Professional diversity, identity salience and team innovation: The moderating role of openmindedness norms

Journal of Organizational Behavior

Volumn 36, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 873-894

  Mitchell, Rebecca ^a   Boyle, Brendan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Diversity; Healthcare teams; Social identity

Indexed keywords

EID: 84938996296     PISSN: 08943796     EISSN: 10991379     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/job.2009     Document Type: Article

References (153)

1. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
2. Ancona, D. G., & Caldwell, D. F. (1992). Demography and design: Predictors of new product team performance. Organization Science, 3(3), 321-341.
3. Ashforth, B. E., & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 20-39.
4. Atwal, A., & Caldwell, K. (2005). Do all health and social care professionals interact equally: A study of interactions in multidisciplinary teams in the United Kingdom. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 19(3), 268-273.
5. Atwal, A., & Caldwell, K. (2006). Nurses' perceptions of multidisciplinary team work in acute health-care. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 12(6), 359-365.
6. Avolio, B. J., Sivasubramaniam, N., Murry, W. D., Jung, D., & Garger, J. W. (2003). Development and preliminary validation of a team multifactor leadership questionnaire. In C. Pearce & J. A. Conger (Eds.), Shared leadership: Reframing the hows and whys of leadership (Vol. 143). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage.
7. Baldwin, D. C. Jr., & Daugherty, S. R. (2008). Interprofessional conflict and medical errors: Results of a national multi-specialty survey of hospital residents in the US. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 22(6), 573-586.
8. Bantel, K. A., & Jackson, S. E. (1989). Top management and innovations in banking: Does the composition of the top team make a difference? Strategic Management Journal, 10(Special Issue: Strategic Leaders and Leadership), 107-124.
9. Berlyne, D. E. (1966). Curiosity and exploration. Science, 153, 25-33.
10. Bezrukova, K., Jehn, K. A., Zanutto, E. L., & Thatcher, S. M. (2009). Do workgroup faultlines help or hurt? A moderated model of faultlines, team identification, and group performance. Organization Science, 20(1), 35-50.
11. Biemann, T., Cole, M. S., & Voelpel, S. (2012). Within-group agreement: On the use (and misuse) of rwg and rwg(j) in leadership research and some best practice guidelines. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(1), 66-80.
12. Blanz, M. (1999). Accessibility and fit as determinants of the salience of social categorizations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29(1), 43-74.
13. Blau, P. M. (1977). Inequality and heterogeneity : a primitive theory of social structure. New York: Free Press.
14. Bliese, P. D. (2000). Within-group agreement, non-independence, and reliability: Implications for data aggregation and analysis. In Klein, K. J., & Kozlowski, S. (Eds.), Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations (ed., pp. 349 - 381). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
15. Brewer, M. B. (1979). In-group bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive-motivational analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 86(2), 307-324.
16. Cegarra-Navarro, J. G., & Sanchez-Polo, M. (2011). Influence of the open-mindedness culture on organizational memory: An empirical investigation of Spanish SMEs. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(1), 1-18.
17. Chen, G., & Tjosvold, D. (2002). Cooperative goals and constructive controversy for promoting innovation in student groups in China. Journal of Education for Business, 78(1), 46.
18. Chin, W. W. (1998a). Commentary: Issues and opinion on structural equation modeling. MIS Quarterly, 22(1), vii-xvi.
19. Chin, W. W. (1998b). The partial least squares approach for structural equation modeling. In Marcoulides, G. A. (Ed.), Modern methods for business research (ed., pp. 295 - 336). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
20. Choi, J. N., Price, R. H., & Vinokur, A. D. (2003). Self-efficacy changes in groups: effects of diversity, leadership, and group climate. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(4), 357-372.
21. CHSRF (2008). Interprofessional collaboration and quality primary healthcare. Ontario: Canadian Health Services Research Foundation.
22. Cohen, H. A. (1981). The nurse's quest for a professional identity. Menlo Park, California: Addison-Wesley.
23. Costanza, M., DiCowden, M., & Row, C. (2014). Towards interprofessional team development: A policy paper of the National Academies of Practice. Journal of Interprofessional Healthcare, 1(1), 1-15.
24. Cronin, M. A., Bezrukova, K., Weingart, L. R., & Tinsley, C. H. (2011). Subgroups within a team: The role of cognitive and affective integration. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(6), 831-849. DOI:10.1002/job.707.
25. Curral, L. A., Forrester, R. H., Dawson, J. F., & West, M. A. (2001). It's what you do and the way that you do it: Team task, team size, and innovation-related group processes. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10(2), 187-204.
26. Currie, G., Finn, R., & Martin, G. (2007). Spanning boundaries in pursuit of effective knowledge sharing within networks in the NHS. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 21(4/5), 406-417.
27. Currie, G., & Suhomlinova, O. (2006). The impact of institutional forces upon knowledge sharing in the UK NHS: The triumph of professional power and the inconsistency of policy. Public Administration Review, 84(1), 1-30.
28. Currie, G., & White, L. (2012). Inter-professional barriers and knowledge brokering in an organizational context: The case of healthcare. Organization Studies, 33(10), 1333-1361. DOI:10.1177/0170840612457617.
29. D'Amour, D., Ferrada-Videla, M., San Martin Rodriguez, L., & Beaulieu, M. D. (2005). The conceptual basis for interprofessional collaboration: Core concepts and theoretical frameworks. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 19(S1), 116-131.
30. Dawson, J. (2003). Do we have enough? The accuracy of incomplete data from small groups. Paper presented at the Academy of Management Meeting Best Paper Proceedings, Briarcliff Manor, NY.
31. De Dreu, C. K. W. (2002). Team innovation and team effectiveness: The importance of minority dissent and reflexivity. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 11(3), 285-298.
32. DeDreu, C., & West, M. (2001). Minority dissent and team innovation: The importance of participation in decision-making. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(6), 1191-1201.
33. Dent, M., & Whitehead, S. (2013). Managing professional identities: Knowledge, performativities and the 'New' Professional (Vol. 19). New York: Routledge.
34. Dimaggio, P., & Powell, W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147-160.
35. Dombeck, M. T. (1997). Professional personhood: Training, territoriality and tolerance. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 11(1), 9-21.
36. Edmondson, A. C. (2003). Speaking up in the operating room: How team leaders promote learning in interdisciplinary action teams. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1419-1452.
37. Evetts, J. (2006). Short note: The sociology of professional groups new directions. Current Sociology, 54(1), 133-143.
38. Fay, D., Borrill, C., Amir, Z., Haward, R., & West, M. (2006). Getting the most out of multidisciplinary teams: A multi-sample study of team innovation in health care. Journal of Occupation and Organizational Psychology, 79(4), 553-567.
39. Fiske, S. T., & Neuberg, S. L. (1990). A continuum of impression formation, from category-based to individuating processes: Influences of information and motivation on attention and interpretation. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 23, 1-74.
40. Fitzgerald, L., Ferlie, E., & Hawkins, C. (2003). Innovation in healthcare: How does credible evidence influence professionals? Health & Social Care in the Community, 11(3), 219-228. DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2524.2003.00426.x.
41. Fornell, C., & Bookstein, F. L. (1982). Two structural equation models: LISREL and PLS applied to consumer exit-voice theory. Journal of Marketing Research, 19(4), 440-452.
42. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
43. Freidson, E. (1973). Professions and the occupational principle. In Freidson, E. (Ed.), Professions and their prospects (ed., pp. 19 - 37). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
44. Freidson, E. (1986). Professional powers. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
45. Freidson, E. (2006). Professional dominance: The social structure of medical care. New Jersey: Aldine.
46. Gebert, D., Boerner, S., & Kearney, E. (2006). Cross-functionality and innovation in new product development teams: A dilemmatic structure and its consequences for the management of diversity. European Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology, 15(4), 431-458.
47. Gefen, D., Straub, D. W., & Rigdon, E. E. (2011). An update and extension to SEM guidelines for administrative and social science research. Management Information Systems Quarterly, 35(2), iii-xiv.
48. George, J. (1990). Personality, affect, and behavior in groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75(2), 107-116.
49. Gilbert, J. H., Yan, J., & Hoffman, S. J. (2010). A WHO report: Framework for action on interprofessional education and collaborative practice. Journal of Allied Health, 39(Supplement 1), 196-197.
50. Glick, W. H. (1985). Conceptualizing and measuring organizational and psychological climate: Pitfalls in multilevel research. Academy of Management Review, 10(3), 601-616.
51. Gonzalez, J. A., & Denisi, A. S. (2009). Cross-level effects of demography and diversity climate on organizational attachment and firm effectiveness. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(1), 21-40.
52. Haenlein, M., & Kaplan, A. M. (2004). A beginner's guide to partial least squares analysis. Understanding Statistics, 3(4), 283-297.
53. Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-152.
54. Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Mena, J. A. (2011). An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in marketing research. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(3), 414-433.
55. Hamilton, D. L. (1979). A cognitive-attributional analysis of stereotyping. In L. Berkovitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental psychology (Vol. 12). New York: Academic Press.
56. Harkins, S. G. (1987). Social loafing and social facilitation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 23(1), 1-18.
57. Harrison, D. A., & Klein, K. J. (2007). What's the difference? Diversity constructs as separation, variety, or disparity in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 32(4), 1199-1228.
58. Harrison, D. A., Price, K. H., Gavin, J. H., & Florey, A. T. (2002). Time, teams, and task performance: Changing effects of surface- and deep-level diversity on group functioning. Academy of Management Journal, 45, 1029-1045.
59. Haslam, S. A., Oakes, P. J., Reynolds, K. J., & Turner, J. C. (1999). Social identity salience and the emergence of stereotype consensus. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(7), 809-818.
60. Hayes, A. F. (2014). An index and test of linear moderated mediation. Working Paper, Ohio State University.
61. Helmreich, R. L., & Schaefer, H. G. (1994). Team performance in the operating room. In Bogner, M. S. (Ed.), Human error in medicine. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
62. Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 20, 1-21.
63. Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. Advances in International Marketing, 20, 277-319.
64. Hernández-Mogollon, R., Cepeda-Carrión, G., Cegarra-Navarro, J. G., & Leal-Millán, A. (2010). The role of cultural barriers in the relationship between open-mindedness and organizational innovation. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 23(4), 360-376.
65. Herzlinger, R. E. (2006). Why innovation in health care is so hard. Harvard Business Review, 84(5), 58-69.
66. Hogg, M. A., Abrams, D., Otten, S., & Hinkle, S. (2004). The social identity perspective intergroup relations, self-conception, and small groups. Small Group Research, 35(3), 246-276.
67. Hogg, M. A., & Terry, D. J. (2000). Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 121.
68. Horwitz, S., & Horwitz, I. (2007). The effects of team diversity on team outcomes: A meta-analytic review of team demography. Journal of Management, 33(6), 987-1015.
69. Hülsheger, U. R., Anderson, N., & Salgado, J. F. (2009). Team-level predictors of innovation at work: A comprehensive meta-analysis spanning three decades of research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(5), 1128.
70. James, L. R. (1982). Aggregation bias in estimates of perceptual agreement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67(2), 219-229.
71. Jeffcott, S. A., & Mackenzie, C. F. (2008). Measuring team performance in healthcare: Review of research and implications for patient safety. Journal of Critical Care, 23(2), 188-196.
72. Jehn, K. A., Northcraft, G. B., & Neale, M. A. (1999). Why differences make a difference: A field study of diversity, conflict, and performance in workgroups. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(4), 741-763.
73. Joseph, N., & Alex, N. (1972). The uniform: A sociological perspective. American Journal of Sociology, 77(4), 719-730.
74. Klein, K. J., & Kozlowski, S. W. J. (2000). From micro to meso: Critical steps in conceptualizing and conducting multilevel research. Organizational Research Methods, 3(3), 211-236.
75. Lansisalmi, H., Kivimaki, M., Aalto, P., & Ruoranen, R. (2006). Innovation in healthcare: A systematic review of recent research. Nursing Science Quarterly, 19(1), 66-72.
76. Leathard, A. (1994). Going inter-professional: Working together for health and welfare. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
77. Leathard, A. (2003). Interprofessional collaboration: From policy to practice in health and social care. Hove, UK: Brunner-Routledge.
78. Lebovits, A. H., Florence, I., Bathina, R., Hunko, V., Fox, M. T., & Bramble, C. Y. (1997). Pain knowledge and attitudes of healthcare providers: Practice characteristic differences. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 13(3), 237-243.
79. Levine, J. M., & Moreland, R. L. (1998). Small groups. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th edn., pp. 415-469). Boston, New York: McGraw-Hill; Distributed exclusively by Oxford University Press.
80. Lingard, L., Reznick, R., DeVito, I., & Espin, S. (2002). Forming professional identities on the health care team: Discursive constructions of the 'other' in the operating room. Medical Education, 36(8), 728-734.
81. Makary, M. A., Sexton, J. B., Freischlag, J. A., Holzmueller, C. G., Millman, E. A., Rowen, L., et al. (2006). Operating room teamwork among physicians and nurses: Teamwork in the eye of the beholder. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 202(5), 746-752.
82. McNeil, K. A., Mitchell, R. J., & Parker, V. (2013). Interprofessional practice and professional identity threat. Health Sociology Review, 22(3), 291-307.
83. Meyer, B., & Glenz, A. (2013). Team faultline measures a computational comparison and a new approach to multiple subgroups. Organizational Research Methods, 16(3), 393-424.
84. Mieg, H. A. (2014). The social psychology of expertise: Case studies in research, professional domains, and expert roles. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
85. Milliken, F., & Martins, L. (1996). Searching for common threads: Understanding the multiple effects of diversity in organizational groups. Academy of Management Review, 21(2), 402-433.
86. Mitchell, R. J., Parker, V., & Giles, M. (2011). When do interprofessional teams succeed? Investigating the moderating roles of team and professional identity in interprofessional effectiveness. Human Relations, 64(10), 1321-1343.
87. Mitchell, R., Parker, V., Giles, M., & White, N. (2010). Review: Toward realizing the potential of diversity in composition of interprofessional health care teams. Medical Care Research and Review, 67(1), 3-26. DOI:10.1177/1077558709338478.
88. Mohammed, S., & Angell, L. C. (2004). Surface- and deep-level diversity in workgroups: Examining the moderating effects of team orientation and team process on relationship conflict. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(8), 1015-1039.
89. Moore, W. E. (1970). The professions: Roles and rules. New York: Russel Sage.
90. Mueller, J. H. (1992). Anxiety and performance. In Smith, A. P., & Jones, D. M. (Eds.), Handbook of human performance. London: Academic Press.
91. Nembhard, I. M., & Edmondson, A. C. (2006). Making it safe: The effects of leader inclusiveness and professional status on psychological safety and improvement efforts in health care teams. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(7), 941-966.
92. Nishii, L. H., & Goncalo, J. A. (2008). Demographic faultlines and creativity in diverse groups. Research on Managing Groups and Teams, 11, 1-26.
93. Oakes, P. (1987). The salience of social categories. In Turner, J. C., Hogg, M., Oakes, P., Reicher, S., & Wetherell, M. (Eds.), Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Oxford: Blackwell.
94. Oakes, P. J., Haslam, S. A., & Turner, J. C. (1994). Stereotyping and social reality. Maiden, MA: Blackwell.
95. Oakes, P. J., Turner, J. C., & Haslam, S. A. (1991). Perceiving people as group members: The role of fit in the salience of social categorizations. British Journal of Social Psychology, 30(2), 125-144.
96. Patterson, M. G., West, M. A., Shackleton, V. J., Dawson, J. E., Lawthom, R., Maitlis, S., et al. (2005). Validating the organizational climate measure: Links to managerial practices, productivity and innovation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 379-408.
97. Paulus, R. A., Davis, K., & Steele, G. D. (2008). Continuous innovation in health care: Implications of the Geisinger experience. Health Affairs, 27(5), 1235-1245.
98. Phillips, K. (2003). The effects of categorically based expectations on minority influence: The importance of congruence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(1), 3-13.
99. Phillips, K., & Lewin Loyd, D. (2006). When surface and deep-level diversity collide: The effects on dissenting group members. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 99, 143-160.
100. Phillips, K., Northcraft, G. B., & Neale, M. A. (2006). Surface-level diversity and decision-making in groups: When does deep-level similarity help? Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 9(4), 467-482.
101. Pieterse, A. N., Van Knippenberg, D., Schippers, M., & Stam, D. (2010). Transformational and transactional leadership and innovative behavior: The moderating role of psychological empowerment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(4), 609-623.
102. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.
103. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 539-569.
104. Pondy, L. R. (1967). Organizational conflict. Administrative Science Quarterly, 12(2), 296-320.
105. Pondy, L. R. (1992). Reflections on organizational conflict. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13, 257-261.
106. Pratt, M. G., & Rafaeli, A. (1997). Organizational dress as a symbol of multilayered social identities. Academy of Management Journal, 40(4), 862-898.
107. Preacher, K. J., Rucker, D. D., & Hayes, A. F. (2007). Addressing moderated mediation hypotheses: Theory, methods, and prescriptions. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 42(1), 185-227.
108. Randel, A. E. (2002). Identity salience: A moderator of the relationship between group gender composition and work group conflict. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 749-766.
109. Randel, A., & Jaussi, K. (2003). Functional background identity, diversity and individual performance in cross-functional teams. Academy of Management Journal, 46(6), 763-774.
110. Reese, D. J., & Sontag, M. A. (2001). Successful interprofessional collaboration on the hospice team. Health and Social Work, 26(3), 167-175.
111. Reeves, S., Perrier, L., Goldman, J., Freeth, D., & Zwarenstein, M. (2013). Interprofessional education: Effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes (update). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3, 1-49.
112. Reeves, S., Zwarenestein, M., Goldman, J., Barr, H., Freeth, D., Hammick, M., Koppel, I. (2008). Interprofessional education: Effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (1), Art. No.: CD002213. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD002213.pub2.
113. Reinartz, W., Haenlein, M., & Henseler, J. (2009). An empirical comparison of the efficacy of covariance-based and variance-based SEM. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 26(4), 332-344.
114. Ringle, C., Wende, S., & Will, A. (2005). SmartPLS version 2.0 M2. Hamburg, Germany: Institute for Operations Management and Organization at the University of Hamburg.
115. Roseman, I. J., Weisr, C., & Swartz, T. S. (1994). Phenomenology, behaviors, and goals differentiate discrete emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 206-221.
116. Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., Smith, D., Reams, R., & Hair, J. F. Jr. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): A useful tool for family business researchers. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 5(1), 105-115.
117. Schein, E. H. (1978). Career dynamics: matching individual and organizational needs. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
118. Schippers, M., Den Hartog, D., Koopman, P., & Wienk, J. (2003). Diversity and team outcomes: The moderating effects of outcome interdependence and group longevity and the mediating effect of reflexivity. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(6), 779-802.
119. Schwenk, C. R. (1990). Effects of devil's advocacy and dialectical inquiry on decision making: A meta-analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 47(1), 161-176.
120. Sinkula, J. M., Baker, W. E., & Noordewier, T. (1997). A framework for market-based organizational learning: Linking values, knowledge and behavior. Journal of the Academy of Marketing and Science, 25(4), 305-318.
121. Small, E. E., & Rentsch, J. R. (2010). Shared leadership in teams: A matter of distribution. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 9(4), 203-211.
122. Smith, E. R. (1993). Social identity and social emotions: Towards new conceptualizations of prejudice. In Mackie, D. M., & Hamilton, D. L. (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and stereotyping. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
123. Stasser, G., Stewart, D. D., & Wittenbaum, G. M. (1995). Expert roles and information exchange during discussion: The importance of knowing who knows what. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 31, 244-265.
124. Stets, J. E., & Burke, P. J. (2000). Identity theory and social identity theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 63(3), 224-237.
125. Stogdill, R. M. (1963). Manual for the leader behavior description questionnaire-Form XII. Columbus: Ohio State University, Bureau of Business Research; Ohio: Ohio State University.
126. Tajfel, H. (1982). Social identity and intergroup relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
127. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup conflict. In Worchel, S., & Austin, W. G. (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (ed., pp. 7 - 24). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
128. Tenenhaus, M., Amato, S., & Esposito Vinzi, V. (2004). A global goodness-of-fit index for PLS structural equation modelling. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the XLII SIS scientific meeting.
129. Thatcher, S. M., Jehn, K. A., & Zanutto, E. (2003). Cracks in diversity research: The effects of diversity faultlines on conflict and performance. Group Decision Negotiation, 12, 217-241.
130. Thompson, B. (1997). The importance of structure coefficients in structural equation modeling confirmatory factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 57(2), 5-19.
131. Timmermans, S. (2002). The cause of death vs. the gift of life: Boundary maintenance and the politics of expertise in death investigation. Sociology of Health and Illness, 24(5), 550-574.
132. Timmons, S., & East, L. (2011). Uniforms, status and professional boundaries in hospital. Sociology of Health & Illness, 33(7), 1035-1049.
133. Tjosvold, D. (1998). Cooperative and competitive goal approach to conflict: Accomplishments and challenges. Applied Psychology, 47(3), 285-313.
134. Tjosvold, D., Johnson, D. W., & Fabrey, L. J. (1980). Effects of controversy and defensiveness on cognitive perspective-taking. Psychological Reports, 47(3), 1043-1053.
135. Tjosvold, D., & Morishima, M. (1999). Grievance resolution: Perceived goal interdependence and interaction patterns. Relations Industrielles, 54(3), 527-547.
136. Tjosvold, D., & Poon, M. (1998). Dealing with scarce resources: Openminded interaction for resolving budget conflicts. Group and Organization Management, 23(3), 237-258.
137. Tjosvold, D., & Sun, H. (2003). Openness among Chinese in conflict: Effects of direct discussion and warmth on integrative decision making. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33(9), 1878-1897.
138. Tope, R., & Thomas, E. (2007). Creating an interprofessional workforce. London: Department of Health.
139. Turner, J. C. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: Self-categorization theory. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
140. van Dijk, H., van Engen, M. L., & van Knippenberg, D. (2012). Defying conventional wisdom: A meta-analytical examination of the differences between demographic and job-related diversity relationships with performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 119(1), 38-53.
141. van Knippenberg, D., De Dreu, C. K., & Homan, A. C. (2004). Work group diversity and group performance: An integrative model and research agenda. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(6), 1008-1022.
142. van Knippenberg, D., & Schippers, M. C. (2007). Work group diversity. Annual Review of Psychology, 58(1), 515-541.
143. Waring, J., & Currie, G. (2009). Managing expert knowledge: Organizational challenges and managerial futures for the UK medical profession. Organization Studies, 30(7), 755-778.
144. Watson, W. E., Kumar, K., & Michaelsen, L. K. (1993). Cultural diversity's impact on interaction process and performance: comparing homogeneous and diverse task groups. Academy of Management Journal, 36, 590-602.
145. West, M. A., & Anderson, N. R. (1996). Innovation in to management teams. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 680-693.
146. West, M. A., Borrill, C. S., Dawson, J. F., Brodbeck, F., Shapiro, D. A., & Haward, B. (2003). Leadership clarity and team innovation in health care. Leadership Quarterly, 14(4/5), 393.
147. Westlund, A. H., Källström, M., & Parmler, J. (2008). SEM-based customer satisfaction measurement: On multicollinearity and robust PLS estimation. Total Quality Management, 19(7-8), 855-869.
148. Wetzels, M., Odekerken-Schroder, G., & Van Oppen, C. (2009). Using PLS path modeling for assessing hierarchical construct models: guidelines and empirical illustration. Management Information Systems Quarterly, 33(1), 117-195.
149. Weyman, A., Meadows, P., & Buckingham, A. (2013). Extending working life. Audit of research relating to impacts on NHS employees. London: NHS Employers.
150. Williams, K. Y., & O'Reilly, C. A. III (1998). Demography and diversity in organizations: A review of 40 years of research. In Staw, B. M., & Cummings, L. L. (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (ed., pp. 77 - 140) 20. London: JAI Press Inc.
151. Yar, M., Dix, D., & Bajekal, M. (2006). Socio-demographic characteristics of the healthcare workforce in England and Wales. Health Statistics Quarterly, 32(Winter), 44-56.
152. Yoon, K., & Hollingshead, A. B. (2010). Cultural stereotyping, convergent expectations, and performance in cross-cultural collaborations. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1(2), 160-167.
153. Zwarenstein, M., & Reeves, S. (2000). What's so great about collaboration? We need more evidence and less rhetoric. British Medical Journal, 320, 1022-1023.