Disorders of the Endocrine System

Equine Internal Medicine: Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 1295-1379

  Toribio, Ramiro E ^a   Duckett, Wendy M ^b   Stewart, Allison J ^c  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND   (Canada)

^c AUBURN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84942581386     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B0-72-169777-1/50020-2     Document Type: Chapter

References (650)

1. Rosol TJ, Capen CC Calcium-regulating hormones and diseases of abnormal mineral (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium) metabolism. Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals 1997, Academic Press, San Diego. J.J. Kaneko, J.W. Harvey, M.L. Bruss (Eds.).
2. Hurwitz S Homeostatic control of plasma calcium concentration. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 1996, 31:41-100.
3. Kohn CW, Brooks CL Failure of pH to predict ionized calcium percentage in healthy horses. Am J Vet Res 1990, 51:1206-1210.
4. Toribio RE, Kohn CW, Chew DJ, et al. Comparison of serum parathyroid hormone and ionized calcium and magnesium concentrations and fractional urinary clearance of calcium and phosphorus in healthy horses and horses with enterocolitis. Am J Vet Res 2001, 62:938-947.
5. Bootman MD, Collins TJ, Peppiatt CM, et al. Calcium signalling: an overview. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2001, 12:3-10.
6. Guyton AC, Hall JE Contraction and excitation of smooth muscle. Textbook of medical physiology 2000, WB Saunders, Philadelphia. A.C. Guyton, J.E. Hall (Eds.).
7. Schryver HF, Oftedal OT, Williams J, et al. Lactation in the horse: the mineral composition of mare milk. J Nutr 1986, 116:2142-2147.
8. Schryver HF, Oftedal OT, Williams J, et al. A comparison of the mineral composition of milk of domestic and captive wild equids (Equus przewalski, E. zebra, E. burchelli, E. caballus, E. assinus). Comp Biochem Physiol A 1986, 85:233-235.
9. Jordan RM, Meyers VS, Yoho B, et al. Effect of calcium and phosphorus levels on growth, reproduction, and bone development of ponies. J Anim Sci 1975, 40:7.
10. Schryver HF, Craig PH, Hintz HF Calcium metabolism in ponies fed varying levels of calcium. J Nutr 1970, 100:955-964.
11. Schryver HF, Hintz HF, Craig PH Phosphorus metabolism in ponies fed varying levels of phosphorus. J Nutr 1971, 101:1257-1263.
12. Schryver HF, Hintz HF, Lowe JE Calcium and phosphorus in the nutrition of the horse. Cornell Vet 1974, 64:493-515.
13. National Research Council Mineral tolerance of domestic animals 1980, National Academic Press, Washington, DC.
14. Schryver HF, Foose TJ, Williams J, et al. Calcium excretion in feces of ungulates. Comp Biochem Physiol A 1983, 74:375-379.
15. Meyer H, Stadermann B, Schnurpel B, et al. The influence of type of diet (roughage or concentrate) on the plasma level, renal excretion, and apparent digestibility of calcium and magnesium in resting and exercising horses. J Equine Vet Sci 1992, 12:233-239.
16. Schryver HF, Craig PH, Hintz HF, et al. The site of calcium absorption in the horse. J Nutr 1970, 100:1127-1131.
17. Schryver HF, Hintz HF, Craig PH Calcium metabolism in ponies fed a high phosphorus diet. J Nutr 1971, 101:259-264.
18. Schryver HF, Hintz HF, Lowe JE Calcium and phosphorus inter-relationships in horse nutrition. Equine Vet J 1971, 3:102-109.
19. Swartzman JA, Hintz HF, Schryver HF Inhibition of calcium absorption in ponies fed diets containing oxalic acid. Am J Vet Res 1978, 39:1621-1623.
20. McKenzie RA, Gartner RJ, Blaney BJ, et al. Control of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in grazing horses with calcium plus phosphorus supplementation. Aust Vet J 1981, 57:554-557.
21. Hintz HF, Schryver HF, Doty J Oxalic acid content of alfalfa hays and its influence on the availability of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium to ponies. J Anim Sci 1984, 58:939.
22. McKenzie EC, Valberg SJ, Godden SM, et al. Plasma and urine electrolyte and mineral concentrations in thoroughbred horses with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis after consumption of diets varying in cation-anion balance. Am J Vet Res 2002, 63:1053-1060.
23. Harrington DD Influence of magnesium deficiency on horse foal tissue concentration of Mg, calcium and phosphorus. Br J Nutr 1975, 34:45-57.
24. Hintz HF, Schryver HF Magnesium metabolism in the horse. J Anim Sci 1972, 35:755-759.
25. Glade MJ, Krook L, Schryver HF, et al. Calcium metabolism in glucocorticoid-treated pony foals. J Nutr 1982, 112:77-86.
26. Glade MJ, Krook L Glucocorticoid-induced inhibition of osteolysis and the development of osteopetrosis, osteonecrosis and osteoporosis. Cornell Vet 1982, 72:76-91.
27. Schryver HF Intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus by horses. J S Afr Vet Assoc 1975, 46:39-45.
28. Schryver HF, Hintz HF, Craig PH, et al. Site of phosphorus absorption from the intestine of the horse. J Nutr 1972, 102:143-147.
29. Hintz HF, Williams AJ, Rogoff J, et al. Availability of phosphorus in wheatbran when fed to ponies. J Anim Sci 1973, 36:522.
30. Caple IW, Bourke JM, Ellis PG An examination of the calcium and phosphorus nutrition of thoroughbred racehorses. Aust Vet J 1982, 58:132-135.
31. Caple IW, Doake PA, Ellis PG Assessment of the calcium and phosphorus nutrition in horses by analysis of urine. Aust Vet J 1982, 58:125-131.
32. Coffman J Percent creatinine clearance ratios. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1980, 75:671-676.
33. Mundy GR, Guise TA Hormonal control of calcium homeostasis. Clin Chem 1999, 45:1347-1352.
34. Suva LJ, Winslow GA, Wettenhall RE, et al. A parathyroid hormone-related protein implicated in malignant hypercalcemia: cloning and expression. Science 1987, 237:893-896.
35. Wysolmerski JJ, Stewart AF The physiology of parathyroid hormone-related protein: an emerging role as a developmental factor. Annu Rev Physiol 1998, 60:431-460.
36. Aguilera-Tejero E, Garfia B, Estepa JC, et al. Effects of exercise and EDTA administration on blood ionized calcium and parathyroid hormone in horses. Am J Vet Res 1998, 59:1605-1607.
37. Brown EM Four-parameter model of the sigmoidal relationship between parathyroid hormone release and extracellular calcium concentration in normal and abnormal parathyroid tissue. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983, 56:572-581.
38. Estepa JC, Aguilera-Tejero E, Mayer-Valor R, et al. Measurement of parathyroid hormone in horses. Equine Vet J 1998, 30:476-481.
39. Aguilera-Tejero E, Sanchez J, Almaden Y, et al. Hysteresis of the PTH-calcium curve during hypocalcemia in the dog: effect of the rate and linearity of calcium decrease and sequential episodes of hypocalcemia. J Bone Miner Res 1996, 11:1226-1233.
40. Felsenfeld AJ, Llach F Parathyroid gland function in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 1993, 43:771-789.
41. Brown EM, Gamba G, Riccardi D, et al. Cloning and characterization of an extracellular Ca(2+)-sensing receptor from bovine parathyroid. Nature 1993, 366:575-580.
42. Mihai R, Farndon JR Parathyroid disease and calcium metabolism. Br J Anaesth 2000, 85:29-43.
43. Merida-Velasco JA, Garcia-Garcia JD, Espin-Ferra J, et al. Origin of the ultimobranchial body and its colonizing cells in human embryos. Acta Anat (Basel) 1989, 136:325-330.
44. Zabel M, Surdyk J, Biela-Jacek I Immunocytochemical study of the distribution of S-100 protein in the parathyroid gland of rats and guinea pigs. Histochemistry 1986, 86:97-99.
45. De Cock HE, MacLachlan NJ Simultaneous occurrence of multiple neoplasms and hyperplasias in the adrenal and thyroid gland of the horse resembling multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome: case report and retrospective identification of additional cases. Vet Pathol 1999, 36:633-636.
46. Krook L, Lowe JE Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in the horse. Pathol Vet 1964, 65:26-56.
47. Capen CC, Rosol TJ Pathobiology of parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related protein: introducing and evolving concepts. Pathobiology of the parathyroid and thyroid glands 1993, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore. V.A. LiVolsi, R.A. DeLellis (Eds.).
48. Hjalm G, Murray E, Crumley G, et al. Cloning and sequencing of human gp330, a Ca(2+)-binding receptor with potential intracellular signaling properties. Eur J Biochem 1996, 239:132-137.
49. Lundgren S, Hjalm G, Hellman P, et al. A protein involved in calcium sensing of the human parathyroid and placental cytotrophoblast cells belongs to the LDL-receptor protein superfamily. Exp Cell Res 1994, 212:344-350.
50. Dambacher MA, Fischer JA, Hunziker WH, et al. Distribution of circulating immunoreactive components of parathyroid hormone in normal subjects and in patients with primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism: the role of the kidney and of the serum calcium concentration. Clin Sci (Lond) 1979, 57:435-443.
51. Kronengerg HM, Bringhurst FR, Segre GV, et al. Parathyroid hormone biosynthesis and metabolism. The parathyroids: basic and clinical concepts 2001, Academic Press, San Diego. J.P. Bilezikian, R. Marcus, M.A. Levine (Eds.).
52. Martin KJ, Hruska KA, Freitag JJ, et al. The peripheral metabolism of parathyroid hormone. N Engl J Med 1979, 301:1092-1098.
53. Bringhurst FR, Stern AM, Yotts M, et al. Peripheral metabolism of PTH: fate of biologically active amino terminus in vivo. Am J Physiol 1988, 255:E886-E893.
54. Fox J, Scott M, Nissenson RA, et al. Effect of plasma calcium concentration on the metabolic clearance rate of parathyroid hormone in the dog. J Lab Clin Med 1983, 102:70-77.
55. Segre GV, D'Amour P, Hultman A, et al. Effects of hepatectomy, nephrectomy, and nephrectomy/uremia on the metabolism of parathyroid hormone in the rat. J Clin Invest 1981, 67:439-448.
56. Silver J, Russell J, Sherwood LM Regulation by vitamin D metabolites of messenger ribonucleic acid for preproparathyroid hormone in isolated bovine parathyroid cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1985, 82:4270-4273.
57. Moallem E, Kilav R, Silver J, et al. RNA-protein binding and post-transcriptional regulation of parathyroid hormone gene expression by calcium and phosphate. J Biol Chem 1998, 273:5253-5259.
58. Toribio RE Parathyroid gland function and calcium regulation in healthy and septic horses, doctoral dissertation 2001, The Ohio State University, Columbus.
59. Bringhurst FR Physiologic actions of PTH and PTHrP. 2. Renal actions. The parathyroids: basic and clinical concepts 2001, Academic Press, San Diego. J.P. Bilezikian, R. Marcus, M.A. Levine (Eds.).
60. Bellorin-Font E, Lopez C, Diaz K, et al. Role of protein kinase C on the acute desensitization of renal cortical adenylate cyclase to parathyroid hormone. Kidney Int 1995, 47:38-44.
61. de Rouffignac C, Quamme G Renal magnesium handling and its hormonal control. Physiol Rev 1994, 74:305-322.
62. Friedman PA Codependence of renal calcium and sodium transport. Annu Rev Physiol 1998, 60:179-197.
63. Brown EM Physiology and pathophysiology of the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor. Am J Med 1999, 106:238-253.
64. Simon DB, Lu Y, Choate KA, et al. Paracellin-1, a renal tight junction protein required for paracellular Mg2+ resorption. Science 1999, 285:103-106.
65. Hoenderop JG, van der Kemp AW, Hartog A, et al. Molecular identification of the apical Ca2+ channel in 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-responsive epithelia. J Biol Chem 1999, 274:8375-8378.
66. Hoenderop JG, Willems PH, Bindels RJ Toward a comprehensive molecular model of active calcium reabsorption. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2000, 278:F352-F360.
67. Gmaj P, Murer H Cellular mechanisms of inorganic phosphate transport in kidney. Physiol Rev 1986, 66:36-70.
68. Malmstrom K, Murer H Parathyroid hormone regulates phosphate transport in OK cells via an irreversible inactivation of a membrane protein. FEBS Lett 1987, 216:257-260.
69. Bushinsky DA, Chabala JM, Levi-Setti R Ion microprobe analysis of bone surface elements: effects of 1,25(OH)2D3. Am J Physiol 1989, 257:E815-E822.
70. Parfitt AM Plasma calcium control at quiescent bone surfaces: a new approach to the homeostatic function of bone lining cells. Bone 1989, 10:87-88.
71. Takahashi N, Udagawa N, Suda T A new member of tumor necrosis factor ligand family, ODF/OPGL/TRANCE/RANKL, regulates osteoclast differentiation and function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999, 256:449-455.
72. Teitelbaum SL Bone resorption by osteoclasts. Science 2000, 289:1504-1508.
73. Simonet WS, Lacey DL, Dunstan CR, et al. Osteoprotegerin: a novel secreted protein involved in the regulation of bone density. Cell 1997, 89:309-319.
74. Kumar S, Votta BJ, Rieman DJ, et al. IL-1- and TNF-induced bone resorption is mediated by p38 mitogen activated protein kinase. J Cell Physiol 2001, 187:294-303.
75. Lepage OM, Carstanjen B, Uebelhart D Non-invasive assessment of equine bone: an update. Vet J 2001, 161:10-22.
76. Price JS Biochemical markers of bone metabolism in horses: potentials and limitations?. Vet J 1998, 156:163-165.
77. Carstanjen B, Hoyle NR, Gabriel A, et al. Assessment of bone formation-and bone resorption-markers in horses. J Bone Miner Res 2002, 17:S319.
78. Mellamby E An experimental investigation on rickets. Lancet 1919, 1:407-412.
79. Blunt JW, DeLuca HF, Schnoes HK 25-hydroxycholecalciferol: a biologically active metabolite of vitamin D3. Biochemistry 1968, 7:3317-3322.
80. Lawson DE, Fraser DR, Kodicek E, et al. Identification of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, a new kidney hormone controlling calcium metabolism. Nature 1971, 230:228-230.
81. Haussler MR, Myrtle JF, Norman AW The association of a metabolite of vitamin D3 with intestinal mucosa chromatin in vivo. J Biol Chem 1968, 243:4055-4064.
82. Holick MF, Frommer JE, McNeill SC, et al. Photometabolism of 7-dehydrocholesterol to previtamin D3 in skin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1977, 76:107-114.
83. Fu GK, Lin D, Zhang MY, et al. Cloning of human 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 alpha-hydroxylase and mutations causing vitamin D-dependent rickets type 1. Mol Endocrinol 1997, 11:1961-1970.
84. Canterbury JM, Gavellas G, Bourgoignie JJ, et al. Metabolic consequences of oral administration of 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol to uremic dogs. J Clin Invest 1980, 65:571-576.
85. Cooke NE, Haddad JG Vitamin D binding protein (Gc-globulin). Endocr Rev 1989, 10:294-307.
86. Brown AJ, Dusso A, Slatopolsky E Vitamin D. Am J Physiol 1999, 277:F157-F175.
87. Safadi FF, Thornton P, Magiera H, et al. Osteopathy and resistance to vitamin D toxicity in mice null for vitamin D binding protein. J Clin Invest 1999, 103:239-251.
88. Bouillon R, Van Assche FA, Van Baelen H, et al. Influence of the vitamin D-binding protein on the serum concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: significance of the free 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 concentration. J Clin Invest 1981, 67:589-596.
89. Shinki T, Shimada H, Wakino S, et al. Cloning and expression of rat 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1alpha-hydroxylase cDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997, 94:12920-12925.
90. Friedman PA, Gesek FA Cellular calcium transport in renal epithelia: measurement, mechanisms, and regulation. Physiol Rev 1995, 75:429-471.
91. Wasserman RH, Fullmer CS Vitamin D and intestinal calcium transport: facts, speculations and hypotheses. J Nutr 1995, 125:1971S-1979S.
92. Hoenderop JG, van der Kemp AW, Hartog A, et al. The epithelial calcium channel, ECaC, is activated by hyperpolarization and regulated by cytosolic calcium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999, 261:488-492.
93. Nemere I, Schwartz Z, Pedrozo H, et al. Identification of a membrane receptor for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 which mediates rapid activation of protein kinase C. J Bone Miner Res 1998, 13:1353-1359.
94. Ritchie G, Kerstan D, Dai LJ, et al. 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) stimulates Mg2+ uptake into MDCT cells: modulation by extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2001, 280:F868-F878.
95. Szabo A, Merke J, Beier E, et al. 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 inhibits parathyroid cell proliferation in experimental uremia. Kidney Int 1989, 35:1049-1056.
96. Breidenbach A, Schlumbohm C, Harmeyer J Peculiarities of vitamin D and of the calcium and phosphate homeostatic system in horses. Vet Res 1998, 29:173-186.
97. Horst RL, Littledike ET, Riley JL, et al. Quantitation of vitamin D and its metabolites and their plasma concentrations in five species of animals. Anal Biochem 1981, 116:189-203.
98. Horst RL, Littledike ET Comparison of plasma concentrations of vitamin D and its metabolites in young and aged domestic animals. Comp Biochem Physiol B 1982, 73:485-489.
99. Maenpaa PH, Lappetelainen R, Virkkunen J Serum retinol, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and alpha-tocopherol of racing trotters in Finland. Equine Vet J 1987, 19:237-247.
100. Maenpaa PH, Koskinen T, Koskinen E Serum profiles of vitamins A, E and D in mares and foals during different seasons. J Anim Sci 1988, 66:1418-1423.
101. Maenpaa PH, Pirhonen A, Koskinen E Vitamin A, E and D nutrition in mares and foals during the winter season: effect of feeding two different vitamin-mineral concentrates. J Anim Sci 1988, 66:1424-1429.
102. Smith BS, Wright H 25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in equine serum. Vet Rec 1984, 115:579.
103. Enbergs H, Karp HP, Schonherr U [Course of blood levels of calcium, inorganic phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone and calcidiol (25-OH-D3) in one and two year old thoroughbred horses]. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1996, 103:491-493.
104. El Shorafa WM, Feaster JP, Ott EA, et al. Effect of vitamin D and sunlight on growth and bone development of young ponies. J Anim Sci 1979, 48:882-886.
105. Toribio RE, Kohn CW, Leone GW, et al. Molecular cloning and expression of equine calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide-I, and calcitonin gene-related peptide-II. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2003, 199:119-128.
106. Garrett JE, Tamir H, Kifor O, et al. Calcitonin-secreting cells of the thyroid express an extracellular calcium receptor gene. Endocrinology 1995, 136:5202-5211.
107. Munson PL, Hirsch PF Importance of calcitonin in physiology, clinical pharmacology, and medicine. Bone Miner 1992, 16:162-165.
108. Blahser S Immunocytochemical demonstration of calcitonin-containing C-cells in the thyroid glands of different mammals. Cell Tissue Res 1978, 186:551-558.
109. Gray AW, Davies ME, Jeffcott LB Generation and activity of equine osteoclasts in vitro: effects of the bisphosphonate pamidronate (APD). Res Vet Sci 2002, 72:105-113.
110. Garel JM, Martin-Rosset W, Barlet JP Plasma immunoreactive calcitonin levels in pregnant mares and newborn foals. Horm Metab Res 1975, 7:429-432.
111. Sandusky GE, Wightman KA Application of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase procedure to the localization of pituitary hormones and calcitonin in various domestic animals and human beings. Am J Vet Res 1985, 46:739-741.
112. Chiba S, Kanematsu S, Murakami K, et al. Serum parathyroid hormone and calcitonin levels in racehorses with fracture. J Vet Med Sci 2000, 62:361-365.
113. Nixon AJ, Bent SJ, Brower-Toland BD Partial nucleotide sequence from the 5' end of equine parathyroid hormone-related peptide mRNA. Genbank 2000, AY005821.
114. Care AD, Abbas SK, Ousey J, et al. The relationship between the concentration of ionised calcium and parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP[1-34]) in the milk of mares. Equine Vet J 1997, 29:186-189.
115. Karcher LF, Le Net JL, Turner BF, et al. Pseudohyperparathyroidism in a mare associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Cornell Vet 1990, 80:153-162.
116. Marr CM, Love S, Pirie HM Clinical, ultrasonographic and pathological findings in a horse with splenic lymphosarcoma and pseudohyperparathyroidism. Equine Vet J 1989, 21:221-226.
117. Meuten DJ, Price SM, Seiler RM, et al. Gastric carcinoma with pseudohyperparathyroidism in a horse. Cornell Vet 1978, 68:179-195.
118. Refsal KR, Provencher-Bolliger AL, Graham PA, et al. Update on the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of calcium regulation. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2001, 31:1043-1062.
119. Rosol TJ, Nagode LA, Couto CG, et al. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related protein, PTH, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in dogs with cancer-associated hypercalcemia. Endocrinology 1992, 131:1157-1164.
120. Rosol TJ, Nagode LA, Robertson JT, et al. Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy associated with ameloblastoma in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994, 204:1930-1933.
121. Brown EM Extracellular Ca2+ sensing, regulation of parathyroid cell function, and role of Ca2+ and other ions as extracellular (first) messengers. Physiol Rev 1991, 71:371-411.
122. McGehee DS, Aldersberg M, Liu KP, et al. Mechanism of extracellular Ca2+ receptor-stimulated hormone release from sheep thyroid parafollicular cells. J Physiol 1997, 502(pt 1):31-44.
123. Kifor O, Diaz R, Butters R, et al. The Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaR) activates phospholipases C, A2, and D in bovine parathyroid and CaR-transfected, human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. J Bone Miner Res 1997, 12:715-725.
124. Bai M, Quinn S, Trivedi S, et al. Expression and characterization of inactivating and activating mutations in the human Ca2+-sensing receptor. J Biol Chem 1996, 271:19537-19545.
125. Chen CJ, Barnett JV, Congo DA, et al. Divalent cations suppress 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate accumulation by stimulating a pertussis toxin-sensitive guanine nucleotide-binding protein in cultured bovine parathyroid cells. Endocrinology 1989, 124:233-239.
126. Riccardi D, Hall AE, Chattopadhyay N, et al. Localization of the extracellular Ca2+/polyvalent cation-sensing protein in rat kidney. Am J Physiol 1998, 274:F611-F622.
127. Hebert SC, Brown EM, Harris HW Role of the Ca(2+)-sensing receptor in divalent mineral ion homeostasis. J Exp Biol 1997, 200(pt 2):295-302.
128. Toribio RE, Kohn CW, Sams RA, et al. Hysteresis and calcium set-point for the calcium parathyroid hormone (PTH) relationship in healthy horses. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2003, 130:279-288.
129. Beyer MJ, Freestone JF, Reimer JM, et al. Idiopathic hypocalcemia in foals. J Vet Intern Med 1997, 11:356-360.
130. Aguilera-Tejero E, Estepa JC, Lopez I, et al. Polycystic kidneys as a cause of chronic renal failure and secondary hypoparathyroidism in a horse. Equine Vet J 2000, 32:167-169.
131. Couetil LL, Sojka JE, Nachreiner RF Primary hypoparathyroidism in a horse. J Vet Intern Med 1998, 12:45-49.
132. Frank N, Hawkins JF, Couetil LL, et al. Primary hyperparathyroidism with osteodystrophia fibrosa of the facial bones in a pony. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998, 212:84-86.
133. Ronen N, Van Heerden J, van Amstel SR Clinical and biochemistry findings, and parathyroid hormone concentrations in three horses with secondary hyperparathyroidism. J S Afr Vet Assoc 1992, 63:134-136.
134. Harrington DD, Page EH Acute vitamin D3 toxicosis in horses: case reports and experimental studies of the comparative toxicity of vitamins D2 and D3. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1983, 182:1358-1369.
135. Elfers RS, Bayly WM, Brobst DF, et al. Alterations in calcium, phosphorus and C-terminal parathyroid hormone levels in equine acute renal disease. Cornell Vet 1986, 76:317-329.
136. Aguilera-Tejero E, Estepa JC, Lopez I, et al. Plasma ionized calcium and parathyroid hormone concentrations in horses after endurance rides. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001, 219:488-490.
137. Dart AJ, Snyder JR, Spier SJ, et al. Ionized calcium concentration in horses with surgically managed gastrointestinal disease: 147 cases (1988-1990). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992, 201:1244-1248.
138. Garcia-Lopez JM, Provost PJ, Rush JE, et al. Prevalence and prognostic importance of hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia in horses that have colic surgery. Am J Vet Res 2001, 62:7-12.
139. Kaneps AJ, Knight AP, Bennett DG Synchronous diaphragmatic flutter associated with electrolyte imbalances in a mare with colic. Equine Pract 1980, 2:18.
140. Baird JD Lactation tetany (eclampsia) in a Shetland pony mare. Aust Vet J 1971, 47:402-404.
141. Mansmann RA, Carlson GP, White NA, et al. Synchronous diaphragmatic flutter in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1974, 165:265-270.
142. Schoeb TR, Panciera RJ Blister beetle poisoning in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1978, 173:75-77.
143. Dyke TM, Maclean AA Urethral obstruction in a stallion with possible synchronous diaphragmatic flutter. Vet Rec 1987, 121:425-426.
144. Carlson GP, Mansmann RA Serum electrolyte and plasma protein alterations in horses used in endurance rides. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1974, 165:262-264.
145. Hudson NP, Church DB, Trevena J, et al. Primary hypoparathyroidism in two horses. Aust Vet J 1999, 77:504-508.
146. Kerr MG, Snow DH Composition of sweat of the horse during prolonged epinephrine (adrenaline) infusion, heat exposure, and exercise. Am J Vet Res 1983, 44:1571-1577.
147. Schryver HF, Hintz HF, Lowe JE Calcium metabolism, body composition, and sweat losses of exercised horses. Am J Vet Res 1978, 39:245-248.
148. Vandeplassche M, Spincemaille J, Bouters R Aetiology, pathogenesis and treatment of retained placenta in the mare. Equine Vet J 1971, 3:144-147.
149. Sevinga M, Barkema HW, Hesselink JW Serum calcium and magnesium concentrations and the use of a calcium-magnesium-borogluconate solution in the treatment of Friesian mares with retained placenta. Theriogenology 2002, 57:941-947.
150. Carlstedt E, Ridefelt P, Lind L, et al. Interleukin-6 induced suppression of bovine parathyroid hormone secretion. Biosci Rep 1999, 19:35-42.
151. Nielsen PK, Rasmussen AK, Butters R, et al. Inhibition of PTH secretion by interleukin-1 beta in bovine parathyroid glands in vitro is associated with an up-regulation of the calcium-sensing receptor mRNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997, 238:880-885.
152. Kaplan EL, Burrington JD, Klementschitsch P, et al. Primary hyperparathyroidism, pregnancy, and neonatal hypocalcemia. Surgery 1984, 96:717-722.
153. Pearce SH, Williamson C, Kifor O, et al. A familial syndrome of hypocalcemia with hypercalciuria due to mutations in the calcium-sensing receptor. N Engl J Med 1996, 335:1115-1122.
154. Pollak MR, Brown EM, Estep HL, et al. Autosomal dominant hypocalcaemia caused by a Ca(2+)-sensing receptor gene mutation. Nat Genet 1994, 8:303-307.
155. Carlstedt F, Eriksson M, Kiiski R, et al. Hypocalcemia during porcine endotoxemic shock: effects of calcium administration. Crit Care Med 2000, 28:2909-2914.
156. Zaloga GP Ionized hypocalcemia during sepsis. Crit Care Med 2000, 28:266-268.
157. Carlstedt F, Lind L, Rastad J, et al. Parathyroid hormone and ionized calcium levels are related to the severity of illness and survival in critically ill patients. Eur J Clin Invest 1998, 28:898-903.
158. King JN, Gerring EL Detection of endotoxin in cases of equine colic. Vet Rec 1988, 123:269-271.
159. Meyers K, Reed S, Keck M, et al. Circulating endotoxin-like substance(s) and altered hemostasis in horses with gastrointestinal disorders: an interim report. Am J Vet Res 1982, 43:2233-2238.
160. Moore JN, White NA, Berg JN, et al. Endotoxemia following experimental intestinal strangulation obstruction in ponies. Can J Comp Med 1981, 45:330-332.
161. Nakamura T, Mimura Y, Uno K, et al. Parathyroid hormone activity increases during endotoxemia in conscious rats. Horm Metab Res 1998, 30:88-92.
162. Zaloga GP, Malcolm D, Chernow B, et al. Endotoxin-induced hypocalcemia results in defective calcium mobilization in rats. Circ Shock 1988, 24:143-148.
163. Crouser ED, Dorinsky PM Metabolic consequences of sepsis: correlation with altered intracellular calcium homeostasis. Clin Chest Med 1996, 17:249-261.
164. Assicot M, Gendrel D, Carsin H, et al. High serum procalcitonin concentrations in patients with sepsis and infection. Lancet 1993, 341:515-518.
165. Dandona P, Nix D, Wilson MF, et al. Procalcitonin increase after endotoxin injection in normal subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994, 79:1605-1608.
166. Sperber SJ, Blevins DD, Francis JB Hypercalcitoninemia, hypocalcemia, and toxic shock syndrome. Rev Infect Dis 1990, 12:736-739.
167. Taylor B, Sibbald WJ, Edmonds MW, et al. Ionized hypocalcemia in critically ill patients with sepsis. Can J Surg 1978, 21:429-433.
168. Arnaud CD, Tsao HS, Littledike T Radioimmunoassay of human parathyroid hormone in serum. J Clin Invest 1971, 50:21-34.
169. Toribio RE, Kohn CW, Capen CC, et al. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion, PTH mRNA and calcium-sensing receptor mRNA expression in equine parathyroid cells, and effects of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha on equine parathyroid cell function. J Mol Endocrinol 2003, in press.
170. Hotchkiss RS, Karl IE Calcium: a regulator of the inflammatory response in endotoxemia and sepsis. New Horiz 1996, 4:58-71.
171. Yamamoto M, Seedor JG, Rodan GA, et al. Endogenous calcitonin attenuates parathyroid hormone-induced cancellous bone loss in the rat. Endocrinology 1995, 136:788-795.
172. Malcolm DS, Zaloga GP, Holaday JW Calcium administration increases the mortality of endotoxic shock in rats. Crit Care Med 1989, 17:900-903.
173. McCutcheon LJ, Geor RJ, Hare MJ, et al. Sweating rate and sweat composition during exercise and recovery in ambient heat and humidity. Equine Vet J Suppl 1995, 20:153-157.
174. Geiser DR, Andrews FM, Rohrbach BW, et al. Blood ionized calcium concentrations in horses before and after the cross-country phase of three-day event competition. Am J Vet Res 1995, 56:1502-1505.
175. Furr M, Taylor L, Kronfeld D The effects of exercise training on serum gastrin responses in the horse. Cornell Vet 1994, 84:41-45.
176. Reeta Poso A, Hyyppa S Metabolic and hormonal changes after exercise in relation to muscle glycogen concentrations. Equine Vet J Suppl 1999, 30:332-336.
177. Tennant B, Lowe JE, Tasker JB Hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia in ponies following bilateral nephrectomy. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1981, 167:365-368.
178. Tennant B, Bettleheim P, Kaneko JJ Paradoxic hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia associated with chronic renal failure in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982, 180:630-634.
179. Freestone JF, Carlson GP, Harrold DR, et al. Influence of furosemide treatment on fluid and electrolyte balance in horses. Am J Vet Res 1988, 49:1899-1902.
180. Gulick MA, MacAllister CG, Panciera R Equine cantharidiasis. Compend Cont Educ Equine Pract 1996, 18:77-83.
181. Perkins G, Valberg SJ, Madigan JM, et al. Electrolyte disturbances in foals with severe rhabdomyolysis. J Vet Intern Med 1998, 12:173-177.
182. Lopez JR, Linares N, Cordovez G, et al. Elevated myoplasmic calcium in exercise-induced equine rhabdomyolysis. Pflugers Arch 1995, 430:293-295.
183. Bienfet V, Dewaele A, Van Essch R A primary parathyroid disorder: osteofibrosis caused by a parathyroid adenoma in a Shetland pony. Ann Med Vet 1964, 108:252-256.
184. Peauroi JR, Fisher DJ, Mohr FC, et al. Primary hyperparathyroidism caused by a functional parathyroid adenoma in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998, 212:1915-1918.
185. Roussel AJ, Thatcher CD Primary hyperparathyroidism in a pony mare. Compend Cont Educ Equine Pract 1987, 9:781-783.
186. Almaden Y, Canalejo A, Hernandez A, et al. Direct effect of phosphorus on PTH secretion from whole rat parathyroid glands in vitro. J Bone Miner Res 1996, 11:970-976.
187. Brobst DF, Bayly WM, Reed SM Parathyroid hormone evaluation in normal horses and horses with renal failure. Equine Vet Sci 1982, 2:150.
188. Wilmer WA, Magro CM Calciphylaxis: emerging concepts in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Semin Dial 2002, 15:172-186.
189. Joyce JR, Pierce KR, Romane WM, et al. Clinical study of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1971, 158:2033-2042.
190. Walthall JC, McKenzie RA Osteodystrophia fibrosa in horses at pasture in Queensland: field and laboratory observations. Aust Vet J 1976, 52:11-16.
191. Argenzio RA, Lowe JE, Hintz HF, et al. Calcium and phosphorus homeostasis in horses. J Nutr 1974, 104:18-27.
192. Benders NA, Junker K, Wensing T, et al. Diagnosis of secondary hyperparathyroidism in a pony using intact parathyroid hormone radioimmunoassay. Vet Rec 2001, 149:185-187.
193. Hintz HF, Kallfelz FA Some nutritional problems of horses. Equine Vet J 1981, 13:183-186.
194. Clarke CJ, Roeder PL, Dixon PM Nasal obstruction caused by nutritional osteodystrophia fibrosa in a group of Ethiopian horses. Vet Rec 1996, 138:568-570.
195. Freestone JF, Seahorn TL Miscellaneous conditions of the equine head. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1993, 9:235-242.
196. Brook D Osteoporosis in a six year old pony. Equine Vet J 1975, 7:46-48.
197. Bertone JJ Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism. Current therary in equine medicine 1992, WB Saunders, Philadelphia. ed 3. N.E. Robinson (Ed.).
198. Boland RL Solanum malacoxylon: a toxic plant which affects animal calcium metabolism. Biomed Environ Sci 1988, 1:414-423.
199. Harrington DD Acute vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) toxicosis in horses: case report and experimental studies. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982, 180:867-873.
200. Hughes MR, McCain TA, Chang SY, et al. Presence of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-glycoside in the calcinogenic plant Cestrum diurnum. Nature 1977, 268:347-349.
201. Kasali OB, Krook L, Pond WG, et al. Cestrum diurnum intoxication in normal and hyperparathyroid pigs. Cornell Vet 1977, 67:190-221.
202. Krook L, Wasserman RH, McEntee K, et al. Cestrum diurnum poisoning in Florida cattle. Cornell Vet 1975, 65:557-575.
203. Krook L, Wasserman RH, Shively JN, et al. Hypercalcemia and calcinosis in Florida horses: implication of the shrub, Cestrum diurnum, as the causative agent. Cornell Vet 1975, 65:26-56.
204. Worker NA, Carrillo BJ "Enteque seco," calcification and wasting in grazing animals in the Argentine. Nature 1967, 215:72-74.
205. Muylle E, Oyaert W, de Roose P, et al. Hypercalcaemia and mineralisation of non-osseous tissues in horses due to vitamin-D toxicity. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 1974, 21:638-643.
206. Fix AS, Miller LD Equine adrenocortical carcinoma with hypercalcemia. Vet Pathol 1987, 24:190-192.
207. Mair TS, Yeo SP, Lucke VM Hypercalcaemia and soft tissue mineralisation associated with lymphosarcoma in two horses. Vet Rec 1990, 126:99-101.
208. National Research Council Nutrient requirements of horses 1989, National Academic Press, Washington, DC. ed 5.
209. Hintz HF, Schryver HF Magnesium, calcium and phosphorus metabolism in ponies fed varying levels of magnesium. J Anim Sci 1973, 37:927-930.
210. Meyer H, Ahlswede L [Magnesium metabolism in the horse]. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 1977, 24:128-139.
211. Heinrichs M, Baumgartner W, Capen CC Immunocytochemical demonstration of proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides in pituitary adenomas of the pars intermedia in horses. Vet Pathol 1990, 27:419-425.
212. Hillyer MH, Taylor FGR, Mair TS, et al. Diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism in the horse. Equine Vet Educ 1992, 4:121-134.
213. Love S Equine Cushing's disease. Br Vet J 1993, 149:139-153.
214. Moore JN, Steiss J, Nicholson WE, et al. A case of pituitary adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing's syndrome in the horse. Endocrinology 1979, 104:576-582.
215. van der Kolk JH, Kalsbeek HC, van Garderen E, et al. Equine pituitary neoplasia: a clinical report of 21 cases (1990-1992). Vet Rec 1993, 133:594-597.
216. Loeb WF, Capen CC, Johnson LE Adenomas of the pars intermedia associated with hyperglycemia and glycosuria in two horses. Cornell Vet 1966, 56:623-639.
217. Holscher MA, Linnabary RL, Netsky MG, et al. Adenoma of the pars intermedia and hirsutism in a pony. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1978, 73:1197-1200.
218. Orth DN, Holscher MA, Wilson MG, et al. Equine Cushing's disease: plasma immunoreactive proopiolipomelanocortin peptide and cortisol levels basally and in response to diagnostic tests. Endocrinology 1982, 110:1430-1441.
219. Wilson MG, Nicholson WE, Holscher MA, et al. Proopiolipomelanocortin peptides in normal pituitary, pituitary tumor, and plasma of normal and Cushing's horses. Endocrinology 1982, 110:941-954.
220. Garcia MC, Beech J Equine intravenous glucose tolerance test: glucose and insulin responses of healthy horses fed grain or hay and of horses with pituitary adenoma. Am J Vet Res 1986, 47:570-572.
221. Beech J Tumors of the pituitary gland (pars intermedia). Current therapy in equine medicine 1987, WB Saunders, Philadelphia. ed 2. N.E. Robinson (Ed.).
222. Millington WR, Dybdal NO, Dawson R, et al. Equine Cushing's disease: differential regulation of beta-endorphin processing in tumors of the intermediate pituitary. Endocrinology 1988, 123:1598-1604.
223. Boujon CE, Bestetti GE, Meier HP, et al. Equine pituitary adenoma: a functional and morphological study. J Comp Pathol 1993, 109:163-178.
224. Beech J Treatment of hypophyseal adenomas. Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 1994, 4:119-121.
225. Dybdal NO, Hargreaves KM, Madigan JE, et al. Diagnostic testing for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994, 204:627-632.
226. van der Kolk JH, Kalsbeek HC, Wensing T, et al. Urinary concentration of corticoids in normal horses and horses with hyperadrenocorticism. Res Vet Sci 1994, 56:126-128.
227. Thompson JC, Ellison R, Gillet RBL Problems in the diagnosis of pituitary adenoma (Cushing's syndrome) in horses. N Z Vet J 1995, 43:79-82.
228. van der Kolk JH, Wensing T, Kalsbeek HC, et al. Laboratory diagnosis of equine pituitary pars intermedia adenoma. Domest Anim Endocrinol 1995, 12:35-39.
229. van der Kolk JH, Wensing T, Kalsbeek HC, et al. Lipid metabolism in horses with hyperadrenocorticism. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995, 206:1010-1012.
230. Couetil L, Paradis MR, Knoll J Plasma adrenocorticotropin concentration in healthy horses and in horses with clinical signs of hyperadrenocorticism. J Vet Intern Med 1996, 10:1-6.
231. Beech J Diseases of the pituitary gland. Equine medicine and surgery 1999, Mosby, St Louis. P.T. Colahan, A.M. Merritt, J.N. Moore (Eds.).
232. Field JR, Wolf C Cushing's syndrome in a horse. Equine Vet J 1988, 20:301-304.
233. Schott HC, Coursen CL, Eberhart SW, et al. The Michigan Cushing's Project. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 2001, 47:22-24.
234. Beech J Tumors of the pituitary gland. Current therapy in equine medicine 1983, WB Saunders, Philadelphia. N.E. Robinson (Ed.).
235. Donaldson MT, LaMonte BH, Morresey P, et al. Treatment with pergolide or cyproheptadine of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (equine Cushing's disease). J Vet Intern Med 2002, 16:742-746.
236. Dowling PM, Williams MA, Clark TP Adrenal insufficiency associated with long-term anabolic steroid administration in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993, 203:1166-1169.
237. Beech J, Garcia M Hormonal response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in healthy horses and in horses with pituitary adenoma. Am J Vet Res 1985, 46:1941-1943.
238. Orth DN, Nicholson WE Bioactive and immunoreactive adrenocorticotropin in normal equine pituitary and in pituitary tumors of horses with Cushing's disease. Endocrinology 1982, 111:559-563.
239. Baker JR, Ritchie HE Diabetes mellitus in the horse: a case report and review of the literature. Equine Vet J 1974, 6:7-11.
240. Garcia de Yebenes E, Li S, Pelletier G Regulation of proopiomelanocortin gene expression by endogenous ligands of the GABA A receptor complex as evaluated by in situ hybridization in the rat pars intermedia. Brain Res 1997, 750:277-284.
241. Sojka JE, Levy M Evaluation of endocrine function. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1995, 11:415-435.
242. Alexander SL, Irvine CH, Ellis MJ, et al. The effect of acute exercise on the secretion of corticotropin-releasing factor, arginine vasopressin, and adrenocorticotropin as measured in pituitary venous blood from the horse. Endocrinology 1991, 128:65-72.
243. Krieger DT Brain peptides: what, where, and why?. Science 1983, 222:975-985.
244. Taylor AL, Fishman LM Corticotropin-releasing hormone. N Engl J Med 1988, 319:213-222.
245. Vale W, Rivier C, Brown MR, et al. Chemical and biological characterization of corticotropin releasing factor. Recent Prog Horm Res 1983, 39:245-270.
246. Castro MG, Morrison E Post-translational processing of proopiomelanocortin in the pituitary and in the brain. Crit Rev Neurobiol 1997, 11:35-57.
247. Alexander SL, Irvine CH The effect of naloxone administration on the secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone, arginine vasopressin, and adrenocorticotropin in unperturbed horses. Endocrinology 1995, 136:5139-5147.
248. Sojka JE, Johnson MA, Bottoms GD The effect of starting time on dexamethasone suppression test results in horses. Domest Anim Endocrinol 1993, 10:1-5.
249. Horowski R, Graf HJ Influence of dopaminergic agonists and antagonists on serum prolactin concentrations in the rat. Neuroendocrinology 1976, 22:273-286.
250. Patel YC Neurotransmitters and hypothalamic control of anterior pituitary function. Endocrinology 2001, WB Saunders, Philadelphia. L.J. DeGroot, J.L. Jameson (Eds.).
251. Sawchenko PE, Swanson LW The organization of noradrenergic pathways from the brainstem to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei in the rat. Brain Res 1982, 257:275-325.
252. Sawchenko PE, Swanson LW, Grzanna R, et al. Colocalization of neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in brainstem catecholaminergic neurons that project to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. J Comp Neurol 1985, 241:138-153.
253. Felig P, Bergman M The endocrine pancreas: diabetes mellitus. Endocrinology and metabolism 1995, McGraw-Hill, New York. P. Felig, J.D. Baxter, L.A. Frohman (Eds.).
254. Eiler H, Oliver JW, Andrews FM, et al. Results of a combined dexamethasone suppression/thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test in healthy horses and horses suspected to have a pars intermedia pituitary adenoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997, 211:79-81.
255. Chemelli RM, Willie JT, Sinton CM, et al. Narcolepsy in orexin knockout mice: molecular genetics of sleep regulation. Cell 1999, 98:437-451.
256. Amann JF, Smith RM, Ganjam VK, et al. Distribution and implications of beta-endorphin and ACTH-immunoreactive cells in the intermediate lobe of the hypophysis in healthy equids. Am J Vet Res 1987, 48:323-327.
257. Okada T, Shimomuro T, Oikawa M, et al. Immunocytochemical localization of adrenocorticotropic hormone-immunoreactive cells of the pars intermedia in thoroughbreds. Am J Vet Res 1997, 58:920-924.
258. Beech J Evaluation of thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary function. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1987, 3:649-660.
259. van der Kolk JH, Wensing T Urinary concentration of corticoids in ponies with hyperlipoproteinaemia or hyperadrenocorticism. Vet Q 2000, 22:55-57.
260. Bottoms GD, Roesel OF, Rausch FD, et al. Circadian variation in plasma cortisol and corticosterone in pigs and mares. Am J Vet Res 1972, 33:785-790.
261. van der Kolk JH, Nachreiner RF, Schott HC, et al. Salivary and plasma concentration of cortisol in normal horses and horses with Cushing's disease. Equine Vet J 2001, 33:211-213.
262. Levy M, Sojka JE, Dybdal NO Diagnosis and treatment of equine Cushing's disease. Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 1999, 21:766-769.
263. Eiler H, Goble D, Oliver J Adrenal gland function in the horse: effects of cosyntropin (synthetic) and corticotropin (natural) stimulation. Am J Vet Res 1979, 40:724-726.
264. Eiler H, Oliver J, Goble D Combined dexamethasone-suppression cosyntropin-(synthetic ACTH-) stimulation test in the horse: a new approach to testing of adrenal gland function. Am J Vet Res 1980, 41:430-434.
265. Reeves HJ, Lees R, McGowan CM Measurement of basal serum insulin concentration in the diagnosis of Cushing's disease in ponies. Vet Rec 2001, 149:449-452.
266. Jeffrey JR Diabetes mellitus secondary to chronic pancreatitis in a pony. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1968, 153:1168-1175.
267. Meirs DA, Taylor BC Insulin induced shock. Equine Pract 1980, 2:47-49.
268. Allen JR, Barbee DD, Crisman MV Diagnosis of pituitary tumors by computed tomography, part 1. Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 1988, 10:1103-1106.
269. Levy M, Blevins WE, Janovitz EB Radiological diagnosis of pituitary adenoma in the horse. Proceedings of the Third Congress of the World Equine Veterinary Association 1993, vol 18:115.
270. Beck DJ Effective long term treatment of a suspected pituitary adenoma with bromocriptine mesylate in a pony. Am J Vet Res 1985, 46:1941-1943.
271. Krieger DT, Amorosa L, Linick F Cyproheptadine-induced remission of Cushing's disease. N Engl J Med 1975, 293:893-896.
272. Munoz MC, Doreste F, Ferrer O, et al. Pergolide treatment for Cushing's syndrome in a horse. Vet Rec 1996, 139:41-43.
273. Peters D Low dose pergolide mesylate treatment for equine hypophyseal adenomas (Cushing's syndrome). Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 1995, 41:154-155.
274. van der Kolk JH, Ijzer J, Overgaauw PA, et al. Pituitary-independent Cushing's syndrome in a horse. Equine Vet J 2001, 33:110-112.
275. Tanakol R, Alagol F, Azizlerli H, et al. Cyproheptadine treatment in Cushing's disease. J Endocrinol Invest 1996, 19:242-247.
276. Meier B, Berger D, Hoberg E, et al. Pharmacological activities of Vitex agnus-castus extracts in vitro. Phytomedicine 2000, 7:373-381.
277. Berger D, Schaffner W, Schrader E, et al. Efficacy of Vitex agnus castus L. extract Ze 440 in patients with pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS). Arch Gynecol Obstet 2000, 264:150-153.
278. Johnson PJ, Ganjam VK: Laminitis, hypothyroidism, and obesity: a peripheral cushingoid syndrome in the horse? Proceedings of the seventeenth annual forum of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Chicago, 1999. pp 192-194.
279. Schutzer WE, Kerby JL, Holtan DW Differential effect of trilostane on the progestin milieu in the pregnant mare. J Reprod Fertil 1996, 107:241-248.
280. Dewis P, Anderson DC, Bu'lock DE, et al. Experience with trilostane in the treatment of Cushing's syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1983, 18:533-540.
281. Fix AS, Miller LD Equine adrenocortical carcinoma with hypercalcemia. Vet Pathol 1987, 24:190-192.
282. van der Kolk JH, Mars MH, van der Gaag I Adrenocortical carcinoma in a 12-year-old mare. Vet Rec 1994, 134:113-115.
283. Walker BR Steroid metabolism in metabolic syndrome X. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001, 15:111-122.
284. Stewart PM, Toogood AA, Tomlinson JW Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I and the cortisol-cortisone shuttle. Horm Res 2001, 56(suppl 1):1-6.
285. Fisher DA, Dussault JH, Sack J, et al. Ontogenesis of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid function and metabolism in man, sheep, and rat. Recent Prog Horm Res 1976, 33:59-116.
286. Kaneko JJ Thyroid function. Biochemistry of domestic animals 1989, Academic Press, San Diego. J.J. Kaneko (Ed.).
287. Lucke VM, Lane JG C-cell tumours of the thyroid in the horse. Equine Vet J 1984, 16:28-30.
288. Dimock WW, Westerfield C, Doll ER The equine thyroid in health and disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1944, 104:313.
289. Drew B, Barber WP, Williams DG The effect of excess dietary iodine on pregnant mares and foals. Vet Rec 1975, 97:93-95.
290. Jackson IM Thyrotropin-releasing hormone. N Engl J Med 1982, 306:145-155.
291. Patel YC Neurotransmitters and hypothalamic control of anterior pituitary function. Endocrinology 2001, WB Saunders, Philadelphia. L.J. DeGroot, J.L. Jameson (Eds.).
292. Reichlin S Neuroendocrinology. Williams' textbook of endocrinology 1998, WB Saunders, Philadelphia. J.D. Wilson, D.W. Foster, H.M. Kronenberg (Eds.).
293. Lechan RM, Jackson IM Immunohistochemical localization of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in the rat hypothalamus and pituitary. Endocrinology 1982, 111:55-65.
294. Dahl GE, Evans NP, Thrun LA, et al. A central negative feedback action of thyroid hormones on thyrotropin-releasing hormone secretion. Endocrinology 1994, 135:2392-2397.
295. Dyess EM, Segerson TP, Liposits Z, et al. Triiodothyronine exerts direct cell-specific regulation of thyrotropin-releasing hormone gene expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Endocrinology 1988, 123:2291-2297.
296. Segerson TP, Kauer J, Wolfe HC, et al. Thyroid hormone regulates TRH biosynthesis in the paraventricular nucleus of the rat hypothalamus. Science 1987, 238:78-80.
297. Schreiber G, Southwell BR, Richardson SJ Hormone delivery systems to the brain-transthyretin. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 1995, 103:75-80.
298. Thompson DL, Nett TM Thyroid stimulating hormone and prolactin secretion after thyrotropin releasing hormone administration to mares: dose-response during anestrus in winter and during estrus in summer. Domest Anim Endocrinol 1984, 1:263-268.
299. Thompson FN, Caudle AB, Kemppainen RJ, et al. Thyroidal and prolactin secretion in agalactic mares. Theriogenology 1986, 25:575-580.
300. Gentry LR, Thompson DL, Stelzer AM Responses of seasonally anovulatory mares to daily administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and (or) gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog. J Anim Sci 2002, 80:208-213.
301. Patel YC, Srikant CB Somatostatin mediation of adenohypophysial secretion. Annu Rev Physiol 1986, 48:551-567.
302. Dubuis JM, Dayer JM, Siegrist-Kaiser CA, et al. Human recombinant interleukin-1 beta decreases plasma thyroid hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone levels in rats. Endocrinology 1988, 123:2175-2181.
303. Pang XP, Hershman JM, Mirell CJ, et al. Impairment of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid function in rats treated with human recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha (cachectin). Endocrinology 1989, 125:76-84.
304. Scarborough DE, Lee SL, Dinarello CA, et al. Interleukin-1 beta stimulates somatostatin biosynthesis in primary cultures of fetal rat brain. Endocrinology 1989, 124:549-551.
305. Spath-Schwalbe E, Schrezenmeier H, Bornstein S, et al. Endocrine effects of recombinant interleukin 6 in man. Neuroendocrinology 1996, 63:237-243.
306. Capen CC, Martin SL The thyroid gland. Veterinary endocrinology and reproduction 1989, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia. L.E. McDonald (Ed.).
307. Ingbar SH The thyroid gland. Williams' textbook of endocrinology 1985, WB Saunders, Philadelphia. J.D. Wilson, D.W. Foster (Eds.).
308. Dai G, Levy O, Carrasco N Cloning and characterization of the thyroid iodide transporter. Nature 1996, 379:458-460.
309. Yen PM Physiological and molecular basis of thyroid hormone action. Physiol Rev 2001, 81:1097-1142.
310. Larsson M, Pettersson T, Carlstrom A Thyroid hormone binding in serum of 15 vertebrate species: isolation of thyroxine-binding globulin and prealbumin analogs. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1985, 58:360-375.
311. Irvine CH Hypothyroidism in the foal. Equine Vet J 1984, 16:302-306.
312. Katovich M, Evans JW, Sanchez O Effects of season, pregnancy and lactation on thyroxine turnover in the mare. J Anim Sci 1974, 38:811-818.
313. Argenzio RA, Lowe JE, Hintz HF, et al. Calcium and phosphorus homeostasis in horses. J Nutr 1974, 104:18-27.
314. Chen CL, Riley AM Serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations in neonatal foals and mature horses. Am J Vet Res 1981, 42:1415-1417.
315. Irvine CH Thyroxine secretion rate in the horse in various physiological states. J Endocrinol 1967, 39:313-320.
316. Irvine CH, Evans MJ Postnatal changes in total and free thyroxine and triiodothyronine in foal serum. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 1975, 23:709-715.
317. Irvine CH, Evans MJ Hypothyroidism in foals. N Z Vet J 1977, 25:354.
318. Khan VTS Studies on thyroidal states in equines during normal and certain disturbed conditions of reproduction. Mysore J Agr Sci 1980, 14:1382.
319. Malinowski K, Christensen RA, Hafs HD, et al. Age and breed differences in thyroid hormones, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF binding proteins in female horses. J Anim Sci 1996, 74:1936-1942.
320. Motley JS Use of radioactive triiodothyronine in the study of thyroid function in normal horses. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1972, 67:1225-1228.
321. Irvine CH Protein bound iodine in the horse. Am J Vet Res 1967, 28:1687.
322. deMartin BW Study on the thyroid function of thoroughbred horses by means of "in vitro" 125I-T 3 modified and 125I-T 4 tests. Rev Fac Med Vet Zootec Univ S Paulo 1975, 12:107.
323. Kelley ST, Oehme FW, Brandt GW Measurement of thyroid gland function during the estrous cycle of nine mares. Am J Vet Res 1974, 35:657-660.
324. McCall CA, Potter GD, Kreider JL, et al. Physiological-responses in foals weaned by abrupt or gradual methods. J Equine Vet Sci 1987, 7:368-374.
325. Thomas CL, Adams JC Radioimmunoassay of equine serum for thyroxine: reference values. Am J Vet Res 1978, 39:1239.
326. Reap M, Cass C, Hightower D Thyroxine and triodothyronine levels in ten species of animals. Southwest Vet 1978, 31:31.
327. Anderson RR, Nixon DA, Akasha MA Total and free thyroxine and triiodothyronine in blood serum of mammals. Comp Biochem Physiol A 1988, 89:401-404.
328. deMartin BW Study on the thyroid function of male and female thoroughbred horses in different times after winning races at the Hippodrome Cidade Jardim, with the use of "in vitro" 125I-T3, and 125I-T4 tests. Rev Fac Med Vet Zootec Univ S Paulo 1977, 14:199.
329. deMartin BW Study on the thyroid function of thoroughbred females in varying stages of pregnancy using "in vitro" tests 125I-T3 and 125I-T4. Rev Fac Med Vet Zootec Univ S Paulo 1975, 12:121.
330. Irvine CHG Measurement of free and total T 4 and T 3 in domestic animals. Thyroid research VIII 1980, Pergamon, New York. J.R. Stockigt, S. Nagatake (Eds.).
331. Galton VA Thyroid hormone-catecholamine interrelationships. Endocrinology 1965, 77:278-284.
332. Duckett WM, Manning JP, Weston PG Thyroid hormone periodicity in healthy adult geldings. Equine Vet J 1989, 21:123-125.
333. Morris DD, Garcia M Thyroid-stimulating hormone: response test in healthy horses, and effect of phenylbutazone on equine thyroid hormones. Am J Vet Res 1983, 44:503-507.
334. McIver B, Gorman CA Euthyroid sick syndrome: an overview. Thyroid 1997, 7:125-132.
335. De Groot LJ Dangerous dogmas in medicine: the nonthyroidal illness syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999, 84:151-164.
336. Christensen RA, Malinowski K, Massenzio AM, et al. Acute effects of short-term feed deprivation and refeeding on circulating concentrations of metabolites, insulin-like growth factor I, insulin-like growth factor binding proteins, somatotropin, and thyroid hormones in adult geldings. J Anim Sci 1997, 75:1351-1358.
337. Messer NT, Johnson PJ, Refsal KR, et al. Effect of food deprivation on baseline iodothyronine and cortisol concentrations in healthy, adult horses. Am J Vet Res 1995, 56:116-121.
338. Blake NG, Eckland DJ, Foster OJ, et al. Inhibition of hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone messenger ribonucleic acid during food deprivation. Endocrinology 1991, 129:2714-2718.
339. Fliers E, Guldenaar SE, Wiersinga WM, et al. Decreased hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone gene expression in patients with nonthyroidal illness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997, 82:4032-4036.
340. Van den Berghe G, de Zegher F, Baxter RC, et al. Neuroendocrinology of prolonged critical illness: effects of exogenous thyrotropin-releasing hormone and its combination with growth hormone secretagogues. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998, 83:309-319.
341. Brabant G, Brabant A, Ranft U, et al. Circadian and pulsatile thyrotropin secretion in euthyroid man under the influence of thyroid hormone and glucocorticoid administration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987, 65:83-88.
342. Flier JS, Harris M, Hollenberg AN Leptin, nutrition, and the thyroid: the why, the wherefore, and the wiring. J Clin Invest 2000, 105:859-861.
343. Fitzgerald BP, McManus CJ Photoperiodic versus metabolic signals as determinants of seasonal anestrus in the mare. Biol Reprod 2000, 63:335-340.
344. McManus CJ, Fitzgerald BP Effects of a single day of feed restriction on changes in serum leptin, gonadotropins, prolactin, and metabolites in aged and young mares. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2000, 19:1-13.
345. Irvine CH Thyroid function in the horse. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 1966, 197.
346. McBride GE, Christopherson RJ, Sauer W Metabolic-rate and plasma thyroid-hormone concentrations of mature horses in response to changes in ambient-temperature. Can J Anim Sci 1985, 65:375-382.
347. Irvine CHG The role of hormones in exercise physiology. Equine exercise physiology 1983, Granta Editions, Cambridge. D.H. Snow, S.G.B. Persson, R.J. Rose (Eds.).
348. Takagi S, Ito K, Shibata H Effects of training on plasma fibrinogen concentration and thyroid hormone level in young race horses. Exp Results Equine Health Lab 1974, 11:94.
349. Blackmore DJ, Greenwood RE, Johnson C Observations on thyroid hormones in the blood of thoroughbreds. Res Vet Sci 1978, 25:294-297.
350. Gonzalez O, Gonzalez E, Sanchez C, et al. Effect of exercise on erythrocyte beta-adrenergic receptors and plasma concentrations of catecholamines and thyroid hormones in thoroughbred horses. Equine Vet J 1998, 30:72-78.
351. Garcia MC, Beech J Endocrinologic, hematologic, and heart rate changes in swimming horses. Am J Vet Res 1986, 47:2004-2006.
352. Gupta S, Glade MJ Hormonal responses to high and low planes of nutrition in weanling thoroughbreds. Equine Vet Data 1983, 4:170.
353. Biesik LM, Glade MJ Changes in serum hormone concentrations in weanling horses following gastric infusion of sucrose or casein. Nutr Rep Int 1986, 33:651-658.
354. Glade MJ, Reimers TJ Effects of dietary energy supply on serum thyroxine, tri-iodothyronine and insulin concentrations in young horses. J Endocrinol 1985, 104:93-98.
355. Glade MJ, Luba NK Serum triiodothyronine and thyroxine concentrations in weanling horses fed carbohydrate by direct gastric infusion. Am J Vet Res 1987, 48:578-582.
356. Youket RJ, Carnevale JM, Houpt KA, et al. Humoral, hormonal and behavioral correlates of feeding in ponies: the effects of meal frequency. J Anim Sci 1985, 61:1103-1110.
357. Suwannachot P, Verkleij CB, Kocsis S, et al. Prolonged food restriction and mild exercise in Shetland ponies: effects on weight gain, thyroid hormone concentrations and muscle Na(+),K(+)-ATPase. J Endocrinol 2000, 167:321-329.
358. Ramirez S, Wolfsheimer KJ, Moore RM, et al. Duration of effects of phenylbutazone on serum total thyroxine and free thyroxine concentrations in horses. J Vet Intern Med 1997, 11:371-374.
359. Hershman JM Use of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in clinical medicine. Med Clin North Am 1978, 62:313-325.
360. Gittoes NJL, Franklyn JA, Sarne DH, et al. Thyroid function tests. Endocrinology 2001, WB Saunders, Philadelphia. L.J. DeGroot, J.L. Jameson (Eds.).
361. Messer NT, Ganjam VK, Nachreiner RF, et al. Effect of dexamethasone administration on serum thyroid hormone concentrations in clinically normal horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995, 206:63-66.
362. van Maanen JM, van Dijk A, Mulder K, et al. Consumption of drinking water with high nitrate levels causes hypertrophy of the thyroid. Toxicol Lett 1994, 72:365-374.
363. Ferguson DC The effect of nonthyroidal factors on thyroid function tests in dogs. Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 1988, 10:1365.
364. Morris DD, Garcia MC Effects of phenylbutazone and anabolic steroids on adrenal and thyroid gland function tests in healthy horses. Am J Vet Res 1985, 46:359-364.
365. Prager EM, Gardner RE Iatrogenic hypothyroidism from topical iodine-containing medications. West J Med 1979, 130:553-555.
366. Boosinger TR, Brendemuehl JP, Bransby DL, et al. Prolonged gestation, decreased triiodothyronine concentration, and thyroid gland histomorphologic features in newborn foals of mares grazing Acremonion coenophialum-infected fescue. Am J Vet Res 1995, 56:66-69.
367. Demers LM Thyroid function testing and automation. J Clin Ligand Assay 1999, 22:38-41.
368. Reimers TJ, Cowan RG, Davidson HP, et al. Validation of radioimmunoassay for triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and hydrocortisone (cortisol) in canine, feline, and equine sera. Am J Vet Res 1981, 42:2016-2021.
369. Reimers TJ, Lamb SV, Bartlett SA, et al. Effects of hemolysis and storage on quantification of hormones in blood samples from dogs, cattle, and horses. Am J Vet Res 1991, 52:1075-1080.
370. Singh AK, Jiang Y, White T, et al. Validation of nonradioactive chemiluminescent immunoassay methods for the analysis of thyroxine and cortisol in blood samples obtained from dogs, cats, and horses. J Vet Diagn Invest 1997, 9:261-268.
371. Oliver JW, Held JP Thyrotropin stimulation test: new perspective on value of monitoring triiodothyronine. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1985, 187:931-934.
372. Breuhaus BA Thyroid-stimulating hormone in adult euthyroid and hypothyroid horses. J Vet Intern Med 2002, 16:109-115.
373. Lowe JE, Baldwin BH, Foote RH, et al. Semen characteristics in thyroidectomized stallions. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 1975, 23:81-86.
374. Lowe JE, Kallfelz FA: Thyroidectomy and the T4 test to assess thyroid dysfunction in the horse and pony. Proceedings of the sixteenth annual convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 1970. p 135.
375. Waldron-Mease E Hypothyroidism and myopathy in racing thoroughbreds and standardbreds. J Equine Med Surg 1979, 3:124.
376. Harris P, Marlin D, Gray J Equine thyroid-function tests: a preliminary investigation. Br Vet J 1992, 148:71-80.
377. Held JP, Oliver JW A sampling protocol for the thyrotropin-stimulation test in the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1984, 184:326-327.
378. Shaftoe S, Schick MP, Chen CL Thyroid-stimulating hormone response tests in one-day-old foals. J Equine Vet Sci 1988, 8:310-312.
379. Beech J, Garcia M Hormonal response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in healthy horses and in horses with pituitary adenoma. Am J Vet Res 1985, 46:1941-1943.
380. Chen CL, Li WI Effect of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) on serum levels of thyroid hormones in thoroughbred mares. J Equine Sci 1986, 6:58.
381. Lothrop CD, Nolan HL Equine thyroid function assessment with the thyrotropin-releasing hormone response test. Am J Vet Res 1986, 47:942-944.
382. Thompson DL, Godke RA, Nett TM Effects of melatonin and thyrotropin releasing hormone on mares during the nonbreeding season. J Anim Sci 1983, 56:668-677.
383. Alberts MK, McCann JP, Woods PR Hemithyroidectomy in a horse with confirmed hyperthyroidism. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000, 217:1051-1054.
384. Hillidge CJ, Theodorakis MC, Duckett WM: Scintigraphic evaluation of equine thyroid function. Proceedings of the twenty-seventh annual convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, New Orleans, 1981. p 477.
385. Held JP, Patton CS, Toal RL, et al. Work intolerance in a horse with thyroid carcinoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1985, 187:1044-1045.
386. Hillidge CJ, Sanecki RK, Theodorakis MC Thyroid carcinoma in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982, 181:711-714.
387. Joyce JR, Thompson RB, Kyzar JR, et al. Thyroid carcinoma in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1976, 168:610-612.
388. Ramirez S, McClure JJ, Moore RM, et al. Hyperthyroidism associated with a thyroid adenocarcinoma in a 21-year-old gelding. J Vet Intern Med 1998, 12:475-477.
389. Green EM, Hunt EL Hypophyseal neoplasia in a pony. Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 1985, 7:S249.
390. Stanley O, Hillidge CJ Alopecia associated with hypothyroidism in a horse. Equine Vet J 1982, 14:165-167.
391. Vivrette SL, Reimers TJ, Krook L Skeletal disease in a hypothyroid foal. Cornell Vet 1984, 74:373-386.
392. Shaver JR, Fretz PB, Doige CE Skeletal manifestations of suspected hypothyroidism in two foals. J Equine Med Surg 1979, 3:269.
393. McLaughlin BG, Doige CE Congenital musculoskeletal lesions and hyperplastic goitre in foals. Can Vet J 1981, 22:130-133.
394. McLaughlin BG, Doige CE, McLaughlin PS Thyroid-hormone levels in foals with congenital musculoskeletal lesions. Can Vet J 1986, 27:264-267.
395. Conway DA, Cosgrove JS Equine goiter. Ir Vet J 1980, 34:29-31.
396. Baker JR, Wyn-Jones G, Eley JL Case of equine goitre. Vet Rec 1983, 112:407-408.
397. Murray MJ Hypothyroidism and respiratory insufficiency in a neonatal foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990, 197:1635-1638.
398. McLaughlin BG, Doige CE A study of ossification of carpal and tarsal bones in normal and hypothyroid foals. Can Vet J 1982, 23:164-168.
399. Forhead AJ, Li J, Gilmour RS, et al. Thyroid hormones and the mRNA of the GH receptor and IGFs in skeletal muscle of fetal sheep. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002, 282:E80-E86.
400. Glade MJ: The role of endocrine factors in equine developmental orthopedic disease. Proceedings of the twenty-third annual convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 1987. p 170.
401. Doige CE, McLaughlin BG Hyperplastic goitre in newborn foals in western Canada. Can Vet J 1981, 22:42-45.
402. Lowe JE, Baldwin BH, Foote RH, et al. Equine hypothyroidism: the long term effects of thyroidectomy on metabolism and growth in mares and stallions. Cornell Vet 1974, 64:276-295.
403. Driscoll J, Hintz HF, Schryver HF Goiter in foals caused by excessive iodine. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1978, 173:858-859.
404. Baker HJ, Lindsey JR Equine goiter due to excess dietary iodide. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1968, 153:1618-1630.
405. Cubillos V, Norambuena L, Espinoza E [Cell growth and neoplasms of the thyroid gland in horses]. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 1981, 28:201-208.
406. Dudan FE, Ferguson DC, Little TV: Circulating serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and reverse T3 (RT3) in neonatal term and preterm foals. Proceedings of the fifth annual Veterinary Medical Forum, San Diego, 1987. p 881.
407. McLaughlin BG, Doige CE, Fretz PB, et al. Carpal bone lesions associated with angular limb deformities in foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1981, 178:224-230.
408. Allen AL, Doige CE, Fretz PB, et al. Hyperplasia of the thyroid gland and concurrent musculoskeletal deformities in western Canadian foals: reexamination of a previously described syndrome. Can Vet J 1994, 35:31-38.
409. Allen AL Hyperplasia of the thyroid gland and musculoskeletal deformities in two equine abortuses. Can Vet J 1995, 36:234-236.
410. Allen AL, Townsend HG, Doige CE, et al. A case-control study of the congenital hypothyroidism and dysmaturity syndrome of foals. Can Vet J 1996, 37:349-351.
411. Vischer CM, Foreman JH, Constable PD, et al. Hemodynamic effects of thyroidectomy in sedentary horses. Am J Vet Res 1999, 60:14-21.
412. Lowe JE, Foote RH, Baldwin BH, et al. Reproductive patterns in cyclic and pregnant thyroidectomized mares. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 1987, 35:281-288.
413. Fadok VA, Wild S Suspected cutaneous iodism in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1983, 183:1104-1106.
414. Poomvises P, Gesmankit P, Tawatsin A Studies on serum triiodothyronine and thyroxine in anhidrotic horses. Centaur 1986, 2:139.
415. Mayhew IG, Ferguson HO Clinical, clinicopathologic, and epidemiologic features of anhidrosis in central Florida thoroughbred horses. J Vet Intern Med 1987, 1:136-141.
416. Hood DM, Hightower D, Amoss MS Thyroid function in horses affected with laminitis. Southwest Vet 1987, 38:85.
417. Chen CL, McNulty ME, McNulty BA Serum levels of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in mature horses following oral administration of synthetic thyroxine (Synthroid®). J Equine Vet Sci 1984, 4:5.
418. deMartin BW Study on the thyroid function of thoroughbred horses using 131I-TBI. Rev Fac Med Vet Zootec Univ S Paulo 1973, 10:35.
419. Tateyama S, Tanimura N, Moritomo Y, et al. The ultimobranchial remnant and its hyperplasia or adenoma in equine thyroid gland. Nippon Juigaku Zasshi 1988, 50:714-722.
420. Dalefield RR, Palmer DN The frequent occurrence of thyroid tumours in aged horses. J Comp Pathol 1994, 110:57-64.
421. Damodaran S, Ramachandran PV A survey of neoplasms in equidae. Centaur 1986, 2:161.
422. Hopper LD, Kennedy GA, Taylor WA Diagnosing and treating thyroid adenoma in a horse. Vet Med 1987, 82:1252.
423. Hovda LR, Shaftoe S, Rose ML, et al. Mediastinal squamous cell carcinoma and thyroid carcinoma in an aged horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990, 197:1187-1189.
424. Ralston SL, Nockels CF, Squires EL Differences in diagnostic test results and hematologic data between aged and young horses. Am J Vet Res 1988, 49:1387-1392.
425. Schlotthauer CF The incidence and types of disease of the thyroid gland of adult horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1931, 78:211.
426. Yoshikawa T, Yoshikawa H, Oyamada T, et al. A follicular adenoma with C-cell hyperplasia in the equine thyroid. Nippon Juigaku Zasshi 1984, 46:615-623.
427. Chiba S, Okada K, Numakunai S, et al. A case of equine thyroid follicular carcinoma accompanied with adenohypophysial adenoma. Nippon Juigaku Zasshi 1987, 49:551-554.
428. De Cock HE, MacLachlan NJ Simultaneous occurrence of multiple neoplasms and hyperplasias in the adrenal and thyroid gland of the horse resembling multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome: case report and retrospective identification of additional cases. Vet Pathol 1999, 36:633-636.
429. van der Velden MA, Meulenaar H Medullary thyroid carcinoma in a horse. Vet Pathol 1986, 23:622-624.
430. Kuwamura M, Shirota A, Yamate J, et al. C-cell adenoma containing variously sized thyroid follicles in a horse. J Vet Med Sci 1998, 60:387-389.
431. Kallfelz FA, Lowe JE Some normal values of thyroid function in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1970, 156:1888-1891.
432. Sojka JE, Johnson MA, Bottoms GD Serum triiodothyronine, total thyroxine, and free thyroxine concentrations in horses. Am J Vet Res 1993, 54:52-55.
433. Marcella KL General care of miniature horses. Part 2. Equine Pract 1992, 14:26-28.
434. Wehr U, Englschalk B, Kienzle E, et al. Iodine balance in relation to iodine intake in ponies. J Nutr 2002, 132:1767S-1768S.
435. Murray MJ, Luba NK Plasma gastrin and somatostatin, and serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) and cortisol concentrations in foals from birth to 28 days of age. Equine Vet J 1993, 25:237-239.
436. Guyton AC, Hall JE The adrenocortical hormones. Textbook of medical physiology 2000, WB Saunders, Philadelphia. A.C. Guyton, J.E. Hall (Eds.).
437. Dowling PM, Williams MA, Clark TP Adrenal insufficiency associated with long-term anabolic steroid administration in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993, 203:1166-1169.
438. Dybdal NO Endocrine and metabolic diseases. Large animal internal medicine 2002, Mosby, St Louis. B.P. Smith (Ed.).
439. Wilson DW, Kingery S, Snow DH The effect of training on adrenocortical function in thoroughbred racehorses. Equine exercise physiology 1991, ICEEP Publications, Davis. ed 3. S.G.B. Persson, A. Lindholm, L.B. Jeffcott (Eds.).
440. Baker HW, Baker ID, Epstein VM, et al. Effect of stress on steroid hormone levels in racehorses. Aust Vet J 1982, 58:70-71.
441. Church DB, Evans DL, Lewis DR, et al. The effect of exercise on plasma adrenocorticotropin, cortisol and insulin in the horse and adaptations with training. Equine exercise physiology 1987, ICEEP Publications, Davis. J.R. Gillespie, N.E. Robinson (Eds.).
442. Linden A, Art T, Amory H, et al. Comparison of the adrenocortical response to both pharmacological and physiological stresses in sport horses. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 1990, 37:601-604.
443. Snow DH, Mackenzie G Some metabolic effects of maximal exercise in the horse and adaptations with training. Equine Vet J 1977, 9:134-140.
444. Dybdal NO, Gribble D, Madigan JE, et al. Alterations in plasma corticosteroids, insulin and selected metabolites in horses used in endurance rides. Equine Vet J 1980, 12:137-140.
445. Lassourd V, Gayrard V, Laroute V, et al. Cortisol disposition and production rate in horses during rest and exercise. Am J Physiol 1996, 271:R25-R33.
446. Couetil LL, Hoffman AM Adrenal insufficiency in a neonatal foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998, 212:1594-1596.
447. Sojka JE, Levy M Evaluation of endocrine function. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1995, 11:415-435.
448. Dybdal NO, Hargreaves KM, Madigan JE, et al. Diagnostic testing for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994, 204:627-632.
449. Eiler H, Goble D, Oliver J Adrenal gland function in the horse: effects of cosyntropin (synthetic) and corticotropin (natural) stimulation. Am J Vet Res 1979, 40:724-726.
450. van der Kolk JH, Kalsbeek HC, van Garderen E, et al. Equine pituitary neoplasia: a clinical report of 21 cases (1990-1992). Vet Rec 1993, 133:594-597.
451. MacHarg MA, Bottoms GD, Carter GK, et al. Effects of multiple intramuscular injections and doses of dexamethasone on plasma cortisol concentrations and adrenal responses to ACTH in horses. Am J Vet Res 1985, 46:2285-2287.
452. Toutain PL, Brandon RA, de Pomyers H, et al. Dexamethasone and prednisolone in the horse: pharmacokinetics and action on the adrenal gland. Am J Vet Res 1984, 45:1750-1756.
453. Slone DE, Purohit RC, Ganjam VK, et al. Sodium retention and cortisol (hydrocortisone) suppression caused by dexamethasone and triamcinolone in equids. Am J Vet Res 1983, 44:280-283.
454. Peroni DL, Stanley S, Kollias-Baker C, et al. Prednisone per os is likely to have limited efficacy in horses. Equine Vet J 2002, 34:283-287.
455. Cryer PE Diseases of the sympathochromaffin system. Endocrinology and metabolism 1995, McGraw-Hill, New York. P. Felig, J.D. Baxter, L.A. Frohman (Eds.).
456. Buckingham JD Case report: pheochromocytoma in a mare. Can Vet J 1970, 11:205-208.
457. Yovich JV, Horney FD, Hardee GE Pheochromocytoma in the horse and measurement of norepinephrine levels in horses. Can Vet J 1984, 25:21-25.
458. Duckett WM, Snyder JR, Harkema JR, et al. Functional pheochromocytoma in a horse. Compend Cont Educ Equine Pract 1987, 9:1118-1121.
459. Johnson PJ, Goetz TE, Foreman JH, et al. Pheochromocytoma in two horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995, 206:837-841.
460. Gelberg H, Cockerell GL, Minor RR A light and electron microscopic study of a normal adrenal medulla and a pheochromocytoma from a horse. Vet Pathol 1979, 16:395-404.
461. Yovich JV, Ducharme NG Ruptured pheochromocytoma in a mare with colic. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1983, 183:462-464.
462. Kolloch RE, Kruse HJ, Friedrich R, et al. Role of epinephrine-induced hypokalemia in the regulation of renin and aldosterone in humans. J Lab Clin Med 1996, 127:50-56.
463. Ivanova RS, Dashev GI Neuroendocrine features of adrenal pheochromocytomas: histological and immunocytochemical evaluation. Neoplasma 1990, 37:219-224.
464. Moreno AM, Castilla-Guerra L, Martinez-Torres MC, et al. Expression of neuropeptides and other neuroendocrine markers in human phaeochromocytomas. Neuropeptides 1999, 33:159-163.
465. Wilson RB, Holscher MA, Kasselberg AG, et al. Leu-enkephalin and somatostatin immunoreactivities in canine and equine pheochromocytomas. Vet Pathol 1986, 23:96-98.
466. Hardee GE, Wang LJ, Semrad SD, et al. Catecholamines in equine and bovine plasmas. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1982, 5:279-284.
467. De Cock HE, MacLachlan NJ Simultaneous occurrence of multiple neoplasms and hyperplasias in the adrenal and thyroid gland of the horse resembling multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome: case report and retrospective identification of additional cases. Vet Pathol 1999, 36:633-636.
468. Froscher BG, Power HT Malignant pheochromocytoma in a foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982, 181:494-496.
469. Chiba S, Okada K, Numakunai S, et al. A case of equine thyroid follicular carcinoma accompanied with adenohypophysial adenoma. Nippon Juigaku Zasshi 1987, 49:551-554.
470. de Barros CS, dos Santos MN Aortic body adenoma in a horse. Aust Vet J 1983, 60:61.
471. Kim DY, Hodgin EC, Lopez MK, et al. Malignant retroperitoneal paraganglioma in a horse. J Comp Pathol 1994, 110:407-411.
472. Cohen ND, Carter GK Steroid hepatopathy in a horse with glucocorticoid-induced hyperadrenocorticism. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992, 200:1682-1684.
473. Traver DS, Bottoms GD: Adrenal dysfunction. Proceedings of the twenty-fourth annual convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, New Orleans, 1981. pp 499-514.
474. van der Kolk JH, Ijzer J, Overgaauw PA, et al. Pituitary-independent Cushing's syndrome in a horse. Equine Vet J 2001, 33:110-112.
475. Fix AS, Miller LD Equine adrenocortical carcinoma with hypercalcemia. Vet Pathol 1987, 24:190-192.
476. van der Kolk JH, Mars MH, van der Gaag I Adrenocortical carcinoma in a 12-year-old mare. Vet Rec 1994, 134:113-115.
477. Gilon P, Henquin JC Mechanisms and physiological significance of the cholinergic control of pancreatic beta-cell function. Endocr Rev 2001, 22:565-604.
478. McClain DA The endocrine pancreas. Endocrinology: basic and clinical principles 1997, Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. P.M. Conn, S. Melmed (Eds.).
479. Felig P, Bergman M The endocrine pancreas: diabetes mellitus. Endocrinology and metabolism 1995, McGraw-Hill, New York. P. Felig, J.D. Baxter, L.A. Frohman (Eds.).
480. McCutcheon LJ, Geor RJ, Hinchcliff KW Changes in skeletal muscle GLUT-4 content and sarcolemmal glucose transport following 6 weeks of exercise training. Equine Vet J Suppl 2002, 34:199-204.
481. Daugaard JR, Richter EA Relationship between muscle fibre composition, glucose transporter protein 4 and exercise training: possible consequences in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Acta Physiol Scand 2001, 171:267-276.
482. Douen AG, Ramlal T, Rastogi S, et al. Exercise induces recruitment of the "insulin-responsive glucose transporter": evidence for distinct intracellular insulin- and exercise-recruitable transporter pools in skeletal muscle. J Biol Chem 1990, 265:13427-13430.
483. Dominici FP, Turyn D Growth hormone-induced alterations in the insulin-signaling system. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2002, 227:149-157.
484. Walker BR Steroid metabolism in metabolic syndrome X. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001, 15:111-122.
485. Baker JR, Ritchie HE Diabetes mellitus in the horse: a case report and review of the literature. Equine Vet J 1974, 6:7-11.
486. King JM, Kavanaugh JF, Bentinck-Smith J Diabetes mellitus with pituitary neoplasms in a horse and dog. Cornell Vet 1962, 52:133-145.
487. Loeb WF, Capen CC, Johnson LE Adenomas of the pars intermedia associated with hyperglycemia and glycosuria in two horses. Cornell Vet 1966, 56:623-639.
488. Staempfli HR, Eigenmann EJ, Clarke LM Insulin treatment and development of anti-insulin antibodies in a horse with diabetes mellitus associated with a functional pituitary adenoma. Can Vet J 1988, 29:934-936.
489. Tasker JB, Whiteman CE, Martin BR Diabetes mellitus in the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1966, 149:393-399.
490. Bulgin MS, Anderson BC Verminous arteritis and pancreatic necrosis with diabetes mellitus in a pony. Compend Cont Educ Equine Pract 1983, 5:482-485.
491. Collobert C, Gillet JP, Sorel P, et al. Chronic-pancreatitis associated with diabetes-mellitus in a standard-bred race horse: a case-report. J Equine Vet Sci 1990, 10:58-61.
492. Jeffrey JR Diabetes mellitus secondary to chronic pancreatitis in a pony. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1968, 153:1168-1175.
493. Riggs WL Diabetes mellitus secondary to chronic necrotizing pancreatitis in a pony. Southwest Vet 1972, 25:149-152.
494. McCoy DJ Diabetes mellitus associated with bilateral granulosa cell tumors in a mare. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986, 188:733-735.
495. Ruoff WW, Baker DC, Morgan SJ, et al. Type II diabetes mellitus in a horse. Equine Vet J 1986, 18:143-144.
496. Stockham SL Interpretation of equine serum biochemical profile results. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1995, 11:391-414.
497. Yovich JV, Horney FD, Hardee GE Pheochromocytoma in the horse and measurement of norepinephrine levels in horses. Can Vet J 1984, 25:21-25.
498. Sojka JE, Levy M Evaluation of endocrine function. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1995, 11:415-435.
499. Muylle E, Van den HC, Deprez P, et al. Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in a horse. Equine Vet J 1986, 18:145-146.
500. Meirs DA, Taylor BC Insulin induced shock. Equine Pract 1980, 2:47-49.
501. Feldman EC, Nelson RW Insulin-induced hyperglycemia in diabetic dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982, 180:1432-1437.
502. Given BD, Mostrom MS, Tully R, et al. Severe hypoglycemia attributable to surreptitious injection of insulin in a mare. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1988, 193:224-226.
503. Ross MW, Lowe JE, Cooper BJ, et al. Hypoglycemic seizures in a Shetland pony. Cornell Vet 1983, 73:151-169.
504. Fowden AL, Comline RS, Silver M Insulin secretion and carbohydrate metabolism during pregnancy in the mare. Equine Vet J 1984, 16:239-246.
505. Carrick JB, Morris DD, Harmon BG, et al. Hematuria and weight loss in a mare with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Cornell Vet 1992, 82:91-97.
506. Church S, West HJ, Baker JR Two cases of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in horses. Equine Vet J 1987, 19:77-79.
507. Kerr OM, Pearson GR, Rice DA Pancreatic adenocarcinoma in a donkey. Equine Vet J 1982, 14:338-339.
508. Elin R Assessment of magnesium status. Clin Chem 1987, 33:1965-1970.
509. Wacker WEC, Parisi AF Magnesium metabolism. N Engl J Med 1968, 278:658-663.
510. Rude RK, Oldham S Disorders of magnesium metabolism. The metabolic and molecular basis of acquired disease 1990, Balliere, Tindall, London. R.D. Bohen (Ed.).
511. Stewart AJ Validation of diagnostic tests for determination of magnesium status in horses with reduced magnesium intake. Veterinary clinical sciences 2002, The Ohio State University, Columbus.
512. Quamme GA Laboratory evaluation of magnesium status: renal function and free intracellular magnesium concentration. Clin Lab Med 1993, 13:209-223.
513. Elin RJ Magnesium metabolism in health and disease. Dis Mon 1988, 34:161-218.
514. McLean RM Magnesium and its therapeutic uses: a review. Am J Med 1994, 96:63-76.
515. Marino PL Calcium and magnesium in critical illness: a practical approach. The high risk patient: management of the critically ill 1995, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore. E.D. Sivak, T.L. Higgins, A. Seiver (Eds.).
516. White R, Hartzell H Magnesium ions in cardiac function. Biochem Pharmacol 1989, 38:859-867.
517. Hintz HF, Schryver HF Magnesium metabolism in the horse. J Anim Sci 1972, 35:755.
518. Rook JAF, Storry JE Magnesium in the nutrition of farm animals. Nutr Abstr Rev 1962, 32:1055.
519. Meyer H Magnesiumstoffwechsel, magnesiumbedarf and magnesiumversorgung bei den Haustreren 1960, Verlog and Schaper, Hanover, Germany.
520. Harrington DD, Walsh JJ Equine magnesium supplements: evaluation of magnesium oxide, magnesium sulphate and magnesium carbonate in foals fed purified diets. Equine Vet J 1980, 1980:32-33.
521. Schryver HF, Craig PH, Hintz HF Calcium metabolism in ponies fed varying levels of calcium. J Nutr 1970, 100:955.
522. Hintz FH, Schryver HF Magnesium, calcium and phosphorus metabolism in ponies fed varying levels of magnesium. J Anim Sci 1973, 37:927-930.
523. Barnes BA, Cope O, Harrison T Magnesium conservation in human beings on a low magnesium diet. J Clin Invest 1958, 37:430-440.
524. Quamme GA Control of magnesium transport in the thick ascending limb. Am J Physiol 1989, 256:F197-F210.
525. Quamme GA, Dirks JH Renal magnesium transport. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 1983, 265:H281-H288.
526. Satoh J, Romero MF Mg 2+ transport in the kidney. Biometals 2002, 15:285-295.
527. Brown AJ, Dusso A, Slatopolsky E Vitamin D. Am J Physiol 1999, 277(2 pt 2):f157-f175.
528. Kayne L, Lee D Intestinal magnesium absorption. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1993, 19:21-217.
529. Rasmussen H, Bordier P The physiological and cellular basis of metabolic bone disease 1974, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.
530. Dai LJ, Ritchie G, Kerstan D, et al. Magnesium transport in the renal distal convoluted tubule. Physiol Rev 2001, 81:51-84.
531. Friedman PA Basal and hormone-activated calcium absorption in mouse renal thick ascending limbs. Am J Physiol 1988, 254:F62-F70.
532. de Rouffignac C, Mandon B, Wittner M, et al. Hormonal control of renal magnesium handling. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1993, 19:226-231.
533. Zaloga G, Chernow B The multifactorial basis for hypocalcemia during sepsis: studies of the PTH-vitamin D axis. Ann Intern Med 1987, 107:36-41.
534. Toribio RE, Kohn CW, Chew DJ, et al. Comparison of serum parathyroid hormone and ionized calcium and magnesium concentrations and fractional urinary clearance of calcium and phosphorus in healthy horses and horses with enterocolitis. Am J Vet Res 2001, 62:938-947.
535. Breidenbach A, Schlumbohm C, Harmeyer J Peculiarities of vitamin D and of the calcium and phosphate homeostatic system in horses. Vet Res 1998, 29:173-186.
536. Weglicki W, Phillips T, Freedman A, et al. Magnesium-deficiency elevates circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines and endothelin. Mol Cell Biochem 1992, 110:169-173.
537. Malpuech-Brugere C, Nowacki W, Rock E, et al. Enhanced tumour necrosis factor-alpha production following endotoxin challenge in rats is an early event during magnesium deficiency. Acta Biochem Biophys 1999, 1453:35-40.
538. Salem M, Kasinski N, Munoz R, et al. Progressive magnesium deficiency increases mortality from endotoxin challenge: protective effects of acute magnesium therapy. Crit Care Med 1995, 23:108-118.
539. Kramer J, Misik V, Weglecki W Magnesium-deficiency potientiates free radical production associated with postischemic injury to rat hearts: vitamin E affords protection. Free Radic Biol Med 1994, 16:713-723.
540. Mak I, Stafford R, Weglecki W Loss of red cell glutathione during Mg deficiency: prevention by vitamin E, D-propranolol, and chloroquine. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 1994, 267(36):C1366-C1370.
541. Freedman A, Atrakchi A, Cassidy M, et al. Magnesium deficiency-induced cardiomyopathy: protection by vitamin E. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1990, 170:1102-1106.
542. Freedman A, Cassidy M, Weglicki W Captopril protects against myocardial injury induced by magnesium deficiency. Hypertension 1991, 18:142-147.
543. Moore R, Muir W, Granger D Mechanisms of gastrointestinal ischemia-reprofusion injury and potential therapeutic interventions: a review and its implications in the horse. J Vet Intern Med 1995, 9:115-132.
544. Reinhart RA, Desbiens NA Hypomagnesemia in patients entering the ICU. Crit Care Med 1985, 13:506-507.
545. Sachter J Magnesium in the 1990s: implications for acute care. Top Emerg Med 1992, vol 14:23-50.
546. Broner C, Stidham G, Westenkirchner D, et al. Hypermagnesemia and hypocalcemia as predictors of high mortality in critically ill pediatric patients. Crit Care Med 1990, 18:921-928.
547. Ryzen E Magnesium homeostasis in critically ill patients. Magnesium 1989, 8:201-212.
548. Chernow B, Bamberger S, Stoiko M, et al. Hypomagnesemia in patients in postoperative intensive care. Chest 1989, 95:391-397.
549. Huijgen HJ, Soesan M, Sanders R, et al. Magnesium levels in critically ill patients: what should we measure?. Am J Clin Pathol 2000, 114:688-695.
550. Fiser RT, Torres A, Butch AW, et al. Ionized magnesium concentrations in critically ill children. Crit Care Med 1998, 26:2048-2052.
551. Garcia-Lopez JM, Provost PJ, Rush JE, et al. Prevalence and prognostic importance of hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia in horses that have colic surgery. Am J Vet Res 2001, 62:7-12.
552. Maggioni A, Orzalesi M, Mimouni FB Intravenous correction of neonatal hypomagnesemia: effect on ionized magnesium. Pediatrics 1998, 132:652-655.
553. Foley C, Zaritsky A Should we measure ionized magnesium?. Crit Care Med 1998, 26:1949-1950.
554. Saha H, Harmoinen A, Karvonen AL, et al. Serum ionized versus total magnesium in patients with intestinal or liver disease. Clin Chem Lab Med 1998, 36:715-718.
555. Saha H, Harmoninen A, Nisula M, et al. Serum ionized versus total magnesium in patients with chronic renal disease. Nephron 1998, 80:149-152.
556. Martin LG, Van Pelt DR, Wingfield WE Magnesium and the critically ill patient. Current veterinary therapy XII 1995, WB Saunders, Philadelphia. J.D. Bonagura, R.W. Kirk (Eds.).
557. Summers AJ, Chew DJ, Buffington CT Serum ionized magnesium and calcium concentrations in a population of sick dogs and cats. Abstract Purina Nutr Forum Proc 1998, 54.
558. Toll J, Erb H, Birnbaum N, et al. Prevalence and incidence of serum magnesium abnormalities in hospitalized cats. J Vet Intern Med 2002, 16:217-221.
559. Johansson AM, Gardener SY, Jones SL et al: Hypomagnesemia in the horse: a retrospective study of 823 cases. Proceedings of the twentieth annual Forum of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Dallas, 2002. p 814.
560. Bateman S Cats and magnesium: another species to consider. J Vet Intern Med 2002, 16:215-216. (editorial).
561. Martin LG, Matteson VL, Wingfield WE Abnormalities of serum magnesium in critically ill dogs: incidence and implications. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 1994, 1:15-20.
562. Whang R, Oei TO, Aikawa JK, et al. Predictors of clinical hypomagnesemia: hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, hyponatremia, and hypocalcemia. Arch Intern Med 1984, 144:1794-1796.
563. Whang R, Whand D, Ryan M Refractory potassium repletion: a consequence of magnesium deficiency. Arch Intern Med 1992, 152:40-45.
564. Khilnani P Electrolyte abnormalities in critically ill children. Crit Care Med 1992, 20:241-250.
565. Al-Ghamdi SM, Cameron EC, Sutton RA Magnesium deficiency: pathophysiologic and clinical overview. Am J Kidney Dis 1994, 24:737-752.
566. Khanna C, Lund EM, Raffe M, et al. Hypomagnesemia in 188 dogs: a hospital population-based prevalence study. J Vet Intern Med 1998, 12:304-309.
567. Whang R, Oei T, Aikawa J, et al. Predictors of clinical hypomagnesemia. Arch Intern Med 1989, 144:1794-1796.
568. Whang R Magnesium and potassium interrelationships in cardiac arrhythmias. Magnesium 1986, 5:127-133.
569. Zdanowicz MM, Bartella MA Magnesium protection against anthracycline toxicity in vitro. Magnes Res 1991, 4:105-107.
570. Roden DM, Iansmith DH Effects of low potassium or magnesium concentrations on isolated cardiac tissue. Am J Med 1987, 82:18-23.
571. Tobey RC, Birnbaum GA, Allegra JR, et al. Successful resuscitation and neurologic recovery from refractory ventricullar fibrillation after magnesium sulfate administration. Ann Emerg Med 1992, 21:92-96.
572. Rosol T, Capen C Pathophysiology of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium metabolism in animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1996, 26:1155-1184.
573. Rosol TJ, Capen C Calcium-regulating hormones and diseases of abnormal mineral (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium) metabolism. Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals 1997, Academic Press, San Diego. ed 5. J.J. Kaneko, J.W. Harvey, M.L. Bruss (Eds.).
574. Ryzen E, Wagners P, Singer F, et al. Magnesium deficiency in a medical ICU population. Crit Care Med 1985, 13:19-21.
575. Fatemi S, Ryzen E, Flores J, et al. Effect of experimental human magnesium depletion on parathyroid hormone secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991, 73:1067-1072.
576. Leicht E, Schmidt-Gayk H, Langer HJ Hypomagnesemia induced hypocalcemia: concentrations of parathyroid hormone, prolactin and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D during magnesium replenishment. Magnes Res 1992, 5:33-36.
577. Shah B, Santucci M, Finberg L Magnesium deficiency as a cause of hypocalcemia in the CHARGE association. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1994, 148:486-489.
578. Rude R, Oldham S, Singer F Functional hypoparathyroidism and parathyroid hormone end-organ resistance in human magnesium deficiency. Clin Endocrinol 1976, 5:209-224.
579. Wong ET, Rude RK, Singer FR, et al. A high prevalence of hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia in hospitalized patients. Am J Clin Pathol 1983, 79:348-352.
580. Bertelloni S The parathyroid hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D endocrine system and magnesium status in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: current concepts. Magnes Res 1992, 5:45-51.
581. Abbot LG, Rude RK Clinical manifestations of magnesium deficiency. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1993, 19:314-322.
582. Care AD Magnesium homeostasis in relation to grass tetany. Scientific foundations of veterinary medicine 1980, William Heinemann Medical Books, London. A. Phillipson, L. Hall, W. Prichard (Eds.).
583. Johannesson AJ, Raisz LG Effects of low medium magnesium concentration on bone resorption in response to parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in organ culture. Endocrinology 1983, 113:2294-2298.
584. Rude R, Oldham S Hypocalcemia of Mg deficiency: altered modulation of adenylate cylase by Mg ++ and Ca + may result in impaired PTH secretion and end-organ resistance. Magnesium in cellular processes and medicine 1987, Kargar, Basal. B. Altura, J. Durlach, M. Seelig (Eds.).
585. Anast CS, Winnacker JL, Forte LR, et al. Impaired release of parathyroid hormone in magnesium deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1976, 42:707-717.
586. Anast CS, Mohs JM, Kaplan SL, et al. Evidence for parathyroid failure in magnesium deficiency. Science 1972, 177:606-608.
587. Fiore C, Clementi G, Prato A, et al. Influence of magnesium supplementation on parathyroid hormone and bone Gla protein concentration in normal rats. Magnes Trace Elem 1990, 9:289-293.
588. Mayer G, Hurst J Comparison of the effects of calcium and magnesium on parathyroid hormone secretion rate in calves. Endocrinology 1978, 102:1803-1807.
589. Shiga A, Kominato A, Shinozaki K Experimental studies on hypomagnesemia in ruminants. 5. Metabolism of phosphate and plasma parathyroid hormone in sheep fed diets of varying magnesium and calcium concentrations. Jpn J Vet Sci 1980, 42:221-230.
590. Shechter M, Sharir M, Labrador MJP, et al. Oral magnesium therapy improves endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 2000, 102:2353-2358.
591. Dyckner T, Wester PO Magnesium in cardiology. Acta Med Scand Suppl 1982, 661:27-31.
592. DeCarli C, Sprouse G, LaRosa JC Serum magnesium levels in symptomatic atrial fibrillation and their relation to rhythm control by intravenous digoxin. Am J Cardiol 1986, 57:956-959.
593. Rasmussen HS, McNair P, Goransson L, et al. Magnesium deficiency in patients with ischaemic heart disease with and without acute myocardial infarction uncovered by an intravenous loading test. Arch Intern Med 1988, 148:329-332.
594. Boriss MM, Papa DO Magnesium: a discussion of its role in the treatment of ventricular dysrhythmia. Crit Care Med 1988, 16:292-294.
595. Salem M, Munoz R, Chernow B Hypomagnesemia in critical illness. Crit Care Clin 1992, 7:225-247.
596. Fiset C, Kargacin ME, Kondo CS, et al. Hypomagnesemia: characterization of a model of sudden cardiac death. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996, 27:1771-1776.
597. Storm W, Zimmerman JJ Magnesium deficiency and cardiogenic shock after cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 1997, 64:572-577.
598. Ceremuzynski L, Gebalska J, Wolk R, et al. Hypomagnesemia in heart failure with ventricular arrhythmias: beneficial effects of magnesium supplementation. J Intern Med 2000, 247:78-86.
599. Assicott M, Gendrel D, Carsin H, et al. High serum procalcitonin concentrations in patients with sepsis and infection. Lancet 1993, 341:515-518.
600. Dandona P, Nix D, Wilson M, et al. Procalcitonin increase after endotoxin injection in normal subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994, 79:1605-1608.
601. Shetty AK, Rogers NL, Mannick EE, et al. Syndrome of hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis and hypomagnesemia associated with gentamicin therapy: case reports. Clin Pediatr 2000, 39:529-533.
602. Elliott C, Newman N, Madan A Gentamicin effects on urinary electrolyte excretion in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000, 67:16-21.
603. von Vigier RO, Truttmann AC, Zindler-Schmocker K, et al. Aminoglycosides and renal magnesium homeostasis in humans. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000, 15:822-826.
604. Kang HS, Kerstan D, Dai LJ, et al. Aminoglycosides inhibit hormone-stimulated Mg 2+ uptake in mouse distal convoluted tubule cells. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2000, 78:595-602.
605. Meyer H, Stadermann B, Schnurpel B, et al. The influence of type of diet (roughage or concentrate) on the plasma-level, renal excretion, and apparent digestibility of calcium and magnesium in resting and exercising horses. J Equine Vet Sci 1992, 12:233-239.
606. Meyer H, Ahlswede L Untersuchungen zum Mg-Stofwechsel des pferdes. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 1977, 24:128-139.
607. Harrington DD Pathological features of magnesium deficiency in young horses fed purified rations. Am J Vet Res 1974, 35:503.
608. Harrington DD Influence on magnesium deficiency on horse foal tissue concentrations of magnesium, calcium and phosphorus. Br J Nutr 1975, 34:45.
609. Marr CM Arrhythmias. Cardiology of the horse 1999, WB Saunders, London.
610. Montgomerie RF, Savage WH, Dodd EC Tetany in Welsh mountain ponies. Vet Rec 1929, 9:319-324.
611. Green HH, Allcroft WM, Montgomerie RF Hypomagnesemia in equine transit tetany. J Comp Pathol Ther 1935, 48:74-79.
612. Meijer P Two cases of tetany in the horse. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 1982, 107:329-332.
613. Wilkins PA: Magnesium infusion in hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Proceedings of the nineteenth annual Veterinary Medical Forum of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Denver, 2001. pp 242-244.
614. Berger R, Garnier Y Perinatal brain injury. J Perinat Med 2000, 28:261-285.
615. Zhang L, Rzigalinski BA, Ellis EF, et al. Reduction of voltage-dependant Mg 2+ blockade of NMDA current in mechanically injured neurons. Science 1996, 274:1291-1923.
616. Thordstein M, Bagenholm R, Thiringer K, et al. Scavengers of free oxygen radicals in combination with magnesium ameliorate perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in the rat. Pediatr Res 1993, 34:23-26.
617. Leonard SE, Kirby R The role of glutamate, calcium and magnesium in secondary brain injury. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2002, 12:17-32.
618. Seelig JM, Wei EP, Kontos HA, et al. Effect of changes in magnesium ion concentration on cat cerebral arterioles. Am J Physiol 1983, 245:H22-H26.
619. Johnston MV Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2000, 2:109-116.
620. Seimkowicz E Magnesium sulfate solution dramatically improves immediate recovery of rats from hypoxia. Resuscitation 1997, 35:53-59.
621. Heath DL, Voink R Pretreatment with magnesium sulfate protects against hypoxic-ischemic brain injury but post-asphyxial treatment worsens brain injury in 7-day old rats. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999, 180:725-730.
622. Hallak M, Hotra JW, Kupsky WJ Magnesium sulfate protection of fetal rat brain from severe maternal hypoxia. Obstet Gynecol 2000, 96:124-128.
623. Reinhart RA Magnesium metabolism: a review with special reference to the relationship between intracellular content and serum levels. Arch Intern Med 1988, 148:2415-2420.
624. Elin R, Hosseini J Magnesium content of mononuclear blood cells. Clin Chem 1985, 31:377-380.
625. Elin RJ, Hosseini JM, Gill JR Erythrocyte and mononuclear blood cell magnesium concentrations are normal in hypomagnesemic patients with chronic renal magnesium wasting. J Am Coll Nutr 1994, 13:463-466.
626. Shils M Experimental human magnesium depletion. Medicine 1969, 48:61-82.
627. Traver D, Coffman J, Moore J et al: Urine clearance ratios as a diagnostic aid in equine metabolic disease. Proceedings of the annual meeting of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, Dallas, 1976. pp 177-183.
628. Grossman B, Brobst D, Kramer J, et al. Urinary indices for differentiation of prerenal azotemia and renal azotemia in horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982, 180:284-288.
629. Kohn CW, Strasser SL 24-hour renal clearance and excretion of endogenous substances in the mare. Am J Vet Res 1986, 47:1332-1337.
630. Deem Morris D, Divers T, Whilock R Renal clearance and fractional excretion of electrolytes over a 24-hour period. Am J Vet Res 1984, 45:2431-2435.
631. Alfery A, Miller N, Butkus D Clinical and experimental evaluation of magnesium stores. J Lab Clin Med 1974, 84:153-162.
632. Elisaf M, Panteli K, Theodorou J, et al. Fractional excretion of magnesium in normal subjects and in patients with hypomagnesemia. Magnes Res 1997, 10:315-320.
633. Grace ND, Pearce SG, Firth EC, et al. Content and distribution of macro- and micro-elements in the body of pasture fed horses. Aus Vet J 1999, 77:172-176.
634. Wallach S Availability of body magnesium during magnesium deficiency. Magnesium 1988, 7:262-270.
635. Moller JB, Klaaborg KE, Alstrup P, et al. Magnesium content of the human heart. Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1991, 25:155-158.
636. Haigney MCP, Silver B, Tanglao E, et al. Noninvasive measurement of tissue magnesium and correlation with cardiac levels. Circulation 1995, 92:2190-2197.
637. Hebert P, Mehta N, Wang J, et al. Functional magnesium deficiencies in critically ill patients identified using magnesium loading test. Crit Care Med 1997, 25:749-755.
638. Ryzen E, Elbaum N, Singer F, et al. Parenteral magnesium tolerance testing in the evaluation of magnesium deficiency. Magnesium 1985, 4:137-147.
639. Seyfert T, Dick K, Renner F, et al. Simplification of the magnesium loading test for use in outpatients. Trace Elem Electrolyte 1998, 15:120-126.
640. Dyckner T, Wester PO Magnesium deficiency: guidelines for diagnosis and substitution therapy. Acta Med Scand Suppl 1982, 661:37-41.
641. Nadler JL, Rude RK Disorders of magnesium metabolism. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1995, 24:623-641.
642. Mogg TD: Magnesium disorders: their role in equine medicine. Proceedings of the nineteenth annual Veterinary Medical Forum of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Denver, 2001. pp 229-231.
643. Orsini JA, Divers TJ Manual of equine emergancies: treatment and procedures 1998, WB Saunders, Philadelphia.
644. Billman GE, Hoskins RS Prevention of ventricular-fibrillation with magnesium-sulfate. Eur J Pharmacol 1988, 158:167-171.
645. White BC, Winegar CD, Wilson RF, et al. Possible role of calcium blockers in cerebral resuscitation: a review of the literature and synthesis for future studies. Crit Care Med 1983, 11:202-207.
646. Marino PL Magnesium. The ICU bBook 1998, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. ed 2. P. Marino (Ed.).
647. Dhupa N Magnesium therapy. Current veterinary therapy XII 1995, WB Saunders, Philadelphia. R.W. Kirk (Ed.).
648. Freeman DE, Ferrante PL, Palmer JE Comparison of the effects of intragastric infusions of equal volumes of water, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, and magnesium-sulfate on fecal composition and output in clinically normal horses. Am J Vet Res 1992, 53:1347-1353.
649. Nakayama T, Nakayama H, Miyamoto M, et al. Hemodynamic and electrocardiographic effects of magnesium sulfate in healthy dogs. J Vet Intern Med 1999, 13:485-490.
650. Henninger RW, Horst J Magnesium toxicosis in two horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997, 211:82-85.