메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 9, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 599-612

Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

25 HYDROXYVITAMIN D; CALCITRIOL; CALCIUM; COLECALCIFEROL; HLA DR ANTIGEN; VITAMIN D;

EID: 77952314178     PISSN: 14744422     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70086-7     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (458)

References (196)
  • 1
    • 34247590137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part I: the role of infection
    • Ascherio A., and Munger K.L. Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part I: the role of infection. Ann Neurol 61 (2007) 288-299
    • (2007) Ann Neurol , vol.61 , pp. 288-299
    • Ascherio, A.1    Munger, K.L.2
  • 2
    • 34447508481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part II: noninfectious factors
    • Ascherio A., and Munger K.L. Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part II: noninfectious factors. Ann Neurol 61 (2007) 504-513
    • (2007) Ann Neurol , vol.61 , pp. 504-513
    • Ascherio, A.1    Munger, K.L.2
  • 3
    • 34447514029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin D deficiency
    • Holick M.F. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 357 (2007) 266-281
    • (2007) N Engl J Med , vol.357 , pp. 266-281
    • Holick, M.F.1
  • 4
    • 0016209011 scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis: vitamin D and calcium as environmental determinants of prevalence (a viewpoint). Part 1: sunlight, dietary factors and epidemiology
    • Goldberg P. Multiple sclerosis: vitamin D and calcium as environmental determinants of prevalence (a viewpoint). Part 1: sunlight, dietary factors and epidemiology. Intern J Environ Stud 6 (1974) 19-27
    • (1974) Intern J Environ Stud , vol.6 , pp. 19-27
    • Goldberg, P.1
  • 6
    • 0037302906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin D: a millenium perspective
    • Holick M.F. Vitamin D: a millenium perspective. J Cell Biochem 88 (2003) 296-307
    • (2003) J Cell Biochem , vol.88 , pp. 296-307
    • Holick, M.F.1
  • 7
    • 0028898668 scopus 로고
    • Environmental factors that influence the cutaneous production of vitamin D
    • Holick M.F. Environmental factors that influence the cutaneous production of vitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr 61 suppl (1995) 638S-645S
    • (1995) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.61 , Issue.SUPPL
    • Holick, M.F.1
  • 8
    • 0032956135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and safety
    • Vieth R. Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and safety. Am J Clin Nutr 69 (1999) 842-856
    • (1999) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.69 , pp. 842-856
    • Vieth, R.1
  • 9
    • 42249085423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood biomarkers of vitamin D status
    • Zerwekh J.E. Blood biomarkers of vitamin D status. Am J Clin Nutr 87 suppl (2008) 1087S-1091S
    • (2008) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.87 , Issue.SUPPL
    • Zerwekh, J.E.1
  • 12
    • 49449088530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the vitamin D status of the US population
    • Yetley E.A. Assessing the vitamin D status of the US population. Am J Clin Nutr 88 suppl (2008) 558S-564S
    • (2008) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.88 , Issue.SUPPL
    • Yetley, E.A.1
  • 13
    • 16544381338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease
    • Holick M.F. Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 80 suppl (2004) 1678S-1688S
    • (2004) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.80 , Issue.SUPPL
    • Holick, M.F.1
  • 14
    • 29344471943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Daily duration of vitamin D synthesis in human skin with relation to latitude, total ozone, altitude, ground cover, aerosols and cloud thickness
    • Engelsen O., Brustad M., Aksnes L., and Lund E. Daily duration of vitamin D synthesis in human skin with relation to latitude, total ozone, altitude, ground cover, aerosols and cloud thickness. Photochem Photobiol 81 (2005) 1287-1290
    • (2005) Photochem Photobiol , vol.81 , pp. 1287-1290
    • Engelsen, O.1    Brustad, M.2    Aksnes, L.3    Lund, E.4
  • 15
    • 33751537194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin D receptor (VDR): new assignments for an already busy receptor
    • Norman A.W. Vitamin D receptor (VDR): new assignments for an already busy receptor. Endocrinology 147 (2006) 5542-5548
    • (2006) Endocrinology , vol.147 , pp. 5542-5548
    • Norman, A.W.1
  • 16
    • 49449100141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From vitamin D to hormone D: fundamentals of the vitamin D endocrine system essential for good health
    • Norman A.W. From vitamin D to hormone D: fundamentals of the vitamin D endocrine system essential for good health. Am J Clin Nutr 88 (2008) 491S-499S
    • (2008) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.88
    • Norman, A.W.1
  • 17
    • 0014662274 scopus 로고
    • Long biological half-life of vitamin D3 and its polar metabolites in human serum
    • Mawer E.B., Lumb G.A., and Stanbury S.W. Long biological half-life of vitamin D3 and its polar metabolites in human serum. Nature 222 (1969) 482-483
    • (1969) Nature , vol.222 , pp. 482-483
    • Mawer, E.B.1    Lumb, G.A.2    Stanbury, S.W.3
  • 18
    • 0015130961 scopus 로고
    • The turnover and transport of vitamin D and of a polar metabolite with the properties of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in human plasma
    • Smith J.E., and Goodman D.S. The turnover and transport of vitamin D and of a polar metabolite with the properties of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in human plasma. J Clin Invest 50 (1971) 2159-2167
    • (1971) J Clin Invest , vol.50 , pp. 2159-2167
    • Smith, J.E.1    Goodman, D.S.2
  • 19
    • 40849085157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin D2 is as effective as vitamin D3 in maintaining circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D
    • Holick M.F., Biancuzzo R.M., Chen T.C., et al. Vitamin D2 is as effective as vitamin D3 in maintaining circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93 (2008) 677-681
    • (2008) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.93 , pp. 677-681
    • Holick, M.F.1    Biancuzzo, R.M.2    Chen, T.C.3
  • 21
    • 71749100411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin D: what is an adequate vitamin D level and how much supplementation is necessary?
    • Bischoff-Ferrari H. Vitamin D: what is an adequate vitamin D level and how much supplementation is necessary?. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 23 (2009) 789-795
    • (2009) Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol , vol.23 , pp. 789-795
    • Bischoff-Ferrari, H.1
  • 23
    • 33847775595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypovitaminosis D in British adults at age 45 y: nationwide cohort study of dietary and lifestyle predictors
    • Hypponen E., and Power C. Hypovitaminosis D in British adults at age 45 y: nationwide cohort study of dietary and lifestyle predictors. Am J Clin Nutr 85 (2007) 860-868
    • (2007) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.85 , pp. 860-868
    • Hypponen, E.1    Power, C.2
  • 24
    • 0015173335 scopus 로고
    • Competitive protein-binding radioassay for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol
    • Haddad J.G., and Chyu K.J. Competitive protein-binding radioassay for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 33 (1971) 992-995
    • (1971) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.33 , pp. 992-995
    • Haddad, J.G.1    Chyu, K.J.2
  • 27
    • 0035204814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin D: its role and uses in immunology
    • Deluca H.F., and Cantorna M.T. Vitamin D: its role and uses in immunology. FASEB J 15 (2001) 2579-2585
    • (2001) FASEB J , vol.15 , pp. 2579-2585
    • Deluca, H.F.1    Cantorna, M.T.2
  • 28
    • 42249090551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide problem with health consequences
    • Holick M.F., and Chen T.C. Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide problem with health consequences. Am J Clin Nutr 87 suppl (2008) 1080S-1086S
    • (2008) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.87 , Issue.SUPPL
    • Holick, M.F.1    Chen, T.C.2
  • 29
    • 42049095896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is there convincing biological or behavioral evidence linking vitamin D deficiency to brain dysfunction?
    • McCann J.C., and Ames B.N. Is there convincing biological or behavioral evidence linking vitamin D deficiency to brain dysfunction?. FASEB J 22 (2008) 982-1001
    • (2008) FASEB J , vol.22 , pp. 982-1001
    • McCann, J.C.1    Ames, B.N.2
  • 30
    • 0025732356 scopus 로고
    • 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 prevents the in vivo induction of murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • Lemire J.M., and Archer D.C. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 prevents the in vivo induction of murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Clin Invest 87 (1991) 1103-1107
    • (1991) J Clin Invest , vol.87 , pp. 1103-1107
    • Lemire, J.M.1    Archer, D.C.2
  • 32
    • 0029821239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 reversibly blocks the progression of relapsing encephalomyelitis, a model of multiple sclerosis
    • Cantorna M.T., Hayes C.E., and DeLuca H.F. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 reversibly blocks the progression of relapsing encephalomyelitis, a model of multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93 (1996) 7861-7864
    • (1996) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.93 , pp. 7861-7864
    • Cantorna, M.T.1    Hayes, C.E.2    DeLuca, H.F.3
  • 33
    • 33750314525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IL-10 signaling is essential for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-mediated inhibition of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • Spach K.M., Nashold F.E., Dittel B.N., and Hayes C.E. IL-10 signaling is essential for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-mediated inhibition of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 177 (2006) 6030-6037
    • (2006) J Immunol , vol.177 , pp. 6030-6037
    • Spach, K.M.1    Nashold, F.E.2    Dittel, B.N.3    Hayes, C.E.4
  • 34
    • 0029822324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3 exerts regional effects in the central nervous system during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis
    • Nataf S., Garcion E., Darcy F., Chabannes D., Muller J.Y., and Brachet P. 1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3 exerts regional effects in the central nervous system during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 55 (1996) 904-914
    • (1996) J Neuropathol Exp Neurol , vol.55 , pp. 904-914
    • Nataf, S.1    Garcion, E.2    Darcy, F.3    Chabannes, D.4    Muller, J.Y.5    Brachet, P.6
  • 35
    • 0031908097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol inhibits the progression of arthritis in murine models of human arthritis
    • Cantorna M.T., Hayes C.E., and DeLuca H.F. 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol inhibits the progression of arthritis in murine models of human arthritis. J Nutr 128 (1998) 68-72
    • (1998) J Nutr , vol.128 , pp. 68-72
    • Cantorna, M.T.1    Hayes, C.E.2    DeLuca, H.F.3
  • 36
    • 0033965231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 treatment decreases macrophage accumulation in the CNS of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • Nashold F.E., Miller D.J., and Hayes C.E. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 treatment decreases macrophage accumulation in the CNS of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 103 (2000) 171-179
    • (2000) J Neuroimmunol , vol.103 , pp. 171-179
    • Nashold, F.E.1    Miller, D.J.2    Hayes, C.E.3
  • 37
    • 0036919768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3 to suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice
    • 3 to suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. Arch Biochem Biophys 408 (2002) 200-204
    • (2002) Arch Biochem Biophys , vol.408 , pp. 200-204
    • Meehan, T.F.1    DeLuca, H.F.2
  • 38
    • 0035801791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rag-1-dependent cells are necessary for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 prevention of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • Nashold F.E., Hoag K.A., Goverman J., and Hayes C.E. Rag-1-dependent cells are necessary for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 prevention of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 119 (2001) 16-29
    • (2001) J Neuroimmunol , vol.119 , pp. 16-29
    • Nashold, F.E.1    Hoag, K.A.2    Goverman, J.3    Hayes, C.E.4
  • 39
    • 1542677922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The immunological functions of the vitamin D endocrine system
    • Hayes C.E., Nashold F.E., Spach K.M., and Pedersen L.B. The immunological functions of the vitamin D endocrine system. Cell Mol Biol 49 (2003) 277-300
    • (2003) Cell Mol Biol , vol.49 , pp. 277-300
    • Hayes, C.E.1    Nashold, F.E.2    Spach, K.M.3    Pedersen, L.B.4
  • 40
    • 65249109297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhancement of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-mediated suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by calcitonin
    • Becklund B.R., Hansen Jr. D.W., and Deluca H.F. Enhancement of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-mediated suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by calcitonin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106 (2009) 5276-5281
    • (2009) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.106 , pp. 5276-5281
    • Becklund, B.R.1    Hansen Jr., D.W.2    Deluca, H.F.3
  • 41
    • 24744443699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin D3 confers protection from autoimmune encephalomyelitis only in female mice
    • Spach K.M., and Hayes C.E. Vitamin D3 confers protection from autoimmune encephalomyelitis only in female mice. J Immunol 175 (2005) 4119-4126
    • (2005) J Immunol , vol.175 , pp. 4119-4126
    • Spach, K.M.1    Hayes, C.E.2
  • 42
    • 70349336167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estrogen controls vitamin D3-mediated resistance to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by controlling vitamin D3 metabolism and receptor expression
    • Nashold F.E., Spach K.M., Spanier J.A., and Hayes C.E. Estrogen controls vitamin D3-mediated resistance to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by controlling vitamin D3 metabolism and receptor expression. J Immunol 183 (2009) 3672-3681
    • (2009) J Immunol , vol.183 , pp. 3672-3681
    • Nashold, F.E.1    Spach, K.M.2    Spanier, J.A.3    Hayes, C.E.4
  • 43
    • 0021342529 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the SJL/J mouse by whole body ultraviolet irradiation
    • Hauser S.L., Weiner H.L., Che M., Shapiro M.E., Gilles F., and Letvin N.L. Prevention of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the SJL/J mouse by whole body ultraviolet irradiation. J Immunol 132 (1984) 1276-1281
    • (1984) J Immunol , vol.132 , pp. 1276-1281
    • Hauser, S.L.1    Weiner, H.L.2    Che, M.3    Shapiro, M.E.4    Gilles, F.5    Letvin, N.L.6
  • 44
    • 9844255918 scopus 로고
    • Suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by microwaves from flourescent lamps
    • Alter M., and Kurtzke J.F. (Eds), CC Thomas, Springfield
    • Schneider H.A. Suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by microwaves from flourescent lamps. In: Alter M., and Kurtzke J.F. (Eds). The epidemiology of multiple sclerosis (1968), CC Thomas, Springfield
    • (1968) The epidemiology of multiple sclerosis
    • Schneider, H.A.1
  • 45
    • 33744803775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Considering the potential benefits as well as adverse effects of sun exposure: can all the potential benefits be provided by oral vitamin D supplementation?
    • Lucas R.M., and Ponsonby A.L. Considering the potential benefits as well as adverse effects of sun exposure: can all the potential benefits be provided by oral vitamin D supplementation?. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 92 (2006) 140-149
    • (2006) Prog Biophys Mol Biol , vol.92 , pp. 140-149
    • Lucas, R.M.1    Ponsonby, A.L.2
  • 46
    • 0037223587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytokine profile in patients with multiple sclerosis following vitamin D supplementation
    • Mahon B.D., Gordon S.A., Cruz J., Cosman F., and Cantorna M.T. Cytokine profile in patients with multiple sclerosis following vitamin D supplementation. J Neuroimmunol 134 (2003) 128-132
    • (2003) J Neuroimmunol , vol.134 , pp. 128-132
    • Mahon, B.D.1    Gordon, S.A.2    Cruz, J.3    Cosman, F.4    Cantorna, M.T.5
  • 47
    • 77950859433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No effect of supplementation with cholecalciferol on cytokines and markers of inflammation in overweight and obese subjects
    • Jorde R., Sneve M., Torjesen P.A., Figenschau Y., Goransson L.G., and Omdal R. No effect of supplementation with cholecalciferol on cytokines and markers of inflammation in overweight and obese subjects. Cytokine 50 (2010) 175-180
    • (2010) Cytokine , vol.50 , pp. 175-180
    • Jorde, R.1    Sneve, M.2    Torjesen, P.A.3    Figenschau, Y.4    Goransson, L.G.5    Omdal, R.6
  • 48
    • 68049101203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peripheral blood regulatory T cell measurements correlate with serum vitamin D levels in patients with multiple sclerosis
    • Royal III W., Mia Y., Li H., and Naunton K. Peripheral blood regulatory T cell measurements correlate with serum vitamin D levels in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 213 (2009) 135-141
    • (2009) J Neuroimmunol , vol.213 , pp. 135-141
    • Royal III, W.1    Mia, Y.2    Li, H.3    Naunton, K.4
  • 49
    • 68949140898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin D status is positively correlated with regulatory T cell function in patients with multiple sclerosis
    • Smolders J., Thewissen M., Peelen E., et al. Vitamin D status is positively correlated with regulatory T cell function in patients with multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 4 (2009) e6635
    • (2009) PLoS One , vol.4
    • Smolders, J.1    Thewissen, M.2    Peelen, E.3
  • 50
    • 66549129834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D in multiple sclerosis
    • Correale J., Ysrraelit M.C., and Gaitan M.I. Immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D in multiple sclerosis. Brain 132 (2009) 1146-1160
    • (2009) Brain , vol.132 , pp. 1146-1160
    • Correale, J.1    Ysrraelit, M.C.2    Gaitan, M.I.3
  • 51
    • 1842732224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loss of functional suppression by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in patients with multiple sclerosis
    • Viglietta V., Baecher-Allan C., Weiner H.L., and Hafler D.A. Loss of functional suppression by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Exp Med 199 (2004) 971-979
    • (2004) J Exp Med , vol.199 , pp. 971-979
    • Viglietta, V.1    Baecher-Allan, C.2    Weiner, H.L.3    Hafler, D.A.4
  • 52
    • 34247266582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors that influence the cutaneous synthesis and dietary sources of vitamin D
    • Chen T.C., Chimeh F., Lu Z., et al. Factors that influence the cutaneous synthesis and dietary sources of vitamin D. Arch Biochem Biophys 460 (2007) 213-217
    • (2007) Arch Biochem Biophys , vol.460 , pp. 213-217
    • Chen, T.C.1    Chimeh, F.2    Lu, Z.3
  • 53
    • 0018355870 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in U.S. veterans: 1. Race, sex, and geographic distribution
    • Kurtzke J.F., Beebe G.W., and Norman J.E. Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in U.S. veterans: 1. Race, sex, and geographic distribution. Neurology 29 (1979) 1228-1235
    • (1979) Neurology , vol.29 , pp. 1228-1235
    • Kurtzke, J.F.1    Beebe, G.W.2    Norman, J.E.3
  • 54
    • 33645517246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin D and African Americans
    • Harris S.S. Vitamin D and African Americans. J Nutr 136 (2006) 1126-1129
    • (2006) J Nutr , vol.136 , pp. 1126-1129
    • Harris, S.S.1
  • 55
    • 34249079725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin D levels in people with multiple sclerosis and community controls in Tasmania, Australia
    • van der Mei I.A., Ponsonby A.L., Dwyer T., et al. Vitamin D levels in people with multiple sclerosis and community controls in Tasmania, Australia. J Neurol 254 (2007) 581-590
    • (2007) J Neurol , vol.254 , pp. 581-590
    • van der Mei, I.A.1    Ponsonby, A.L.2    Dwyer, T.3
  • 56
    • 68149112637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pigmentation and vitamin D metabolism in caucasians: low vitamin D serum levels in fair skin types in the UK
    • Glass D., Lens M., Swaminathan R., Spector T.D., and Bataille V. Pigmentation and vitamin D metabolism in caucasians: low vitamin D serum levels in fair skin types in the UK. PLoS One 4 (2009) e6477
    • (2009) PLoS One , vol.4
    • Glass, D.1    Lens, M.2    Swaminathan, R.3    Spector, T.D.4    Bataille, V.5
  • 57
    • 77949424680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental factors and their timing in adult-onset multiple sclerosis
    • Handel A.E., Giovannoni G., Ebers G.C., and Ramagopalan S.V. Environmental factors and their timing in adult-onset multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 6 (2010) 156-166
    • (2010) Nat Rev Neurol , vol.6 , pp. 156-166
    • Handel, A.E.1    Giovannoni, G.2    Ebers, G.C.3    Ramagopalan, S.V.4
  • 58
    • 0029569108 scopus 로고
    • Migrant studies in multiple sclerosis
    • Gale C.R., and Martyn C.N. Migrant studies in multiple sclerosis. Prog Neurobiol 47 (1995) 425-448
    • (1995) Prog Neurobiol , vol.47 , pp. 425-448
    • Gale, C.R.1    Martyn, C.N.2
  • 59
    • 3242739941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assay variation confounds the diagnosis of hypovitaminosis D: a call for standardization
    • Binkley N., Krueger D., Cowgill C.S., et al. Assay variation confounds the diagnosis of hypovitaminosis D: a call for standardization. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 (2004) 3152-3157
    • (2004) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.89 , pp. 3152-3157
    • Binkley, N.1    Krueger, D.2    Cowgill, C.S.3
  • 60
    • 0032761761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of smoking on vitamin D status and calcium metabolism
    • Brot C., Jorgensen N.R., and Sorensen O.H. The influence of smoking on vitamin D status and calcium metabolism. Eur J Clin Nutr 53 (1999) 920-926
    • (1999) Eur J Clin Nutr , vol.53 , pp. 920-926
    • Brot, C.1    Jorgensen, N.R.2    Sorensen, O.H.3
  • 61
    • 58149389262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin A and retinol intakes and the risk of fractures among participants of the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study
    • Caire-Juvera G., Ritenbaugh C., Wactawski-Wende J., Snetselaar L.G., and Chen Z. Vitamin A and retinol intakes and the risk of fractures among participants of the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Am J Clin Nutr 89 (2009) 323-330
    • (2009) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.89 , pp. 323-330
    • Caire-Juvera, G.1    Ritenbaugh, C.2    Wactawski-Wende, J.3    Snetselaar, L.G.4    Chen, Z.5
  • 62
    • 0027528947 scopus 로고
    • Two nuclear signalling pathways for vitamin D
    • Carlberg C., Bendik I., Wyss A., et al. Two nuclear signalling pathways for vitamin D. Nature 361 (1993) 657-660
    • (1993) Nature , vol.361 , pp. 657-660
    • Carlberg, C.1    Bendik, I.2    Wyss, A.3
  • 63
    • 0020963636 scopus 로고
    • Tests for interaction in epidemiologic studies: a review and a study of power
    • Greenland S. Tests for interaction in epidemiologic studies: a review and a study of power. Stat Med 2 (1983) 243-251
    • (1983) Stat Med , vol.2 , pp. 243-251
    • Greenland, S.1
  • 64
    • 0000241517 scopus 로고
    • Some comments on the relationship of the distribution of multiple sclerosis to latitude, solar radiation, and other variables
    • Acheson E.D., Bachrach C.A., and Wright F.M. Some comments on the relationship of the distribution of multiple sclerosis to latitude, solar radiation, and other variables. Acta Psychiatr Scand 147 suppl (1960) 132-147
    • (1960) Acta Psychiatr Scand , vol.147 , Issue.SUPPL , pp. 132-147
    • Acheson, E.D.1    Bachrach, C.A.2    Wright, F.M.3
  • 65
    • 0025165910 scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis in Australia and New Zealand: are the determinants genetic or environmental?
    • Miller D.H., Hammond S.R., McLeod J.G., Purdie G., and Skegg D.C. Multiple sclerosis in Australia and New Zealand: are the determinants genetic or environmental?. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 53 (1990) 903-905
    • (1990) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.53 , pp. 903-905
    • Miller, D.H.1    Hammond, S.R.2    McLeod, J.G.3    Purdie, G.4    Skegg, D.C.5
  • 66
    • 0023897134 scopus 로고
    • The epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in three Australian cities: Perth, Newcastle and Hobart
    • Hammond S.R., McLeod J.G., Millingen K.S., et al. The epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in three Australian cities: Perth, Newcastle and Hobart. Brain 111 (1988) 1-25
    • (1988) Brain , vol.111 , pp. 1-25
    • Hammond, S.R.1    McLeod, J.G.2    Millingen, K.S.3
  • 67
    • 0030817895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in an adult normal population
    • Chapuy M.C., Preziosi P., Maamer M., et al. Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in an adult normal population. Osteoporos Int 7 (1997) 439-443
    • (1997) Osteoporos Int , vol.7 , pp. 439-443
    • Chapuy, M.C.1    Preziosi, P.2    Maamer, M.3
  • 69
    • 34848862163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency across Australian populations is only partly explained by season and latitude
    • van der Mei I.A., Ponsonby A.L., Engelsen O., et al. The high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency across Australian populations is only partly explained by season and latitude. Environ Health Perspect 115 (2007) 1132-1139
    • (2007) Environ Health Perspect , vol.115 , pp. 1132-1139
    • van der Mei, I.A.1    Ponsonby, A.L.2    Engelsen, O.3
  • 70
    • 76949120341 scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis in rural Norway. Its geographic and occupational incidence in relation to nutrition
    • Swank R.L., Lerstad O., Strøm A., and Backer J. Multiple sclerosis in rural Norway. Its geographic and occupational incidence in relation to nutrition. N Engl J Med 246 (1952) 721-728
    • (1952) N Engl J Med , vol.246 , pp. 721-728
    • Swank, R.L.1    Lerstad, O.2    Strøm, A.3    Backer, J.4
  • 71
    • 0014898989 scopus 로고
    • Distribution and mortality time trend of multiple sclerosis and some other diseases in Norway
    • Westlund K. Distribution and mortality time trend of multiple sclerosis and some other diseases in Norway. Acta Neurol Scand 46 (1970) 455-483
    • (1970) Acta Neurol Scand , vol.46 , pp. 455-483
    • Westlund, K.1
  • 72
    • 0021886099 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in US veterans: III. Migration and the risk of MS
    • Kurtzke J.F., Beebe G.W., and Norman J.E. Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in US veterans: III. Migration and the risk of MS. Neurology 35 (1985) 672-678
    • (1985) Neurology , vol.35 , pp. 672-678
    • Kurtzke, J.F.1    Beebe, G.W.2    Norman, J.E.3
  • 73
    • 33746588738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in Europe
    • Pugliatti M., Rosati G., Carton H., et al. The epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in Europe. Eur J Neurol 13 (2006) 700-722
    • (2006) Eur J Neurol , vol.13 , pp. 700-722
    • Pugliatti, M.1    Rosati, G.2    Carton, H.3
  • 74
    • 47549090868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal trends in the incidence of multiple sclerosis: a systematic review
    • Alonso A., and Hernan M.A. Temporal trends in the incidence of multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. Neurology 71 (2008) 129-135
    • (2008) Neurology , vol.71 , pp. 129-135
    • Alonso, A.1    Hernan, M.A.2
  • 75
    • 0033544321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geographic variation of MS incidence in two prospective studies of US women
    • Hernán M.A., Olek M.J., and Ascherio A. Geographic variation of MS incidence in two prospective studies of US women. Neurology 53 (1999) 1711-1718
    • (1999) Neurology , vol.53 , pp. 1711-1718
    • Hernán, M.A.1    Olek, M.J.2    Ascherio, A.3
  • 76
    • 0346688789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis in US veterans of the Vietnam era and later military service: race, sex, and geography
    • Wallin M.T., Page W.F., and Kurtzke J.F. Multiple sclerosis in US veterans of the Vietnam era and later military service: race, sex, and geography. Ann Neurol 55 (2004) 65-71
    • (2004) Ann Neurol , vol.55 , pp. 65-71
    • Wallin, M.T.1    Page, W.F.2    Kurtzke, J.F.3
  • 77
    • 0344442701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1985-2000
    • Mayr W.T., Pittock S.J., McClelland R.L., et al. Incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1985-2000. Neurology 61 (2003) 1373-1377
    • (2003) Neurology , vol.61 , pp. 1373-1377
    • Mayr, W.T.1    Pittock, S.J.2    McClelland, R.L.3
  • 78
    • 33847639785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The hygiene hypothesis and multiple sclerosis
    • Fleming J., and Fabry Z. The hygiene hypothesis and multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 61 (2007) 85-89
    • (2007) Ann Neurol , vol.61 , pp. 85-89
    • Fleming, J.1    Fabry, Z.2
  • 79
    • 0016304894 scopus 로고
    • Infectious mononucleosis at the United States Military Academy. A prospective study of a single class over four years
    • Hallee T.J., Evans A.S., Niederman J.C., Brooks C.M., and Voegtly J.H. Infectious mononucleosis at the United States Military Academy. A prospective study of a single class over four years. Yale J Biol Med 3 (1974) 182-195
    • (1974) Yale J Biol Med , vol.3 , pp. 182-195
    • Hallee, T.J.1    Evans, A.S.2    Niederman, J.C.3    Brooks, C.M.4    Voegtly, J.H.5
  • 80
    • 33644820800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infectious mononucleosis and risk for multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis
    • Thacker E.L., Mirzaei F., and Ascherio A. Infectious mononucleosis and risk for multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Ann Neurol 59 (2006) 499-503
    • (2006) Ann Neurol , vol.59 , pp. 499-503
    • Thacker, E.L.1    Mirzaei, F.2    Ascherio, A.3
  • 81
    • 0013913563 scopus 로고
    • A tribute to the first lady of public health (Martha M. Eliot). V. The disappearance of rickets
    • Harrison H.E. A tribute to the first lady of public health (Martha M. Eliot). V. The disappearance of rickets. Am J Public Health Nations Health 56 (1966) 734-737
    • (1966) Am J Public Health Nations Health , vol.56 , pp. 734-737
    • Harrison, H.E.1
  • 82
    • 63849098416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Demographic differences and trends of vitamin D insufficiency in the US population, 1988-2004
    • Ginde A.A., Liu M.C., and Camargo Jr. C.A. Demographic differences and trends of vitamin D insufficiency in the US population, 1988-2004. Arch Intern Med 169 (2009) 626-632
    • (2009) Arch Intern Med , vol.169 , pp. 626-632
    • Ginde, A.A.1    Liu, M.C.2    Camargo Jr., C.A.3
  • 84
    • 33845720114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis
    • Munger K.L., Levin L.I., Hollis B.W., Howard N.S., and Ascherio A. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis. JAMA 296 (2006) 2832-2838
    • (2006) JAMA , vol.296 , pp. 2832-2838
    • Munger, K.L.1    Levin, L.I.2    Hollis, B.W.3    Howard, N.S.4    Ascherio, A.5
  • 85
    • 21044447778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin D deficiency and reduced bone mineral density in multiple sclerosis: effect of ambulatory status and functional capacity
    • Ozgocmen S., Bulut S., Ilhan N., Gulkesen A., Ardicoglu O., and Ozkan Y. Vitamin D deficiency and reduced bone mineral density in multiple sclerosis: effect of ambulatory status and functional capacity. J Bone Miner Metab 23 (2005) 309-313
    • (2005) J Bone Miner Metab , vol.23 , pp. 309-313
    • Ozgocmen, S.1    Bulut, S.2    Ilhan, N.3    Gulkesen, A.4    Ardicoglu, O.5    Ozkan, Y.6
  • 86
    • 58149096526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Higher levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D are associated with a lower incidence of multiple sclerosis only in women
    • Kragt J., van Amerongen B., Killestein J., et al. Higher levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D are associated with a lower incidence of multiple sclerosis only in women. Mult Scler 15 (2009) 9-15
    • (2009) Mult Scler , vol.15 , pp. 9-15
    • Kragt, J.1    van Amerongen, B.2    Killestein, J.3
  • 88
    • 77952313673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genome-wide association study of circulating vitamin D levels
    • 10.1093/hmg/ddq155 published online April 23.
    • Ahn J., Stolzenberg-Solomon R., Simon K., et al. Genome-wide association study of circulating vitamin D levels. Hum Mol Genet (2010) 10.1093/hmg/ddq155 published online April 23.
    • (2010) Hum Mol Genet
    • Ahn, J.1    Stolzenberg-Solomon, R.2    Simon, K.3
  • 89
    • 0022450270 scopus 로고
    • Parameters related to 25-OH-D levels in a population-based study of women
    • Sowers M.R., Wallace R.B., Hollis B.W., and Lemke J.H. Parameters related to 25-OH-D levels in a population-based study of women. Am J Clin Nutr 43 (1986) 621-628
    • (1986) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.43 , pp. 621-628
    • Sowers, M.R.1    Wallace, R.B.2    Hollis, B.W.3    Lemke, J.H.4
  • 90
    • 0032951580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Demographic, dietary and lifestyle factors differentially explain variability in serum carotenoids and fat-soluble vitamins: baseline results from the sentinel site of the Olestra Post-Marketing Surveillance Study
    • Rock C.L., Thornquist M.D., Kristal A.R., et al. Demographic, dietary and lifestyle factors differentially explain variability in serum carotenoids and fat-soluble vitamins: baseline results from the sentinel site of the Olestra Post-Marketing Surveillance Study. J Nutr 129 (1999) 855-864
    • (1999) J Nutr , vol.129 , pp. 855-864
    • Rock, C.L.1    Thornquist, M.D.2    Kristal, A.R.3
  • 91
    • 0026706871 scopus 로고
    • Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and its relation to physical activity and other heart disease risk factors in the general population
    • Scragg R., Holdaway I., Jackson R., and Lim T. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and its relation to physical activity and other heart disease risk factors in the general population. Ann Epidemiol 2 (1992) 697-703
    • (1992) Ann Epidemiol , vol.2 , pp. 697-703
    • Scragg, R.1    Holdaway, I.2    Jackson, R.3    Lim, T.4
  • 92
    • 0028979207 scopus 로고
    • Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 is related to physical activity and ethnicity but not obesity in a multicultural workforce
    • Scragg R., Holdaway I., Singh V., Metcalf P., Baker J., and Dryson E. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 is related to physical activity and ethnicity but not obesity in a multicultural workforce. Aust N Z J Med 25 (1995) 218-223
    • (1995) Aust N Z J Med , vol.25 , pp. 218-223
    • Scragg, R.1    Holdaway, I.2    Singh, V.3    Metcalf, P.4    Baker, J.5    Dryson, E.6
  • 93
    • 0037304371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calcium, vitamin D, milk consumption, and hip fractures: a prospective study among postmenopausal women
    • Feskanich D., Willett W.C., and Colditz G.A. Calcium, vitamin D, milk consumption, and hip fractures: a prospective study among postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 77 (2003) 504-511
    • (2003) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.77 , pp. 504-511
    • Feskanich, D.1    Willett, W.C.2    Colditz, G.A.3
  • 94
    • 0345830740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin D intake and incidence of multiple sclerosis
    • Munger K.L., Zhang S.M., O'Reilly E., et al. Vitamin D intake and incidence of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 62 (2004) 60-65
    • (2004) Neurology , vol.62 , pp. 60-65
    • Munger, K.L.1    Zhang, S.M.2    O'Reilly, E.3
  • 95
    • 33947601619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outdoor activities and diet in childhood and adolescence relate to MS risk above the Arctic Circle
    • Kampman M.T., Wilsgaard T., and Mellgren S.I. Outdoor activities and diet in childhood and adolescence relate to MS risk above the Arctic Circle. J Neurol 254 (2007) 471-477
    • (2007) J Neurol , vol.254 , pp. 471-477
    • Kampman, M.T.1    Wilsgaard, T.2    Mellgren, S.I.3
  • 96
    • 0042634407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Past exposure to sun, skin phenotype and risk of multiple sclerosis: a case-control study
    • van der Mei I., Ponsonby A.L., Dwyer T., et al. Past exposure to sun, skin phenotype and risk of multiple sclerosis: a case-control study. BMJ 327 (2003) 316-321
    • (2003) BMJ , vol.327 , pp. 316-321
    • van der Mei, I.1    Ponsonby, A.L.2    Dwyer, T.3
  • 97
    • 0031731258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutritional factors in the aetiology of multiple sclerosis: a case-control study in Montreal, Canada
    • Ghadirian P., Jain M., Ducic S., Shatenstein B., and Morisset R. Nutritional factors in the aetiology of multiple sclerosis: a case-control study in Montreal, Canada. Int J Epidemiol 27 (1998) 845-852
    • (1998) Int J Epidemiol , vol.27 , pp. 845-852
    • Ghadirian, P.1    Jain, M.2    Ducic, S.3    Shatenstein, B.4    Morisset, R.5
  • 100
    • 33748069110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validity and reliability of adult recall of past sun exposure in a case-control study of multiple sclerosis
    • van der Mei I.A., Blizzard L., Ponsonby A.L., and Dwyer T. Validity and reliability of adult recall of past sun exposure in a case-control study of multiple sclerosis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15 (2006) 1538-1544
    • (2006) Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , vol.15 , pp. 1538-1544
    • van der Mei, I.A.1    Blizzard, L.2    Ponsonby, A.L.3    Dwyer, T.4
  • 101
    • 0000032770 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiologic study of multiple sclerosis in Israel
    • Antonovsky A., Leibowitz U., Smith H.A., et al. Epidemiologic study of multiple sclerosis in Israel. Arch Neurol 13 (1965) 183-193
    • (1965) Arch Neurol , vol.13 , pp. 183-193
    • Antonovsky, A.1    Leibowitz, U.2    Smith, H.A.3
  • 103
    • 34547616817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood sun exposure influences risk of multiple sclerosis in monozygotic twins
    • Islam T., Gauderman W.J., Cozen W., and Mack T.M. Childhood sun exposure influences risk of multiple sclerosis in monozygotic twins. Neurology 69 (2007) 381-388
    • (2007) Neurology , vol.69 , pp. 381-388
    • Islam, T.1    Gauderman, W.J.2    Cozen, W.3    Mack, T.M.4
  • 104
    • 0034066852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality from multiple sclerosis and exposure to residential and occupational solar radiation: a case-control study based on death certificates
    • Freedman D.M., Dosemeci M., and Alavanja M.C. Mortality from multiple sclerosis and exposure to residential and occupational solar radiation: a case-control study based on death certificates. Occup Environ Med 57 (2000) 418-421
    • (2000) Occup Environ Med , vol.57 , pp. 418-421
    • Freedman, D.M.1    Dosemeci, M.2    Alavanja, M.C.3
  • 105
    • 66549114244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occupational exposure to UV light and mortality from multiple sclerosis
    • Westberg M., Feychting M., Jonsson F., Nise G., and Gustavsson P. Occupational exposure to UV light and mortality from multiple sclerosis. Am J Ind Med 52 (2009) 353-357
    • (2009) Am J Ind Med , vol.52 , pp. 353-357
    • Westberg, M.1    Feychting, M.2    Jonsson, F.3    Nise, G.4    Gustavsson, P.5
  • 106
    • 16544362258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What affects your MS? Responses to an anonymous, internet-based epidemiological survey
    • Simmons R.D., Ponsonby A.-L., van der Mei I., and Sheridan P. What affects your MS? Responses to an anonymous, internet-based epidemiological survey. Mult Scler 10 (2004) 202-221
    • (2004) Mult Scler , vol.10 , pp. 202-221
    • Simmons, R.D.1    Ponsonby, A.-L.2    van der Mei, I.3    Sheridan, P.4
  • 107
    • 42949155244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer-the role of sunlight
    • Reichrath J. (Ed), Springer, New York
    • Leiter U., and Garbe C. Epidemiology of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer-the role of sunlight. In: Reichrath J. (Ed). Sunlight, vitamin D and skin cancer (2008), Springer, New York 89-103
    • (2008) Sunlight, vitamin D and skin cancer , pp. 89-103
    • Leiter, U.1    Garbe, C.2
  • 110
    • 31544439156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cancer risk among patients with multiple sclerosis: a population-based register study
    • Nielsen N.M., Rostgaard K., Rasmussen S., et al. Cancer risk among patients with multiple sclerosis: a population-based register study. Int J Cancer 118 (2006) 979-984
    • (2006) Int J Cancer , vol.118 , pp. 979-984
    • Nielsen, N.M.1    Rostgaard, K.2    Rasmussen, S.3
  • 111
    • 43549121686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cancer risk and impact of disease-modifying treatments in patients with multiple sclerosis
    • Lebrun C., Debouverie M., Vermersch P., et al. Cancer risk and impact of disease-modifying treatments in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 14 (2008) 399-405
    • (2008) Mult Scler , vol.14 , pp. 399-405
    • Lebrun, C.1    Debouverie, M.2    Vermersch, P.3
  • 112
    • 65249086191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cancer risk among patients with multiple sclerosis and their parents
    • Bahmanyar S., Montgomery S.M., Hillert J., Ekbom A., and Olsson T. Cancer risk among patients with multiple sclerosis and their parents. Neurology 72 (2009) 1170-1177
    • (2009) Neurology , vol.72 , pp. 1170-1177
    • Bahmanyar, S.1    Montgomery, S.M.2    Hillert, J.3    Ekbom, A.4    Olsson, T.5
  • 114
    • 0021931121 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for alteration of the vitamin D-endocrine system in obese subjects
    • Bell N.H., Epstein S., Greene A., Shary J., Oexmann M.J., and Shaw S. Evidence for alteration of the vitamin D-endocrine system in obese subjects. J Clin Invest 76 (1985) 370-373
    • (1985) J Clin Invest , vol.76 , pp. 370-373
    • Bell, N.H.1    Epstein, S.2    Greene, A.3    Shary, J.4    Oexmann, M.J.5    Shaw, S.6
  • 116
    • 72049092916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body size and risk of MS in two cohorts of US women
    • Munger K.L., Chitnis T., and Ascherio A. Body size and risk of MS in two cohorts of US women. Neurology 73 (2009) 1543-1550
    • (2009) Neurology , vol.73 , pp. 1543-1550
    • Munger, K.L.1    Chitnis, T.2    Ascherio, A.3
  • 117
    • 56649095674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus
    • Zhang C., Qiu C., Hu F.B., et al. Maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 3 (2008) e3753
    • (2008) PLoS One , vol.3
    • Zhang, C.1    Qiu, C.2    Hu, F.B.3
  • 120
    • 0035922669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiological methods for studying genes and environmental factors in complex diseases
    • Clayton D., and McKeigue P.M. Epidemiological methods for studying genes and environmental factors in complex diseases. Lancet 358 (2001) 1356-1360
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.358 , pp. 1356-1360
    • Clayton, D.1    McKeigue, P.M.2
  • 121
    • 38449113569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human pigmentation variation: evolution, genetic basis, and implications for public health
    • Parra E.J. Human pigmentation variation: evolution, genetic basis, and implications for public health. Am J Phys Anthropol 134 (2007) 85-105
    • (2007) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.134 , pp. 85-105
    • Parra, E.J.1
  • 122
    • 0035139624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic contribution to bone metabolism, calcium excretion, and vitamin D and parathyroid hormone regulation
    • Hunter D., De Lange M., Snieder H., et al. Genetic contribution to bone metabolism, calcium excretion, and vitamin D and parathyroid hormone regulation. J Bone Miner Res 16 (2001) 371-378
    • (2001) J Bone Miner Res , vol.16 , pp. 371-378
    • Hunter, D.1    De Lange, M.2    Snieder, H.3
  • 124
    • 64249154634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic and non-genetic correlates of vitamins K and D
    • Shea M.K., Benjamin E.J., Dupuis J., et al. Genetic and non-genetic correlates of vitamins K and D. Eur J Clin Nutr 63 (2009) 458-464
    • (2009) Eur J Clin Nutr , vol.63 , pp. 458-464
    • Shea, M.K.1    Benjamin, E.J.2    Dupuis, J.3
  • 125
    • 49449115872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for genetic regulation of vitamin D status in twins with multiple sclerosis
    • Orton S., Morris A.P., Herrera B.M., et al. Evidence for genetic regulation of vitamin D status in twins with multiple sclerosis. Am J Clin Nutr 88 (2008) 441-447
    • (2008) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.88 , pp. 441-447
    • Orton, S.1    Morris, A.P.2    Herrera, B.M.3
  • 126
    • 70849090011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal genetic influence on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels: a twin study
    • Snellman G., Melhus H., Gedeborg R., et al. Seasonal genetic influence on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels: a twin study. PLoS One 4 (2009) e7747
    • (2009) PLoS One , vol.4
    • Snellman, G.1    Melhus, H.2    Gedeborg, R.3
  • 127
    • 51649121378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic and environmental determinants of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in Hispanic and African Americans
    • Engelman C.D., Fingerlin T.E., Langefeld C.D., et al. Genetic and environmental determinants of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in Hispanic and African Americans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93 (2008) 3381-3388
    • (2008) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.93 , pp. 3381-3388
    • Engelman, C.D.1    Fingerlin, T.E.2    Langefeld, C.D.3
  • 128
    • 27144450522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D are related to the phenotype of Gc (vitamin D-binding protein): a cross-sectional study on 595 early postmenopausal women
    • Lauridsen A.L., Vestergaard P., Hermann A.P., et al. Plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D are related to the phenotype of Gc (vitamin D-binding protein): a cross-sectional study on 595 early postmenopausal women. Calcif Tissue Int 77 (2005) 15-22
    • (2005) Calcif Tissue Int , vol.77 , pp. 15-22
    • Lauridsen, A.L.1    Vestergaard, P.2    Hermann, A.P.3
  • 129
    • 33747854680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biological and clinical aspects of the vitamin D binding protein (Gc-globulin) and its polymorphism
    • Speeckaert M., Huang G., Delanghe J.R., and Taes Y.E. Biological and clinical aspects of the vitamin D binding protein (Gc-globulin) and its polymorphism. Clin Chim Acta 372 (2006) 33-42
    • (2006) Clin Chim Acta , vol.372 , pp. 33-42
    • Speeckaert, M.1    Huang, G.2    Delanghe, J.R.3    Taes, Y.E.4
  • 130
    • 33746776902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) gene polymorphism is associated with Graves' disease and the vitamin D status in a Polish population study
    • Kurylowicz A., Ramos-Lopez E., Bednarczuk T., and Badenhoop K. Vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) gene polymorphism is associated with Graves' disease and the vitamin D status in a Polish population study. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 114 (2006) 329-335
    • (2006) Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes , vol.114 , pp. 329-335
    • Kurylowicz, A.1    Ramos-Lopez, E.2    Bednarczuk, T.3    Badenhoop, K.4
  • 131
    • 59649126703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic polymorphisms of the vitamin D binding protein and plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in premenopausal women
    • Sinotte M., Diorio C., Berube S., Pollak M., and Brisson J. Genetic polymorphisms of the vitamin D binding protein and plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in premenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 89 (2009) 634-640
    • (2009) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.89 , pp. 634-640
    • Sinotte, M.1    Diorio, C.2    Berube, S.3    Pollak, M.4    Brisson, J.5
  • 132
    • 65549109430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin D-related genes, serum vitamin D concentrations and prostate cancer risk
    • Ahn J., Albanes D., Berndt S.I., et al. Vitamin D-related genes, serum vitamin D concentrations and prostate cancer risk. Carcinogenesis 30 (2009) 769-776
    • (2009) Carcinogenesis , vol.30 , pp. 769-776
    • Ahn, J.1    Albanes, D.2    Berndt, S.I.3
  • 133
    • 53349174521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Gc2 allele of the vitamin D binding protein is associated with a decreased postmenopausal breast cancer risk, independent of the vitamin D status
    • Abbas S., Linseisen J., Slanger T., et al. The Gc2 allele of the vitamin D binding protein is associated with a decreased postmenopausal breast cancer risk, independent of the vitamin D status. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17 (2008) 1339-1343
    • (2008) Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , vol.17 , pp. 1339-1343
    • Abbas, S.1    Linseisen, J.2    Slanger, T.3
  • 134
    • 1542270218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and 25-hydroxyvitamin D on blood pressure in apparently healthy subjects
    • Muray S., Parisi E., Cardus A., Craver L., and Fernandez E. Influence of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and 25-hydroxyvitamin D on blood pressure in apparently healthy subjects. J Hypertens 21 (2003) 2069-2075
    • (2003) J Hypertens , vol.21 , pp. 2069-2075
    • Muray, S.1    Parisi, E.2    Cardus, A.3    Craver, L.4    Fernandez, E.5
  • 135
    • 0034620555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic analysis of vitamin D related genes in Canadian multiple sclerosis patients. Canadian Collaborative Study Group
    • Steckley J.L., Dyment D.A., Sadovnick A.D., Risch N., Hayes C., and Ebers G.C. Genetic analysis of vitamin D related genes in Canadian multiple sclerosis patients. Canadian Collaborative Study Group. Neurology 54 (2000) 729-732
    • (2000) Neurology , vol.54 , pp. 729-732
    • Steckley, J.L.1    Dyment, D.A.2    Sadovnick, A.D.3    Risch, N.4    Hayes, C.5    Ebers, G.C.6
  • 136
    • 0036276978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No association of vitamin D-binding protein gene polymorphisms in Japanese patients with MS
    • Niino M., Kikuchi S., Fukazawa T., Yabe I., and Tashiro K. No association of vitamin D-binding protein gene polymorphisms in Japanese patients with MS. J Neuroimmunol 127 (2002) 177-179
    • (2002) J Neuroimmunol , vol.127 , pp. 177-179
    • Niino, M.1    Kikuchi, S.2    Fukazawa, T.3    Yabe, I.4    Tashiro, K.5
  • 137
    • 76449119260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polymorphisms in vitamin D metabolism related genes and risk of multiple sclerosis
    • Simon K.C., Munger K.L., Yang X., and Ascherio A. Polymorphisms in vitamin D metabolism related genes and risk of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 16 (2010) 133-138
    • (2010) Mult Scler , vol.16 , pp. 133-138
    • Simon, K.C.1    Munger, K.L.2    Yang, X.3    Ascherio, A.4
  • 138
    • 48949119482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and haplotypes and postmenopausal breast cancer risk
    • Abbas S., Nieters A., Linseisen J., et al. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and haplotypes and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res 10 (2008) R31
    • (2008) Breast Cancer Res , vol.10
    • Abbas, S.1    Nieters, A.2    Linseisen, J.3
  • 139
    • 33745886816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asthma families show transmission disequilibrium of gene variants in the vitamin D metabolism and signalling pathway
    • Wjst M., Altmüller J., Faus-Kessler T., Braig C., Bahnweg M., and André E. Asthma families show transmission disequilibrium of gene variants in the vitamin D metabolism and signalling pathway. Respir Res 7 (2006) 60
    • (2006) Respir Res , vol.7 , pp. 60
    • Wjst, M.1    Altmüller, J.2    Faus-Kessler, T.3    Braig, C.4    Bahnweg, M.5    André, E.6
  • 140
    • 67349108483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association study on two vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and vitamin D metabolites in multiple sclerosis
    • Smolders J., Damoiseaux J., Menheere P., Tervaert J.W., and Hupperts R. Association study on two vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and vitamin D metabolites in multiple sclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1173 (2009) 515-520
    • (2009) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.1173 , pp. 515-520
    • Smolders, J.1    Damoiseaux, J.2    Menheere, P.3    Tervaert, J.W.4    Hupperts, R.5
  • 141
    • 60149088668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fok-I vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism (rs10735810) and vitamin D metabolism in multiple sclerosis
    • Smolders J., Damoiseaux J., Menheere P., Tervaert J.W., and Hupperts R. Fok-I vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism (rs10735810) and vitamin D metabolism in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 207 (2009) 117-121
    • (2009) J Neuroimmunol , vol.207 , pp. 117-121
    • Smolders, J.1    Damoiseaux, J.2    Menheere, P.3    Tervaert, J.W.4    Hupperts, R.5
  • 142
    • 36749050449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CYP2R1 (vitamin D 25-hydroxylase) gene is associated with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes and vitamin D levels in Germans
    • Ramos-Lopez E., Bruck P., Jansen T., Herwig J., and Badenhoop K. CYP2R1 (vitamin D 25-hydroxylase) gene is associated with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes and vitamin D levels in Germans. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 23 (2007) 631-636
    • (2007) Diabetes Metab Res Rev , vol.23 , pp. 631-636
    • Ramos-Lopez, E.1    Bruck, P.2    Jansen, T.3    Herwig, J.4    Badenhoop, K.5
  • 144
    • 67049172406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis and the major histocompatibility complex
    • Ramagopalan S.V., Knight J.C., and Ebers G.C. Multiple sclerosis and the major histocompatibility complex. Curr Opin Neurol 22 (2009) 219-225
    • (2009) Curr Opin Neurol , vol.22 , pp. 219-225
    • Ramagopalan, S.V.1    Knight, J.C.2    Ebers, G.C.3
  • 145
    • 61449102631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of the multiple sclerosis-associated MHC class II allele HLA-DRB1*1501 is regulated by vitamin D
    • Ramagopalan S.V., Maugeri N.J., Handunnetthi L., et al. Expression of the multiple sclerosis-associated MHC class II allele HLA-DRB1*1501 is regulated by vitamin D. PLoS Genet 5 (2009) e1000369
    • (2009) PLoS Genet , vol.5
    • Ramagopalan, S.V.1    Maugeri, N.J.2    Handunnetthi, L.3
  • 147
    • 33747115419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The association between common vitamin D receptor gene variations and osteoporosis: a participant-level meta-analysis
    • Uitterlinden A.G., Ralston S.H., Brandi M.L., et al. The association between common vitamin D receptor gene variations and osteoporosis: a participant-level meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 145 (2006) 255-264
    • (2006) Ann Intern Med , vol.145 , pp. 255-264
    • Uitterlinden, A.G.1    Ralston, S.H.2    Brandi, M.L.3
  • 148
    • 16244400834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gene variants for osteoporosis and their pleiotropic effects in aging
    • Ferrari S.L., and Rizzoli R. Gene variants for osteoporosis and their pleiotropic effects in aging. Mol Aspects Med 26 (2005) 145-167
    • (2005) Mol Aspects Med , vol.26 , pp. 145-167
    • Ferrari, S.L.1    Rizzoli, R.2
  • 149
    • 4544271050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Haplotype analysis of VDR gene polymorphisms: a meta-analysis
    • Thakkinstian A., D'Este C., and Attia J. Haplotype analysis of VDR gene polymorphisms: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 15 (2004) 729-734
    • (2004) Osteoporos Int , vol.15 , pp. 729-734
    • Thakkinstian, A.1    D'Este, C.2    Attia, J.3
  • 150
    • 61449104844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin D receptor TaqI, BsmI and ApaI polymorphisms and osteoarthritis susceptibility: a meta-analysis
    • Lee Y.H., Woo J.H., Choi S.J., Ji J.D., and Song G.G. Vitamin D receptor TaqI, BsmI and ApaI polymorphisms and osteoarthritis susceptibility: a meta-analysis. Joint Bone Spine 76 (2009) 156-161
    • (2009) Joint Bone Spine , vol.76 , pp. 156-161
    • Lee, Y.H.1    Woo, J.H.2    Choi, S.J.3    Ji, J.D.4    Song, G.G.5
  • 151
    • 25144500069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in the vitamin D receptor gene is associated with multiple sclerosis in an Australian population
    • Tajouri L., Ovcaric M., Curtain R., et al. Variation in the vitamin D receptor gene is associated with multiple sclerosis in an Australian population. J Neurogenet 19 (2005) 25-38
    • (2005) J Neurogenet , vol.19 , pp. 25-38
    • Tajouri, L.1    Ovcaric, M.2    Curtain, R.3
  • 152
    • 0033563742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism with multiple sclerosis in Japanese
    • Fukazawa T., Yabe I., Kikuchi S., et al. Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism with multiple sclerosis in Japanese. J Neurol Sci 166 (1999) 47-52
    • (1999) J Neurol Sci , vol.166 , pp. 47-52
    • Fukazawa, T.1    Yabe, I.2    Kikuchi, S.3
  • 153
    • 0034253941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism in multiple sclerosis and the association with HLA class II alleles
    • Niino M., Fukazawa T., Yabe I., Kikuchi S., Sasaki H., and Tashiro K. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism in multiple sclerosis and the association with HLA class II alleles. J Neurol Sci 177 (2000) 65-71
    • (2000) J Neurol Sci , vol.177 , pp. 65-71
    • Niino, M.1    Fukazawa, T.2    Yabe, I.3    Kikuchi, S.4    Sasaki, H.5    Tashiro, K.6
  • 154
    • 2942711624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Susceptibility and outcome in MS: associations with polymorphisms in pigmentation-related genes
    • Partridge J.M., Weatherby S.J., Woolmore J.A., et al. Susceptibility and outcome in MS: associations with polymorphisms in pigmentation-related genes. Neurology 62 (2004) 2323-2325
    • (2004) Neurology , vol.62 , pp. 2323-2325
    • Partridge, J.M.1    Weatherby, S.J.2    Woolmore, J.A.3
  • 155
    • 3042626107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Four single nucleotide polymorphisms from the vitamin D receptor gene in UK multiple sclerosis
    • Yeo T.W., Maranian M., Singlehurst S., Gray J., Compston A., and Sawcer S. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms from the vitamin D receptor gene in UK multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 251 (2004) 753-754
    • (2004) J Neurol , vol.251 , pp. 753-754
    • Yeo, T.W.1    Maranian, M.2    Singlehurst, S.3    Gray, J.4    Compston, A.5    Sawcer, S.6
  • 156
    • 65349086727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Past environmental sun exposure and risk of multiple sclerosis: a role for the Cdx-2 vitamin D receptor variant in this interaction
    • Dickinson J., Perera D., van der Mei A., et al. Past environmental sun exposure and risk of multiple sclerosis: a role for the Cdx-2 vitamin D receptor variant in this interaction. Mult Scler 15 (2009) 563-570
    • (2009) Mult Scler , vol.15 , pp. 563-570
    • Dickinson, J.1    Perera, D.2    van der Mei, A.3
  • 157
    • 72449203847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Season of birth and not vitamin D receptor promoter polymorphisms is a risk factor for multiple sclerosis
    • de Abreu D.F., Babron M.C., Rebeix I., et al. Season of birth and not vitamin D receptor promoter polymorphisms is a risk factor for multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 15 (2009) 1146-1152
    • (2009) Mult Scler , vol.15 , pp. 1146-1152
    • de Abreu, D.F.1    Babron, M.C.2    Rebeix, I.3
  • 158
    • 67649881102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genome-wide association study identifies new multiple sclerosis susceptibility loci on chromosomes 12 and 20
    • Australia and New Zealand Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium (ANZgene)
    • Australia and New Zealand Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium (ANZgene). Genome-wide association study identifies new multiple sclerosis susceptibility loci on chromosomes 12 and 20. Nat Genet 41 (2009) 824-830
    • (2009) Nat Genet , vol.41 , pp. 824-830
  • 159
    • 34548299105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk alleles for multiple sclerosis identified by a genomewide study
    • International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium
    • International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium, Hafler D.A., Compston A., et al. Risk alleles for multiple sclerosis identified by a genomewide study. N Engl J Med 357 (2007) 851-862
    • (2007) N Engl J Med , vol.357 , pp. 851-862
    • Hafler, D.A.1    Compston, A.2
  • 160
    • 67649876123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis of genome scans and replication identify CD6, IRF8 and TNFRSF1A as new multiple sclerosis susceptibility loci
    • De Jager P.L., Jia X., Wang J., et al. Meta-analysis of genome scans and replication identify CD6, IRF8 and TNFRSF1A as new multiple sclerosis susceptibility loci. Nat Genet 41 (2009) 776-782
    • (2009) Nat Genet , vol.41 , pp. 776-782
    • De Jager, P.L.1    Jia, X.2    Wang, J.3
  • 161
    • 45149115037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin D-dependent rickets as a possible risk factor for multiple sclerosis
    • Torkildsen O., Knappskog P.M., Nyland H.I., and Myhr K.M. Vitamin D-dependent rickets as a possible risk factor for multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 65 (2008) 809-811
    • (2008) Arch Neurol , vol.65 , pp. 809-811
    • Torkildsen, O.1    Knappskog, P.M.2    Nyland, H.I.3    Myhr, K.M.4
  • 162
    • 54749131636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Melanocortin 1 receptor genotype, past environmental sun exposure, and risk of multiple sclerosis
    • Dwyer T., van der Mei I., Ponsonby A.L., et al. Melanocortin 1 receptor genotype, past environmental sun exposure, and risk of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 71 (2008) 583-589
    • (2008) Neurology , vol.71 , pp. 583-589
    • Dwyer, T.1    van der Mei, I.2    Ponsonby, A.L.3
  • 163
    • 52649162841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin D deficiency: a global perspective
    • Prentice A. Vitamin D deficiency: a global perspective. Nutr Rev 66 suppl 2 (2008) S153-S164
    • (2008) Nutr Rev , vol.66 , Issue.SUPPL. 2
    • Prentice, A.1
  • 164
    • 13244264697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels indicative of vitamin D sufficiency: implications for establishing a new effective dietary intake recommendation for vitamin D
    • Hollis B.W. Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels indicative of vitamin D sufficiency: implications for establishing a new effective dietary intake recommendation for vitamin D. J Nutr 135 (2005) 317-322
    • (2005) J Nutr , vol.135 , pp. 317-322
    • Hollis, B.W.1
  • 165
    • 0037215304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to extended oral dosing with cholecalciferol
    • Heaney R.P., Davies K.M., Chen T.C., Holick M.F., and Barger-Lux M.J. Human serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to extended oral dosing with cholecalciferol. Am J Clin Nutr 77 (2003) 204-210
    • (2003) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.77 , pp. 204-210
    • Heaney, R.P.1    Davies, K.M.2    Chen, T.C.3    Holick, M.F.4    Barger-Lux, M.J.5
  • 166
    • 0026357793 scopus 로고
    • Changes of vitamin D3 serum concentrations at the onset of immune-mediated type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus
    • Baumgartl H.J., Standl E., Schmidt-Gayk H., Kolb H.J., Janka H.U., and Ziegler A.G. Changes of vitamin D3 serum concentrations at the onset of immune-mediated type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res 16 (1991) 145-148
    • (1991) Diabetes Res , vol.16 , pp. 145-148
    • Baumgartl, H.J.1    Standl, E.2    Schmidt-Gayk, H.3    Kolb, H.J.4    Janka, H.U.5    Ziegler, A.G.6
  • 167
    • 0035802695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study
    • Hypponen E., Laara E., Reunanen A., Jarvelin M.R., and Virtanen S.M. Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study. Lancet 358 (2001) 1500-1503
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.358 , pp. 1500-1503
    • Hypponen, E.1    Laara, E.2    Reunanen, A.3    Jarvelin, M.R.4    Virtanen, S.M.5
  • 168
    • 29144446163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes
    • Pozzilli P., Manfrini S., Crino A., et al. Low levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. Horm Metab Res 37 (2005) 680-683
    • (2005) Horm Metab Res , vol.37 , pp. 680-683
    • Pozzilli, P.1    Manfrini, S.2    Crino, A.3
  • 169
    • 33750915052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lower levels of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D among young adults at diagnosis of autoimmune type 1 diabetes compared with control subjects: results from the nationwide Diabetes Incidence Study in Sweden (DISS)
    • Littorin B., Blom P., Scholin A., et al. Lower levels of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D among young adults at diagnosis of autoimmune type 1 diabetes compared with control subjects: results from the nationwide Diabetes Incidence Study in Sweden (DISS). Diabetologia 49 (2006) 2847-2852
    • (2006) Diabetologia , vol.49 , pp. 2847-2852
    • Littorin, B.1    Blom, P.2    Scholin, A.3
  • 170
    • 50549084247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum vitamin D and subsequent occurrence of type 2 diabetes
    • Knekt P., Laaksonen M., Mattila C., et al. Serum vitamin D and subsequent occurrence of type 2 diabetes. Epidemiology 19 (2008) 666-671
    • (2008) Epidemiology , vol.19 , pp. 666-671
    • Knekt, P.1    Laaksonen, M.2    Mattila, C.3
  • 171
    • 34548719291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An association of serum vitamin D concentrations <40 nmol/L with acute respiratory tract infection in young Finnish men
    • Laaksi I., Ruohola J.P., Tuohimaa P., et al. An association of serum vitamin D concentrations <40 nmol/L with acute respiratory tract infection in young Finnish men. Am J Clin Nutr 86 (2007) 714-717
    • (2007) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.86 , pp. 714-717
    • Laaksi, I.1    Ruohola, J.P.2    Tuohimaa, P.3
  • 172
    • 61449136072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and upper respiratory tract infection in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
    • Ginde A.A., Mansbach J.M., and Camargo Jr. C.A. Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and upper respiratory tract infection in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Intern Med 169 (2009) 384-390
    • (2009) Arch Intern Med , vol.169 , pp. 384-390
    • Ginde, A.A.1    Mansbach, J.M.2    Camargo Jr., C.A.3
  • 173
    • 65549154321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum vitamin D levels and markers of severity of childhood asthma in Costa Rica
    • Brehm J.M., Celedon J.C., Soto-Quiros M.E., et al. Serum vitamin D levels and markers of severity of childhood asthma in Costa Rica. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 179 (2009) 765-771
    • (2009) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.179 , pp. 765-771
    • Brehm, J.M.1    Celedon, J.C.2    Soto-Quiros, M.E.3
  • 175
    • 38849171242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A longitudinal study of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and intact PTH levels indicate the importance of vitamin D and calcium homeostasis regulation in multiple sclerosis
    • Soilu-Hanninen M., Laaksonen M., Laitinen I., Eralinna J.P., Lilius E.M., and Mononen I. A longitudinal study of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and intact PTH levels indicate the importance of vitamin D and calcium homeostasis regulation in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79 (2008) 152-157
    • (2008) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.79 , pp. 152-157
    • Soilu-Hanninen, M.1    Laaksonen, M.2    Laitinen, I.3    Eralinna, J.P.4    Lilius, E.M.5    Mononen, I.6
  • 176
    • 0028106832 scopus 로고
    • High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and reduced bone mass in multiple sclerosis
    • Nieves J., Cosman F., Herbert J., Shen V., and Lindsay R. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and reduced bone mass in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 44 (1994) 1687-1692
    • (1994) Neurology , vol.44 , pp. 1687-1692
    • Nieves, J.1    Cosman, F.2    Herbert, J.3    Shen, V.4    Lindsay, R.5
  • 177
    • 59249106554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of vitamin D metabolite levels with relapse rate and disability in multiple sclerosis
    • Smolders J., Menheere P., Kessels A., Damoiseaux J., and Hupperts R. Association of vitamin D metabolite levels with relapse rate and disability in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 14 (2008) 1220-1224
    • (2008) Mult Scler , vol.14 , pp. 1220-1224
    • Smolders, J.1    Menheere, P.2    Kessels, A.3    Damoiseaux, J.4    Hupperts, R.5
  • 178
    • 70450195964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in cerebrospinal fluid during relapse and remission of multiple sclerosis
    • Holmoy T., Moen S.M., Gundersen T.A., et al. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in cerebrospinal fluid during relapse and remission of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 15 (2009) 1280-1285
    • (2009) Mult Scler , vol.15 , pp. 1280-1285
    • Holmoy, T.1    Moen, S.M.2    Gundersen, T.A.3
  • 179
    • 10444231359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical characteristics of African Americans vs caucasian Americans with multiple sclerosis
    • Cree B.A., Khan O., Bourdette D., et al. Clinical characteristics of African Americans vs caucasian Americans with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 63 (2004) 2039-2045
    • (2004) Neurology , vol.63 , pp. 2039-2045
    • Cree, B.A.1    Khan, O.2    Bourdette, D.3
  • 180
    • 33646685266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does multiple sclerosis-associated disability differ between races?
    • Marrie R.A., Cutter G., Tyry T., Vollmer T., and Campagnolo D. Does multiple sclerosis-associated disability differ between races?. Neurology 66 (2006) 1235-1240
    • (2006) Neurology , vol.66 , pp. 1235-1240
    • Marrie, R.A.1    Cutter, G.2    Tyry, T.3    Vollmer, T.4    Campagnolo, D.5
  • 181
    • 57049114915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis in African-American black and European-origin white patients
    • Boster A.L., Endress C.F., Hreha S.A., Caon C., Perumal J.S., and Khan O.A. Pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis in African-American black and European-origin white patients. Pediatr Neurol 40 (2009) 31-33
    • (2009) Pediatr Neurol , vol.40 , pp. 31-33
    • Boster, A.L.1    Endress, C.F.2    Hreha, S.A.3    Caon, C.4    Perumal, J.S.5    Khan, O.A.6
  • 182
    • 34248175780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Studies of associations between disability in multiple sclerosis, skin type, gender and ultraviolet radiation
    • Woolmore J.A., Stone M., Pye E.M., et al. Studies of associations between disability in multiple sclerosis, skin type, gender and ultraviolet radiation. Mult Scler 13 (2007) 369-375
    • (2007) Mult Scler , vol.13 , pp. 369-375
    • Woolmore, J.A.1    Stone, M.2    Pye, E.M.3
  • 183
    • 0033961106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal fluctuations of gadolinium-enhancing magnetic resonance imaging lesions in multiple sclerosis
    • Auer D.P., Schumann E.M., Kumpfel T., Gossl C., and Trenkwalder C. Seasonal fluctuations of gadolinium-enhancing magnetic resonance imaging lesions in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 47 (2000) 276-277
    • (2000) Ann Neurol , vol.47 , pp. 276-277
    • Auer, D.P.1    Schumann, E.M.2    Kumpfel, T.3    Gossl, C.4    Trenkwalder, C.5
  • 184
    • 0014728041 scopus 로고
    • The seasonal incidence of multiple sclerosis in Switzerland
    • Wuthrich R., and Rieder H.P. The seasonal incidence of multiple sclerosis in Switzerland. Eur Neurol 3 (1970) 257-264
    • (1970) Eur Neurol , vol.3 , pp. 257-264
    • Wuthrich, R.1    Rieder, H.P.2
  • 185
    • 0020539957 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal variation of multiple sclerosis exacerbations in Arizona
    • Bamford C.R., Sibley W.A., and Thies C. Seasonal variation of multiple sclerosis exacerbations in Arizona. Neurology 33 (1983) 697-701
    • (1983) Neurology , vol.33 , pp. 697-701
    • Bamford, C.R.1    Sibley, W.A.2    Thies, C.3
  • 186
    • 0033856680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin D and seasonal fluctuations of gadolinium-enhancing magnetic resonance imaging lesions in multiple sclerosis
    • Embry A.F., Snowdon L.R., and Vieth R. Vitamin D and seasonal fluctuations of gadolinium-enhancing magnetic resonance imaging lesions in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 48 (2000) 271-272
    • (2000) Ann Neurol , vol.48 , pp. 271-272
    • Embry, A.F.1    Snowdon, L.R.2    Vieth, R.3
  • 187
    • 54849415567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monthly ambient sunlight, infections and relapse rates in multiple sclerosis
    • Tremlett H., van der Mei I.A., Pittas F., et al. Monthly ambient sunlight, infections and relapse rates in multiple sclerosis. Neuroepidemiology 31 (2008) 271-279
    • (2008) Neuroepidemiology , vol.31 , pp. 271-279
    • Tremlett, H.1    van der Mei, I.A.2    Pittas, F.3
  • 188
    • 0035097505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of seasons on magnetic resonance imaging-measured disease activity in patients with multiple sclerosis
    • Rovaris M., Comi G., Sormani M.P., Wolinsky J.S., Ladkani D., and Filippi M. Effects of seasons on magnetic resonance imaging-measured disease activity in patients with multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 49 (2001) 415-416
    • (2001) Ann Neurol , vol.49 , pp. 415-416
    • Rovaris, M.1    Comi, G.2    Sormani, M.P.3    Wolinsky, J.S.4    Ladkani, D.5    Filippi, M.6
  • 189
    • 0037046194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal variation in immune measurements and MRI markers of disease activity in MS
    • Killestein J., Rep M.H., Meilof J.F., et al. Seasonal variation in immune measurements and MRI markers of disease activity in MS. Neurology 58 (2002) 1077-1080
    • (2002) Neurology , vol.58 , pp. 1077-1080
    • Killestein, J.1    Rep, M.H.2    Meilof, J.F.3
  • 190
    • 0027313558 scopus 로고
    • Viral infections trigger multiple sclerosis relapses: a prospective seroepidemiological study
    • Andersen O., Lygner P.E., Bergstrom T., Andersson M., and Vahlne A. Viral infections trigger multiple sclerosis relapses: a prospective seroepidemiological study. J Neurol 240 (1993) 417-422
    • (1993) J Neurol , vol.240 , pp. 417-422
    • Andersen, O.1    Lygner, P.E.2    Bergstrom, T.3    Andersson, M.4    Vahlne, A.5
  • 191
    • 0028333890 scopus 로고
    • Influence of infection on exacerbations of multiple sclerosis
    • Panitch H.S. Influence of infection on exacerbations of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 36 suppl (1994) S25-S28
    • (1994) Ann Neurol , vol.36 , Issue.SUPPL
    • Panitch, H.S.1
  • 192
    • 0018595914 scopus 로고
    • Plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in pregnancy and lactation
    • Lund B., and Selnes A. Plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in pregnancy and lactation. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 92 (1979) 330-335
    • (1979) Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) , vol.92 , pp. 330-335
    • Lund, B.1    Selnes, A.2
  • 193
    • 0032581445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rate of pregnancy-related relapse in multiple sclerosis. Pregnancy in multiple sclerosis group
    • Confavreux C., Hutchinson M., Hours M.M., Cortinovis-Tourniaire P., and Moreau T. Rate of pregnancy-related relapse in multiple sclerosis. Pregnancy in multiple sclerosis group. N Engl J Med 339 (1998) 285-291
    • (1998) N Engl J Med , vol.339 , pp. 285-291
    • Confavreux, C.1    Hutchinson, M.2    Hours, M.M.3    Cortinovis-Tourniaire, P.4    Moreau, T.5
  • 194
    • 69549118856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum leptin levels during pregnancy in multiple sclerosis
    • Neuteboom R.F., Verbraak E., Voerman J.S., et al. Serum leptin levels during pregnancy in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 15 (2009) 907-912
    • (2009) Mult Scler , vol.15 , pp. 907-912
    • Neuteboom, R.F.1    Verbraak, E.2    Voerman, J.S.3
  • 195
    • 23944470825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A pilot study of oral calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
    • Wingerchuk D.M., Lesaux J., Rice G.P., Kremenchutzky M., and Ebers G.C. A pilot study of oral calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76 (2005) 1294-1296
    • (2005) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.76 , pp. 1294-1296
    • Wingerchuk, D.M.1    Lesaux, J.2    Rice, G.P.3    Kremenchutzky, M.4    Ebers, G.C.5
  • 196
    • 34548715246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety of vitamin D3 in adults with multiple sclerosis
    • Kimball S.M., Ursell M.R., O'Connor P., and Vieth R. Safety of vitamin D3 in adults with multiple sclerosis. Am J Clin Nutr 86 (2007) 645-651
    • (2007) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.86 , pp. 645-651
    • Kimball, S.M.1    Ursell, M.R.2    O'Connor, P.3    Vieth, R.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.