Nuclear proteins hijacked by mammalian cytoplasmic plus strand RNA viruses

Virology

Volumn 479-480, Issue , 2015, Pages 457-474

  Lloyd, Richard E ^a  

^a BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Coronavirus; Enterovirus; Flavivirus; G3BP1; Hepatitis C virus; HnRNP A1; HnRNP C; HnRNP K; HnRNP M; La protein; Norovirus; NSAP; PCBP2; Poliovirus; PTB; RNA helicase A; RNA virus; SRp20; Tia1 TIAR; UNR

Indexed keywords

NUCLEAR PROTEIN;

CYTOPLASM; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; RNA VIRUS; VIROLOGY; VIRUS REPLICATION;

CYTOPLASM; HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS; NUCLEAR PROTEINS; PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS; RNA VIRUSES; VIRUS REPLICATION;

EID: 84940004808     PISSN: 00426822     EISSN: 10960341     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.001     Document Type: Review

References (192)

1. Agis-Juárez R.A., Galván I., Medina F., Daikoku T., Padmanabhan R., Ludert J.E., del Angel R.M. Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein is relocated to the cytoplasm and is required during dengue virus infection in Vero cells. J. Gen.Virol. 2009, 90:2893-2901. 10.1099/vir.0.013433-0.
2. Almstead L.L., Sarnow P. Inhibition of U snRNP assembly by a virus-encoded proteinase. Genes Dev. 2007, 21:1086-1097. 10.1101/gad.1535607.
3. Anderson E.C., Hunt S.L., Jackson R.J. Internal initiation of translation from the human rhinovirus-2 internal ribosome entry site requires the binding of Unr to two distinct sites on the 5' untranslated region. J. Gen. Virol. 2007, 88:3043-3052. 10.1099/vir.0.82463-0.
4. Andino R., Rieckhof G.E., Achacoso P.L., Baltimore D. Poliovirus RNA synthesis utilizes an RNP complex formed around the 5'-end of viral RNA. EMBO J. 1993, 12:3587-3598.
5. Andreev D.E., Hirnet J., Terenin I.M., Dmitriev S.E., Niepmann M., Shatsky I.N. Glycyl-tRNA synthetase specifically binds to the poliovirus IRES to activate translation initiation. Nucl. Acids Res. 2012, 40:5602-5614. 10.1093/nar/gks182.
6. Anwar A., Leong K.M., Ng M.L., Chu J.J.H., Garcia-Blanco M.A. The polypyrimidine tract-binding protein is required for efficient dengue virus propagation and associates with the viral replication machinery. J. Biol. Chem. 2009, 284:17021-17029. 10.1074/jbc.M109.006239.
7. Aratani S., Fujii R., Oishi T., Fujita H., Amano T., Ohshima T., Hagiwara M., Fukamizu A., Nakajima T. Dual roles of RNA helicase A in CREB-dependent transcription. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2001, 21:4460-4469. 10.1128/MCB.21.14.4460-4469.2001.
8. Ariumi Y., Kuroki M., Kushima Y., Osugi K., Hijikata M., Maki M., Ikeda M., Kato N. Hepatitis C virus hijacks P-body and stress granule components around lipid droplets. J. Virol. 2011, 85:6882-6892. 10.1128/JVI.02418-10.
9. Back S.H., Kim Y.K., Kim W.J., Cho S., Oh H.R., Kim J.-E., Jang S.K. Translation of polioviral mRNA is inhibited by cleavage of polypyrimidine tract-binding proteins executed by polioviral 3C(pro). J. Virol. 2002, 76:2529-2542.
10. Bacot-Davis V.R., Palmenberg A.C. Encephalomyocarditis virus leader protein hinge domain is responsible for interactions with Ran GTPase. Virology 2013, 443:177-185. 10.1016/j.virol.2013.05.002.
11. Bailey D., Karakasiliotis I., Vashist S., Chung L.M.W., Rees J., Reese J., McFadden N., Benson A., Yarovinsky F., Simmonds P., Goodfellow I. Functional analysis of RNA structures present at the 3' extremity of the murine norovirus genome: the variable polypyrimidine tract plays a role in viral virulence. J. Virol. 2010, 84:2859-2870. 10.1128/JVI.02053-09.
12. Basta H.A., Bacot-Davis V.R., Ciomperlik J.J., Palmenberg A.C. Encephalomyocarditis virus leader is phosphorylated by CK2 and syk as a requirement for subsequent phosphorylation of cellular nucleoporins. J. Virol. 2014, 88:2219-2226. 10.1128/JVI.03150-13.
13. Bedard K.M., Daijogo S., Semler B.L. A nucleo-cytoplasmic SR protein functions in viral IRES-mediated translation initiation. EMBO J. 2007, 26:459-467. 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601494.
14. Bidet K., Dadlani D., Garcia-Blanco M.A. G3BP1, G3BP2 and CAPRIN1 are required for translation of interferon stimulated mRNAs and are targeted by a dengue virus non-coding RNA. PLoS Pathog. 2014, 10:e1004242. 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004242.
15. Bidet K., Garcia-Blanco M.A. Flaviviral RNAs: weapons and targets in the war between virus and host. Biochem. J. 2014, 462:215-230. 10.1042/BJ20140456.
16. Blackwell J.L., Brinton M.A. Translation elongation factor-1 alpha interacts with the 3' stem-loop region of West Nile virus genomic RNA. J. Virol. 1997, 71:6433-6444.
17. Blyn L.B., Swiderek K.M., Richards O., Stahl D.C., Semler B.L., Ehrenfeld E. Poly(rC) binding protein 2 binds to stem-loop IV of the poliovirus RNA 5' noncoding region: identification by automated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996, 93:11115-11120.
18. Borman A.M., Kean K.M. Intact eukaryotic initiation factor 4G is required for hepatitis A virus internal initiation of translation. Virology 1997, 237:129-136. 10.1006/viro.1997.8761.
19. Boussadia O., Niepmann M., Créancier L., Prats A.C., Dautry F., Jacquemin-Sablon H. Unr is required in vivo for efficient initiation of translation from the internal ribosome entry sites of both rhinovirus and poliovirus. J. Virol. 2003, 77:3353-3359. 10.1128/JVI.77.6.3353-3359.2003.
20. Brocard M., Paulous S., Komarova A.V., Deveaux V., Kean K.M. Evidence that PTB does not stimulate HCV IRES-driven translation. Virus Genes 2007, 35:5-15. 10.1007/s11262-006-0038-z.
21. Brunner J.E., Nguyen J.H.C., Roehl H.H., Ho T.V., Swiderek K.M., Semler B.L. Functional interaction of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C with poliovirus RNA synthesis initiation complexes. J. Virol. 2005, 79:3254-3266. 10.1128/JVI.79.6.3254-3266.2005.
22. Burnham A.J., Gong L., Hardy R.W. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonuclear protein K interacts with Sindbis virus nonstructural proteins and viral subgenomic mRNA. Virology 2007, 367:212-221. 10.1016/j.virol.2007.05.008.
23. Cancio-Lonches C., Yocupicio-Monroy M., Sandoval-Jaime C., Galvan-Mendoza I., Urena L., Vashist S., Goodfellow I., Salas-Benito J., Gutiérrez-Escolano A.L. Nucleolin interacts with the feline calicivirus 3' untranslated region and the protease-polymerase NS6 and NS7 proteins, playing a role in virus replication. J. Virol. 2011, 85:8056-8068. 10.1128/JVI.01878-10.
24. Castelló A., Fischer B., Eichelbaum K., Horos R., Beckmann B.M., Strein C., Davey N.E., Humphreys D.T., Preiss T., Steinmetz L.M., Krijgsveld J., Hentze M.W. Insights into RNA biology from an atlas of mammalian mRNA-binding proteins. Cell 2012, 149:1393-1406. 10.1016/j.cell.2012.04.031.
25. Cathcart A.L., Rozovics J.M., Semler B.L. Cellular mRNA decay protein AUF1 negatively regulates enterovirus and human rhinovirus infections. J. Virol. 2013, 87:10423-10434. 10.1128/JVI.01049-13.
26. Cathcart A.L., Semler B.L. Differential restriction patterns of mRNA decay factor AUF1 during picornavirus infections. J. Gen.Virol. 2014, 95:1488-1492. 10.1099/vir.0.064501-0.
27. Chang K.-S., Luo G. The polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB) is required for efficient replication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA. Virus Res. 2006, 115:1-8. 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.06.012.
28. Chang T.-C., Yamashita A., Chen C.-Y.A., Yamashita Y., Zhu W., Durdan S., Kahvejian A., Sonenberg N., Shyu A.-B. UNR, a new partner of poly(A)-binding protein, plays a key role in translationally coupled mRNA turnover mediated by the c-fos major coding-region determinant. Genes Dev. 2004, 18:2010-2023. 10.1101/gad.1219104.
29. Chase A.J., Semler B.L. Differential cleavage of IRES trans-acting factors (ITAFs) in cells infected by human rhinovirus. Virology 2014, 449:35-44. 10.1016/j.virol.2013.10.030.
30. Clerte C., Hall K.B. The domains of polypyrimidine tract binding protein have distinct RNA structural preferences. Biochemistry 2009, 48:2063-2074. 10.1021/bi8016872.
31. Cobbold, L.C., Wilson, L.A., Sawicka, K., King, H.A., Kondrashov, A.V., Spriggs, K.A., Bushell, M., Willis, A.E., Upregulated c-myc expression in multiple myeloma by internal ribosome entry results from increased interactions with and expression of PTB-1 and YB-1. Oncogene. 29, 2010, 2884-2891, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/onc.2010.31.
32. Costa-Mattioli M., Svitkin Y., Sonenberg N. La autoantigen is necessary for optimal function of the poliovirus and hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site in vivo and in vitro. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2004, 24:6861-6870. 10.1128/MCB.24.15.6861-6870.2004.
33. Courtney S.C., Scherbik S.V., Stockman B.M., Brinton M.A. West nile virus infections suppress early viral RNA synthesis and avoid inducing the cell stress granule response. J. Virol. 2012, 86:3647-3657. 10.1128/JVI.06549-11.
34. Cristea I.M., Carroll J.-W.N., Rout M.P., Rice C.M., Chait B.T., MacDonald M.R. Tracking and elucidating alphavirus-host protein interactions. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281:30269-30278. 10.1074/jbc.M603980200.
35. Cristea I.M., Rozjabek H., Molloy K.R., Karki S., White L.L., Rice C.M., Rout M.P., Chait B.T., MacDonald M.R. Host factors associated with the Sindbis virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase: role for G3BP1 and G3BP2 in virus replication. J. Virol. 2010, 84:6720-6732. 10.1128/JVI.01983-09.
36. Daughenbaugh K.F., Fraser C.S., Hershey J.W.B., Hardy M.E. The genome-linked protein VPg of the Norwalk virus binds eIF3, suggesting its role in translation initiation complex recruitment. EMBO J. 2003, 22:2852-2859. 10.1093/emboj/cdg251, 10.1093/emboj/cdg251.
37. Daughenbaugh K.F., Wobus C.E., Hardy M.E. VPg of murine norovirus binds translation initiation factors in infected cells. Virol. J. 2006, 3:33. 10.1186/1743-422X-3-33.
38. Davis W.G., Blackwell J.L., Shi P.-Y., Brinton M.A. Interaction between the cellular protein eEF1A and the 3'-terminal stem-loop of West Nile virus genomic RNA facilitates viral minus-strand RNA synthesis. J. Virol. 2007, 81:10172-10187. 10.1128/JVI.00531-07.
39. De Jesus N., Franco D., Paul A., Wimmer E., Cello J. Mutation of a single conserved nucleotide between the cloverleaf and internal ribosome entry site attenuates poliovirus neurovirulence. J. Virol. 2005, 79:14235-14243. 10.1128/JVI.79.22.14235-14243.2005.
40. De Nova-Ocampo M., Villegas-Sepúlveda N., del Angel R.M. Translation elongation factor-1alpha, La, and PTB interact with the 3' untranslated region of dengue 4 virus RNA. Virology 2002, 295:337-347. 10.1006/viro.2002.1407.
41. Dickson A.M., Anderson J.R., Barnhart M.D., Sokoloski K.J., Oko L., Opyrchal M., Galanis E., Wilusz C.J., Morrison T.E., Wilusz J. Dephosphorylation of HuR protein during alphavirus infection is associated with HuR relocalization to the cytoplasm. J. Biol. Chem. 2012, 287:36229-36238. 10.1074/jbc.M112.371203.
42. Domitrovich A.M., Diebel K.W., Ali N., Sarker S., Siddiqui A. Role of La autoantigen and polypyrimidine tract-binding protein in HCV replication. Virology 2005, 335:72-86. 10.1016/j.virol.2005.02.009.
43. Dougherty J.D., White J.P., Lloyd R.E. Poliovirus-mediated disruption of cytoplasmic processing bodies. J. Virol. 2011, 85:64-75. 10.1128/JVI.01657-10.
44. Edgil D., Polacek C., Harris E. Dengue virus utilizes a novel strategy for translation initiation when cap-dependent translation is inhibited. J. Virol. 2006, 80:2976-2986. 10.1128/JVI.80.6.2976-2986.2006.
45. Emara M.M., Brinton M.A. Interaction of TIA-1/TIAR with West Nile and dengue virus products in infected cells interferes with stress granule formation and processing body assembly. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2007, 104:9041-9046. 10.1073/pnas.0703348104.
46. Emara M.M., Liu H., Davis W.G., Brinton M.A. Mutation of mapped TIA-1/TIAR binding sites in the 3' terminal stem-loop of West Nile virus minus-strand RNA in an infectious clone negatively affects genomic RNA amplification. J. Virol. 2008, 82:10657-10670. 10.1128/JVI.00991-08.
47. Ertel K.J., Brunner J.E., Semler B.L. Mechanistic consequences of hnRNP C binding to both RNA termini of poliovirus negative-strand RNA intermediates. J. Virol. 2010, 84:4229-4242. 10.1128/JVI.02198-09.
48. Espinosa-Hernández W., Velez-Uriza D., Valdés J., Vélez-Del Valle C., Salas-Benito J., Martínez-Contreras R., García-Espítia M., Salas-Benito M., Vega-Almeida T., De Nova-Ocampo M. PTB binds to the 3' untranslated region of the human astrovirus type 8: a possible role in viral replication. PLoS ONE 2014, 9:e113113. 10.1371/journal.pone.0113113.
49. Filomatori C.V., Iglesias N.G., Villordo S.M., Alvarez D.E., Gamarnik A.V. RNA sequences and structures required for the recruitment and activity of the dengue virus polymerase. J. Biol Chem. 2011, 286:6929-6939. 10.1074/jbc.M110.162289.
50. Fitzgerald K.D., Semler B.L. Re-localization of cellular protein SRp20 during poliovirus infection: bridging a viral ires to the host cell translation apparatus. PLoS Pathog. 2011, 7:e1002127. 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002127.
51. Fontanes V., Raychaudhuri S., Dasgupta A. A cell-permeable peptide inhibits hepatitis C virus replication by sequestering IRES transacting factors. Virology 2009, 394:82-90. 10.1016/j.virol.2009.08.012.
52. Friebe P., Boudet J., Simorre J.-P., Bartenschlager R. Kissing-loop interaction in the 3' end of the hepatitis C virus genome essential for RNA replication. J. Virol. 2005, 79:380-392. 10.1128/JVI.79.1.380-392.2005.
53. Fuchsová B., Novák P., Kafková J., Hozák P. Nuclear DNA helicase II is recruited to IFN-alpha-activated transcription sites at PML nuclear bodies. J. Cell. Biol. 2002, 158:463-473. 10.1083/jcb.200202035.
54. Galán C., Sola I., Nogales A., Thomas B., Akoulitchev A., Enjuanes L., Almazán F. Host cell proteins interacting with the 3' end of TGEV coronavirus genome influence virus replication. Virology 2009, 391:304-314. 10.1016/j.virol.2009.06.006.
55. Gamarnik A.V., Andino R. Two functional complexes formed by KH domain containing proteins with the 5' noncoding region of poliovirus RNA. RNA 1997, 3:882-892.
56. Gamarnik A.V., Andino R. Switch from translation to RNA replication in a positive-stranded RNA virus. Genes Dev. 1998, 12:2293-2304. 10.1101/gad.12.15.2293.
57. Gamarnik A.V., Andino R. Interactions of viral protein 3CD and poly(rC) binding protein with the 5' untranslated region of the poliovirus genome. J. Virol. 2000, 74:2219-2226. 10.1128/JVI.74.5.2219-2226.2000.
58. García-Montalvo B.M., Medina F., del Angel R.M. La protein binds to NS5 and NS3 and to the 5' and 3' ends of Dengue 4 virus RNA. Virus Res. 2004, 102:141-150. 10.1016/j.virusres.2004.01.024.
59. Garneau N.L., Sokoloski K.J., Opyrchal M., Neff C.P., Wilusz C.J., Wilusz J. The 3' untranslated region of sindbis virus represses deadenylation of viral transcripts in mosquito and mammalian cells. J. Virol. 2008, 82:880-892. 10.1128/JVI.01205-07.
60. Gomila R.C., Martin G.W., Gehrke L. NF90 binds the dengue virus RNA 3' terminus and is a positive regulator of dengue virus replication. PLoS ONE 2011, 6:e16687. 10.1371/journal.pone.0016687.
61. Gorchakov R., Garmashova N., Frolova E., Frolov I. Different types of nsP3-containing protein complexes in Sindbis virus-infected cells. J. Virol. 2008, 82:10088-10101. 10.1128/JVI.01011-08.
62. Gromeier M., Lachmann S., Rosenfeld M.R., Gutin P.H., Wimmer E. Intergeneric poliovirus recombinants for the treatment of malignant glioma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000, 97:6803-6808.
63. Gui H., Lu C.-W., Adams S., Stollar V., Li M.-L. hnRNP A1 interacts with the genomic and subgenomic RNA promoters of Sindbis virus and is required for the synthesis of G and SG RNA. J. Biomed. Sci. 2010, 17:59. 10.1186/1423-0127-17-59.
64. Gutiérrez-Escolano A.L., Vázquez-Ochoa M., Escobar-Herrera J., Hernández-Acosta J. La, PTB, and PAB proteins bind to the 3(') untranslated region of Norwalk virus genomic RNA. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2003, 311:759-766.
65. Hambidge S.J., Sarnow P. Translational enhancement of the poliovirus 5' noncoding region mediated by virus-encoded polypeptide 2A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1992, 89:10272-10276.
66. Harris D., Zhang Z., Chaubey B., Pandey V.N. Identification of cellular factors associated with the 3'-nontranslated region of the hepatitis C virus genome. Mol. Cell. Proteomics 2006, 5:1006-1018. 10.1074/mcp.M500429-MCP200.
67. Hellen C.U., Witherell G.W., Schmid M., Shin S.H., Pestova T.V., Gil A., Wimmer E. A cytoplasmic 57-kDa protein that is required for translation of picornavirus RNA by internal ribosomal entry is identical to the nuclear pyrimidine tract-binding protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1993, 90:7642-7646.
68. Hellen C.U.T. IRES-induced conformational changes in the ribosome and the mechanism of translation initiation by internal ribosomal entry. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2009, 1789:558-570. 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2009.06.001.
69. Herold J., Andino R. Poliovirus RNA replication requires genome circularization through a protein-protein bridge. Mol. Cell 2001, 7:581-591.
70. Hirano M., Kaneko S., Yamashita T., Luo H., Qin W., Shirota Y., Nomura T., Kobayashi K., Murakami S. Direct interaction between nucleolin and hepatitis C virus NS5B. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278:5109-5115. 10.1074/jbc.M207629200.
71. Huang P., Lai M.M. Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein binds to the complementary strand of the mouse hepatitis virus 3' untranslated region, thereby altering RNA conformation. J. Virol. 1999, 73:9110-9116.
72. Huang P., Lai M.M. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein a1 binds to the 3'-untranslated region and mediates potential 5'-3'-end cross talks of mouse hepatitis virus RNA. J. Virol. 2001, 75:5009-5017. 10.1128/JVI.75.11.5009-5017.2001.
73. Hunt S.L., Hsuan J.J., Totty N., Jackson R.J. unr, a cellular cytoplasmic RNA-binding protein with five cold-shock domains, is required for internal initiation of translation of human rhinovirus RNA. Genes Dev. 1999, 13:437-448.
74. Isken O., Baroth M., Grassmann C.W., Weinlich S., Ostareck D.H., Ostareck-Lederer A., Behrens S.-E. Nuclear factors are involved in hepatitis C virus RNA replication. RNA 2007, 13:1675-1692. 10.1261/rna.594207.
75. Isken O., Grassmann C.W., Sarisky R.T., Kann M., Zhang S., Grosse F., Kao P.N., Behrens S.-E. Members of the NF90/NFAR protein group are involved in the life cycle of a positive-strand RNA virus. EMBO J. 2003, 22:5655-5665. 10.1093/emboj/cdg562.
76. Isken O., Grassmann C.W., Yu H., Behrens S.-E. Complex signals in the genomic 3' nontranslated region of bovine viral diarrhea virus coordinate translation and replication of the viral RNA. RNA 2004, 10:1637-1652. 10.1261/rna.7290904.
77. Ito T., Lai M.M. An internal polypyrimidine-tract-binding protein-binding site in the hepatitis C virus RNA attenuates translation, which is relieved by the 3'-untranslated sequence. Virology 1999, 254:288-296. 10.1006/viro.1998.9541.
78. Izumi R.E., Valdez B., Banerjee R., Srivastava M., Dasgupta A. Nucleolin stimulates viral internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation. Virus Res. 2001, 76:17-29. 10.1016/S0168-1702(01)00240-4.
79. Jahan N., Wimmer E., Mueller S. A host-specific, temperature-sensitive translation defect determines the attenuation phenotype of a human rhinovirus/poliovirus chimera, PV1(RIPO). J. Virol. 2011, 85:7225-7235. 10.1128/JVI.01804-09.
80. Jahan N., Wimmer E., Mueller S. Polypyrimidine tract binding protein-1 (PTB1) is a determinant of the tissue and host tropism of a human rhinovirus/poliovirus chimera PV1(RIPO). PLoS ONE 2013, 8:e60791. 10.1371/journal.pone.0060791.
81. Ji H., Fraser C.S., Yu Y., Leary J., Doudna J.A. Coordinated assembly of human translation initiation complexes by the hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site RNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101:16990-16995. 10.1073/pnas.0407402101.
82. Jiang L., Yao H., Duan X., Lu X., Liu Y. Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein influences negative strand RNA synthesis of dengue virus. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2009, 385:187-192. 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.05.036.
83. Jiang Y., Serviene E., Gal J., Panavas T., Nagy P.D. Identification of essential host factors affecting tombusvirus RNA replication based on the yeast Tet promoters Hughes Collection. J. Virol. 2006, 80:7394-7404. 10.1128/JVI.02686-05.
84. Kafasla P., Lin H., Curry S., Jackson R.J. Activation of picornaviral IRESs by PTB shows differential dependence on each PTB RNA-binding domain. RNA 2011, 17:1120-1131. 10.1261/rna.2549411.
85. Kafasla P., Morgner N., Pöyry T.A.A., Curry S., Robinson C.V., Jackson R.J. Polypyrimidine tract binding protein stabilizes the encephalomyocarditis virus IRES structure via binding multiple sites in a unique orientation. Mol. Cell 2009, 34:556-568. 10.1016/j.molcel.2009.04.015.
86. Kafasla P., Morgner N., Robinson C.V., Jackson R.J. Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein stimulates the poliovirus IRES by modulating eIF4G binding. EMBO J. 2010, 29:3710-3722. 10.1038/emboj.2010.231.
87. Kanda T., Gauss-Müller V., Cordes S., Tamura R., Okitsu K., Shuang W., Nakamoto S., Fujiwara K., Imazeki F., Yokosuka O. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) proteinase 3C inhibits HAV IRES-dependent translation and cleaves the polypyrimidine tract-binding protein. J. Viral Hepat. 2010, 17:618-623. 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2009.01221.x.
88. Karakasiliotis I., Vashist S., Bailey D., Abente E.J., Green K.Y., Roberts L.O., Sosnovtsev S.V., Goodfellow I.G. Polypyrimidine tract binding protein functions as a negative regulator of feline calicivirus translation. PLoS ONE 2010, 5:e9562. 10.1371/journal.pone.0009562.
89. Kedersha N., Ivanov P., Anderson P. Stress granules and cell signaling: more than just a passing phase?. Trends Biochem. Sci. 2013, 38:494-506. 10.1016/j.tibs.2013.07.004.
90. Kedersha N.L., Gupta M., Li W., Miller I., Anderson P. RNA-binding proteins TIA-1 and TIAR link the phosphorylation of eIF-2 alpha to the assembly of mammalian stress granules. J. Cell. Biol. 1999, 147:1431-1442.
91. Kempf B.J., Barton D.J. Poly(rC) binding proteins and the 5' cloverleaf of uncapped poliovirus mRNA function during de novo assembly of polysomes. J. Virol. 2008, 82:5835-5846. 10.1128/JVI.01513-07.
92. Kim C.S., Seol S.K., Song O.-K., Park J.H., Jang S.K. An RNA-binding protein, hnRNP A1, and a scaffold protein, septin 6, facilitate hepatitis C virus replication. J. Virol. 2007, 81:3852-3865. 10.1128/JVI.01311-06.
93. Kim J.H., Paek K.Y., Ha S.H., Cho S., Choi K., Kim C.S., Ryu S.H., Jang S.K. A cellular RNA-binding protein enhances internal ribosomal entry site-dependent translation through an interaction downstream of the hepatitis C virus polyprotein initiation codon. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2004, 24:7878-7890. 10.1128/MCB.24.18.7878-7890.2004.
94. Kim S.M., Jeong Y.S. Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein interacts with the 3' stem-loop region of Japanese encephalitis virus negative-strand RNA. Virus Res. 2006, 115:131-140. 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.07.013.
95. King H.A., Cobbold L.C., Willis A.E. The role of IRES trans-acting factors in regulating translation initiation. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2010, 38:1581-1586. 10.1042/BST0381581.
96. Korf M., Jarczak D., Beger C., Manns M.P., Krüger M. Inhibition of hepatitis C virus translation and subgenomic replication by siRNAs directed against highly conserved HCV sequence and cellular HCV cofactors. J. Hepatol. 2005, 43:225-234. 10.1016/j.jhep.2005.02.046.
97. Kruger M., Beger C., Welch P.J., Barber J.R., Manns M.P., Wong-Staal F. Involvement of proteasome alpha-subunit PSMA7 in hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2001, 21:8357-8364. 10.1128/MCB.21.24.8357-8364.2001.
98. Kumar A., Ray U., Das S. Human La protein interaction with GCAC near the initiator AUG enhances hepatitis C Virus RNA replication by promoting linkage between 5' and 3' untranslated regions. J. Virol. 2013, 87:6713-6726. 10.1128/JVI.00525-13.
99. Kusakawa T., Shimakami T., Kaneko S., Yoshioka K., Murakami S. Functional interaction of hepatitis C Virus NS5B with nucleolin GAR domain. J. Biochem. 2007, 141:917-927. 10.1093/jb/mvm102.
100. Kushner D.B., Lindenbach B.D., Grdzelishvili V.Z., Noueiry A.O., Paul S.M., Ahlquist P. Systematic, genome-wide identification of host genes affecting replication of a positive-strand RNA virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100:15764-15769. 10.1073/pnas.2536857100.
101. Kuyumcu-Martinez N.M., Van Eden M.E., Younan P., Lloyd R.E. Cleavage of poly(A)-binding protein by poliovirus 3C protease inhibits host cell translation: a novel mechanism for host translation shutoff. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2004, 24:1779-1790.
102. Lamichhane R., Daubner G.M., Thomas-Crusells J., Auweter S.D., Manatschal C., Austin K.S., Valniuk O., Allain F.H.-T., Rueda D. RNA looping by PTB: evidence using FRET and NMR spectroscopy for a role in splicing repression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 107:4105-4110. 10.1073/pnas.0907072107.
103. Langereis M.A., Feng Q., Nelissen F.H.T., Virgen-Slane R., van der Heden van Noort G.J., Maciejewski S., Filippov D.V., Semler B.L., van Delft F.L., van Kuppeveld F.J.M. Modification of picornavirus genomic RNA using "click" chemistry shows that unlinking of the VPg peptide is dispensable for translation and replication of the incoming viral RNA. Nucl. Acids Res. 2013, 42:2473-2482. 10.1093/nar/gkt1162.
104. Lawrence P., Conderino J.S., Rieder E. Redistribution of demethylated RNA helicase A during foot-and-mouth disease virus infection: role of Jumonji C-domain containing protein 6 in RHA demethylation. Virology 2014, 452-453:1-11. 10.1016/j.virol.2013.12.040.
105. Lawrence P., Rieder E. Identification of RNA helicase A as a new host factor in the replication cycle of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J. Virol. 2009, 83:11356-11366. 10.1128/JVI.02677-08.
106. Lei Y., Huang Y., Zhang H., Yu L., Zhang M., Dayton A. Functional interaction between cellular p100 and the dengue virus 3' UTR. J. Gen. Virol. 2011, 92:796-806. 10.1099/vir.0.028597-0.
107. Le Sage V., Mouland A.J. Viral subversion of the nuclear pore complex. Viruses 2013, 5:2019-2042. 10.3390/v5082019.
108. Lenarcic E.M., Landry D.M., Greco T.M., Cristea I.M., Thompson S.R. Thiouracil cross-linking mass spectrometry: a cell-based method to identify host factors involved in viral amplification. J. Virol. 2013, 87:8697-8712. 10.1128/JVI.00950-13.
109. Li H.P., Huang P., Park S., Lai M.M. Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein binds to the leader RNA of mouse hepatitis virus and serves as a regulator of viral transcription. J. Virol. 1999, 73:772-777.
110. Li H.P., Zhang X., Duncan R., Comai L., Lai M.M. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 binds to the transcription-regulatory region of mouse hepatitis virus RNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997, 94:9544-9549.
111. Li W., Li Y., Kedersha N., Anderson P., Emara M., Swiderek K.M., Moreno G.T., Brinton M.A. Cell proteins TIA-1 and TIAR interact with the 3' stem-loop of the West Nile virus complementary minus-strand RNA and facilitate virus replication. J. Virol. 2002, 76:11989-12000.
112. Lin J.-Y., Shih S.-R., Pan M., Li C., Lue C.-F., Stollar V., Li M.-L. hnRNP A1 interacts with the 5' untranslated regions of enterovirus 71 and Sindbis virus RNA and is required for viral replication. J. Virol. 2009, 83:6106-6114. 10.1128/JVI.02476-08.
113. Liu H.M., Aizaki H., Choi K.S., Machida K., Ou J.J.H., Lai M.M.C. SYNCRIP (synaptotagmin-binding, cytoplasmic RNA-interacting protein) is a host factor involved in hepatitis C virus RNA replication. Virology 2009, 386:249-256. 10.1016/j.virol.2009.01.018.
114. Liu H.M., Aizaki H., Machida K., Ou J.H.J., Lai M.M.C. Hepatitis C virus translation preferentially depends on active RNA replication. PLoS ONE 2012, 7:e43600. 10.1371/journal.pone.0043600.
115. Lloyd R.E. Regulation of stress granules and P-bodies during RNA virus infection. WIREs RNA 2013, 4:317-331. 10.1002/wrna.1162.
116. Lodeiro M.F., Filomatori C.V., Gamarnik A.V. Structural and functional studies of the promoter element for dengue virus RNA replication. J. Virol. 2009, 83:993-1008. 10.1128/JVI.01647-08.
117. López-Manríquez E., Vashist S., Urena L., Goodfellow I., Chavez P., Mora-Heredia J.E., Cancio-Lonches C., Garrido E., Gutiérrez-Escolano A.L. Norovirus genome circularization and efficient replication are facilitated by binding of PCBP2 and hnRNP A1. J. Virol. 2013, 87:11371-11387. 10.1128/JVI.03433-12.
118. Malygin A.A., Kossinova O.A., Shatsky I.N., Karpova G.G. HCV IRES interacts with the 18S rRNA to activate the 40S ribosome for subsequent steps of translation initiation. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013, 41:8706-8714. 10.1093/nar/gkt632.
119. McBride A.E., Schlegel A., Kirkegaard K. Human protein Sam68 relocalization and interaction with poliovirus RNA polymerase in infected cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996, 93:2296-2301.
120. Meerovitch K., Pelletier J., Sonenberg N. A cellular protein that binds to the 5'-noncoding region of poliovirus RNA: implications for internal translation initiation. Genes Dev. 1989, 3:1026-1034.
121. Meerovitch K., Svitkin Y.V., Lee H.S., Lejbkowicz F., Kenan D.J., Chan E.K., Agol V.I., Keene J.D., Sonenberg N. La autoantigen enhances and corrects aberrant translation of poliovirus RNA in reticulocyte lysate. J. Virol. 1993, 67:3798-3807.
122. Moon S.L., Anderson J.R., Kumagai Y., Wilusz C.J., Akira S., Khromykh A.A., Wilusz J. A noncoding RNA produced by arthropod-borne flaviviruses inhibits the cellular exoribonuclease XRN1 and alters host mRNA stability. RNA 2012, 18:2029-2040. 10.1261/rna.034330.112.
123. Murray K.E., Roberts A.W., Barton D.J. Poly(rC) binding proteins mediate poliovirus mRNA stability. RNA 2001, 7:1126-1141.
124. Oberstrass F.C., Auweter S.D., Erat M., Hargous Y., Henning A., Wenter P., Reymond L., Amir-Ahmady B., Pitsch S., Black D.L., Allain F.H.-T. Structure of PTB bound to RNA: specific binding and implications for splicing regulation. Science 2005, 309:2054-2057. 10.1126/science.1114066.
125. Ogram S.A., Spear A., Sharma N., Flanegan J.B. The 5'CL-PCBP RNP complex, 3' poly(A) tail and 2A(pro) are required for optimal translation of poliovirus RNA. Virology 2010, 397:14-22. 10.1016/j.virol.2009.11.006.
126. Pacheco A., Reigadas S., Martínez-Salas E. Riboproteomic analysis of polypeptides interacting with the internal ribosome-entry site element of foot-and-mouth disease viral RNA. Proteomics 2008, 8:4782-4790. 10.1002/pmic.200800338.
127. Panas M.D., Varjak M., Lulla A., Eng K.E., Merits A., Karlsson Hedestam G.B., McInerney G.M. Sequestration of G3BP coupled with efficient translation inhibits stress granules in Semliki Forest virus infection. Mol. Biol. Cell 2012, 23:4701-4712. 10.1091/mbc.E12-08-0619.
128. Panavas T., Serviene E., Brasher J., Nagy P.D. Yeast genome-wide screen reveals dissimilar sets of host genes affecting replication of RNA viruses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102:7326-7331. 10.1073/pnas.0502604102.
129. Paranjape S.M., Harris E. Y box-binding protein-1 binds to the dengue virus 3'-untranslated region and mediates antiviral effects. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282:30497-30508. 10.1074/jbc.M705755200.
130. Park N., Katikaneni P., Skern T., Gustin K.E. Differential targeting of nuclear pore complex proteins in poliovirus-infected cells. J. Virol. 2008, 82:1647-1655. 10.1128/JVI.01670-07.
131. Park N., Skern T., Gustin K.E. Specific cleavage of the nuclear pore complex protein Nup62 by a viral protease. J. Biol. Chem. 2010, 285:28796-28805. 10.1074/jbc.M110.143404.
132. Park S.M., Paek K.Y., Hong K.Y., Jang C.J., Cho S., Park J.H., Kim J.H., Jan E., Jang S.K. Translation-competent 48S complex formation on HCV IRES requires the RNA-binding protein NSAP1. Nucleic Acids Res. 2011, 39:7791-7802. 10.1093/nar/gkr509.
133. Perera R., Daijogo S., Walter B.L., Nguyen J.H.C., Semler B.L. Cellular protein modification by poliovirus: the two faces of poly(rC)-binding protein. J. Virol. 2007, 81:8919-8932. 10.1128/JVI.01013-07.
134. Pestova T.V., Hellen C.U., Shatsky I.N. Canonical eukaryotic initiation factors determine initiation of translation by internal ribosomal entry. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1996, 16:6859-6869.
135. Pestova T.V., Shatsky I.N., Fletcher S.P., Jackson R.J., Hellen C.U. A prokaryotic-like mode of cytoplasmic eukaryotic ribosome binding to the initiation codon during internal translation initiation of hepatitis C and classical swine fever virus RNAs. Genes Dev. 1998, 12:67-83.
136. Pérez-Vilaró, G., Fernández-Carrillo, C., Mensa, L., Miquel, R., Sanjuan, X., Forns, X., Pérez-del-Pulgar, S., Díez, J., 2014. Hepatitis C virus infection inhibits P-body granule formation in human livers. J. Hepatol. 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.11.018.
137. Pérez-Vilaró G., Scheller N., Saludes V., Díez J. Hepatitis C virus infection alters p-body composition but is independent of p-body granules. J. Virol. 2012, 86:8740-8749. 10.1128/JVI.07167-11.
138. Pilipenko E.V., Viktorova E.G., Guest S.T., Agol V.I., Roos R.P. Cell-specific proteins regulate viral RNA translation and virus-induced disease. EMBO J. 2001, 20:6899-6908. 10.1093/emboj/20.23.6899.
139. Piñeiro D., Fernandez N., Ramajo J., Martínez-Salas E. Gemin5 promotes IRES interaction and translation control through its C-terminal region. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013, 41:1017-1028. 10.1093/nar/gks1212.
140. Piñeiro D., Ramajo J., Bradrick S.S., Martínez-Salas E. Gemin5 proteolysis reveals a novel motif to identify L protease targets. Nucleic Acids Res. 2012, 40:4942-4953. 10.1093/nar/gks172.
141. Polacek C., Foley J.E., Harris E. Conformational changes in the solution structure of the dengue virus 5' end in the presence and absence of the 3' untranslated region. J. Virol. 2009, 83:1161-1166. 10.1128/JVI.01362-08.
142. Polacek C., Friebe P., Harris E. Poly(A)-binding protein binds to the non-polyadenylated 3' untranslated region of dengue virus and modulates translation efficiency. J. Gen. Virol. 2009, 90:687-692. 10.1099/vir.0.007021-0.
143. Porter F.W., Palmenberg A.C. Leader-induced phosphorylation of nucleoporins correlates with nuclear trafficking inhibition by cardioviruses. J. Virol. 2009, 83:1941-1951. 10.1128/JVI.01752-08.
144. Ray U., Das S. Interplay between NS3 protease and human La protein regulates translation-replication switch of Hepatitis C virus. Sci. Rep. 2011, 1:1. 10.1038/srep00001.
145. Reineke L.C., Lloyd R.E. Diversion of stress granules and P-bodies during viral infection. Virology 2013, 436:255-267. 10.1016/j.virol.2012.11.017.
146. Ricour C., Delhaye S., Hato S.V., Olenyik T.D., Michel B., van Kuppeveld F.J.M., Gustin K.E., Michiels T. Inhibition of mRNA export and dimerization of interferon regulatory factor 3 by Theiler's virus leader protein. J. Gen. Virol. 2009, 90:177-186. 10.1099/vir.0.005678-0.
147. Rivas-Aravena A., Ramdohr P., Vallejos M., Valiente-Echeverría F., Dormoy-Raclet V., Rodríguez F., Pino K., Holzmann C., Huidobro-Toro J.P., Gallouzi I.-E., López-Lastra M. The Elav-like protein HuR exerts translational control of viral internal ribosome entry sites. Virology 2009, 392:178-185. 10.1016/j.virol.2009.06.050.
148. Rozovics J.M., Chase A.J., Cathcart A.L., Chou W., Gershon P.D., Palusa S., Wilusz J., Semler B.L. Picornavirus modification of a host mRNA decay protein. mBio 2012, 3:e00431-12. 10.1128/mBio.00431-12.
149. Ruggieri A., Dazert E., Metz P., Hofmann S., Bergeest J.-P., Mazur J., Bankhead P., Hiet M.-S., Kallis S., Alvisi G., Samuel C.E., Lohmann V., Kaderali L., Rohr K., Frese M., Stoecklin G., Bartenschlager R. Dynamic oscillation of translation and stress granule formation mark the cellular response to virus infection. Cell Host Microbe 2012, 12:71-85. 10.1016/j.chom.2012.05.013.
150. Sanz M.A., Garcia-Moreno M., Carrasco L. Inhibition of host protein synthesis by sindbis virus: correlation with viral rna replication and release of nuclear proteins to the cytoplasm. Cell. Microbiol., 2015, 17:520-541. 10.1111/cmi.12381.
151. Sawicka K., Bushell M., Spriggs K.A., Willis A.E. Polypyrimidine-tract-binding protein: a multifunctional RNA-binding protein. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2008, 36:641-647. 10.1042/BST0360641.
152. Scheller N., Mina L.B., Galão R.P., Chari A., Giménez-Barcons M., Noueiry A., Fischer U., Meyerhans A., Díez J. Translation and replication of hepatitis C virus genomic RNA depends on ancient cellular proteins that control mRNA fates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 106:13517-13522. 10.1073/pnas.0906413106.
153. Shi S.T., Huang P., Li H.P., Lai M.M. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 regulates RNA synthesis of a cytoplasmic virus. EMBO J. 2000, 19:4701-4711. 10.1093/emboj/19.17.4701.
154. Shi S.T., Yu G.-Y., Lai M.M.C. Multiple type A/B heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) can replace hnRNP A1 in mouse hepatitis virus RNA synthesis. J. Virol. 2003, 77:10584-10593. 10.1128/JVI.77.19.10584-10593.2003.
155. Shirasaki T., Honda M., Mizuno H., Shimakami T., Okada H., Sakai Y., Murakami S., Wakita T., Kaneko S. La protein required for internal ribosome entry site-directed translation is a potential therapeutic target for hepatitis C virus replication. J. Infect. Dis. 2010, 202:75-85. 10.1086/653081.
156. Shiroki K., Isoyama T., Kuge S., Ishii T., Ohmi S., Hata S., Suzuki K., Takasaki Y., Nomoto A. Intracellular redistribution of truncated La protein produced by poliovirus 3Cpro-mediated cleavage. J. Virol. 1999, 73:2193-2200.
157. Silvera D., Gamarnik A.V., Andino R. The N-terminal K homology domain of the poly(rC)-binding protein is a major determinant for binding to the poliovirus 5'-untranslated region and acts as an inhibitor of viral translation. J. Biol. Chem. 1999, 274:38163-38170. 10.1074/jbc.274.53.38163.
158. Siridechadilok B., Fraser C.S., Hall R.J., Doudna J.A., Nogales E. Structural roles for human translation factor eIF3 in initiation of protein synthesis. Science 2005, 310:1513-1515. 10.1126/science.1118977.
159. Sokoloski K.J., Dickson A.M., Chaskey E.L., Garneau N.L., Wilusz C.J., Wilusz J. Sindbis virus usurps the cellular HuR protein to stabilize its transcripts and promote productive infections in mammalian and mosquito cells. Cell Host Microbe 2010, 8:196-207. 10.1016/j.chom.2010.07.003.
160. Sola I., Galán C., Mateos-Gómez P.A., Palacio L., Zúñiga S., Cruz J.L., Almazán F., Enjuanes L. The polypyrimidine tract-binding protein affects coronavirus RNA accumulation levels and relocalizes viral RNAs to novel cytoplasmic domains different from replication-transcription sites. J. Virol. 2011, 85:5136-5149. 10.1128/JVI.00195-11.
161. Sola I., Mateos-Gómez P.A., Almazán F., Zúñiga S., Enjuanes L. RNA-RNA and RNA-protein interactions in coronavirus replication and transcription. RNA Biol. 2011, 8:237-248. 10.4161/rna.8.2.14991.
162. Song Y., Tzima E., Ochs K., Bassili G., Trusheim H., Linder M., Preissner K.T., Niepmann M. Evidence for an RNA chaperone function of polypyrimidine tract-binding protein in picornavirus translation. RNA 2005, 11:1809-1824. 10.1261/rna.7430405.
163. Spångberg K., Wiklund L., Schwartz S. HuR, a protein implicated in oncogene and growth factor mRNA decay, binds to the 3' ends of hepatitis C virus RNA of both polarities. Virology 2000, 274:378-390. 10.1006/viro.2000.0461.
164. Spångberg K., Wiklund L., Schwartz S. Binding of the La autoantigen to the hepatitis C virus 3' untranslated region protects the RNA from rapid degradation in vitro. J. Gen. Virol. 2001, 82:113-120.
165. Sweeney T.R., Abaeva I.S., Pestova T.V., Hellen C.U.T. The mechanism of translation initiation on Type 1 picornavirus IRESs. EMBO J. 2014, 33:76-92. 10.1002/embj.201386124.
166. Sweeney T.R., Dhote V., Yu Y., Hellen C.U.T. A distinct class of internal ribosomal entry site in members of the Kobuvirus and proposed Salivirus and Paraturdivirus genera of the Picornaviridae. J. Virol. 2012, 86:1468-1486. 10.1128/JVI.05862-11.
167. Sztuba-Solinska J., Teramoto T., Rausch J.W., Shapiro B.A., Padmanabhan R., Le Grice S.F.J. Structural complexity of Dengue virus untranslated regions: cis-acting RNA motifs and pseudoknot interactions modulating functionality of the viral genome. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013, 41:5075-5089. 10.1093/nar/gkt203.
168. Toyoda H., Franco D., Fujita K., Paul A.V., Wimmer E. Replication of poliovirus requires binding of the poly(rC) binding protein to the cloverleaf as well as to the adjacent C-rich spacer sequence between the cloverleaf and the internal ribosomal entry site. J. Virol. 2007, 81:10017-10028. 10.1128/JVI.00516-07.
169. Varjak M., Saul S., Arike L., Lulla A., Peil L., Merits A. Magnetic fractionation and proteomic dissection of cellular organelles occupied by the late replication complexes of Semliki Forest virus. J. Virol. 2013, 87:10295-10312. 10.1128/JVI.01105-13.
170. Vashist S., Urena L., Chaudhry Y., Goodfellow I. Identification of RNA-protein interaction networks involved in the norovirus life cycle. J. Virol. 2012, 86:11977-11990. 10.1128/JVI.00432-12.
171. Verma B., Bhattacharyya S., Das S. Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein interacts with coxsackievirus B3 RNA and influences its translation. J. Gen.Virol. 2010, 91:1245-1255. 10.1099/vir.0.018507-0.
172. Villordo S.M., Alvarez D.E., Gamarnik A.V. A balance between circular and linear forms of the dengue virus genome is crucial for viral replication. RNA 2010, 16:2325-2335. 10.1261/rna.2120410.
173. Virgen-Slane R., Rozovics J.M., Fitzgerald K.D., Ngo T., Chou W., van der Heden van Noort G.J., Filippov D.V., Gershon P.D., Semler B.L. An RNA virus hijacks an incognito function of a DNA repair enzyme. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2012, 109:14634-14639. 10.1073/pnas.1208096109.
174. Vogt D.A., Andino R. An RNA element at the 5'-end of the poliovirus genome functions as a general promoter for RNA synthesis. PLoS Pathog. 2010, 6:e1000936. 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000936.
175. Waggoner S., Sarnow P. Viral ribonucleoprotein complex formation and nucleolar-cytoplasmic relocalization of nucleolin in poliovirus-infected cells. J. Virol. 1998, 72:6699-6709.
176. Walter B.L., Parsley T.B., Ehrenfeld E., Semler B.L. Distinct poly(rC) binding protein KH domain determinants for poliovirus translation initiation and viral RNA replication. J. Virol. 2002, 76:12008-12022. 10.1128/JVI.76.23.12008-12022.2002.
177. Wang Y., Zhang X. The nucleocapsid protein of coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus interacts with the cellular heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 in vitro and in vivo. Virology 1999, 265:96-109. 10.1006/viro.1999.0025.
178. Watters K., Palmenberg A.C. Differential processing of nuclear pore complex proteins by rhinovirus 2A proteases from different species and serotypes. J. Virol. 2011, 85:10874-10883. 10.1128/JVI.00718-11.
179. Whitson S.R., LeStourgeon W.M., Krezel A.M. Solution structure of the symmetric coiled coil tetramer formed by the oligomerization domain of hnRNP C: implications for biological function. J. Mol. Biol. 2005, 350:319-337. 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.05.002.
180. Wimmer E., Hellen C.U., Cao X. Genetics of poliovirus. Annu. Rev. Genet. 1993, 27:353-436. 10.1146/annurev.ge.27.120193.002033.
181. Wong J., Si X., Angeles A., Zhang J., Shi J., Fung G., Jagdeo J., Wang T., Zhong Z., Jan E., Luo H. Cytoplasmic redistribution and cleavage of AUF1 during coxsackievirus infection enhance the stability of its viral genome. FASEB J. 2013, 10.1096/fj.12-226498.
182. Yarbrough M.L., Mata M.A., Sakthivel R., Fontoura B.M.A. Viral subversion of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking. Traffic 2014, 15:127-140. 10.1111/tra.12137.
183. Yi M., Schultz D.E., Lemon S.M. Functional significance of the interaction of hepatitis A virus RNA with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH): opposing effects of GAPDH and polypyrimidine tract binding protein on internal ribosome entry site function. J. Virol. 2000, 74:6459-6468.
184. Yocupicio-Monroy M., Padmanabhan R., Medina F., del Angel R.M. Mosquito La protein binds to the 3' untranslated region of the positive and negative polarity dengue virus RNAs and relocates to the cytoplasm of infected cells. Virology 2007, 357:29-40. 10.1016/j.virol.2006.07.042.
185. Yocupicio-Monroy R.M.E., Medina F., Reyes-del Valle J., del Angel R.M. Cellular proteins from human monocytes bind to dengue 4 virus minus-strand 3' untranslated region RNA. J. Virol. 2003, 77:3067-3076. 10.1128/JVI.77.5.3067-3076.2003.
186. Yu Y., Abaeva I.S., Marintchev A., Pestova T.V., Hellen C.U.T. Common conformational changes induced in type 2 picornavirus IRESs by cognate trans-acting factors. Nucleic Acids Res. 2011, 39:4851-4865. 10.1093/nar/gkr045.
187. Yu Y., Sweeney T.R., Kafasla P., Jackson R.J., Pestova T.V., Hellen C.U. The mechanism of translation initiation on Aichivirus RNA mediated by a novel type of picornavirus IRES. EMBO J. 2011, 30:4423-4436. 10.1038/emboj.2011.306.
188. Zell R., Ihle Y., Effenberger M., Seitz S., Wutzler P., Görlach M. Interaction of poly(rC)-binding protein 2 domains KH1 and KH3 with coxsackievirus RNA. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2008, 377:500-503. 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.09.156.
189. Zell R., Ihle Y., Seitz S., Gündel U., Wutzler P., Görlach M. Poly(rC)-binding protein 2 interacts with the oligo(rC) tract of coxsackievirus B3. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2008, 366:917-921. 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.12.038.
190. Zhang B., Seitz S., Kusov Y., Zell R., Gauss-Müller V. RNA interaction and cleavage of poly(C)-binding protein 2 by hepatitis A virus protease. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2007, 364:725-730. 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.09.133.
191. Zhang J., Yamada O., Yoshida H., Iwai T., Araki H. Autogenous translational inhibition of core protein: implication for switch from translation to RNA replication in hepatitis C virus. Virology 2002, 293:141-150. 10.1006/viro.2001.1270.
192. Zhang X., Li H.P., Xue W., Lai M.M. Formation of a ribonucleoprotein complex of mouse hepatitis virus involving heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 and transcription-regulatory elements of viral RNA. Virology 1999, 264:115-124. 10.1006/viro.1999.9970.