Ankylosing spondylitis and Klebsiella

Ankylosing spondylitis and Klebsiella

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 1-256

  Ebringer, Alan ^a,b  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b MIDDLESEX HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84930161443     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-4300-0     Document Type: Book

References (240)

1. Calin A, Porta J, Fries JFF. The clinical history as a screening test for ankylosing spondylitis. J Am Med Assoc. 1977; 237: 2613-4
2. Dixon ASJ, Macleod M. Diagnostic problems and differential diagnosis. In: Moll JMH, editor. Ankylosing spondylitis. London: Churchill Livingstone; 1980. p. 151-62
3. Ebringer A, Rashid T, Wilson C. Molecular mimicry as the basis of new theory of autoimmunity. In: Zouali M, editor. Frontiers in autoimmunity. Burke: IOS Press; 2003. p. 79-99
4. Hart FD. Clinical features and complications. In: Moll JMH, editor. Ankylosing spondylitis. London: Churchill Livingstone; 1980. p. 52-68
5. Helmick CG, Felson DT, Lawrence RC, Gabriel S, Hirsch R, Kwoh CK, Liang MH, Kremers HM, Mayes MD, Merkel PA, Pillemer SR, Reveille JD, Stone JH. Estimates of prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States. Arthritis Rheum. 2008; 58: 15-25
6. Huscher D, Merkesdal S, Thiele K, Zeidler H, Schneider M, Zink A. Costs of illness in rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus in Germany. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006; 65: 1175-83
7. Kobelt G, Sobocki P, Mulero J, Gratacos J, Pocovi A, Collantes-Estevez E. The burden of ankylosing spondylitis in Spain. Value Health. 2008; 11: 408-15
8. Percy JS, Lentle B. Radiological and scintigraphic features. In: Moll JMH, editor. Ankylosing spondylitis. London: Churchill Livingstone; 1980. p. 76-86
9. Taurog JD, Richardson JA, Croft JT, Simmons WA, Zhou M, Fernandez-Sueiro JL, Balish E, Hammer RE. The germfree state prevents development of gut and joint inflammatory disease in HLA-B27 transgenic rats. J Exp Med. 1994; 180: 2359-64
10. Baines M, Ebringer A, Avakian H, Samuel D, James DCO. The use of enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and radiobinding assay to investigate the crossreactivity of Klebsiella antigens in ankylosing spondylitis patients and healthy controls. Scand J Rheumatol. 1990; 19: 341-9
11. Ebringer A. The crosstolerance hypothesis, HLA-B27 and ankylosing spondylitis. Br J Rheumatol. 1983; 22 Suppl 2: 63-6
12. Geczy AF, Alexander K, Bashir HV, Edmonds J A factor (s) in Klebsiella culture filtrates specifically modi fies an HLA-B27 associated cell surface component. Nature. 1980; 283: 782-4
13. Grumet FC, Fendly BM, Engleman EG. Monoclonal anti-HLA-B27 antibody (B27M): production and lack of detectable typing difference between patients with ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome and normal controls. Lancet. 1981; ii: 174-6
14. Husby G, Tsuchiya N, Schwimmbeck PL, Keat A, Pahle JA, Oldstone MBA, Williams Jr. RC. Crossreactive epitope with Klebsiella pneumoniae nitrogenase in articular tissue of HLA-B27 positive patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Arthr Rheum. 1989; 32: 437-45
15. Kono DH, Ogasawara M, Effros RB, Park MS, Wallford RL, Yu DTY. Ye-1: a monoclonal antibody that crossreacts with HLA-B27 lymphoblastoid cell lines and an arthritis causing bacteria. Clin Exp Imm. 1985; 61: 503-8
16. Rice RH, Means GE. Radioactive labelling of proteins in vitro. J Biol Chem. 1971; 246: 831-2
17. Schonbaum GR. New complexes of peroxidases with hydroxamic acids, hydrazides and amides. J Biol Chem. 1973; 248: 502-11
18. Schwimmbeck PL, Yu DTY, Oldstone MBA. Autoantibodies to HLA-B27 in the sera of HLA-B27 patients with ankylosing spondylitis and Reiter's syndrome. J Exp Med. 1987; 166: 173-81
19. Seager K, Bashir HV, Geczy AF, Edmonds J, De Vere Tyndall A. Evidence for a speci fic B27 associated cell marker on lymphocytes of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Nature. 1979; 277: 68-70
20. Van Bohemen CG, Grumet FC, Van Zanen HC. Identification of HLA-B27 M1 and M2 crossreactive antigens in Klebsiella , Shigella and Yersinia . Immunology. 1984; 52: 607-10
21. Van Weemen BK, Schuurs AHWM. Immunoassay using antigen-enzyme conjugates. FEBS Lett. 1971; 15: 232-6
22. Calguneri M, Swinburne L, Shinebaum R, Cooke EM, Wright V. Secretory IgA: Immune defence pattern in ankylosing Spondylitis and Klebsiella . Ann Rheum Dis. 1981; 40: 600-4
23. Clowes RC, Hayes W. Experiments in microbial genetics. New York: Wiley; 1980
24. Granfors K, Viljanen M, Tiilikainen A, Toivanen A. Persistence of IgM. IgG and IgA antibodies to Yersinia in Yersinia arthritis. J Infect Dis. 1980; 141: 424
25. Hunter T, Harding GKM, Kaprove RE, Schroeder ML. Fecal carriage of Klebsiella and Enterobacter species in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum. 1981; 24: 106
26. Trull AK, Ebringer R, Panayi GS, Colthorpe D, James DCO, Ebringer A. IgA antibodies to Klebsiella pneumoniae in ankylosing spondylitis. Scand J Rheumatol. 1983; 12: 249-53
27. Trull AK, Ebringer A, Panayi GS, Ebringer R, James DCO. HLA-B27 and the immune response to enterobacterial antigens in ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Exp Immunol. 1984; 55: 74-80
28. Bradford M A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilising the principle of protein dye binding. Anal Biochem. 1976; 72: 248-54
29. Cooper R, Fraser SM, Sturrock RD, Gemmel CG. Raised titres of anti-Klebsiella IgA in ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Br Med J. 1988; 296: 1432-4
30. Ebringer A, Baines M, Childerstone M, Ghuloom M, Ptaszynska T. Etiopathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis and the cross-Tolerance hypothesis. In: Ziff M, Cohen SB eds. Advances in Infl ammation Research: The Spondyloarthropathies. New York Raven Press. 1985; 9: 101-28
31. Laemmli UK. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature. 1970; 227: 680-5
32. Pease PE, Tyler RA, England JR, Colthorpe D, Ebringer A An investigation into the properties of Klebsiella strains isolated from ankylosing spondylitis patients. J Hyg (Lond). 1982; 89: 119-23
33. Ropes MW, Bennett GA, Cobb S, Jacox R, Jesar RA. Revision of diagnostic criteria for rheumatoid arthritis. Bull Rheum Dis. 1958; 9: 175-6
34. Shodjai-Moradi F, Ebringer A, Abuljadayel I. IgA antibody response to Klebsiella in ankylosing spondylitis measured by immunoblotting. Ann Rheum Dis. 1992; 51: 233-7
35. Toivanen A, Stahlberg TH, Granfors K, Ebringer A. Absence of antibodies to Yersinia enterocolitica in patients with ankylosing spondylitis in London. Lancet. 1986; ii: 1400
36. Towbin H, Stachelin T, Gordon J. Electrophoresis transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure and some applications. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1979; 76: 4350-7
37. Ahmadi K, Wilson C, Tiwana H, Binder A, Ebringer A. Antibodies to Klebsiella pneumoniae lipopolysaccharide in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Br J Rheumatol. 1998; 37: 1330-3
38. Ciurana B, Thomas JM. Role of lipopolysaccharide and complement in susceptibility of Klebsiella pneumoniae to nonimmune serum. Infect Immun. 1987; 55: 2741-6
39. Ebringer A. Ankylosing spondylitis is caused by Klebsiella . Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1992; 18: 105-21
40. Ebringer A, Ptaszynska T, Corbett M, Wilson C, Macafee Y, Avakian H, Baron P, James DCO. Antibodies to Proteus in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet. 1985; ii: 305-7
41. Granfors K, Ogasawara M, Hill JL, Lahesmaa-Rantala R, Toivanen A, Yu DTY. Analysis of IgA antibodies to lipopolysaccharide in Yersinia-Triggered reactive arthritis. J Infect Dis. 1989; 159: 1142-7
42. Maki-Ikola O, Yli-Kerttula U, Saario R, Toivanen P. Granfors K. Antibodies to arthritis-Associated microbes in infl ammatory joint diseases. Rheumatol Int. 1991; 10: 231-4
43. Maki-Ikola O, Lehtinen K, Nissila M, Granfors K. IgM, IgA and IgG class serum antibodies against Klebsiella pneumoniae a nd Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Br J Rheumatol. 1994; 33: 1025-9
44. Maki-Ikola O, Mertsola J, Granfors K. No endotoxin detected in the plasma in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1997; 56: 279
45. Robbins JB, McCracken GH, Gotschild EC, Orskov F, Orskov L, Hanson LA. Escherichia coli K1 capsular polysaccharide associated with neonatal meningitis. N Engl J Med. 1974; 290: 1216-20
46. Ropes MW, Bennett GA, Cobb S, Jacox R, Jessar RA. Review of diagnostic criteria for rheumatoid arthritis. Bull Rheum Dis. 1958; 3: 175-6
47. Tani Y, Sato H, Tanaka N, Mori K, Doida Y, Hukuda S. Serum IgA1 and IgA2 subclass antibodies against collagens in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Scan J Rheum. 1997; 26: 380-2
48. Wagener P, Bush J, Hammer M, Brunkhorst R. Endotoxin in the plasma of patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Scand J Rheumatol. 1988; 17: 301-3
49. Blankenberg-Sprenkels SHD, Fielder M, Feltkamp TEW, Tiwana H, Wilson C, Ebringer A. Antibodies to Klebsiella pneumonia in Dutch patients with ankylosing spondylitis and acute anterior uveitis and to Proteus mirabilis in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1998; 25: 743-7
50. Ehrenworth L, Baer H. The pathogenicity of Klebsiella pneumoniae for mice: the relationship to the quantity and rate of production of type-speci fic polysaccharide. J Bacteriol. 1956; 72: 713-7
51. Gross WL, Lüdemann G, Schmidt K, Ullman U. Lymphocyte response to Klebsiella in ankylosing spondylitis. Eur J Clin Invest. 1986; 16: 338-46
52. Linssen A, Dekker-Saeys AJ, Dandrieu MR, Christiaans BJ, Baarsma GS, Tjoa ST, de Jong PTVM, Kijlstra A, Feltkamp TEW. Possible ankylosing spondylitis in acute anterior uveitis. Brit J Rheumatol Suppl. 1983; 22 Suppl 2: 137-43
53. Orskov I, Fife-Asbury MA. New Klebsiella capsular antigen K82 and deletion of five of those previously assigned. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1979; 27: 386-7
54. Sahly H, Podschun R, Sass R, Bröker B, Kekow J, Gross WL, Ullmann U. Serum antibodies to Klebsiella capsular polysaccharides in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum. 1994; 37: 754-9
55. Toivanen P, Koskimies S, Granfors K, Eerola E. Bacterial antibodies in HLA-B27 positive individuals. Arthritis Rheum. 1993; 36: 1633-5
56. Collado A, Sanmartí R, Serra C, Gallart T, Cañete JD, Gratacós J, Vives J, Muñoz-Gomez J. Serum IgA levels of secretory IgA in ankylosing spondylitis. Scand J Rheumatol. 1991; 20: 153-8
57. Collado A, Gratacós J, Ebringer A, Rashid T, Martí A, Sanmartí R, Muñoz-Gomez J. Serum IgA antibodies in ankylosing spondylitis patients from Catalonia. Scand J Rheumatol. 1994; 23: 119-23
58. Feltelius N, Hvatum M, Brandtzaeg P, Knutson L, Hällgren R. Increased jejunal secretory IgA and IgM in ankylosing spondylitis: normalization after treatment with sulphasalazine. J Rheumatol. 1994; 21: 2076-81
59. Kaarela K. The prognostic factors and diagnostic criteria in early rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl. 1985; 57: 1
60. Kellgren JH, Jeffrey MR, Ball J. Clinical criteria for ankylosing spondylitis. In: Kellgren JH, Jeffrey MR, Ball J, editors. The epidemiology of chronic rheumatism, vol. 1. Oxford: Blackwell Scienti fic Publications; 1963. p. 326
61. Knutson L, Hällgren R, Odlind B A new technique for segmental jejunal perfusion in man. Am J Gastroenterol. 1989; 84: 1278-84
62. Mäki-Ikola O, Hällgren R, Kancrud L, Feltelius N, Knutsson L, Granfors K. Enhanced jejunal production of antibodies to Klebsiella and other Enterobacteria in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1997; 56: 421-5
63. Maki-Ikola O, Lehtinen K, Granfors K, Vainionpaa R, Toivanen P. Bacterial antibodies in ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Exp Immunol. 1991; 84: 472-5
64. Toivanen A, Lahesmaa-Rantala R, Vuento R, Granfors K. Association of persisting IgA response with Yersinia triggered reactive arthritis: a study on 104 patients. Ann Rheum Dis. 1987; 46: 898-901
65. Brill WJ. Biochemical genetics of nitrogen fixation. Microbiol Rev. 1980; 44: 449-58
66. Charalambous BM, Keen JN, McPherson MJ. Collagen-like sequences stabilize homotrimers of a bacterial hydrolase. EMBO J. 1988; 7: 2903-9
67. Ebringer A. Ankylosing spondylitis is caused by Klebsiella. Evidence from immunogenetic, microbiologic and serologic studies. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1992; 18: 105-21
68. Fielder M, Pirt SJ, Tarpey I, Wilson C, Cunningham P, Ettelaie C, Binder A, Bansal S, Ebringer A. Molecular mimicry and ankylosing Spondylitis: possible role of a novel sequence in pullulanase of Klebsiella pneumoniae . FEBS Lett. 1995; 369: 243-8
69. Kühn K. In: Mayne R, Burgeson RE, editors. Structure and function of collagen types. London: Academic; 1987
70. Schwimmbeck PL, Yu DTY, Oldstone MBA. Autoantibodies to HLA-B27 in the sera of HLA-B27 patients with ankylosing spondylitis and Reiter's syndrome: Molecular mimicry with Klebsiella pneumoniae as potential mechanism of autoimmune disease. J Exp Med. 1987; 166: 173-81
71. Sco field RH, Warren WL, Koelsch G, Harley JB A hypothesis for HLA-B27 immune dysregulation in spondyloarthropathy: Contributions from enteric organisms, B27 structure, peptides bound by B27 and convergent evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1993; 90: 9330-4
72. Aoki S, Yoshikawa K, Yokoyama T, Nonogaki T, Wasaki S, Mitsui T, Niwa S. Role of enteric bacteria in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis: evidence for antibodies to enterobacterial common antigens in rheumatoid sera and synovialfluids. Ann Rheum Dis. 1996; 55: 363-9
73. Ebringer A, Rashid T. "B27 disease" is a new autoimmune disease that affects millions of people. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007; 1110: 112-20
74. Ebringer A, Wilson C. HLA molecules, bacteria and autoimmunity. J Med Microbiol. 2000; 49: 305-11
75. Sahly H, Podschun R. Clinical, bacteriological and serological aspects of Klebsiella infections and their spondylarthropathic sequelae. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1997; 4: 393-9
76. Sonozaki H, Seki H, Chang S, Okuyama M, Juji T. HLA-A27 in Japanese patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Tissue Antigens. 1975; 5: 131-6
77. Tani Y, Tiwana H, Hukuda S, Nishioka J, Fielder M, Wilson C, Bansal S, Ebringer A. Antibodies to Klebsiella, Proteus and HLA-B27 peptides in Japanese patients with ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1997; 24: 109-14
78. Tujimoto M. Epidemiological research on the prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis. Med J Osaka Univ. 1978; 28: 363-81
79. Zabriskie JB, Hsu KC, Seegal BC. Heart reactive antibody associated with rheumatic fever: characterization and diagnostic signi ficance. Clin Exp Immunol. 1970; 7: 147-59
80. Ahmadi K, Wilson C, Tiwana H, Shanmuganathan S, Binder A, Ebringer A. Antibodies to Klebsiella pneumoniae nitrogenase reductase in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1998; 57: 441
81. Avakian H, Abuknesha R, Welsh J, Ebringer A. Uveitis, vitreous humour and Klebsiella. I. Binding studies with rabbit antisera. Br J Ophthalmol. 1981; 65: 315-22
82. Cunningham MW, Antone SM, Gulizia JM, McManus BM, Fischetti VA, Gaunt CJ. Cytotoxic and viral neutralising antibodies cross-react with streptococcal M protein, enteroviruses and human cardiac myosin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1992; 89: 1320-4
83. Eady R, Smith B, Cook K, Postgate J. Nitrogenase of Klebsiella pneumoniae . Biochem J. 1972; 128: 655-75
84. Ebringer A. Ankylosing spondylitis is caused by Klebsiella . Rheumatic Dis Clin North Am. 1992; 18: 105-21
85. Ewing C, Ebringer R, Tribbick G, Geysen HM. Antibody activity in ankylosing spondylitis sera to two sites on HLA-B27.1 at the MHC groove (within sequence 65-85) and to a Klebsiella pneumoniae nitrogenase reductase peptide (within sequence 181-199). J Exp Med. 1990; 171: 1635-47
86. Fielder M, Pirt SJ, Tarpey I, Wilson C, Cunningham P, Ettelaie C, Binder A, Bansal S, Ebringer A. Molecular mimicry and ankylosing spondylitis: possible role of a novel sequence in pullulanase of Klebsiella pneumoniae . FEBS Lett. 1995; 369: 243-8
87. Newkirk MM, Goldbach-Mansky R, Senior BW, Klippel J, Schumacher HR, El-Gabalawy HS. Elevated levels of IgA and IgM antibodies to Proteus mirabilis and IgM antibodies to Escherichia coli are associated with early rheumatoid factor (RF) positive rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005; 44: 1433-41
88. Schwimmbeck P, Yu DT, Oldstone M. Autoantibodies to HLA-B27 in the sera of HLA-B27 positive patients with ankylosing spondylitis and Reiter's syndrome. J Exp Med. 1987; 166: 173-81
89. Senior BW, McBride RDP, Morley KD, Kerr MA. The detection of raised levels of IgM to Proteus mirabilis in sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Med Microbiol. 1995; 43: 176-84
90. Welsh J, Avakian H, Ebringer A. Uveitis, vitreous humour and Klebsiella : II. Cross-reactivity studies with radioimmunoassay. Br J Ophthalmol. 1981; 65: 323-8
91. White L, McCoy R, Tait B, Ebringer R A search for gram-negative enteric micro-organisms in acute anterior uveitis: association of Klebsiella with recent onset of disease, HLA-B27 and B7 CREG. Br J Ophthalmol. 1984; 68: 750-5
92. Wilson C, Rashid T, Tiwana H, Beyan H, Hughes L, Bansal S, Ebringer A, Binder A. Cytotoxicity responses to peptide antigens in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol. 2003; 30: 972-8
93. Aho K, Ahvonen P, Lassus A, Sievers K, Tiilikainen A. HLA-27 in reactive arthritis. Lancet. 1973; ii: 157
94. Aho K, Ahvonen P, Lassus A, Sievers K, Tiilikainen A. HLA-B27 in reactive arthritis A study of Yersinia arthritis and Reiter's disease. Arthr Rheum. 1974; 17: 521-6
95. Anderson LH, Levine AS, Levine MD. Incomplete absorption of carbohydrate in all purpose wheatflour. New Engl J Med. 1981; 304: 891-2
96. Calin A, Fries JF. Epidemic Reiter's syndrome: genetics and environment. Arthritis Rheum. 1976; 18: 390
97. Delagrange A. La lymphographie dans la spondylarthrite ankylosante. Thèse de Doctorat en Mádecine, Facultá de Mádecine et de Pharmacie, Marseille; 1968
98. Deschamps AM, Richard C, Lebeault JM. Bacteriology and nutrition of environmental strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae involved in wood and bark decay. Ann Microbiol (Inst Past). 1983; 134A: 189-96
99. Ebringer A, Baines M, Childerstone M, Ghuloom M, Ptaszynska T. Etiopathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis and the cross-Tolerance hypothesis. Adv Inflamm Res. 1985; 3: 101-28
100. Finegold SM, Sutter VL, Sugihara PT, Elder HA, Lehmann SM, Phillips RL. Fecal microbialflora in Seventh Day Adventists populations and control subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1977; 30: 1781-92
101. Fournier AM, Denizet D, Delagrange A. La lymphographie dans la spondylarthritie ankylosante. J Radiol Electrol Med Nucl. 1969; 50: 773-84
102. Leirisalo-Repo M, Helenius P, Hannu T, Lehtinen A, Kreula J, Taavitsainen M, Koskimies S. Long term prognosis of reactive Salmonella arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1997; 56: 516-20
103. Mau W, Zeidler H, Mau R, Majewski A, Freyschmidt J, Stangel W, Deicher H. Clinical features and prognosis with possible ankylosing spondylitis. Results of a 10-year follow-up. J Rheumatol. 1988; 15: 541-6
104. McNeil NI, Bingham S, Cole TJ, Grant AM, Cummings JH. Diet and health of people with an ileostomy. 2. Ileostomy function and nutritional state. Br J Nutr. 1982; 47: 407-15
105. Noer HR An "experimental epidemic" of Reiter's syndrome. J Amer Med Ass. 1966; 198: 693-8
106. Paronen I. Reiter's disease: a study of 344 cases observed in Finland. Acta Med Scand. 1948; 131(Suppl): 1-114
107. Rudwaleit M, van der Heijde D, Khan MA, Braun J, Sieper J. How to diagnose axial spondyloarthritis early. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004; 63: 535-43
108. Sairanen E, Paronen I, Mähönen H. Reiter's syndrome: a follow-up study. Acta Med Scand. 1969; 185: 57-63
109. Sairanen E, Tiilikainen A. HLA-27 in Reiter's disease following Shigellosis . Scand J Rheumatol. 1975; (Suppl.8) Eur Rheum Cong. Abst. 30/11
110. Bechterew W. Neue Beobachtungen und pathologische-Anatomische Untersuchungen über Stei figkeit der Wirbelsäule. Deut Ztschr Nervenheilk. 1899; 15: 45-57
111. Benedek TG. How did ankylosing spondylitis become a separate disease? Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2009; 27 Suppl 55: S3-9
112. Buckley CW. Ankylosing spondylitis. In: Reports on chronic rheumatic diseases. London: Lewis; 1935. p. 77-89
113. Bywaters E. Historical perspectives in the aetiology of ankylosing spondylitis. Br J Rheumatol. 1983; 27 Suppl 2: 1-4
114. Chem RK, Schmit P, Faurá C. Did Rameses II really have ankylosing spondylitis ? A reappraisal. Can Assoc Radiol J. 2004; 55: 211-7
115. Fagge CH A case of simple synostosis of the ribs to the vertebrae and of the arches and articular processes of the vertebrae themselves and also of one hip joint. Trans Pathol Soc Lond. 1877; 28: 201-6
116. Feldtkeller E, Lemmel EM, Russell AS. Ankylosing spondylitis in the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. Rheumatol Int. 2003; 23: 1-5
117. Julkunen H, Pyorala K, Lehtaurirta F. Hyperostosis of the spine in relation to age and hyperglycaemia in men aged 30-60. Ann Med Intern Fenn. 1968; 57: 1-7
118. Lári A. Átudes sur les affections de la colonne vertábrale. Paris: Masson; 1926
119. Rogers J, Watt I, Dieppe P. Paleopathology of spinal osteophytosis, vertebral ankylosis, ankylosing spondylitis and vertebral hyperostosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1985; 44: 113-20
120. Schilder DP, Harvey WP, Hufnagel CA. Rheumatoid spondylitis and and aortic insuffciency. N Engl J Med. 1956; 255: 358-61
121. Sieper J, Braun J, Rudwaleit M, Boonen A, Zink A. Ankylosing spondylitis: an overview. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002; 61(Suppl III): iii8-18
122. Braun J, Brandt J, Listing J, Rudwaleit M, Sieper J. Biologic therapies in spondyloarthritis: new opportunities, new challenges. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2003; 15: 394-407
123. Dougados M, van der Linden S, Leirisalo-Repo M, Huitfeldt B, Juhlin R, Veys E. Sulfasalazine in the treatment of spondyloarthropathy: a randomized multi centre, double blind, placebo controlled study. Arthritis Rheum. 1995; 38: 618-27
124. Ebringer A, Wilson C. The use of a low starch diet in the treatment of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Rheumatol. 1996; 15 Suppl 1: 61-5
125. Feltelius N, Hvatum M, Brandtzaeg P, Knutson L, Hallgren R. Increased jejunal secretory IgA and IgM in ankylosing spondylitis: normalization after treatment with sulfasalazine. J Rheumatol. 1994; 21: 2076-81
126. Kirwan J, Edwards A, Huitfeldt B, Thompson P, Currey H. The course of established ankylosing spondylitis and the effects of sulphasalazine over 3 years. Br J Rheumatol. 1993; 32: 729-33
127. Kroessen S, Widmer AF, Tyndall A, Hasler B. Serious bacterial infections in patients with rheumatoid arthritis under anti-TNF a therapy. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2003; 42: 617-21
128. Nissila M, Lahesmaa R, Leirisalo-Repo M, Lehtinen K, Toivanen P, Granfors K. Antibodies to Klebsiella pneumoniae , Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis in ankylosing spondylitis: effect of sulfasalazine treatment. J Rheumatol. 1994; 21: 2082-7
129. Nissila M, Lehtinen K, Leirisalo-Repo M, Luukkainen R, Mutru O, Yli-Kerttula U. Sulfasalazine in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis A 26 week, placebo controlled clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum. 1988; 31: 111-6
130. Ogrendik M. Treatment of ankylosing spondylitis with moxifloxacine. South Med J. 2007; 100: 366-70
131. Taggart A, Gardiner P, McEvoy E, Hopkins R, Bird H. Which is the active moiety of sulfasalazine in ankylosing spondylitis? A randomized controlled study. Arthritis Rheum. 1996; 39: 1400-5
132. Van Tubergen A, Landewe R, van der Heijde D, Hidding A, Wolter W, Ascher M. Combined spa exercise therapy is effective in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2001; 45: 430-8
133. Cooper R, Fraser SM, Sturrock RDF, Gemmell CG. Raised titres of anti-Klebsiella IgA in ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Br Med J. 1988; 296: 1432-4
134. Ebringer A. Rheumatoid arthritis and Proteus. Springer; 2012
135. Giaffer MH, Clark A, Holdsworth CD. Antibodies to Saccharomyces cerevisiae in patients with Crohn's disease and their possible pathogenic signi ficance. Gut. 1992; 33: 1071-5
136. Graham MF, Diegelmann RF, Elson CO, Linblad WJ, Gotschalk N, Gay S, Gay R. Collagen content and types in the intestinal strictures of Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 1988; 94: 257-65
137. Harvey RF, Bradshaw JM A simple index of Crohn's disease activity. Lancet. 1980; 1: 514
138. Ibbotson JP, Pease PE, Allan RN. Serological studies in Crohn's disease. Eur J Clin Microbiol. 1987; 6: 286-90
139. Mielants H, Veys EM, Cuvelier C, De Vos M. Ileocolonoscopic findings in seronegative spondyloarthropathy. Br J Rheumatol. 1988; 27 Suppl 2: 95-105
140. O'Mahony S, Arranz E, Barton JR, Ferguson A. Appraisal of gut lavage in the study of intestinal humoral immunity. Gut. 1991; 31: 1341-4
141. O'Mahony S, Anderson N, Nuki G, Ferguson A. Systemic and mucosal antibodies to Klebsiella in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and Crohn's disease. Ann Rheum Dis. 1992; 51: 1296-300
142. Plessier A, Cosnes J, Gendre JP, Beaugerie L. Colites intercurrentes á Klebsiella oxytoca au cours de la maladie de Crohn. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2002; 26: 799-800
143. Tiwana H, Wilson C, Walmsley RS, Wake field AJ, Smith MSN, Cox NL, Hudson MJ, Ebringer A. Antibody responses to gut bacteria in ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Rheumatol Int. 1997; 17: 11-6
144. Tiwana H, Walmsley RS, Wilson C, Yiannakou JY, Ciclitira PJ, Wake field AJ, Ebringer A. Characterization of the humoral immune response to Klebsiella species in inflammatory bowel disease and ankylosing spondylitis. Br J Rheumatol. 1998; 37(5): 525-31
145. Tiwana H, Natt RS, Benitez-Brito R, Shah S, Wilson C, Bridger S, Harbord M, Sarner M, Ebringer A. Correlation between the Immune responses to type I, III, IV and V and Klebsiella Pneumoniae in patients with Crohn's disease and ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatology. 2001; 40: 15-23
146. Ardicoglu O, Atay MB, Ataoglu H, Etiz N, Ozenci H. IgA antibodies to Klebsiella in ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Rheumatol. 1996; 15: 573-6
147. Blankenberg-Sprenkels SHD, Fielder M, Feltkamp TEW, Tiwana H, Wilson C, Ebringer A. Antibodies to Klebsiella pneumoniae in Dutch patients with ankylosing spondylitis and acute anterior uveitis and to Proteus mirabilis in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1998; 25: 743-7
148. Cancino-Diaz ME, Perez-Salazar JE, Dominguez-Lopez L, Escobar-Gutierrez A, Granados-Arreola J, Jimenez-Zamudio L, Burgos-Vargas R, Garcia-Latorre E. Antibody response to Klebsiella pneumoniae 60 kDa protein in familial and sporadic ankylosing spondylitis: role of HLA-B27 and characterization as a GroEL-like protein. J Rheumatol. 1998; 25: 1756-64
149. Chou CT, Uksila J, Toivanen P. Enterobacterial antibodies in Chinese patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1998; 16: 161-4
150. Collado A, Gratacós J, Ebringer A, Rashid T, Martí A, Sanmartí R, Muñoz-Gomez J. Serum IgA antibodies in ankylosing spondylitis patients from Catalonia. Scand J Rheumatol. 1994; 23: 119-23
151. Cooper R, Fraser SM, Sturrock RDF, Gemmell CG. Raised titres of anti-Klebsiella IgA in ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Br Med J. 1988; 296: 1432-4
152. Ebringer A, Rashid T, Wilson C, Miškejova G. "Pre-Ankylosing spondylitis" is a clinical entity: diagnostic criteria and therapeutic implications. Rheumatologia. 2005; 18: 91-6
153. Ebringer A, Rashid T, Wilson C, Ptaszynska T, Fielder M. Ankylosing spondylitis, HLA-B27 and Klebsiella An overview: proposal for early diagnosis and treatment. Curr Rheumatol Rev. 2006; 2: 55-68
154. Ebringer A, Rashid T, Wilson C. Rheumatoid arthritis, Proteus , anti-CCP antibodies and Karl Popper. Autoimmun Rev. 2010; 9: 216-23
155. Madhavan R, Porkodi R, Rajendran CP, Chandrasekaran AN, Umadevi KR, Alasmelu R. IgM, IgG and IgA response to enterobacteria in patients with ankylosing spondylitis in Southern India. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002; 958: 408-11
156. Maki-Ikola O, Penttinen M, Von Essen R, Gripenberg-Lerche C, Isomaki H, Granfors K. IgM, IgG and IgA class enterobacterial antibodies in serum and synovialfluid in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Br J Rheumatol. 1997(a); 36: 1051-3
157. Mäki-Ikola O, Hällgren R, Kancrud L, Feltelius N, Knutsson L, Granfors K. Enhanced jejunal production of antibodies to Klebsiella and other Enterobacteria in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1997b; 56: 421-5
158. Mateicka F, Kozakova D, Cebecauer M, Ondrasik M, Bosmansky K. Antibodies to Klebsiella pneumoniae in ankylosing spondylitis. Cas Lek Cesk. 1989; 128: 132-4
159. Nasonova VA, Denisov LN, Belenkii AG, Balabanova RM, Iakovleva DB. Circulation of intestinal infection in the families of patients with rheumatic diseases and the state of humoral immunity to enterobacterial antigens. Vest Akad Med Nauk SSSR. 1989; 6: 56-60
160. Popper KR. Objective knowledge An evolutionary approach. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1972
161. Sahly H, Podschun R, Sass R, Bröker B, Kekow J, Gross WL, Ullmann U. Serum antibodies to Klebsiella capsular polysaccharides in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum. 1994; 37: 754-9
162. Schwimmbeck PL, Yu DTY, Oldstone MBA. Autoantibodies to HLA-B27 in the sera of HLA-B27 patients with ankylosing spondylitis and Reiter's syndrome: molecular mimicry with Klebsiella pneumoniae as potential mechanism of autoimmune disease. J Exp Med. 1987; 166: 173-81
163. Tani Y, Tiwana H, Hukuda S, Nishioka J, Fielder M, Wilson C, Bansal S, Ebringer A. Antibodies to Klebsiella, Proteus and HLA-B27 peptides in Japanese patients with ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1997; 24: 109-14
164. Trull AK, Ebringer R, Panayi GS, Colthorpe D, James DC, Ebringer A. IgA antibodies to Klebsiella pneumoniae in ankylosing spondylitis. Scand J Rheumatol. 1983; 12: 249-53
165. Yuan GH, Shi GY, Ding YZ. Antibodies to Klebsiella pneumoniae in ankylosing spondylitis. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi. 1993; 32: 467-9
166. Aho K, Ahvonen P, Lassus A, Sievers K, Tiilikainen A. HL-A in reactive arthritis A study of Yersinia arthritis and Reiter's disease. Arthritis Rheum. 1974; 17: 521-6
167. Brewerton DA, Hart FD, Nicholls A, Caffrey M, James DCO, Sturrock RD. Ankylosing spondylitis and HL-A 27. Lancet. 1973a; i: 904-7
168. Brewerton DA, Nicholls A, Caffrey M, Walters D, James DCO. Acute anterior uveitis and HL-A 27. Lancet. 1973b; ii: 994-6
169. Brewerton DA, Nicholls A, Oates JK, Caffrey M, Walters D, James DCO. Reiter's disease and HL-A 27. Lancet. 1973c; ii: 996-8
170. Caffrey MFP, James DCO. Human lymphocyte antigen association in ankylosing spondylitis. Nature. 1973; 242: 121
171. Ebringer A, Davies DAL. Crossreactivity between synthetic TGAL and transplantation antigens in CBA mice. Nature (New Biol). 1973; 74: 144-7
172. Gofton JP, Chalmers A, Price GE, Reeve CE. HLA 27 and ankylosing spondylitis in B.C. Indians. J Rheumatol. 1975; 2: 166-8
173. James DCO. HLA-B27 in clinical medicine-historical reflections on the discovery of the disease association. Br J Rheumatol. 1983; 22 Suppl 2: 20-4
174. Khan M. Genetics of HLA-B27. Br J Rheumatol. 1988; 27 Suppl 2: 6-11
175. Khan M A worldwide overview: the epidemiology of HLA-B27 and associated spondyloarthritides. In: Calin A, Taurog JD, editors. The spondyloarthritides. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1998. p. 17-26
176. Schlosstein L, Terasaki PI, Bluestone R, Pearson CM. High association of an HLA antigen W27, with ankylosing spondylitis. N Engl J Med. 1973; 288: 704-6
177. Aho K, Ahvonen P, Alkio P, Lassus A, Sairanen E, Sievers K, Tillikainen A. HLA-B27 in reactive arthritis following infection. Ann Rheum Dis. 1975; 34 Suppl 1: 29-30
178. Boyum A. Separation of white blood cells. Nature. 1968; 204: 793-4
179. Crowle AJ. Immunodiffusion. London: Academic; 1961
180. Greenwood FC, Hunter WM, Glover JS. The preparation of 131 I-labelled human growth hormone of high speci fic radioactivity. Biochem J. 1963; 89: 114-23
181. Staub AM. Preparation of cell wall antigens from Gram-negative bacteria. In: Williams CA, Chase MW, editors. Methods in immunology and immunochemistry, vol. I. London and New York: Academic; 1967. p. 28
182. Welsh J, Avakian H, Cowling P, Ebringer A, Wooley P, Panayi G, Ebringer R. Ankylosing spondylitis, HLA-B27 and Klebsiella . I. Cross-reactivity studies with rabbit antisera. Br J Exp Pathol. 1980; 61: 85-91
183. Westphal O, Luderitz O, Bister F. Über die Extraktion von Bakterien mit Phenol/Wasser. Z Naturforsch. 1952; 7b: 148
184. Asherson GL, Holborow EJ. Autoantibody production in rabbits. VII. Autoantibodies to gut produced by injection of bacteria. Immunology. 1966; 10: 161-7
185. Avakian H, Welsh J, Ebringer A, Entwistle CC. Ankylosing spondylitis, HLA-B27 and Klebsiella II Cross-reactivity studies with human tissue typing sera. Br J Exp Pathol. 1980; 61: 92-6
186. Caffrey MFP, James DCO. Human lymphocyte antigen association in ankylosing spondylitis. Nature. 1973; 242: 121
187. Damian RT. Molecular mimicry: antigen sharing by parasite and host and its consequences. Am Nat. 1964; 98: 129-49
188. Ebringer A. The link between genes and disease. New Sci. 1978; 79: 865-7
189. Festenstein H, Dámant P. HLA and H-2. London: Edward Arnold; 1978
190. Hirata AA, McIntire FC, Terasaki PI, Mittal KK. Crossreactions between human transplantation antigens and bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Transplantation. 1973; 15: 441-5
191. Kaplan MH, Meyeserian M An immunological crossreaction between Group A Streptococcal cells and human heart. Lancet. 1962; 1: 706-10
192. Rowley D, Jenkin CR. Antigenic crossreaction between host and parasite as a possible cause of pathogenicity. Nature. 1962; 193: 151-4
193. Whittingham S, Mackay IR. Tissue antigens: autoantigens, alloantigens xenoantigens and neoantigens. Aust N Z J Med. 1977; 7: 172-94
194. AfifiAK, Berman RA, Harvey JC. Steroid myopathy: clinical, histological and cytological observations. John Hopkins Med J. 1968; 123: 158-74
195. Ball J. Enhesopathy of rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1971; 1971(30): 213-23
196. Calin A. Raised creatine phosphokinase in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1975; 34: 244-7
197. Cooper RG, Freemont AJ, Fitzmaurice A, Alani SM, Jayson MIV. Paraspinal fibrosis: a speci fic pathological component in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1991; 50: 755-9
198. Edwards RHT, Young A, Hoskins GP, Jones DA. Human skeletal Muscle function: description of tests and normal values. Clin Sci Mol Med. 1977; 52: 283-90
199. Edwards RHT, Young A, Wiles CM. Needle biopsy of skeletal muscle in the diagnosis of myopathy and the clinical study of muscle function and repair. N Engl J Med. 1980; 302: 261-71
200. Gofton JP. Differential diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Med Clin North Am. 1968; 52: 517-26
201. Hopkins GO, McDougald J, Mills K, Isenberg D, Ebringer A. Muscle changes in ankylosing spondylitis. Br J Rheumatol. 1983; 22: 151-7
202. Isenberg DA, Snaith ML. Muscle disease in systemic lupus erythematosus: a study of its nature, frequency and cause. J Rheumatol. 1981; 8: 917-24
203. Mills KR, Newham DJ, Edwards RH. Force, contraction frequency and energy metabolism as determinants of ischaemic muscle pain. Pain 1982; 14: 149-54
204. Pohl W, Sievers BU. Veränderungen der Muskulatur bei Spondylitis Ankylopoietica. Z Rheumatol. 1974; 33: 249-53
205. Round JM, Matthews Y, Jones DA A quick, simple and reliable histochemical method for ATPase in human muscle preparations. Histochem J. 1980; 12: 707-10
206. Roux H, Serratrice G, Maestracci D, Gambarelli D, De Bisschop G, Cartouzou G, Mante S, Recordier AM. Les atteintes musculaires au cours de la pelvispondylite ankylosante. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic. 1975; 42: 231-8
207. Sadowska-Wroblewska M. Electromyographic investigations in ankylosing spondylitis. Reumatologia. 1968; 6: 265-74
208. Bennet PH, Wood PHN. In: Bennet PH, Wood PHN, editors. Population studies of the rheumatic diseases. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica Foundation; 1968. p. 456
209. Cowling P, Ebringer R, Ebringer A. Association of inflammation with raised serum IgA in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1980; 39: 545-9
210. Crabbá PA, Nash DR, Bazin M, Eyssen H, Heremans JF. Antibodies of the IgA type in intestinal plasma cells of germ free mice after oral or parenteral immunisation with ferritin. J Exp Med. 1969; 130: 723-44
211. Fournier AM, Denizet D, Delagrange A. La lymphographie dans la spondylarthrite ankylosante. J Radiol Electrol Med Nucl. 1969; 50: 773-84
212. Jayson MIV, Salmon PR, Harrison WJ. Infl ammatory bowel disease in ankylosing spondylitis. Gut. 1970; 11: 506-11
213. Lamm ME. Cellular aspects of immunoglobulin A. Adv Immunol. 1976; 22: 223-90
214. Langness U, Banavsky D, Alexopoulos J, Kriegel W, Burger R. Differentiation of inflammation and ossification in spondylitis ankylopoietica. Acta Rheumatol Scand. 1971; 17: 15-22
215. Leirisalo-Repo M, Repo H. Gut and spondyloarthropathies. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1992; 18: 23-35
216. Mackiewicz S, Fenrych W. Immuno-electrophoretic analysis of proteins in serum and synovialfluid in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1961; 20: 265-73
217. Mielants H, Veys EM, Cuvelier C, de Vos M. Ileocolonoscopic findings in seronegative spondyloarthropathies. Br J Rheumatol. 1988; 27(Suppl II): 95-105
218. Veys EM, Van Laere M. Serum IgG, IgM and IgA levels in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1973; 32: 493-6
219. Wright V. Seronegative polyarthritis: a unified concept. Arthritis Rheum. 1980; 21: 619-33
220. Bejot J, Alonso JM, Mollaret HH. Bacteriological diagnosis of human yersinioses. Med Mal Infect. 1975; 5: 233-6
221. Brewerton DA, Caffrey M, Hart FD, James DCO, Nicholls A, Sturrock RD. Ankylosing spondylitis and HLA-B27. Lancet. 1973; i: 904-7
222. Calin A, Fries JF. Epidemic Reiter's syndrome: follow-up evidence on genetic and environmental factors. Ann Intern Med. 1976; 84: 564-6
223. Cowan ST. Cowan and Steel's manual for the identification of medical bacteria. II ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1974
224. Eastmond CJ, Willshaw HE, Burgess SEP, Shinebaum R, Cooke F, Wright W. Frequency of Klebsiella aerogenes in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and controls with respect to the individual features of the disease. Ann Rheum Dis. 1980; 39: 118-23
225. Ebringer R, Cooke D, Cawdell DR, Cowling P, Ebringer A. Ankylosing spondylitis: Klebsiella and HLA-B27. Rheumatol Rehabil. 1977; 16: 190-6
226. Ebringer R, Cawdell D, Ebringer A. Klebsiella pneumoniae and acute anterior uveitis in ankylosing spondylitis. Br Med J. 1979; 1: 383
227. Howell FA, Chamberlain MA, Perry RA, Torrigiani G, Roitt IM. IgG antiglobulin levels in patients with psoriatic arthropathy, ankylosing spondylitis and gout. Ann Rheum Dis. 1972; 31: 129-31
228. Hunter T, Harding GKM, Kaprove RE, Schroeder M. Fecal carriage of Klebsiella and Enterobacter species in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum. 1981; 24: 106
229. Kuberski TT, Morse HDG, Rate RG, Bonnell MD. Increased recovery of Klebsiella from the gastrointestinal tract of Reiter's syndrome and ankylosing spondylitis patients. Br J Rheumatol. 1983; 22 Suppl 2: 85-90
230. Mason RM, Murray RS, Oates JK, Young AC. Prostatitis and ankylosing spondylitis. Br Med J. 1958; 1: 748-51
231. Morris RI, Metzger AL, Bluestone R, Terasaki PI. HLA-W27 A useful discriminator in the arthropathies of inflammatory bowel disease. New Engl J Med. 1974; 290: 1117-9
232. Romanus R. Pelvo-spondylitis ossi ficans and genito-urinary infection. Acta Med Scand. 1953; 145 Suppl 280: 172-8
233. Soothill JF, Steward MW. The immunological signi ficance of the heterogeneity of antibody af finity. Clin Exp Immunol. 1971; 9: 193-9
234. Warren RE, Brewerton DA. Faecal carriage of Klebsiella by patients with ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1980; 39: 37-44
235. Amos RS, Constable TJ, Crockson RA, Crockson AP, McConkey B. Rheumatoid arthritis: relation of C-reactive protein and erythrocyte rates to radiographic changes. Br Med J. 1977; 1: 195-7
236. Cowling P, Ebringer R, Cawdell D, Ishii M, Ebringer A. C-reactive protein, ESR and Klebsiella in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1980; 39: 45-9
237. Glynn JH, Irving M. Laboratory investigations in the diagnosis of Rheumatic diseases. Ann Phys Med. 1959; 5: 1-9
238. Mortensen RF, Osmand AP, Lint TF, Gewurz H. Interaction of C-reactive protein with lymphocytes and monocytes, complement dependent adherence and phagocytosis. J Immunol. 1976; 117: 774-81
239. Osmand AP, Mortensen RF, Siegel J, Gewurz H. Interaction of C-reactive protein with the complement system III Complement dependent passive haemolysis initiated v by CRP. J Exp Med. 1975; 142: 1065-77
240. Siegel J, Osmand AP, Wilson MF, Gewurz H. Interactions of C-reactive protein with the complement system. C-reactive protein mediated consumption of complement by poly-L-lysine polymers and other polycations. J Exp Med. 1975; 142: 709-21