Vitamin D

American Journal of Physiology - Renal Physiology

Volumn 277, Issue 2 46-2, 1999, Pages

  Brown, Alex J ^a,b   Dusso, Adriana ^a   Slatopolsky, Eduardo ^a  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Department of Internal Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

Gene expression; Metabolism; Receptor

Indexed keywords

CALCITRIOL; CALCIUM; INSULIN; PARATHYROID HORMONE; PHOSPHATE; RETINOID X RECEPTOR; SOMATOMEDIN C; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN D RECEPTOR;

BINDING AFFINITY; CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS; CALCIUM TRANSPORT; GENE ACTIVATION; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DNA BINDING; RECEPTOR BINDING; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; VITAMIN D METABOLISM;

EID: 0032858228     PISSN: 1931857X     EISSN: 15221466     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.1999.277.2.f157     Document Type: Review

References (197)

1. 3. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 4990-4994, 1981.
2. 3. Mol. Endocrinol. 7: 1307-1312, 1993.
3. 3. FEBS Lett. 393: 77-80, 1996.
4. Asaka, M., H. Iida, K. Izumino, and S. Sasayama. Depressed natural killer cell activity in uremia. Evidence for immunosuppressive factor in uremic sera. Nephron 49: 291-295, 1988.
5. Askew, F. A., R. B. Bourdillon, H. M. Bruce, R. G. C. Jenkins, and T. A. Webster. The distillation of vitamin D. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 107: 76-90, 1931.
6. Baker, A. R., D. P. McDonnell, M. Hughes, T. M. Crisp, D. J. Mangelsdorf, M. R. Haussler, J. W. Pike, J. Shine, and B. W. O'Malley. Cloning and expression of full-length cDNA encoding human vitamin D receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 3294-3298, 1988.
7. 3 and is involved in the rapid actions of the hormone. Bone 23, Suppl.: S176, 1998.
8. Barsony, J., I. Renyi, and W. McKoy. Subcellular distribution of normal and mutant vitamin D receptors in living cells. Studies with a novel fluorescent ligand. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 5774-5782, 1997.
9. Bellorin-Font, E., J. Humpierres, J. R. Weisinger, C. L. Milanes, V. Sylva, and V. Paz-Martinez. Effect of metabolic acidosis on the PTH receptor-adenylate cyclase system of canine kidney. Am. J. Physiol. 249 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 18): F566-F572, 1985.
10. Berger, U., P. Wilson, R. A. McClelland, K. Colston, M. R. Haussler, J. W. Pike, and R. C. Coombes. Immunocytochemical detection of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D receptors in normal human tissues. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 67: 607-613, 1988.
11. Bikle, D. D., and E. Gee. Free, and not total, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D regulates 25-hydroxyvitamin D metabolism by keratinocytes. Endocrinology 124: 649-654, 1989.
12. 3 and PTH. Am. J. Physiol. 261 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 30): F799-F807, 1991.
13. Bindels, R. J., J. A. Timmermans, A. Hartog, W. Coers, and C. H. van Os. Calbindin-D9k and parvalbumin are exclusively located along basolateral membranes in rat distal nephron. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2: 1122-1129, 1991.
14. Bischof, M. G., M. L. Siucaldera, A. Weiskopf, P. Vouros, H. S. Cross, M. Peterlik, and G. S. Reddy. Differentiation-related pathways of 1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol metabolism in human colon adenocarcinoma-derived Caco-2 cells: production of 1α,25-dihydroxy-3epi-cholecalciferol. Exp. Cell Res. 241: 194-201, 1998.
15. Blanco, J. C., I. M. Wang, S. Y. Tsai, M. J. Tsai, O. M. BW, P. W. Jurutka, M. R. Haussler, and K. Ozato. Transcription factor TFIIB and the vitamin D receptor cooperatively activate ligand-dependent transcription. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 1535-1539, 1995.
16. 3 1α-hydroxylase by calcium in a human proximal tubule cell line. Bone 23, Suppl.: S260, 1998.
17. 3. Biochemistry 7: 3317-3322, 1968.
18. Boland, R. Role of vitamin D in skeletal muscle function. Endocr. Rev. 7: 434-448, 1986.
19. 3 concentration. J. Clin. Invest. 67: 589-596, 1981.
20. 2+ on phospholipid metabolism in dispersed porcine parathyroid cells. Endocrinology 127: 2738-2743, 1990.
21. 3 lahydroxylase gene promoter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 1387-1391, 1998.
22. Brown, A. J. Vitamin D analogues. Am. J. Kid. Dis. 32, Suppl.: S25-S39, 1998.
23. Brown, A. J., J. Finch, M. Grieff, C. Ritter, N. Kubodera, Y. Nishii, and E. Slatopolsky. The mechanism for the disparate actions of calcitriol and 22-oxacalcitriol in the intestine. Endocrinology 133: 1158-1164, 1993.
24. 3, is a potent suppressor of parathyroid hormone secretion. J. Cell. Biochem. 73: 106-113, 1999.
25. 3 in the regulation of vitamin D receptor expression by rat parathyroid glands. Endocrinology 136: 1419-1425, 1995.
26. Brumbaugh, P. F., and M. R. Haussler. 1 Alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol receptors in intestine. I. Association of 1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol with intestinal mucosa chromatin. J. Biol. Chem. 249: 1251-1257, 1974.
27. 3 24-hydroxylase. Biochemistry 25: 2692-2696, 1986.
28. 3 receptor cDNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 1005-1009, 1988.
29. 3 response to phosphorus restriction. Am. J. Physiol. 256 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 25): F285-F289, 1989.
30. 3 to variation of ionized calcium during chronic acidosis. Am. J. Physiol. 249 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 18): F361-F365, 1985.
31. Cai, Q., D. N. Tapper, R. F. Gilmour, Jr., N. deTalamoni, R. C. Aloia, and R. H. Wasserman. Modulation of the excitability of avian peripheral nerves by vitamin D: relation to calbindin-D28k, calcium status and lipid composition. Cell Calcium 15: 401-410, 1994.
32. 3 suppresses parathyroid hormone secretion from bovine parathyroid cells in tissue culture. Endocrinology 117: 2114-2119, 1985.
33. Cantorna, M. T., C. E. Hayes, and H. F. DeLuca. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 reversibly blocks the progression of relapsing encephalomyelitis, a model of multiple sclerosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 7861-7864, 1996.
34. Carling, T., A. Kindmark, P. Hellman, E. Lundgren, S. Ljunghall, J. Rastad, G. Akerstrom, and H. Melhus. Vitamin D receptor genotypes in primary hyperparathyroidism. Nat. Med. 1: 1309-1311, 1995.
35. Carswell, S. Vitamin D in the nervous system: actions and therapeutic potential. In: Vitamin D, edited by D. Feldman, F. Glorieux, and J. W. Pike. San Diego: Academic, 1997, p. 1197-1211.
36. Chakravarti, D., V. J. LaMorte, M. C. Nelson, T. Nakajima, I. G. Schulman, H. Juguilon, M. Montminy, and R. M. Evans. Role of CBP/P300 in nuclear receptor signalling. Nature 383: 99-103, 1996.
37. Chan, Y. L., C. McKay, E. Dye, and E. Slatopolsky. The effect of 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol on parathyroid hormone secretion by monolayer cultures of bovine parathyroid cells. Calcif. Tissue Int. 38: 27-32, 1986.
38. 3 24-hydroxylase gene promoter and identification of two vitamin D-responsive elements. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1263: 1-9, 1995.
39. 3 receptors in cultured mouse bone cells. Correlation of receptor concentration with the rate of cell division. J. Biol. Chem. 256: 5561-5566, 1981.
40. Chertow, B. S., W. I. Sivitz, N. G. Baranetsky, S. A. Clark, A. Waite, and H. F. DeLuca. Cellular mechanisms of insulin release: the effects of vitamin D deficiency and repletion on rat insulin secretion. Endocrinology 113: 1511-1518, 1983.
41. Christakos, S., E. J. Friedlander, B. R. Frandsen, and A. W. Norman. Studies on the mode of action of calciferol. XIII. Development of a radioimmunoassay for vitamin D-dependent chick intestinal calcium-binding protein and tissue distribution. Endocrinology 104: 1495-1503, 1979.
42. 3 receptor in target cells. Endocrinology 122: 1224-1230, 1988.
43. Cooke, N. E., and J. G. Haddad. Vitamin D binding protein (Gc-globulin). Endocr. Rev. 10: 294-307, 1989.
44. 3 receptor in rats. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 137: 742-747, 1986.
45. 3 receptor turnover by dense amino acid labeling: changes during receptor up-regulation by vitamin D metabolites. Endocrinology 120: 1173-1178, 1987.
46. Danisi, G., J. P. Bonjour, and R. W. Straub. Regulation of Na-dependent phosphate influx across the mucosal border of duodenum by 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Pflügers Arch. 388: 227-232, 1980.
47. 3 receptor to positive and negative vitamin D response elements. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 334: 223-234, 1996.
48. Darwish, H. M., and H. F. DeLuca. Recent advances in the molecular biology of vitamin D action. Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 53: 321-344, 1996.
49. 3 receptor-mediated enhancement of osteocalcin gene transcription: effects of perturbing phosphorylation pathways by okadaic acid and staurosporine. Endocrinology 136: 5685-5693, 1995.
50. Dusso, A. S., L. Negrea, S. Gunawardhana, S. Lopez-Hilker, J. Finch, T. Mori, Y. Nishii, E. Slatopolsky, and A. J. Brown. On the mechanisms for the selective action of vitamin D analogs. Endocrinology 128: 1687-1692, 1991.
51. Faraco, J. H., N. A. Morrison, A. Baker, J. Shine, and P. M. Frossard. ApaI dimorphism at the human vitamin D receptor gene locus. Nucleic Acids Res. 17: 2150, 1989.
52. Feldman, D., and P. J. Malloy. Hereditary 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D resistant rickets: molecular basis and implications for the role of 1,25(OH) 2D3 in normal physiology. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 72: C57-C62, 1990.
53. Fraser, D. R., and E. Kodicek. Unique biosynthesis by kidney of a biological active vitamin D metabolite. Nature 228: 764-766, 1970.
54. Friedman, P. A., and F. A. Gesek. Vitamin D3 accelerates PTH-dependent calcium transport in distal convoluted tubule cells. Am. J. Physiol. 265 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 34): F300-F308, 1993.
55. Fu, G. K., D. Lin, M. Y. H. Zhang, D. D. Bikle, C. H. L. Shackleton, W. L. Miller, and A. A. Portale. Cloning of human 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1α-hydroxylase and mutations causing vitamin D-dependent rickets type I. Mol. Endocrinol. 11: 1961-1970, 1997.
56. Garabedian, M., M. F. Holick, H. F. DeLuca, and I. T. Boyle. Control of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol metabolism by parathyroid glands. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 69: 1673-1676, 1972.
57. Ghazarian, J. G., C. R. Jefcoate, J. C. Knutson, W. H. Orme-Johnson, and H. F. DeLuca. Mitochondrial cytochrome p450. A component of chick kidney 25-hydrocholecalciferol-1α-hydroxylase. J. Biol. Chem. 249: 3026-3033, 1974.
58. Glass, C. K., D. W. Rose, and M. G. Rosenfeld. Nuclear receptor coactivators. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 9: 222-232, 1997.
59. 2-vitamin D concentrations by calcium and phosphorus in the rat: effects of hypophysectomy. Calcif. Tissue Int. 33: 485-488, 1981.
60. 3 levels in rats. Endocrinology 121: 504-512, 1987.
61. 2D concentrations in response to dietary phosphate deprivation in hypophysectomized rats. Calcif. Tissue Int. 35: 100-106, 1983.
62. 3 by phosphate: evidence against a role for total or acid-soluble renal phosphate content. Calcif. Tissue Int. 35: 773-777, 1983.
63. Guillemant, J., and S. Guillemant. Early rise in cyclic GMP after 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol administration in the chick intestinal mucosa. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 93: 906-911, 1980.
64. Guo, Y. D., S. Strugnell, D. W. Back, and G. Jones. Transfected human liver cytochrome P-450 hydroxylates vitamin D analogs at different side-chain positions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 8668-8672, 1993.
65. Haddad, J. G., A. S. Jennings, and T. C. Aw. Vitamin D uptake and metabolism by perfused rat liver: influences of carrier proteins. Endocrinology 123: 498-504, 1988.
66. Halloran, B. P., and H. F. DeLuca. Effect of vitamin D deficiency on fertility and reproductive capacity in the female rat. J. Nutr. 110: 1573-1580, 1980.
67. 3. Rec. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas. Belg. 80: 1063-1069, 1961.
68. Hanstein, B., R. Eckner, J. DiRenzo, S. Halachmi, H. Liu, B. Searcy, R. Kurokawa, and M. Brown. p300 is a component of an estrogen receptor coactivator complex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 11540-11545, 1996.
69. Haussier, M. R., D. J. Baylink, M. R. Hughes, P. F. Brumbaugh, J. E. Wergedal, F. H. Shen, R. L. Nielsen, S. J. Counts, K. M. Bursac, and T. A. McCain. The assay of lalpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: physiologic and pathologic modulation of circulating hormone levels. Clinical Endocrinology 5, Suppl.: 151S-165S, 1976.
70. Haussler, M. R., C. A. Haussler, P. W. Jurutka, P. D. Thompson, J. C. Hsieh, L. S. Remus, S. H. Selznick, and G. K. Whitfield. The vitamin D hormone and its nuclear receptor: molecular actions and disease states. Journal Endocrinology 154, Suppl.: S57-S73, 1997.
71. Haussler, M. R., J. F. Myrtle, and A. W. Norman. The association of a metabolite of vitamin D3 with intestinal mucosa chromatin in vivo. J. Biol. Chem. 243: 4055-4064, 1968.
72. Haussler, M. R., G. K. Whitfield, C. A. Haussler, J. C. Hsieh, P. D. Thompson, S. H. Selznick, C. E. Dominguez, and P. W. Jurutka. The nuclear vitamin D receptor: biological and molecular regulatory properties revealed. J. Bone Miner. Res. 13: 325-349, 1998.
73. 3 25-hydroxylase of rat liver microsomes. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 103: 863-866, 1988.
74. 3 production in cultured kidney cells. Endocrinology 108: 733-735, 1981.
75. 3 in vivo and in primary cultures of chick kidney cells. J. Biol. Chem. 254: 2722-2729, 1979.
76. 3 in kidney cell culture. In: Vitamin D: Basic and Clinical Aspects, edited by R. Kumar. Boston: Nijhoff, 1984, p. 151-174.
77. Henry, H. L., and A. W. Norman. Vitamin D: metabolism and biological actions. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 4: 493-520, 1984.
78. Hess, A. F., and L. J. Unger. Cure of infantile rickets by sunlight. JAMA 77: 39, 1921.
79. Hewison, M., A. R. Rut, K. Kristjansson, R. E. Walker, M. J. Dillon, M. R. Hughes, and J. L. O'Riordan. Tissue resistance to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D without a mutation of the vitamin D receptor gene. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 39: 663-670, 1993.
80. 3 receptors: divergent effects on mouse and rat intestine. Endocrinology 111: 1400-1402, 1982.
81. 3: a unique photoendocrine system. J. Invest. Dermatol. 77: 51-58, 1981.
82. 3 in skin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 76: 107-114, 1977.
83. Holick, M. F., H. K. Schnoes, H. F. DeLuca, T. Suda, and R. J. Cousins. Isolation and identification of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. A metabolite of vitamin D active in intestine. Biochemistry 10: 2799-2804, 1971.
84. 2+ priming during vitamin D-induced monocytic differentiation of a human leukemia cell line. J. Biol. Chem. 263: 16039-16044, 1988.
85. Hsieh, J. C., P. W. Jurutka, M. A. Galligan, C. M. Terpening, C. A. Haussler, D. S. Samuels, Y. Shimizu, N. Shimizu, and M. R. Haussler. Human vitamin D receptor is selectively phosphorylated by protein kinase C on serine 51, a residue crucial to its trans-activation function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 9315-9319, 1991.
86. Hsieh, J. C., P. W. Jurutka, S. Nakajima, M. A. Galligan, C. A. Haussler, Y. Shimizu, N. Shimizu, G. K. Whitfield, and M. R. Haussler. Phosphorylation of the human vitamin D receptor by protein kinase C. Biochemical and functional evaluation of the serine 51 recognition site. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 15118-15126, 1993.
87. Hsu, C. H., and S. R. Patel. Uremic toxins and vitamin D metabolism. Kidney Int. 62, Suppl.: S65-S68, 1997.
88. 3 by calcium and phosphate in the rat. Science 190: 578-580, 1975.
89. Huldschinsky, K. Heilung von Rachitis durch kunstliche Hohensonne. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 45: 712-713, 1919.
90. 3-mediated fusion of mouse bone marrow mononuclear cells. Endocrinology 123: 781-786, 1988.
91. 3-26,23-lactone. Stereo-retained and stereo-selective lactonization. J. Biol. Chem. 262: 7165-7170, 1987.
92. 3 receptor by cAMP-dependent protein kinase, in vitro, and in transfected COS-7 cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 191: 1089-1096, 1993.
93. Jurutka, P. W., J. C. Hsieh, S. Nakajima, C. A. Haussler, G. K. Whitfield, and M. R. Haussler. Human vitamin D receptor phosphorylation by casein kinase II at Ser-208 potentiates transcriptional activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 3519-3524, 1996.
94. Kamei, Y., T. Kawada, T. Fukuwatari, T. Ono, S. Kato, and E. Sugimoto. Cloning and sequencing of the gene encoding the mouse vitamin D receptor. Gene 152: 281-282, 1995.
95. 3 in normal human monocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 22160-22166, 1995.
96. Karsenty, G., B. Lacour, A. Ulmann, E. Pierandrei, and T. Drucke. Early effects of vitamin D metabolites on phosphate fluxes in isolated rat enterocytes. Am. J. Physiol. 248 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 11): G40-G45, 1985.
97. Kawashima, H., J. A. Kraut, and K. Kurokawa. Metabolic acidosis suppresses 25-hydroxyvitamin in D3-1α-hydroxylase in the rat kidney. Distinct site and mechanism of action. J. Clin. Invest. 70: 135-140, 1982.
98. 3 along the rat nephron. Direct evidence for presence of the receptors in both proximal and distal nephron. J. Biol. Chem. 257: 13428-13432, 1982.
99. 3 1α-hydroxylase gene in patients with pseudovitamin D-deficiency rickets. N. Engl. J. Med. 338: 653-661, 1998.
100. 3-24-hydroxylase. Subcellular location and properties. Biochemistry 13: 1543-1548, 1974.
101. Kontula, K., S. Valimaki, K. Kainulainen, A. M. Viitanen, and J. Keski-Oja. Vitamin D receptor polymorphism and treatment of psoriasis with calcipotriol. Br. J. Dermatol. 136: 977-978, 1997.
102. Koshiyama, H., T. Sone, and K. Nakao. Vitamin-D-receptor-gene polymorphism and bone loss. Lancet 345: 990-991, 1995.
103. Koszewski, N. J., S. Ashok, and J. Russell. Turning a negative into a positive: mutation of the avian parathyroid hormone response element and vitamin D transcriptional activity. J. Bone Miner. Res. 11, Suppl.: S115, 1996.
104. 3 receptor gene expression and enhances hormone action. Mol. Endocrinol. 6: 198-206, 1992.
105. 3 restores fertility of vitamin D-deficient female rats. Am. J. Physiol. 256 (Endocrinol. Metab. 19): E483-E487, 1989.
106. Kwiecinski, G. G., G. I. Petrie, and H. F. DeLuca. Vitamin D is necessary for reproductive functions of the male rat. J. Nutr. 119: 741-744, 1989.
107. Labuda, M., K. Morgan, and F. H. Glorieux. Mapping autosomal recessive vitamin D dependency type I to chromosome 12q14 by linkage analysis. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 47: 28-36, 1990.
108. Lawson, D. E., D. R. Fraser, E. Kodicek, H. R. Morris, and D. H. Williams. Identification of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, a new kidney hormone controlling calcium metabolism. Nature 230: 228-230, 1971.
109. 3 receptors in tumorigenic and nontumorigenic bone derived cell lines. Endocrinology 122: 2399-2406, 1988.
110. Lee, S. W., J. Russell, and L. V. Avioli. 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol: conversion impaired by systemic metabolic acidosis. Science 195: 994-996, 1977.
111. Lemire, J. The role of vitamin D in immunosuppression: lessons from autoimmunity and transplantation. In: Vitamin D, edited by D. Feldman, J. W. Pike, and F. H. Glorieux. San Diego: Academic, 1997, p. 1167-1181.
112. Li, Y. C., M. Amling, A E. Pirro, M. Priemel, J. Meuse, R. Baron, G. Delling, and M. B. Demay. Normalization of mineral ion homeostasis by dietary means prevents hyperparathyroidism, rickets, and osteomalacia, but not alopecia in vitamin D receptor-ablated mice. Endocrinology 139: 4391-4396, 1998.
113. Li, Y. C., J. Meuse, J. Guo, F. R. Bringhurst, and M. Demay. Analysis of rapid cellular response to vitamin D treatment in mouse osteoblasts lacking the vitamin D receptor. Bone 23, Suppl.: S263, 1998.
114. Li, Y. C., A. E. Pirro, M. Amling, G. Delling, R. Baron, R. Bronson, and M. B. Demay. Targeted ablation of the vitamin D receptor: an animal model of vitamin D-dependent rickets type II with alopecia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 9831-5, 1997.
115. Lieberherr, M. Effects of vitamin D3 metabolites on cytosolic free calcium in confluent mouse osteoblasts. J. Biol. Chem. 262: 13168-13173, 1987.
116. 3 on the phosphoinositide metabolism in rat enterocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 264: 20403-20406, 1989.
117. 3 leads to the induced differentiation of the myelomonocytic cell line U937. Genes Dev. 10: 142-153, 1996.
118. 3 and binds the vitamin D3 receptor. Mol. Endocrinol. 10: 206-215, 1996.
119. Liu, W., W. R. Yu, T. Carling, C. Juhlin, J. Rastad, P. Ridefelt, G. Akerstrom, and P. Hellman. Regulation of Gp330/megalin expression by vitamins A and D. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 28: 100-107, 1998.
120. 3. Pflügers Arch. 413: 407-413, 1989.
121. MacDonald, P. N., D. R. Sherman, D. R. Dowd, S. C. Jefcoat, Jr., and R. K. DeLisle. The vitamin D receptor interacts with general transcription factor IIB. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 4748-4752, 1995.
122. 3 to calcitroic acid. Evidence for a pathway in kidney and bone involving 24-oxidation. Biochem. J. 262: 173-180, 1989.
123. 3 dependent interaction between the vdr AF-2 domain and SUG1. J. Bone Miner. Res. 12, Suppl.: S122, 1997.
124. Masuyama, H., S. C. Jefcoat, Jr., and P. N. MacDonald. The N-terminal domain of transcription factor IIB is required for direct interaction with the vitamin D receptor and participates in vitamin D-mediated transcription. Mol. Endocrinol. 11: 218-228, 1997.
125. 3 prevents insulitis in NOD mice. Diabetes 41: 1491-1495, 1992.
126. Mathieu, C., J. Laureys, M. Waer, and R. Bouillon. Prevention of autoimmune destruction of transplanted islets in spontaneously diabetic NOD mice by KH1060, a 20-epi analog of vitamin D: synergy with cyclosporine. Transplant. Proc. 26: 3128-3129, 1994.
127. 3, KH1060. Endocrinology 136: 866-872, 1995.
128. 3. Diabetologia 37: 552-558, 1994.
129. 3-1α-hydroxylase to PTH in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 253 (Endocrinol. Metab. 16): E503-E507, 1987.
130. Matsumoto, T., Y. Kawanobe, I. Ezawa, N. Shibuya, K. Hata, and E. Ogata. Role of insulin in the increase in serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations in response to phosphorus deprivation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Endocrinology 118: 1440-1444, 1986.
131. McDonnell, D. P., D. J. Mangelsdorf, J. W. Pike, M. R. Haussler, and O. M. BW. Molecular cloning of complementary DNA encoding the avian receptor for vitamin D. Science 235: 1214-1217, 1987.
132. Mellanby, E. An experimental investigation on rickets. Lancet 1: 407-412, 1919.
133. 3. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 197: 90-95, 1979.
134. 3 1α-hydroxylase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 239: 527-533, 1997.
135. 3. Biochem. J. 289: 675-679, 1993.
136. Morimoto, S., and Y. Kumahara. A patient with psoriasis cured by 1α-hydroxyvitamin D3. Med. J. Osaka Univ. 35: 51-54, 1985.
137. Morrison, N. A., J. C. Qi, A. Tokita, P. J. Kelly, L. Crofts, T. V. Nguyen, P. N. Sambrook, and J. A. Eisman. Prediction of bone density from vitamin D receptor alleles. Nature 367: 284-287, 1994.
138. 3. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 249: 11-16, 1998.
139. 3 in basal-lateral membranes of chick intestinal epithelium and relationship to transcaltachia. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 23750-23756, 1994.
140. 3 which mediates the rapid activation of protein kinase C. J. Bone Miner. Res. 13: 1353-1359, 1998.
141. 3. Endocrinology 115: 1476-1483, 1984.
142. Neveu, I., P. Naveilhan, C. Baudet, P. Brachet, and M. Metsis. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulates NT-3, NT-4 but not BDNF mRNA in astrocytes. Neuroreport 6: 124-126, 1994.
143. 3 regulates the synthesis of nerve growth factor in primary cultures of glial cells. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 24: 70-76, 1994.
144. 3 by rat brain macrophages in vitro. J. Neurosci. Res. 38: 214-220, 1994.
145. 3 in monocytes from normal human subjects. Metabolism: Clin. Exp. 37: 109-114, 1988.
146. 3 and their localization in kidney and intestine. Biochemistry 2: 1160-1168, 1963.
147. 3. Cell 96: 507-515, 1999.
148. 3-26,23-lactone. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 204: 387-391, 1980.
149. 3 24-hydroxylase. Biochemistry 32: 76-82, 1993.
150. 3 24-hydroxylase. FEBS Lett. 278: 195-8, 1991.
151. 3. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 8690-8695, 1991.
152. 3 24-hydroxylase gene. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 10545-10550, 1994.
153. 3. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (Tokyo) 35: 529-533, 1989.
154. Okano, T., M. Yasumura, K. Mizuno, and T. Kobayashi. Photochemical conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol into vitamin D3 in rat skins. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (Tokyo) 23: 165-168, 1977.
155. Omdahl, J. L., R. W. Gray, I. T. Boyle, J. Knutson, and H. F. DeLuca. Regulation of metabolism of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol by kidney tissue in vitro by dietary calcium. Nature-New Biol. 237: 63-64, 1972.
156. Onate, S. A., S. Y. Tsai, M. J. Tsai, and O. M. BW. Sequence and characterization of a coactivator for the steroid hormone receptor superfamily. Science 270: 1354-1357, 1995.
157. Pols, H. A., J. P. van Leeuwen, J. P. Schilte, T. J. Visser, and J. C. Birkenhager. Heterologous up-regulation of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-like peptide in osteoblast-like cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 156: 588-594, 1988.
158. Portale, A. A., B. P. Halloran, and R. C. Morris, Jr. Physiologic regulation of the serum concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D by phosphorus in normal men. J. Clin. Invest. 83: 1494-1499, 1989.
159. Prowedini, D. M., and S. C. Manolagas. 1 Alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor distribution and effects in subpopulations of normal human T lymphocytes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 68: 774-779, 1989.
160. Quesada, J. M., A. Martin-Malo, J. Santiago, F. Hervas, M. E. Martinez, D. Castillo, V. Barrio, and P. Aljama. Effect of calcitriol on insulin secretion in uraemia. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 5: 1013-1017, 1990.
161. 3 through C-24 oxidation pathway. Biochemistry 28: 1763-1769, 1989.
162. Rost, C. R., D. D. Bikle, and R. A. Kaplan. In vitro stimulation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol 1α-hydroxylation by parathyroid hormone in chick kidney slices: evidence for a role for adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate. Endocrinology 108: 1002-1006, 1981.
163. 3 25-hydroxylase in human liver. J. Biol. Chem. 259: 10936-10940, 1984.
164. Safadi, F., P. Thornton, H. Magiera, B. Hollis, M. Gentile, J. Haddad, S. Liebhaber, and N. Cooke. Osteopathy and resistance to vitamin D toxicity in mice null for vitamin D binding protein. J. Clin. Invest. 103: 239-251, 1999.
165. Saijo, T., M. Ito, E. Takeda, A. H. Huq, E. Naito, I. Yokota, T. Sone, J. W. Pike, and Y. Kuroda. A unique mutation in the vitamin D receptor gene in three Japanese patients with vitamin D-dependent rickets type II: utility of single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis for heterozygous carrier detection. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 49: 668-673, 1991.
166. 3 (MC 1288), on calcium influx and DNA synthesis in cultured muscle cells. Biochem. Pharmacol. 53: 1807-1814, 1997.
167. 3-1α-hydroxylase cDNA Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 12920-12925, 1997.
168. Smith, C. L., S. A. Onate, M. J. Tsai, and O. M. BW. CREB binding protein acts synergistically with steroid receptor coactivator-1 to enhance steroid receptor-dependent transcription. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 8884-8888, 1996.
169. St.-Arnaud, R., A. Arabian, and F. H. Glorieux. Abnormal bone development in mice deficient for the vitamin D-24-hydroxylase gene. J. Bone Min. Res. 11, Suppl.: S126, 1996.
170. St.-Arnaud, R., S. Messerlian, J. M. Moir, J. L. Omdahl, and F. H. Glorieux. The 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1α-hydroxylase gene maps to the pseudovitamin D-deficiency rickets (PDDR) disease locus. J. Bone Miner. Res. 12: 1552-1559, 1997.
171. Stroder, J., and P. Kasal. Phagocytosis in vitamin D deficient rickets. Klin. Wochenschr. 48: 383-384, 1970.
172. Strugnell, S. A., and H. F. DeLuca. The vitamin D receptor: structure and transcriptional activation. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 215: 223-228, 1997.
173. 3 on cytosolic calcium in dispersed parathyroid cells. Kidney Int. 33: 850-854, 1988.
174. 3. J. Cell. Physiol. 167: 380-393, 1996.
175. 3 inhibits parathyroid cell proliferation in experimental uremia. Kidney Int. 35: 1049-1056, 1989.
176. Takeda, S., T. Yoshizawa, Y. Nagai, H. Yamato, S. Fukumoto, K. Sekine, S. Kato, T. Matsumoto, and T. Fujita. Stimulation of osteoclast formation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D requires its binding to vitamin D receptor in osteoblastic cells: studies using VDR knock out mice. Endocrinology 140: 1005-1008, 1999.
177. 3 1α-hydroxylase and vitamin D synthesis. Science 277: 1827-1830, 1997.
178. Tanaka, Y., and H. F. DeLuca. The control of 25-hydroxyvitamin D metabolism by inorganic phosphorus. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 154: 566-574, 1973.
179. 3 in primary cultures of chick kidney cells. J. Clin. Invest. 64: 206-217, 1979.
180. Vesely, D. L., and D. Juan. Cation-dependent vitamin D activation of human renal cortical guanylate cyclase. Am. J. Physiol. 246 (Endocrinol. Metab. 9): E115-E120, 1984.
181. vom Baur, E., C. Zechel, D. Heery, M. J. Heine, J. M. Garnier, V. Vivat, B. Le Douarin, H. Gronemeyer, P. Chambon, and R. Losson. Differential ligand-dependent interactions between the AF-2 activating domain of nuclear receptors and the putative transcriptional intermediary factors mSUG1 and TIF1. EMBO J. 15: 110-124, 1996.
182. Walters, M. R. Newly identified actions of the vitamin D endocrine system. Endocr. Rev. 13: 719-764, 1992.
183. Wasserman, R. H., and C. S. Fullmer. Vitamin D and intestinal calcium transport: facts, speculations and hypotheses. J. Nutr. 125, Suppl.: 1971S-1979S, 1995.
184. 3 by calcium in the parathyroidectomized, parathyroid hormone-replete rat. J. Bone Miner. Res. 4: 929-935, 1989.
185. 2-vitamin D concentrations and net intestinal calcium, phosphate, and magnesium absorption in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 32: 2052-2060, 1979.
186. Windaus, A., F. R. Schenck, and F. von Werder. Uber das antirachitisch wirksame Bestrahlungsprodukt aus 7-dehydrocholesterin. Z. Physiol. 241: 100-103, 1936.
187. 3 production by parathyroid hormone. Acta Endocrinol. 109: 243-248, 1985.
188. 3 suppresses expression and secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide from cardiac myocytes. Am. J. Physiol. 268 (Endocrinol. Metab. 31): E1108-E1113, 1995.
189. 3, and retinoic acid antagonize endothelin-stimulated hypertrophy of neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 97: 1577-1588, 1996.
190. Wu, S., J. Finch, M. Zhong, E. Slatopolsky, M. Grieff, and A. J. Brown. Expression of the renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase gene: regulation by dietary phosphate. Am. J. Physiol. 271 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 40): F203-F208, 1996.
191. 3. Pflügers Arch. 422: 211-216, 1992.
192. Yamamoto, M., Y. Kawanobe, H. Takahashi, E. Shimazawa, S. Kimura, and E. Ogata. Vitamin D deficiency and renal calcium transport in the rat. J. Clin. Invest. 74: 507-513, 1984.
193. Yao, T. P., G. Ku, N. Zhou, R. Scully, and D. M. Livingston. The nuclear hormone receptor coactivator SRC-1 is a specific target of p300. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 10626-10631, 1996.
194. Yetgin, S., and S. Ozsoylu. Myeloid metaplasia in vitamin D deficiency rickets. Scand. J. Haematol. 28: 180-185, 1982.
195. Yoshida, T., T. Monkawa, H. S. Tenenhouse, P. Goodyer, T. Shinki, T. Suda, S. Wakino, M. Hayashi, and T. Saruta. Two novel 1α-hydroxylase mutations in French-Canadians with vitamin D dependency rickets type I. Kidney Int. 54: 1437-1443, 1998.
196. Yoshizawa, T., Y. Handa, Y. Uematsu, S. Takeda, K. Sekine, Y. Yoshihara, T. Kawakami, K. Arioka, H. Sato, Y. Uchiyama, S. Masushige, A. Fukamizu, T. Matsumoto, and S. Kato. Mice lacking the vitamin D receptor exhibit impaired bone formation, uterine hypoplasia and growth retardation after weaning. Nat. Genet. 16: 391-396, 1997.
197. 3 (analogs) by cytochrome P450 enzyme inhibitors is compound- and cell-type specific. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 57: 197-202, 1996.