Clinical relapses and disease activity on magnetic resonance imaging associated with viral upper respiratory tract infections in multiple sclerosis

Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry

Volumn 64, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 736-741

  Edwards, S ^a   Zvartau, M ^a   Clarke, H ^a   Irving, W ^a   Blumhardt, L D ^a  

^a QUEEN S MEDICAL CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Magnetic resonance imaging; Multiple sclerosis; Upper respiratory tract infections; Viral serology

Indexed keywords

BETA1A INTERFERON; GADOLINIUM PENTETATE;

ANTIBODY TITER; ARTICLE; DISEASE ACTIVITY; HUMAN; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RELAPSE; RISK ASSESSMENT; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION;

EID: 0031776202     PISSN: 00223050     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.64.6.736     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Sadovnick AD, Armstrong H, Rice GPA, et al. A population based study of multiple sclerosis in twins: update. Ann Neurol 1993;33:281-5.
2. French Research Group on Multiple Sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis in 54 twinships: concordance rate is independent of zygosity. Ann Neurol 1992;32:724-7.
3. Poser CM. The epidemiology of multiple sclerosis: a general overview. Ann Neurol 1994;36(suppl 2):S180-93.
4. Elian M, Nightingale S, Dean G. Multiple sclerosis among the United Kingdom-born children of immigrants in Greater London. J Neurol Neunsurg Psychiatry 1990;53: 906-11.
5. Kennedy PGE, Steiner I. On the possible viral aetiology of multiple sclerosis. Q J Med 1994;87:523-8.
6. Allen I, Brankin B. Pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis - the immune diathesis and the role of viruses. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1993;52:95-105.
7. Tienari PJ. Multiple sclerosis: multiple etiologies, multiple genes? Ann Med 1994;26:259-67.
8. Souberbielle BE, Sziwlowski PWS, Russell WC. Is there a case for virus aetiology in multiple sclerosis? Scot Med J 1995;40;55-62.
9. Sibley WA, Bamford CR, Clark K. Clinical viral infections and multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1985;i:1313-15.
10. Andersen O, Lynger PE, Bergstrom T, et al. Viral infections trigger multiple sclerosis relapses: a prospective seroepide-miological study. J Neurol 1993;240:417-22.
11. Narod S, Johnson-Lussenburg CM, Zheng Q, et al. Clinical viral infections and multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1985;ii: 165-6.
12. Panitch HS. Influence of infection on exacerbations of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1994 36(suppl):S25-8.
13. Sibley WA, Foley JM. Infection and immunisation in multiple sclerosis. Ann NY Acad Sci 1985;122:457-68.
14. Barkhof F, Scheltens P, Frequin STFM, et al. Relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: sequential enhanced MR imaging v clinical findings in determining disease activity. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1992;159:1041-7.
15. McFarland HF, Frank JA, Albert PS, et al. Using gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to monitor disease activity in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1992;32:758-66.
16. Capra R, Marciano N, Vignolo LA, et al. Gadoliniumpenteic acid magnetic resonance imaging in patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 1992;49: 687-9.
17. Willoughby EW, Grochowski E, Li DKB, et al. Serial magnetic resonance scanning in multiple sclerosis: a second prospective study in relapsing patients. Ann Neurol 1989;25:43-9.
18. Thompson AJ, Miller D, Youl B, et al. Serial gadoliniumenhanced MRI in relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis of varying disease duration. Neurology 1992;42:60-3.
19. Poser CM, Paty D, Scheinberg L, et al. New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines for research protocols. Ann Neurol 1983;13:227-31.
20. Anderson MJ, Higgins PG, Davis LR, et al. Experimental parvoviral infection in humans. J Infect Dis 1985;152: 257-65.
21. Kermode AG, Thompson AJ, Tofts P et al. Breakdown of the blood brain barrier precedes symptoms and other MRI signs of new lesions in multiple sclerosis. Pathogenic and clinical implication. Brain 1990;113:1477-89.
22. Souberbille BE, Swingler RJ, Davidson DLW, et al. Western blotting analysis in patients with MS using human blood vessels as antigens. Acta Neurol Scand 1992;86;397-402.
23. Small JA, Scangos GA, Cork L, et al. The early region of human papovavirus JC induces dysmyelination in transgenic mice. Cell 1986;46;13-8.
24. Field EC, Cowshall S, Narang HK, et al. Viruses in multiple sclerosis? Lancet 1972;ii:280-1.
25. ter Meulen V, Koprowski H, Iwasaki Y, et al. Fusion of cultured multiple sclerosis brain cells with indicator cells; presence of nucleocapsids and virions and isolation of parainfluenza type virus. Lancet 1972;ii:1-5.
26. Cook SD, Dowling PC, Russell WC. Multiple sclerosis and canine distemper. Lancet 1978;i:605-6.
27. Goswami KKA, Morris RJ, Rastogi SC, et al. A neutralizing monoclonal antibody against a paramyxovirus reacts with a brain antigen. J Neuroimmunol 1985;9:99-108.
28. Koprowski H, DeFreitas EC, Harper ME, et al. Multiple sclerosis and human T cell lymphotropic retroviruses. Nature 1985;318;154-60.
29. Wamer HB, Carp RI. Multiple sclerosis - an Epstein-Barr virus hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 1988;25:93-7.
30. Burks JS, Devald BL, Jankovsky LD, et al. Two coronaviruses isolated from the central nervous system tissue of two multiple sclerosis patients. Science 1980;209:933-4.
31. Wucherpfennig KW, Sette A, Southwood S, et al. Structural requirements for binding of an immunodominant myelin basic protein peptide to the DR2 isotypes and for its recognition by human T cell clones. J Exp Med 1994;179:279-90.
32. Perron H, Suh M, Lalande B, et al. Herpes simplex virus ICPO and ICP4 immediate early proteins strongly enhance expression of a retrovirus harboured by a leptomeningeal cell line from a patient with multiple sclerosis. J Gen Virol 1993;74:65-7.
33. Fox JP, Hall CE. Viruses in families. Littleton; PSG, 1980:82.
34. Miller AE, Morgante LA, Buchwald LY, et al. A multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of influenza immunization in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1997;48:312-4.
35. Filippi M, Horsfield MA, Campi A, et al. Resolution-dependent estimates of lesion volumes in magnetic resonance imaging studies of the brain in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1995;38:749-54.
36. van Walderveen MAA, Barkhof F, Hommes OR, et al. Correlating MRI and clinical disease activity in multiple sclerosis: relevance of hypointense lesions on short-TR/ short-TE (T1-weighted) spin-echo images. Neurology 1995;45:1684-90.
37. Frank JA, Stone LA, Smith ME, et al. Serial contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in patients with early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: implications for treatment trials. Ann Neurol 1994;36:S86-90.
38. Koopmans RA, Li DK, Grochowski E, Cutler PJ, et al. Benign versus chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: magnetic resonance imaging features. Ann Neurol 1989;25:74-81.
39. Kastrukoff LF, Oger JJ, Hashimoto SA, et al. Systemic lymphoblastoid interferon therapy in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. I. Clinical and MRI evaluation. Neurology 1990;40:479-86.
40. Wiebe S, Lee DH, Karlik SJ, et al. Serial cranial and spinal cord magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1992;32:643-50.
41. Smith AJE, Stone LA, Albert PS, et al. Clinical worsening in multiple sclerosis is associated with increased frequency and area of gadopentetate dimeglumine-enhancing magnetic resonance imaging lesions. Ann Neurol 1993;33:480-9.
42. Stone LA, Frank JA, Albert PS, et al. The effect of interferon-β on blood-brain barrier disruptions demonstrated by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1995; 37:611-9.