O, Jaegly A, Beringue V, Peyrin JM, Fournier JG, Hauw JJ, Rossier J, Dormont D. Transmission of the BSE agent to mice in the absence of detectable prion protein. Science. 1997;275:402-5.
42. Popper KR. Conjectures and refutations. The growth of scientific knowledge. London: London Routledge and Kegan Paul; 1963.
43. Prusiner S. Biology and genetics of prion diseases. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1994;48:655-86.
44. Prusiner S, Fuzi M, Scott M. Immunologic and molecular biologic studies of prion proteins in bovine spongiform encephalopathy. J Infect Dis. 1993;167:602-13.
45. Purdey M. Are organophosphate pesticides involved in the causation of bovine spongiform encephalopathy? Hypothesis based upon a literature review and limited trials on BSE cattle. J Nutr Environ Med. 1994;4:43-82.
46. Richard P, Ostre C, Auxoux-Cheve M. Neurophysiological follow-up in two children with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease after human growth hormone treatment. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1994;91:100-7.
47. Schwimmbeck PL, Yu DTY, Oldstone MBA. Autoantibodies to HLA-B27 in the sera of HLA-B27 patients with ankylosing spondylitis and Reiter’s syndrome. J Exp Med. 1987;166:173-81.
48. Wilson C, Ebringer A, Ahmadi K, Wrigglesworth J, Tiwana H, Fielder M, et al. Shared amino acid sequences between major histocompatibility complex class II glycoproteins, type XI collagen and Proteus mirabilis in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1995;54:216-20.
49. Anderson RM, Donnelly CA, Ferguson NM, Woolhouse MES, Watt CS, Udy HJ. Transmission dynamics and epidemiology of BSE in British cattle. Nature. 1996;382:779-88.
50. Chesebro B, Race R, Wehrly K, Nisho J, Bloom M, Lechner D, Bergstrom S, Robbins K, Mayer L, Keith JM. Identification of scrapie prion protein specific mRNA in scrapie infected and uninfected brain. Nature. 1985;315:331-3.
51. Cowling P, Ebringer R, Cawdell D, Ishii M, Ebringer A. C-reactive protein, ESR and Klebsiella in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1980;39:45-9.
52. Ebringer A. Ankylosing spondylitis and Klebsiella. London: Springer; 2013.
53. Ebringer A, Pirt J, Wilson C, Cunnigham P, Thorpe C, Ettelaie C. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: Is it an autoimmune disease due to bacteria showing molecular mimicry with brain antigens? Environ Health Perspect. 1997;105(11):1172-4.
54. Eylar EH, Caccam J, Jackson JJ, Westfall FC, Robinson AB. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: synthesis of disease producing site of the basic protein. Science. 1970;168:1220-3.
55. Forloni G, Angeretti N, Chiesa R, Monzani E, Salmona B, Bugiani O, Tagliavini F. Neuro-toxicity of a prion protein fragment. Nature. 1993;362:543-6.
56. Griffith JS. Self-replication and scrapie. Nature. 1967;215:1043-4.
57. Patterson PY. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Adv Immunol. 1966;5:131-208.
58. Prusiner SB. Novel proteinaceous infectious particles cause scrapie. Science. 1982;216:136-44.
59. Taylor DM, McConnell I, Fraser H. Scrapie infection can be established readily through skin scarification in immunocompetent but not in immunodeficient mice. J Gen Virol. 1966;77:1595-9.
60. Watson JD, Crick FHC. A structure of deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature. 1953;171:737-8.
61. Weissmann C. Molecular biology of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. FEBS Lett. 1996;389:9-11.
62. Aoki T, Gibbs CJ, Sotello J, Gajdusek DC. Heterogenic autoantibody against neurofilament protein in sera of animals with experimental kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and natural scrapie infection. Infect Immun. 1982;38:316-24.
63. Ebringer A, Pirt J, Wilson C, Cunnigham P, Thorpe C, Ettelaie C. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: is it an autoimmune disease due to bacteria showing molecular mimicry with brain antigens? Environ Health Perspect. 1997;105:1172-4.
64. Eylar EH, Caccam J, Jackson JJ, Westfall FC, Robinson AB. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: synthesis of disease producing site of the basic protein. Science. 1970;168:1220-3.
65. Husby G, Van de Rijn I, Zabriskie JB, Abdin ZH, Williams RC. Antibodies reacting with cytoplasm of subthalamic and caudate nuclei neurons in chorea and acute rheumatic fever. J Exp Med. 1976;144:1094-110.
66. Purdey M. Are organophosphate pesticides involved in the causation of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)? Hypothesis based on literature review and limited trials on BSE cattle. J Nutr Med. 1994;4:43-82.
67. Raine CS, Snyder DH, Valsamis P, Stone SH. Chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in inbred guinea pigs. An ultrastructural study. Lab Invest. 1974;31:369-80.
68. Sotello J, Gibbs CJ, Gajdusek DC. Autoantibodies against axonal neurofilaments in patients with kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Science. 1980;210:190-3.
69. Tiwana H, Wilson C, Pirt J, Cartmell W, Ebringer A. Autoantibodies to brain components and antibodies to Acinetobacter calcoaceticus are present in bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Infect Immun. 1999;67:6591-5, 0019-9567.
70. Will RG, Ironside JW, Zeidler M, Cousens SN, Estibeiro K, Alperovitch S, Poser M, Pocchiari M, Hoffman A, Smith PG. A new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the U. K. Lancet. 1996;347:921-5.
71. Baumann P. Isolation of Acinetobacter from soil and water. J Bacteriol. 1968;96:39-42.
72. Bifulco JM, Shorley JJ, Slack RCB. Detection of Acinetobacter species in rural drinking water supplies. App Env Microbiol. 1989;55:2214-9.
73. Gerner-Smidt P. Endemic occurrence of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus biovar anitratus in an intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect. 1987;10:265-72.
74. Nishimura Y, Ino T, Itzuka H. Acinetobacter radioresistens species isolated from cotton and soil. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1988;38:209-11.
75. Sotello J, Gibbs CJ, Gajdusek DC. Autoantibodies against axonal neurofilaments in patients with kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Science. 1980;210:190-3.
76. Tiwana H, Wilson C, Pirt J, Cartmell W, Ebringer A. Autoantibodies to brain components and antibodies to Acinetobacter calcoaceticus are present in bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Infect Immun. 1999;67:6591-5.
77. Tjernberg I, Ursing J. Clinical strains of Acinetobacter classified by DNA-DNA hybridization. Acta Pathol Micro Immunol Scand. 1989;97:596-605.
78. Wilson C, Hughes LE, Rashid T, Ebringer A, Bansal S. Antibodies to Acinetobacter bacteria and bovine brain peptides, measured in Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in an attempt to develop and ante-mortem test. J Clin Lab Immunol. 2003;52:23-40.
79. Anderson M. An introduction to epidemiology. London: Macmillan Press; 1976.
80. Gennari M, Lombardi P. Comparative characterization of Acinetobacter strains isolated from different foods and clinical sources. Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1993;279:544-52.
81. Musa EK, Desai N, Casewell MW. The survival of Acinetobacter c alcoaceticus inoculated on fingertips and on formica. J Hosp Infect. 1990;15:219-27.
82. Towner K. Biology of Acinetobacter species. In: Bergogne-Berezin E, Joly-Guillou ML, Towner K, editors. Acinetobacter microbiology, epidemiology, infections, management. London: CRC Press; 1996.
83. Wilson C, Hughes LE, Rashid R, Ebringer A, Bansal S. Antibodies to Acinetobacter bacteria and bovine brain peptides, measured in bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in an attempt to develop an ante-mortem test. J Clin Lab Immunol. 2003;52:23-40.
84. Bolton DC, McKinley MP, Prusiner SB. Identification of a protein that purifies with the scrapie prion. Science. 1982;218:1309-11.
85. Chesebro B, Race R, Wehrley K, Nishio J, Bloom M, Lechner D, Bergstrom S, Robbins K, Mayer L, Keith JM, Garon C, Haase A. Identification of scrapie prion. Science. 1985;218: 1309-11.
86. De Armond SJ, Bouzamondo E. Fundamentals of prion biology and diseases. Toxicology. 2002;181:9-16.
87. Ebringer A, Wilson C, Thorpe C, Tiwana H, Cunningham P, Ettelaie C. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: Comparison between the “prion” hypothesis and the autoimmune theory. J Nutr Environ Med. 1998;8:265-76.
88. McKinley MP, Bolton DC, Prusiner SB. A protease resistant protein is a structural component of the scrapie prion. Cell. 1983;35:57-62.
89. Nielsen K, Widdison J, Balachandran A, Stevenson D, Algire J. Failure to demonstrate involvement of autoantibodies to Acinetobacter calcoaceticus in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in animals. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2002;89:197-205.
90. Ornston LN, Stanier RY. The conversion of catechol and protocatechuate to β-ketoadipate by Pseudomonas putida. J Biol Chem. 1966;241:3776-86.
91. Tiwana H, Wilson C, Pirt J, Cartmell W, Ebringer A. Autoantibodies to brain components and antibodies to Acinetobacter calcoaceticus are present in bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Infect Immun. 1999;67:6591-5.
92. Toh BH, Yildiz A, Sotello J, Osung O, Holborow EJ, Kanakoudi F, Small JV. Viral infections and IgM autoantibodies to cytoplamic intermediate filaments. Clin Exp Immunol. 1979;37:76-82.
93. Toh BH, Gibbs CJ, Gajdusek DC, Goudsmit J, Dahl D. The 200 and 150 kDa neurofilament proteins react with IgG autoantibodies from patients with kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and other neurologic diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985;82:3485-9.
94. Wilson C, Hughes LE, Rashid R, Cunningham P, Bansal S, Ebringer A, Ettelaie C. Antibodies to prion and Acinetobacter peptide sequences in bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2004;98:1-7.
95. Albert LJ, Inman RD. Molecular mimicry and autoimmunity. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:2068-74.
96. Ebringer A, Wilson C, Thorpe C, Tiwana H, Cunningham P, Ettelaie C. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: comparison between the “prion” hypothesis and the autoimmune theory. J Nut Env Med. 1998;8:265-76.
97. Fielder M, Pirt SJ, Tarpey I, Wilson C, Cunningham P, Ettelaie C, Binder A, Bansal S, Ebringer A. Molecular mimicry and ankylosing spondylitis: possible role of a novel sequence in pullulanase of Klebsiella pneumoniae. FEBS Lett. 1995;369:243-8.
98. Gran B, Hemmer B, Vergelli M, McFarland HF, Martin R. Molecular mimicry and multiple sclerosis: degenerate T-cell recognition and the induction of autoimmunity. Ann Neurol. 1999;45:559-67.
99. Hughes LE, Bonell S, Natt RS, Wilson C, Tiwana H, Ebringer A, Cunningham P, Chamoun V, Thompson EJ, Croker J, Vowles J. Antibody responses to Acinetobacter species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in multiple sclerosis: prospects for diagnosis using the Myelin- Acinetobacter - Neurofilament antibody index. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2001;8:1181-8.
100. Kaplan MH, Meyeserian M. An immunological cross-reaction between group A streptococcal cells and human heart tissue. Lancet. 1962;i:706-10.
101. Poser CM, Paty DW, Scheinberg L, McDonals WI, Davis FA, Ebers GC, Johnson KP, Sibley WA, Silberberg DH, Tourtelotte WW. New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis guidelines for research protocols. Ann Neurol. 1983;13:227-31.
102. Andersen O, Lygner PE, Bergstrom T, Anderson M, Vahlne A. Viral infections trigger multiple sclerosis relapses: a prospective sero-epidemiological study. J Neurol. 1993;240:417-22.
103. Berger T, Rubner P, Schnautzer F, Egg R, Ulmer H, Mayringer I, Dilitz E, Deisenhammer I, Reindl M. Anti-myelin antibodies as a predictor of clinically definite multiple sclerosis after a first demyelinating event. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:139-45.
104. Bernard CC, Randell VB, Horvath LB, Carnegie PR, Mackay IR. Antibody to myelin basic protein in extracts of multiple sclerosis brain. Immunology. 1981;43:447-57.
105. Buljevac D, Flach FZ, Hop WC, Hijdra D, Laman LD, Saverkoul HF, Van der Mechte FG, Van Doorn PA, Hintzen RQ. Prospective study on the relationship between infections and multiple sclerosis exacerbations. Brain. 2002;125:952-60.
106. Hughes LE, Bonell S, Natt RS, Wilson C, Tiwana H, Ebringer A, Cunningham P, Chamoun V, Thompson EJ, Croker J, Vowles J. Antibody responses to Acinetobacter species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in multiple sclerosis: prospects for diagnosis using the Myelin- Acinetobacter - Neurofilament antibody index. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2001;8:1181-8.
107. Kuhle J, Pohl C, Mehling M, Edan G, Freedman MS, Hartung HP, Polman CH, Miller DH, Montalban X, Barkhot F, Bauer L, Dahms S, Lindberg R, Kappos L, Sandbrink R. Lack of association between anti-myelin antibodies and progression to multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:371-8.
108. Lamoureux HG, Lapierre Y, Ducharme G. Past infectious events and disease evolution in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 1983;230:81-90.
109. Poser CM, Paty DW, Scheinberg L, McDonals WI, Davis FA, Ebers GC, Johnson KP, Sibley WA, Silberberg DH, Tourtelotte WW. New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis guidelines for research protocols. Ann Neurol. 1983;13:227-31.
110. Warren KG, Catz I. Specificity of tissue-CSF bound anti-myelin basic protein in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol. 1997;43:87-96.
111. Wilson C, Hughes LE, Rashid R, Ebringer A, Bansal S. Antibodies to Acinetobacter bacteria and bovine brain peptides, measured in bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in an attempt to develop an ante-mortem test. J Clin Lab Immunol. 2003;52:23-40.
112. Wucherpfennig KW, Strominger JL. Molecular mimicry in T cell mediated autoimmunity: viral peptides activate human T cell clones specific for myelin basic protein. Cell. 1995;80:695-705.
113. Arnadottir T, Reunanen M, Salmi A. Intrathecal synthesis of virus antibodies in multiple sclerosis patients. Inf Immun. 1982;1982(38):399-407.
114. Casiano RR, Cohn S, Villasuso III E. Comparison of antral tap with endoscopically directed nasal culture. Laryngoscope. 2001;111:1333-7.
115. Chapman MD, Hughes LE, Wilson CD, Namnyak S, Thomson EJ, Giovannoni G. No evidence for production of intrathecal immunoglobulin G against Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas in multiple sclerosis. Eur Neurol. 2005;53:27-31.
116. Davies G, Keir G, Thompson EJ, Giovannoni G. The clinical significance of an intrathecal monoclonal immunoglobulin band: a follow-up study. Neurology. 2003;60:1163-6.
117. Gay D, Dick G, Upton G. Multiple sclerosis associated with sinusitis: case-controlled study in general practice. Lancet. 1986;i:815-9.
118. Genain CP, Cannella B, Hauser SL, Raine CS. Identification of auto-antibodies associated with myelin damage in multiple sclerosis. Nat Med. 1999;5:170-5.
119. Hughes LE, Bonell S, Natt RS, Wilson C, Tiwana H, Ebringer A, Cunningham P, Chamoun V, Thompson EJ, Croker J, Vowles J. Antibody responses to Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in multiple sclerosis: prospects for diagnosis using the myelin-acinetobacterneurofilament antibody index. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2001;8:1181-8.
120. Klawiter EC, Piccio L, Lyons JA, Mikesell R, O’Connor KC, Cross AH. Elevated intrathecal myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 2010;67:1102-8.
121. Link H, Huang YM. Oligoclonal bands in multiple sclerosis cerebro spinal fluid: an update on methodology and clinical usefulness. J Neuroimmunol. 2006;180:17-28.
122. Lucchinetti C, Bruck W, Parisi J, Scheithauer B, Rodriguez M, Lassman H. Heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis lesions: implication for the pathogenesis of demyelination. Ann Neurol. 2000;47:707-17.
123. Newcombe J, Gahan S, Cuzner ML. Serum antibodies against central nervous system proteins in human demyelinating disease. Clin Exp Immunol. 1985;59:383-90.
124. Reindl M, Linington CH, Brehm U, Egg TR, Dilitz E, Deisenhammer F, Poewe W, Berger T. Antibodies against the myelin olidodendrocyte glycoprotein and the myelin basic protein in multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases: a comparative study. Brain. 1999;122:2047-56.
125. Semra YK, Seidi OA, Sharief MK. Heightened intrathecal release of axonal cytoskeletal proteins in multiple sclerosis is associated with progressive disease and clinical disability. J Neuroimmunol. 2002;122:132-9.
126. Teunissen CE, Khalil M. Neurofilaments as biomarkers in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2012;18:552-6.
127. Thompson EJ, Kaufmann P, Shortman RC, Rudge P, McDonald WI. Oligoclonal immunoglobulins and plasma cells in spinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis. Br Med J. 1979;1:16-7.
128. Amor S, Groome N, Linington C, Morris MM, Dornmair K, Gardiner MV, Matthieu JM, Baker D. Identification of epitopes of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein for the induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in SJL and Biozzi AB/H mice. J Immunol. 1994; 153:4349-56.
129. Ben-Nun A, Otmy H, Cohen IR. Genetic control of autoimmune encephalomyelitis and recognition of the critical nonapeptide moiety of myelin basic protein in guinea pigs are exerted through interaction of lymphocytes and macrophages. Eur J Immunol. 1981;11:311-6.
130. Correale J, de los Milagros Bassani Molinas M. Time course of T-cell responses to MOG and MBP in patients with clinically isolated syndromes. J Neuroimmunol. 2003;136:162-71.
131. Edwards S, Zvartau M, Clarke H, Irving W, Blumhardt LD. Clinical relapses and disease activity on magnetic resonance imaging associated with viral upper respiratory tract infections in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;64:736-41.
132. Granieri E, Casetta I, Tola MR, Ferrante P. Multiple sclerosis: infectious hypothesis. Neurol Sci. 2001;22:179-85.
133. Haase CG, Guggenmos J, Brehm U, Andersson M, Olsson T, Reindl M, Schneidewind JM, Zent UK, Heidenreich F, Berger T, Wekerle H, Hohlfield R, Linington C. The fine specicity of the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein autoantibody response in patients with multiple sclerosis and normal healthy controls. J Neuroimmunol. 2001;114:220-5.
134. Hughes LE, Smith PA, Bonell S, Natt RS, Wilson C, Rashid T, Amor S, Thompson EJ, Croker J, Ebringer A. Cross-reactivity between related sequences found in Acinetobacter sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, myelin basic protein and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol. 2003;144:105-15.
135. Kennel de March A, De Bouwerie M, Kolopp-Sarda MM, Faure GC, Bene MC, Bernard CC. Antimyelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein B-cell responses in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol. 2003;135:117-25.
136. Kerlero de Rosbo N, Hoffman M, Mendel I, Yust I, Kaye J, Bakimer R, Flechter S, Abramsky O, Milo R, Karni A, Ben-Nunn A. Predominance of the autoimmune response to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) in multiple sclerosis: reactivity to the extracellular domain of MOG is directed against three main regions. Eur J Immunol. 1997;27:3059-69.
137. Kohm AP, Fuller KG, Miller SD. Mimicking the way to autoimmunity: an evolving theory of immune sequence and structural homology. Trends Microbiol. 2003;11:101-5.
138. Mazza G, Ponsford M, Lowrey P, Campbell MJ, Zajicek J, Wraith DC. Diversity and dynamics of the T cell reponse to myelin basic protein in DR + individuals. Clin Exp Immunol. 2002;128:538-47.
139. Rapp NS, Gilroy J, Lerner AM. Role of bacterial infection in exacerbation of multiple sclerosis. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1995;74:415-8.
140. Salvetti M, Ristori G, D’Amato M, Buttinelli C, Falcone M, Fieschi C, Wekerle H, Pozzilli C. Predominant and stable T cell responses to regions of myelin basic protein can be detected in individual patients with multiple sclerosis. Eur J Immunol. 1993;23:1232-9.
141. Steinman L. Multiple sclerosis: a two stage disease. Nat Immunol. 2001;2:762-4.
142. Stepaniak JA, Wolff NA, Sun D, Swanborg RH. Interstrain variability of autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rats: multiple encephalitogenic myelin basic protein epitopes for DA rats. J Neuroimmunol. 1997;78:79-85.
143. Talbot PJ, Arnold D, Antel JP. Virus induced autoimmune reactions in the CNS. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2001;253:247-71.
144. Tejada-Simon MV, Zang YC, Hong J, Rivera VM, Zhang JZ. Cross-reactivity with myelin basic protein and human Herpes virus-6 in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2003;53:189-97.
145. Villers D, Espaze E, Coste-Burel M, Giauffret F, Ninin E, Nicolas F, Richet H. Nosocomial Acinetobacter baumannii infections: microbiological and clinical epidemiology. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129:182-9.
146. Wajgt A, Gorny M. CSF antibodies to myelin basic protein and to myelin-associated glycoprotein in multiple sclerosis. Evidence of the intrathecal production of antibodies. Acta Neurol Scand. 1983;68:337-43.
147. Warren KG, Catz I. Specificity of tissue-CSF bound anti-myelin basic protein in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol. 1997;43:87-96.
148. Arnett FC, Edworthy SM, Bloch DA, et al. The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthr Rheumatol. 1988;31:315-24.
149. Ebringer A, Rashid T, Wilson C, Tiwana H, Green AJ, Thompson EJ, Chamoun V, Croker JR, Binder A. Multiple sclerosis, sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and bovine spongiform encephalopathy: are they autoimmune diseases evoked by Acinetobacter microbes showing molecular mimicry to brain antigens? J Nut Environ Med. 2004;14(4):293-302.
150. Ebringer A. Rheumatoid arthritis and Proteus. London: Springer; 2012.
151. Fielder M, Pirt SJ, Tarpey I, Wilson C, Cunningham P, Ettelaie C, Binder A, Bansal S, Ebringer A. Molecular mimicry and ankylosing spondylitis: possible role of a novel sequence in pullulanase of Klebsiella pneumoniae. FEBS Lett. 1995;369:243-8.
152. Gilden DH. Viruses and multiple sclerosis. JAMA. 2001;286:3127-9.
153. Hughes LE, Bonell S, Natt RS, Wilson C, Tiwana H, Ebringer A, Cunningham P, Chamoun V, Thompson EJ, Croker J, Vowles J. Antibody responses to Acinetobacter species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in multiple sclerosis: prospects for diagnosis using the myelin- Acinetobacter - neurofilament antibody index. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2001;8:1181-8.
154. Hughes LE, Smith PA, Bonell S, Natt RS, Wilson C, Rashid T, Amor S, Thompson EJ, Croker J, Ebringer A. Cross-reactivity between related sequences found in Acinetobacter sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, myelin basic protein and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol. 2003;144:105-15.
155. Irani DN. The classic and variant forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry. 2003;8:71-9.
156. Khalafpour S, Ebringer A, Abuljadayel I, Corbett M. Antibodies to Klebsiella and Proteus microorganisms in ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis patients measured by ELISA. Br J Rheumatol. 1988;27 Suppl 2:86-9.
157. Riise T, Nortvedt MW, Ascherio A. Smoking is a risk factor for multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2003;1122-4.
158. Rothwell PM, Charlton D. High incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in south east Scotland: evidence of a genetic predisposition. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;64:730-5.
159. Van der Linden S, Valkenburg HA, Cats A. Evaluation of diagnostic criteria for ankylosing spondylitis. Arthr Rheumatol. 1984;27:361-7.
160. Anderson RM, Donnelly CA, Ferguson NM, Woolhouse MEJ, Watt CJ, Udy HJ, Mawhinney S, Dunstan SP, Southwood TRE, Wilesmith JW, Ryan JBM, Hoinville LJ, Hillerton JE, Austin AR, Wells GAH. Transmission dynamics and epidemiology of BSE in British cattle. Nature. 1996;382:779-88.
161. Aoki T, Gibbs CJ, Sotelo J, Gajdusek CD. Heterogeneic autoantibody against neurofilament protein in sera of animals with experimental kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and natural scrapie infection. Infect Immun. 1982;38:316-24.
162. Cousens S, Smith PG, Ward H, Everington D, Knight RS, Zeidler M, Stewart G, Smith-Bathgate EA, Macleod MA, Mackenzie J, Wills RG. Geographical distribution of variant-Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease in Great Britain 1994-2000. Lancet. 2001;357:1002-7.
163. Gajdusek DC, Gibbs CJ, Alpers M. Transmission and passage of experimental kuru to chimpanzees. Science. 1967;155:212-4.
164. Galvez S, Farcas A, Monari M. Cerebrospinal fluid and serum immunoglobulins and C3 in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neurology. 1979;29:1610-2.
165. Giese A, Brown DR, Groschup MH, Feldmann C, Haist I, Kretschmar HA. Role of microglia in neuronal cell death in prion disease. Brain Pathol. 1998;8:449-57.
166. Jakob Uber eigenartige Erkrankungen des Zentralnervensystems mit Bemerkenswerten anatomischen Befunden. Spastische Pseudosklerose Encephalopathie mit disseminierte Degenerationsherden. Z ges Neurol Psychiater. 1920;64:146.
167. Irani DN. The classic and variant forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry. 2003;8:71-9.
168. Klein MA, Frigg R, Flechsig E, Raeber AJ, Kalinke U, Bluethmann U, Bootz E, Suter M, Zinkernagel RM, Aguzzi A. A crucial role for B cells in neuroinvasive scrapie. Nature. 1987;390:687-90.
169. Kohira I, Tsuji T, Ishizu H, Takao Y, Wake A, Abe K, Kuroda S. Elevation of neuron-specific enolase in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of early stage Creutzfeldt-Jaskob disease. Acta Neurol Scand. 2000;102:385-7.
170. Kovacs GG, Gasque P, Strobel T, Lindeck-Pozza E, Strohschneider M, Ironside JW, Budka H, Guentchen M. Complement activation in human prion disease. Neurobiol Dis. 2004;15:21-8.
171. Lewicki H, Tishon A, Homann D, Mazarquil H, Laval F, Asensio VC, Campbell IL, DeArmond S, Coon B, Teng C, Gairin JE, Oldstone MBA. T cells infiltrate the brain of murine and human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. J Virol. 2003;77:3799-808.
172. Mabbott NA, Bruce ME. The immunobiology of TSE diseases. J Gen Virol. 2001;82:2307-18.
173. Manuelidis L, Yu ZX, Barquero N, Banquero N, Mullins B. Cells infected with scrapie and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease agents produce intracellular 25 nm virus like particles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104:1965-70.
174. Peden AH, Head MW, Ritchie DL, Bell JE, Ironside JW. Pre-clinical v-CJD after blood transfusion in a PRNP codon heterozygous patient. Lancet. 2004;364:527-9.
175. Pugliatti M, Sotgiu S, Rosati G. The worldwide prevalence of multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2002;104:182-91.
176. Scholz R, Lorenzen S. Phantom BSE-Gefahr. Innsbruck: Berenkamp; 2005.
177. Sotelo J, Gibbs CJ, Gajdusek DC. Autoantibodies against axonal neurofilaments in patients with kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Science. 1980;210:190-3.
178. Toh DH, Gibbs CJ, Gajdusek DC, Tutdill DD, Dahl D. The 200 and 150-kDa neurofilaments protein react with IgG autoantibodies from chimpanzees with kuru or Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; a 62 kDa neurofilament associated protein reacts with sera from sheep with natural scrapie. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985;82:3894-6.
179. Van Everbroeck B, Dewulf E, Pals P, Lübke U, Martin JJ, Cras P. The role of cytokines, astrocytes, microglia and apoptosis in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2002;23:59-64.
180. Venters GA. New variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob dfisease: the epidemic that never was. Bit Med J. 2001;323:858-61.
181. Volkel D, Zimmermann K, Zerr I, Lindner T, Bodemer M, Poser S, Schwarz HS. C-reactive protein and Il-6: new marker proteins for the diagnosis of CJD in plasma? Transfusion. 2001;41:1509-14.
182. Ward HJT, Everington D, Cousens SN, Smith-Bathgate B, Leitch M, Cooper S, et al. Risk factors for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a case-control study. Ann Neurol. 2006;59:111-20.
183. Wientjens DP, Davanipour Z, Hofman A, Kondo K, Mattlews WB, Will RG, Van Duijn CM. Risk factors for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a re-analysis of case-control studies. Neurology. 1996;46:1287-91.
184. Will RG, Ironside JW, Zeidler M, Cousens SN, Estibeiro K, Alperovitch A, Poser S, Pocchiari M, Hofman A, Smith PG. A new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the UK. Lancet. 1996;347:921-5.
185. Will RG, Alperovitch A, Poser S, Pocchiari M, Hoiffman A, Mitrova E, et al. Descriptiver epidemiology of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in six European countries. Ann Neurol. 1998;43:763-7
186. Zerr I, Poser S. Clinical diagnosis and differential diagnosis of CJD and variant-CJD. APMIS. 2002;110:88-98.
187. Ascherio A, Munger KL, Simon KC. Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9:599-612.
188. Awerbuch G, Labadie EL, Van Dalen JTW. Reversible optic neuritis secondary to paranasal sinusitis. Eur Neurol. 1989;29:189-93.
189. Buljevac D, Flach FZ, Hop CJ, Hijdra D, Laman JD, Savelkoul HFJ, Van der Meche FGA, Van Doorn PA, Hintzen RQ. Prospective study on the relationship between infections and multiple sclerosis exacerbations. Brain. 2002;125:952-60.
190. Callaghan TS. Multiple sclerosis and sinusitis. Lancet. 1986;ii:160-1.
191. Casiano RR, Cohn S, Villasuso E, Brown M, Memari F, Barquist E, Namias N. Comparison of antral tap with endoscopically directed nasal culture. Laryngoscope. 2001;111:1333-7.
192. Edwards S, Zvartau M, Clarke H, Irving W, Blumhardt LD. Clinical relapses and disease activity on magnetic resonance imaging associated with viral upper respiratory tract infections in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;64:736-41.
193. Gay D, Dick G, Upton G. Multiple sclerosis associated with sinusitis: case-controlled study in general practice. Lancet. 1986;i:815-9.
194. Jones RL, Crowe P, Chavda SV, Pahor AL. The incidence of sinusitis in patients with multiple sclerosis. Rhinology. 1997;35:118-9.
195. Kurtzke JF. Epidemiologic evidence for multiple sclerosis as an infection. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1993;6:382-427.
196. Lamoureux G, Lapierre Y, Ducharme G. Past infectious events and disease evolution in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 1983;230:81-90.
197. Poskanzer DC. Tonsillectomy and multiple sclerosis. Lancet. 1965;ii:1264-6.
198. Pugliatti M, Sotgiu S, Rosati G. The worldwide prevalence of multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2002;104:182-91.
199. Rupp EE, Qualls CR, Ford CC. Acute optic neuritis: association with paranasal sinus inflammatory changes on magnetic resonance imaging. J Neuroimaging. 2000;10:209-15.
200. Babes V, Mironesco T. La paralysie ascendante mortelle survenue après le traitement antirabique. C R Soc Biol. 1908;64:964-6.
201. Birt F, Lambert-Zechowsky N. Sinusitis in mechanically ventilated patients and its role in the pathogenesis of nosocomial pneumonia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1996;15:533-44.
202. Casiano RR, Cohn S, Villasuso E, Brown M, Memari F, Barquist E, Namias N. Comparison of antral tap with endoscopically directed nasal culture. Laryngoscope. 2001;111:1333-7.
203. Dressler W. A post myocardial infarction syndrome. Preliminary report of a complication resembling idiopathic, recurrent benign pericarditis. JAMA. 1956;160:1379-83.
204. Ebringer A. Rheumatoid arthritis and Proteus. London: Springer; 2012.
205. Ebringer A, Rashid T, Wilson C, Boden R, Thompson E. A possible link between multiple sclerosis and Creuzfeldt-Jakob disease based on clinical, genetic, pathological and immunological evidence involving Acinetobacter bacteria. Med Hypotheses. 2005;62:33-6.
206. Ebringer A, Rashid T, Jawad N, Wilson C, Thompson EJ, Ettelaie C. From rabies to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies: an immune mediated microbial trigger involving molecular mimicry could be the answer. Med Hypotheses. 2007;68:113-24.
207. Ergene E, Qualls C, Rupp FW, Ford CC. Acute optic neuritis: neuritis association with paranasal sinus inflammatory changes on magnetic resonance imaging. J Neuroimaging. 2000;10: 209-15.
208. Eylar EH, Salk J, Beveridge GC, Brown LW. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: an encephalitogenic basic protein from bovine myelin. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1969;132:34-48.
209. Forloni G, Angeretti N, Chiesa R, Monzani E, Salmona B, Bugiani O, Tagliavini F. Neuro-toxicity of a prion protein fragment. Nature. 1993;362:543-6.
210. Fu ZF. Rabies and rabies research: past, present and future. Vaccine. 1997;15(Suppl):s20-4.
211. Gay D, Dick G, Upton G. Multiple sclerosis associated with sinusitis: case-controlled study in general practice. Lancet. 1986;1:815-9.
212. Gold R, Linington C, Lassman H. Understanding pathogenesis and therapy of multiple sclerosis via animal models: 70 years of merits and culprits in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis research. Brain. 2006;129:1953-71.
213. Hughes LE, Bonell S, Natt RS, Wilson C, Tiwana H, Ebringer A, Cunnigham P, Chamoun V, Thompson EJ, Croker J, Vowles J. Antibody responses to Acinetobacter species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in multiple sclerosis: prospects for diagnosis using the Myelin- Acinetobacter - Neurofilament antibody index. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2001;8:1181-8.
214. Hughes LE, Smith PA, Bonell S, Natt RS, Wilson C, Rashid T, Amor S, Thompson EJ, Croker J, Ebringer A. Cross-reactivity between related sequences found in Acinetobacter sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, myelin basic protein and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol. 2003;144:105-15.
215. Jones RL, Crowe P, Chavda SV, Pahor AL. The incidence of sinusitis in patients with multiple sclerosis. Rhinology. 1997;35:118-9.
216. Kabat EA, Wolf A, Bezer AE. The rapid production of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in rhesus monkeys by injection of heterologous and homologous brain tissue adjuvants. J Exp Med. 1947;85:117-30.
217. Kabat EA, Glusman M, Knaub V. Quantitative estimation of the albumin and gamma globulin in normal and pathologic cerebrospinal fluid by immunochemical methods. Am J Med. 1948;4:653-62.
218. Lamoureux G, Lapierre Y, Ducharme G. Past infectious events and disease evolution in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 1983;230:81-90.
219. Mackay IR, Burnet FM. The autoimmune diseases. Springfield: Thomas; 1963.
220. Manuelidis L. Infectious particles, stress and induced prion amyloids. Virulence. 2012;4:1-11.
221. Pearce JMS. Historical note: Louis Pasteur and rabies; a brief note. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;73:82.
222. Prineas J, Raine CS, Wisniewski H. An ultrastructural study of experimental demyelination and remyelination. III. Chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the central nervous system. Lab Invest. 1969;21:472-83.
223. Rivers TM, Sprunt DH, Berry GP. Observations on attempts to produce acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in monkeys. J Exp Med. 1935;61:689-702.
224. Sharief MK, Thompson EJ. Intrathecal immunoglobulin M synthesis in multiple sclerosis. Relationship with clinical and cerebrospinal fluid parameters. Brain. 1991;114:181-95.
225. Silber E, Semra YK, Gregson NA, Sharief MK. Patients with progressive multiple sclerosis have elevated antibodies to neurofilament subunit. Neurology. 2002;58:1372-81.
226. Sotelo J, Gibbs CJ, Gajdusek DC. Autoantibodies against axonal neurofilaments in patients with kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Science. 1980;210:190-3.
227. Tiwana H, Wilson C, Pirt J, Cartmell W, Ebringer A. Autoantibodies to brain components and antibodies to Acinetobacter calcoaceticus are present in bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Infect Immun. 1999;67:6591-5.
228. Warren KG, Catz I. A correlation between cerebrospinal fluid myelin basic protein and anti-myelin basic protein in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 1987;21:183-9.
229. Wilson C, Hughes LE, Rashid R, Ebringer A, Bansal S. Antibodies to Acinetobacter bacteria and bovine brain peptides, measured in bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in an attempt to develop an ante-mortem test. J Clin Lab Immunol. 2003;52:23-40.
230. Popper KR. The logic of scientific discovery. London: Hutchinson; 1959.
231. Popper KR. Conjectures and refutations. The growth of scientific knowledge. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; 1963.
232. Popper KR. Objective knowledge. An evolutionary approach. New York: Oxford University Press; 1972. p. 181.
233. Popper KR. Unended quest. An intellectual autobiography. London: Fontana; 1976.
234. Popper KR. Towards an evolutionary theory of knowledge. In: Popper KR, editor. All life is problem solving. Oxon: Routledge; 1999. p. 57-73.
235. Russell B. History of western philosophy. London: George Allen & Unwin; 1946.
236. Singer C, Underwood EA. A short history of medicine. New York: Oxford Clarendon Press; 1962. p. 32.
237. Averbuch G, Labadie EL, Van Dalen JTW. Reversible optic neuritis secondary to paranasal sinusitis. Eur Neurol. 1989;29:189-93.
238. Casiano RR, Cohn S, Villasuso E, Brown M, Memari F, Barquist E, Namias N. Comparison of antral tap with endoscopically directed nasal culture. Laryngoscope. 2001;111:1333-7.
239. Ebringer A, Rashid T, Wilson C. Rheumatoid arthritis, Proteus, anti-CCP antibodies and Karl Popper. Autoimmun Rev. 2010;9:216-23.
240. Ebringer A, Rashid T, Wilson C. The role of Acinetobacter in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis examined by Popper sequences. Med Hypotheses. 2012;78:763-9.
241. Gay D, Dick G, Upton G. Multiple sclerosis associated with sinusitis: case-controlled study in general practice. Lancet. 1986;1:815-9.
242. Hughes LE, Bonell S, Natt RS, Wilson C, Tiwana H, Ebringer A, Cunningham P, Chamoun V, Thompson EJ, Croker J, Vowles J. Antibody responses to Acinetobacter species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in multiple sclerosis: prospects for diagnosis using the Myelin- Acinetobacter- Neurofilament antibody index. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2001;8:1181-8.
243. Hurst EW. The effects of the injection of normal brain emulsion into rabbits with special reference to the aetiology of the paralytic accidents of antirabic treatment. J Hyg. 1932;32:33-44.
244. Kurtzke JF. Epidemiologic evidence for multiple sclerosis as an infection. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1993;6:382-427.
245. Lee JC, Koerten H, Van den Broek P, Beekhulzen H, Wolterbeek R, Van den Barselaar M. Adherence of Acinetobacter baumannii strains to human epithelial cells. Res Microbiol. 2006;157:360-6.
246. Miller DH, Hammond SR, McLeod JG, Purdie G, Skegg DC. Multiple sclerosis in Australia and New Zealand: are the determinants genetic or environmental. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1990;53:903-5.
247. Pessey IJ, Reitz C, Los F. Acute rhinosinusitis in adults: national survey of general practice management. Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord). 2000;121:237-41.
248. Rosati G. The prevalence of multiple sclerosis in the world: an update. Neurol Sci. 2001;22:117-39.
249. Simpson Jr S, Blizzard L, Otahal P, Van der Mei I, Taylor B. Latitude is significantly associated with the prevalence of multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011;82:1132-41.