Cooperative and competitive goal approach to conflict: Accomplishments and challenges

Applied Psychology

Volumn 47, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 285-313

  Tjosvold, Dean ^a  

^a LINGNAN UNIVERSITY   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039065311     PISSN: 0269994X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.1998.tb00025.x     Document Type: Article

References (141)

1. Aldag, R.J., & Fuller, S.R. (1993). Beyond fiasco: A reappraisal of the groupthink phenomenon and a new model of group decision processes. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 533-552.
2. Alper, S., & Tjosvold, D. (1993). Cooperation theory and self-managing teams on the manufacturing flour. Paper presented at the International Association for Conflict Management, Eugene, Oregon.
3. Amason, A.C. (1996). Distinguishing the effects of functional and dysfunctional conflict on strategic decision making: Resolving a paradox for top management teams. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 123-148.
4. Anderson, P.A. (1983). Decision making by objection and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28, 201-222.
5. Axelroad, R. (1984). The evolution of cooperation. New York: Basic Books.
6. Bacharach, S.B., & Lawler, E.J. (1981). Bargaining: Power, tactics, and outcomes. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
7. Barker J., Tjosvold, D., & Andrews, I.R. (1988). Conflict approaches of effective and ineffective managers: A field study in a matrix organization. Journal of Management Studies, 25, 167-178.
8. Bartlett, F. (1932). Remembering. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
9. Baum, J.A., & Korn, H.J. (1996). Competitive dynamics of interfirm rivalry. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 255-291.
10. Berlyne, D. (1965). Notes on intrinsic motivation and intrinsic reward in relation to instruction. In J. Bruner (Ed.), Learning about learning. (Cooperative Research Monograph No. 15). Washington DC: US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education.
11. Berlyne, D. (1966). Curiosity and education. In J. Krumbolz (Ed.). Learning and the educational process. Chicago: Rand-McNally.
12. Blake, R.R., & Mouton, J.S. (1964). The managerial grid. Houston, TX: Gulf.
13. Brewer, M.H. (1986). The role of ethnocentrism in intergroup conflict. In S. Worchel & W.A. Austin (Eds.). Psychology of intergroup relations (2nd edn., pp.88-102). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
14. Bunker, B.B., & Rubin, J.Z. (1995). Conflict, cooperation, and justice: Essays inspired by the work of Morton Deutsch. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
15. Corner, P.D., Kinicki, A.J., & Keats, B. (1994). Integrating organizational and individual information processing perspectives on choice. Organization Science, 5, 294-308.
16. Cosier, R.A. (1978). The effects of three potential aids for making strategic decisions on prediction accuracy. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 22, 295-306.
17. Cosier, R.A., & Schwenk, C.R. (1990). Agreement and thinking alike: Ingredients for poor decisions. Academy of Management Executive, 4, 69-74.
18. Deutsch, M. (1949). A theory of cooperation and competition. Human Relations, 2, 129-152.
19. Deutsch, M. (1973). The resolution of conflict. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
20. Deutsch, M. (1980). Fifty years of conflict. In L. Festinger (Ed.), Retrospections on social psychology (pp.46-77). New York: Oxford University Press.
21. Deutsch, M. (1990). Sixty years of conflict. The International Journal of Conflict Management, 1, 237-263.
22. Deutsch, M. (1993). Managing conflict for a peaceful world. Address to the International Association for Management Conference, Belgium.
23. Deutsch, M. (1994). Constructive conflict resolution: Principles, training and research. Journal of Social Issues, 50, 13-32.
24. Deutsch, M., & Krauss, R.M. (1962). Studies of interpersonal bargaining. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 6, 52-72.
25. Driskell, J.E., & Salas, E. (1991), Group decision making under stress. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 473-478.
26. Edelson, H. (1995, February 15). Dispatch from the boardroom trenches. Asian Wall Street Journal, 8.
27. Eisenhardt, K.M. (1989). Making fast strategic decisions in high velocity environments. Academy of Management Journal, 32, 543-576.
28. Eisenhardt, K.M., & Bourgeois, L.J. III. (1988). Politics of strategic decision making in high-velocity environments: Toward a midrange theory. Academy of Management Journal, 31, 737-770.
29. Falk, D., & Johnson, D.W. (1977). The effects of perspective-taking and ego-centrism on problem solving in heterogeneous and homogeneous groups. Journal of Social Psychology, 102, 63-72.
30. Feshbach, S., & Singer, R. (1957). The effect of fear arousal and suppression of fear upon social perception. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 55, 283-288.
31. Fisher, R., & Ury, W. (1981). Getting to yes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
32. Fisher, R.J. (1994). Generic principles for resolving intergroup conflict. Journal of Social Issues, 50, 47-66.
33. Frey, R. (1993). Empowerment or else. Harvard Business Review, September-October, 80-94.
34. George, A. (1974). Adaptation to stress in political decision-making: The individual, small group, and organizational contexts. In G.V. Coelho, D.A. Hamburg, & J.E. Adams (Eds.), Coping and adaptation. New York: Basic Books.
35. Gergen, K.J., Gulerce, A., Lock, A., & Misra, G. (1996). Psychological science in cultural context. American Psychologist, 51, 496-503.
36. Gruenfeld, D.H. (1995). Status, ideology, and integrative complexity on the U.S. supreme court: Rethinking the politics of political decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 5-20.
37. Hill, G.W. (1982). Group versus individual performance: Are N + 1 heads better than one? Psychological Bulletin, 91, 517-539.
38. Innami, I. (1994). The quality of group decisions, group verbal behavior, and intervention. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 60, 409-430.
39. Janis, I. (1982). Groupthink: Psychological studies of policy decisions and fiascoes. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.
40. Johnson, D.W., & Johnson, R.T. (1985). Classroom conflict: Controversy vs. debate in learning groups. American Educational Research Journal, 22, 237-256.
41. Johnson, D.W., & Johnson, R.T. (1989). Cooperation and competition: Theory and research. Edina, MN: Interaction Books.
42. Johnson, D.W., Johnson, R.T., & Maruyama, G. (1983). Interdependence and interpersonal attraction among heterogeneous and homogeneous individuals: A theoretical formulation and a meta-analysis of the research. Review of Educational Research, 53, 5-54.
43. Johnson, D.W., Johnson, R.T., Smith, K., & Tjosvold, F. (1990). Pro, con, and synthesis: Training managers to engage in constructive controversy. In B. Sheppard, M. Bazerman, & R. Lewicki (Eds.), Research in negotiations in organization. Vol. 2 (pp.139-174). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
44. Johnson, D.W., Johnson, R.T., & Tiffany, M. (1984). Structuring academic conflicts between majority and minority students: Hindrance of help to integration. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 8, 189-200.
45. Johnson, D.W., Maruyama, G., Johnson, R.T., Nelson, D., & Skon, L. (1981). Effects of cooperative, competitive and individualistic goal structures on achievement: A metaanalysis. Psychological Bulletin, 89, 47-62.
46. Johnson, D.W., & Tjosvold, D. (1989). Constructive controversy: Key to effective decisionmaking. In D. Tjosvold & D.W. Johnson (Eds.), Productive conflict management: Perspectives for organizations (pp.46-68). Minneapolis: Team Media.
47. Kaplan, M. (1977). Discussion polarization effects in a modern jury decision paradigm: Informational influences. Sociometry, 40, 462-471.
48. Kirkbride, P.S., Tang, S.F.Y., & Westwood, R.I. (1991). Chinese conflict preferences and negotiating behaviour: Cultural and psychological influences. Organization Studies, 12, 365-386.
49. Kluwer, E., De Dreu, C.K.W., Dijkstra, S., Van der Glas, F., Kuiper, A., & Tjosvold, D. (1993). Doelinterdependentie en conflicthantering in profit-en non-profit-organisaties [Goal interdependence and conflict management in profit and nonprofit organizations]. Toegepaste Social Psychologie [Applied Social Psychology] (pp.208-218). Delft, The Netherlands: Eburon.
50. Kochan, T.A., & Verma, A. (1983) Negotiations in organizations: Blending industrial relations and organizational behavior approaches. In M. Bazerman & R.J. Lewicki (Eds.), Negotiating in organizations (pp.13-32). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
51. Kohlberg, L. (1969). Stage and sequence: The cognitive-development approach to socialization. In D.A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research (pp.347-480). Skokie, IL: Rand McNally.
52. Kouzes, J.M., & Posner, B.Z. (1993). Credibility: How leaders gain and lose it, why people demand it. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
53. Levine, D.I., & Tyson, L.D. (1990). Participation, productivity, and the firm's environment. In A.S. Blinder (Ed.), Paying for productivity (pp.183-243). Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
54. Lewin, K. (1943). Psychology and the process of group living. Journal of Social Psychology, 17, 113-131.
55. Lowry, N., & Johnson, D.W. (1981). Effects of controversy on epistemic curiosity, achievement, and attitudes. Journal of Social Psychology, 115, 31-43.
56. Lunsden, M., & Wolfe, R. (1996). Evolution of the problem-solving workshop: An introduction to social-psychological approaches to conflict resolution. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 2, 37-67.
57. Mack, R.W., & Snyder, R.C. (1957). The analysis of social conflict - toward an overview and synthesis. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 1, 212-248.
58. Madhok, A. (1995). Revisiting multinational firm's tolerance for joint ventures: A trust-based approach. Journal of International Business Studies, 26, 117-137.
59. Maier, N.R.F. (1970). Problem-solving and creativity in individuals and groups. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
60. Maier, N.R.F., & Thurber, J. (1969). Innovative problem-solving by outsiders: A study of individuals and groups. Personnel Psychology, 22, 237-249.
61. Mann, L., & Janis, I. (1989). Decisional conflict in organizations. In D. Tjosvold & D.W. Johnson (Eds.), Productive conflict management: Perspectives for organizations (pp.16-45). Minneapolis: Team Media.
62. Maoz, S. (1981). The decision to raid Entebbe: Decision analysis applied to crisis behavior. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 25, 677-707.
63. Mason, R.O., & Mitroff, I.I. (1981). Challenging strategic planning assumptions. New York: Wiley.
64. Mohr, J., & Spekman, R. (1994). Characteristics of partnership success: Partnership attributes, communication behavior, and conflict resolution techniques. Strategic Management Journal, 15, 135-152.
65. Mullen, B., & Copper, C. (1994). The relation between group cohesiveness and performance: An integration. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 210-227.
66. Nemeth, C., & Kwan, J. (1985). Originality of word associations as a function of majority vs. minority influence. Social Psychology Quarterly, 48, 277-282.
67. Nemeth, C., & Wachtler, J. (1983). Creating the perceptions of consistency and confidence: A necessary condition for minority influence. Sociometry, 37, 529-540.
68. O'Neill, H.M., & Lenn, D.J. (1995). Voices of survivors: Words that downsizing CEOs should hear. Academy of Management Executive, 9, 23-33.
69. Peterson, R.S., & Nemeth, C.J. (1996). Focus versus flexibility: Majority and minority influence can both improve performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 14-23.
70. Piaget, J. (1948). The moral judgment of the child. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
71. Piaget, J. (1950). The psychology of intelligence. New York: Harcourt.
72. Pinkley, R.L., Brittain, J., Neale, M.A., & Northcraft, G.B. (1995). Managerial third-party dispute intervention: An inductive analysis of intervenor strategy selection. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 386-402.
73. Pondy, L.R. (1967). Organizational conflict: Concepts and models. Administrative Science Quarterly, 12, 296-320.
74. Porter, M. (1981). Competitive edge. New York: The Free Press.
75. Porter, M. (1985). Competitive advantage. New York: The Free Press.
76. Post, F.R., & Bennett. R.J. (1994). Use of the collaborative collective bargaining process in labor negotiations. International Journal of Conflict Management, 5, 34-61.
77. Pruitt, D.G., & Syna, H. (1989). Successful problem solving. In D. Tjosvold & D.W. Johnson (Eds.), Productive conflict management: Perspectives for organizations (pp.69-90). Minneapolis: Team Media.
78. Rahim A., & Blum, A.A. (1994). Global perspectives on organisational conflict. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishing.
79. Rahim, M.A. (1989). Managing conflict: An interdisciplinary approach. New York: Praeger.
80. Richter, F., & Tjosvold, D. (1980). Effects of student participation in classroom decisionmaking on attitudes, peer interaction, motivation, and learning. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 74-80.
81. Ross, W.H., & Wieland, C. (1996). Effects of interpersonal trust and time pressure on managerial mediation strategy in a simulated organizational dispute. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 228-248.
82. Rouhana, N.N., & Kelman, H.C. (1994). Promoting joint thinking in international conflicts: An Israeli-Palestinian continuing workshop. Journal of Social Issues, 50, 157-178.
83. Rubin, J.Z. (1994). Models of conflict management. Journal of Social Issues, 50, 33-45.
84. Rubin, J.Z., Pruitt. D.G., & Kim, S.H. (1994). Social conflict: Escalation, stalemate, and settlement (2nd edn.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
85. Schmidt, S.M., & Kochan, T.A. (1972). Conflict: Toward conceptual clarity. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17, 359-371.
86. Sheppard, B.H. (1992). Conflict research as schizophrenia: The many faces of organizational conflict. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13, 325-334.
87. Schweiger, D.M., Sandberg, W.R., & Ragan, J.W. (1986). Group approaches for improving strategic decision making: A comparative analysis of dialectical inquiry, devil's advocacy, and consensus. Academy of Management Journal, 29, 51-71.
88. Schweiger, D.M., Sandberg, W.R., & Rechner, P.L. (1989). Experimental effects of dialectical inquiry, devil's advocacy, and consensus approaches to strategic decision making. Academy of Management Journal, 32, 745-772.
89. Smith, K., Johnson, D.W., & Johnson, R.T. (1981). Can conflict be constructive? Controversy versus concurrence seeking in learning groups. Journal of Educational Psychology, 73, 651-663.
90. Smith, K., Johnson, D.W., & Johnson, R.T. (1984). Effects of controversy on learning in cooperative groups. Journal of Social Psychology, 122, 199-209.
91. Swierczek, F.W. (1994). Culture and conflict in joint ventures in Asia. International Journal of Project Management, 12, 39-47.
92. Tetlock, P.E., Armor, D., & Peterson, R.S. (1994). The slavery debate in antebellum America: Cognitive style, value conflicts, and the limits of compromise. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 115-126.
93. Tjosvold, D. (1974). Threat as a low-power person's strategy in bargaining: Social face and tangible outcomes. International Journal of Group Tensions, 494-510.
94. Tjosvold, D. (1982). Effects of the approach to controversy on superiors' incorporation of subordinates' information in decision making. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 189-193.
95. Tjosvold, D. (1983). Social face in conflict: A critique. International Journal of Group Tensions, 13, 49-64.
96. Tjosvold, D. (1984a). Cooperation theory and organizations. Human Relations, 37, 743-767.
97. Tjosvold, D. (1984b). Effects of crisis orientation on managers' approach to controversy in decision making. Academy of Management Journal, 27, 130-138.
98. Tjosvold, D. (1985). Implications of controversy research for management. Journal of Management, II, 21-37.
99. Tjosvold, D. (1986a). Dynamics of interdependence in organizations. Human Relations, 39, 517-540.
100. Tjosvold, D. (1986b). Working together to get things done: Managing for organizational productivity. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath.
101. Tjosvold, D. (1987). Participation: A close look at its dynamics. Journal of Management, 13, 739-750.
102. Tjosvold, D. (1988). Cooperative and competitive interdependence: Collaboration between departments to serve customers. Group & Organization Studies, 13. 274-289.
103. Tjosvold, D. (1990a). Cooperation and competition in restructuring an organization. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 7, 48-54.
104. Tjosvold, D. (1990b). Flight crew collaboration to manage safety risks. Group & Organization Studies, 15, 11-191.
105. Tjosvold, D. (1990c). Making a technological innovation work: Collaboration to solve problems. Human Relations, 43, 1117-1131.
106. Tjosvold, D. (1991a). Conflict-positive organization: Stimulate diversity and create unity. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
107. Tjosvold, D. (1991b). Team organization: An enduring competitive advantage. New York: Wiley.
108. Tjosvold, D. (1992). Antecedents of cooperation and competition: Evidence from 15 organizations. Manuscript. Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, Canada.
109. Tjosvold, D. (1993a, June). Cooperation and competition theory: Interactions and consequences in 15 organizations. International Association for Conflict Management Conference, Belgium.
110. Tjosvold, D. (1993b). Learning to manage conflict: Getting people to work together productively, New York: Lexington Books.
111. Tjosvold, D. (1993c). Teamwork for customers: Building organizations that take pride in serving. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
112. Tjosvold, D. (1995). Bridging east and west to develop new products and trust: Interdependence and interaction between a Hong Kong parent and North American subsidiary. Lingnan College, Hong Kong.
113. Tjosvold, D. (1996). Managing anger for teamwork in Hong Kong: Provocations, intensity, aggression and open-mindedness. Lingnan College, Hong Kong.
114. Tjosvold, D., & Chia, L.C. (1989). Conflict between managers and employees: The role of cooperation and competition. Journal of Social Psychology, 129, 235-247.
115. Tjosvold, D., Dann, V., & Wong, C.L. (1992). Managing conflict between departments to serve customers. Human Relations, 45, 1035-1054.
116. Tjosvold, D., & Deemer, D.K. (1980). Effects of controversy within a cooperative or competitive context on organizational decision-making. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 590-595.
117. Tjosvold, D., & Deemer, D.K. (1981). Effects of control or collaborative orientation on participation in decision-making. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 13, 33-43.
118. Tjosvold, D., & Halco, J.A. (1992). Performance appraisal: Goal interdependence and future responses. Journal of Social Psychology, 132, 629-639.
119. Tjosvold, D., Hui, C., & Law, K.S. (1997). The leadership relationship in Hong Kong: Power, interdependence, and controversy. In K. Leung (Ed.), Progress in Asian social psychology (pp. 286-301). Singapore: Wiley.
120. Tjosvold, D., & Huston, T.L. (1978). Social face and resistance to compromise in bargaining. Journal of Social Psychology, 104, 57-68.
121. Tjosvold, D., & Field, R.H.G. (1984). Managers' structuring cooperative and competitive controversy in group decision making. International Journal of Management, 1, 26-32.
122. Tjosvold, D., & Johnson, D.W. (1977). The effects of controversy on cognitive perspective taking. Journal of Educational Psychology, 69, 679-685.
123. Tjosvold, D., & Johnson, D.W. (1978). Controversy within a cooperative or competitive context and cognitive perspective taking. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 3, 376-386.
124. Tjosvold, D., Johnson, D.W., & Fabrey, L. (1980). The effects of affirmation and acceptance on incorporation of an opposing opinion in problem solving. Psychological Reports, 47, 1043-1053.
125. Tjosvold, D., Johnson, D.W., & Lerner, J. (1981). The effects of affirmation and acceptance on incorporation of an opposing opinion in problem-solving. Journal of Social Psychology, 114, 103-110.
126. Tjosvold, D., Lee, F., & Wong, C.L. (1992). Managing conflict in a diverse workforce: A Chinese perspective in North America. Small Group Research, 23, 302-332.
127. Tjosvold, D., & McNeely, L.T. (1988). Innovation through communication in an educational bureaucracy. Communication Research, 15, 568-581.
128. Tjosvold, D., Meredith, L., & Weldwood, R.M. (1993). Implementing relationship marketing: A goal interdependence approach. The Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, 8, 4-16.
129. Tjosvold, D., & Moy, J. (1995). Quality service in an American restaurant in Hong Kong: A test of cooperation theory. City University of Hong Kong.
130. Tjosvold, D., Sasaki, S., & Moy, J. (1995). Developing commitment in Japanese organizations in Hong Kong: Cooperative teamwork and constructive controversy. City University of Hong Kong.
131. Tjosvold, D., & Tjosvold, M.M. (1995). Cooperation theory, constructive controversy, and effectiveness: Learning from crises. In R. A. Guzzo & E. Salas (Eds.), Team effectiveness and decision making in organizations (pp.79-112). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
132. Tjosvold, D., & Tsao, Y. (1989). Productive organizational collaboration: The role of values and cooperative goals. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 10, 189-195.
133. Tjosvold, D., Wedley, W.C., & Field, R.H.G. (1986). Constructive controversy, the Vroom-Yetton model, and managerial decision making. Journal of Occupational Behaviour, 7, 125-138.
134. Tjosvold, D., & Wong, C.L. (1992). Cooperative conflict and coordination to market technology. Paper presented at the International Association of Conflict Management conference, Minneapolis, June.
135. Tjosvold, D., & Wong, C.L. (1994). Working with customers: Cooperation and competition in relational marketing, Journal of Marketing Management, 10, 297-310.
136. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty; Heuristics and biases. Science, 185, 1124-1131.
137. Van Berklom, M., & Tjosvold, D. (1981). The effects of social context on engaging in controversy. Journal of Psychology, 107, 141-145.
138. Van Velsor, E., & Leslie, J.B. (1995). Why executives derail: Perspectives across time and cultures. Academy of Management Executive, 9, 62-72.
139. Vroom, V.H., & Yetton, P.W. (1973). Leadership and decision-making. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
140. Walton, R., & Mckersie, R.B. (1965). A behavioral theory of labor negotiations. New York: McGraw-Hill.
141. Wong, C., & Tjosvold, D. (1995). Goal interdependence and quality in services marketing. Psychology & Marketing, 12, 189-205.