Toward realizing the potential of diversity in composition of Interprofessional health care teams: An examination of the cognitive and psychosocial dynamics of Interprofessional collaboration

Medical Care Research and Review

Volumn 67, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 3-26

  Mitchell, Rebecca ^a   Parker, Vicki ^b   Giles, Michelle ^b   White, Nadine ^b  

^a NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b Hunter New England Area Health Service   (Australia)

Author keywords

Interprofessional team; Multidisciplinary team; Team dynamics

Indexed keywords

CONFLICT OF INTEREST; HEALTH CARE; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH SERVICE; JOB PERFORMANCE; KNOWLEDGE; PROBLEM SOLVING; PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE; REVIEW; SOCIAL CARE; SOCIAL STATUS; COOPERATION; DECISION MAKING; HUMAN; INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATION; PATIENT CARE; PSYCHOLOGY; PUBLIC RELATIONS;

COOPERATIVE BEHAVIOR; DECISION MAKING; HUMANS; INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATION; INTERPROFESSIONAL RELATIONS; PATIENT CARE TEAM; PSYCHOLOGY;

EID: 73649101740     PISSN: 10775587     EISSN: 15526801     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1077558709338478     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. Adams, T. (2004). Inter-professional conflict and professionalization: Dentistry and dental hygiene in Ontario. Social Science & Medicine, 58, 2243-2252.
2. Alavi, M., & Tiwana, A. (2002). Knowledge integration in virtual teams: The potential role of KMS. Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, 53, 1029-1037.
3. Amason, A.C. (1996). Distinguishing the effects of functional and dysfunctional conflict on strategic decision making: Resolving a paradox for top management teams. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 123-148.
4. Ancona, D.G., & Caldwell, D.F. (1992). Demography and design: Predictors of new product team performance. Organization Science, 3, 321.
5. Anderson, N., & West, M. (1998). Measuring climate for work group innovation: Development and validation of the team climate inventory. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 235-258.
6. Apker, J., & Eggly, S. (2004). Communicating professional identity in medical socialization: Considering the ideological discourse of morning report. Qualitative Health Research, 14, 411-429.
7. Arehart-Treichel, J. (2003). Multidisciplinary model delivers improved depression care to elderly. Psychiatric News, 38, 2-54.
8. Argyris, C. (1962). Interpersonal competence and organizational effectiveness. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.
9. Atwal, A., & Caldwell, K. (2005). Do all health and social care professionals interact equally? A study of interactions in multidisciplinary teams in the United Kingdom. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 19, 268-273.
10. Austin, J.R. (1997). A cognitive framework for understanding demographic influences in groups. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 5, 342-359.
11. Australian Government Productivity Commission. (2005). Australia's Health Workforce Research Report. Canberra, Australia: Australian Government Productivity Commission.
12. Avolio, B.J., Zhu, W., Koh, W., & Bhatia, P. (2006). Transformational leadership and organizational commitment: Mediating role of psychological empowerment and moderating role of structural distance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 951-968.
13. Banker, R.D., Field, J.M., Schroeder, R., & Sinha, K.K. (1996). Impact of work teams on manufacturing performance: A longitudinal field study. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 867-890.
14. Bantel, K.A., & Jackson, S.E. (1989). Top management and innovations in banking: Does the composition of the top team make a difference ? Strategic Management Journal, 10, 107-124.
15. Baron, R., & Kenny, D.A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
16. Basset, T., & Bryson, T. (1989). A bridge to learning. Health Services Journal, 99, 1246-1247.
17. Baxter, S., & Brumfitt, S. (2008). Professional differences in interprofessional working. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 22, 239-251.
18. Bazerman, C., & Paradis, J. (1991). Textual dynamics of the professions: Historical and contemporary studies of writing in professional communities. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
19. Berkenkotter, C., & Huckin, T. (1995). Genre knowledge in disciplinary communication: Cognition/ culture/power. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
20. Bhatt, G. (2000). Information dynamics, learning and knowledge creation in organizations. The Learning Organization, 7 (2). 89-99.
21. Blakar, R. (1973). An experimental method for inquiring into communication. European Journal of Social Psychology, 3, 415-425.
22. Blakar, R. (1984). Communication: A social perspective on clinical issues. Oslo, Norway: Universitetsforlaget.
23. Blakar, R. (1985). Towards a theory of communication in terms of preconditions: A conceptual framework and some empirical explorations. In H. Giles & R. St Clair (Eds.), Recent advances in language, communication and social psychology (pp. 10-40). London: Lawrence Erlbaum.
24. Blau, P.M. (1977). Inequality and heterogeneity: A primitive theory of social structure. New York: Free Press.
25. Boone, M., Minore, B., Katt, M., & Kinch, P. (1997). Strength through sharing: Interdisciplinary teamwork in providing health and social services to northern native communities. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 16 (2). 15-28.
26. Bourdieu, P. (1991). Language and symbolic power (J. B. Thompson, Ed., G. T. Raymond & M. T. Adamson, Trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
27. Braithwaite, J., & Travaglia, J. (2005). A framework for inter-professional learning and clinical education for ACT Health. Canberra, Australia: ACT Health.
28. Brehmer, B. (1973). Cognitive sources of interpersonal conflict: Analysis of interactions between linear and nonlinear cognitive systems. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 10, 290-313.
29. Brint, S. (1993). Eliot Freidson's contribution to the sociology of professions. Work and Occupations, 20, 259-278.
30. Brown, J.S., & Duguid, P. (1998). Organizing knowledge. California Management Review, 40, 90-111.
31. Brown, J.S., & Duguid, P. (2001). Knowledge and organization: A social-practice perspective. Organization Science, 12, 198-216.
32. Bruner, J. (1990). Acts of meaning. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
33. Bunderson, J.S., Lofstrom, S.M., & Van de Ven, A. (2000). Administrative and occupational models of organizing. Organization Behavior Research, 6, 366-391.
34. Bunderson, J.S., & Sutcliffe, K.M. (2002). Comparing alternative conceptualizations of functional diversity in management teams: Process and performance effects. Academy of Management Journal, 45, 875.
35. Burt, R. (2004). Structural holes and good ideas. American Journal of Sociology, 110, 349-399.
36. Caldwell, K., & Atwal, A. (2003). The problems of interprofessional health care practice in the hospital setting. British Journal of Nursing, 12, 1212-1218.
37. Canadian Collaborative Mental Health Initiative. (2006). Better practices in collaborative mental health care: An analysis of the evidence base. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Author.
38. Canadian Health Services Research Foundation. (2008). Interprofessional collaboration and quality primary healthcare. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Author.
39. Carlile, P. (2002). A pragmatic view of knowledge and boundaries: Boundary objects in new product development. Organization Science, 12, 442-456.
40. Carlile, P.R. (2004). Transferring, translating and transforming: An integrative framework for managing knowledge across boundaries. Organization Science, 15, 555-568.
41. Chatman, J.A., Polzer, J., Barsade, S., & Neale, M. (1998). Being different yet feeling similar: The influence of demographic composition and organizational culture on work processes and outcomes. Administrative Science Quarterly, 43, 749-780.
42. Chen, G., & Tjosvold, D. (2002). Cooperative goals and constructive controversy for promoting innovation in student groups in China. Journal of Education for Business, 78, 46-50.
43. Coburn, D. (1994). Professionalization and proletarianization: Medicine, nursing and chiropractic in historical perspective. Labour/Le Travail, 34, 139-162.
44. Cohen, H.A. (1981). The nurse's quest for a professional identity. Menlo Park, CA: Addison-Wesley.
45. Cole, M., Bruch, H., & Walter, F. (2008). Affective mechanisms linking dysfunctional behavior to performance in work teams: A moderated mediation study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 945-958.
46. Coulter, A., Nye, R., & Pollard, S. (2005). What patients really want: An analysis of NHS performance against patient-defined success measures. London: Picker Institute.
47. Cullen, J. (1999). Socially constructed learning: A commentary on the concept of the learning organization. The Learning Organization, 6, 45-52.
48. Cunningham, L.L., & Dunn, V.B. (2001). Interprofessional policy analysis: An aid to public policy formation. Theory into Practice, 26, 129-133.
49. Currie, G., & Suhomlinova, O. (2006). The impact of institutional forces upon knowledge sharing in the UK NHS: The triumph of professional power and the inconsistency of policy. Public Administration Review, 84, 1-30.
50. DeDreu, C., & West, M. (2001). Minority dissent and team innovation: The importance of participation in decision-making. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 1191-1201.
51. Dennis, A. (1996). Information exchange and use in group decision making: You can lead a group to information, but you can?t make them think. MIS Quarterly, 20, 433-458.
52. Deutsch, M. (1973). The resolution of conflict. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
53. Dietrich, A.J., Oxman, T., Williams, J., Schullberg, H., Bruce, M., Lee, P., et al. (2004). Re-engineering systems for the treatment of depression in primary care: Cluster randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal, 329 (7466). 1-6.
54. Dimaggio, P., & Powell, W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48, 147-160.
55. Fay, D., Borrill, C., Amir, Z., Haward, R., & West, M. (2006). Getting the most out of multidisciplinary teams: A multisample study of team innovation in health care. Journal of Occupation and Organizational Psychology, 79, 553-567.
56. Ferlie, E., Fitzgeral, L., Wood, M., & Hawkins, C. (2005). The nonspread of innovations: The mediating role of professionals. Academy of Management Journal, 48, 117-134.
57. Fleming, L. (2002). Finding the organizational sources of technological breakthroughs: The story of Hewlett-Packard's thermal ink-jet. Industrial and Corporate Change, 11, 1059-1084.
58. Freidson, E. (1973). Professions and the occupational principle. In E. Freidson (Ed.), Professions and their prospects (pp. 19-37). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
59. Freidson, E. (1986). Professional powers. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
60. Gade, G., Venohr, I., Conner, D., McGrady, K., Beane, J., Richardson, R., et al. (2008). Impact of an inpatient palliative care team: A randomized control trial. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 11, 180-190.
61. Gaertner, S.L., & Dovidio, J.F. (2000). Reducing intergroup bias. The common ingroup identity model. Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
62. Gaertner, S.L., Dovidio, J.F., Anastasio, P.A., Bachman, B.A., & Rust, M.C. (1993). The common ingroup identity model: Recategorization and the reduction of intergroup bias. European Review of Social Pscyhology, 4, 1-26.
63. Gee, J.P. (1992). The social mind. New York: Bergin & Garvey.
64. Gergen, K.J. (2001). Social construction in context. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
65. Giddens, A. (1990). The consequences of modernity. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
66. Gruenfeld, D.H., Mannix, E.A., Williams, K.Y., & Neale, M.A. (1996). Group composition and decision making: How member familiarity and information distribution affect process and performance. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 67, 1-15.
67. Guetzkow, H., & Gyr, J. (1954). An analysis of conflict in decision-making groups. Human Relations, 7, 316-337.
68. Halliday, T.C. (1985). Knowledge mandates: Collective influence by scientific, normative and syncretic professions. British Journal of Sociology, 36, 421-439.
69. Hambrick, D.C., Davidson, S.C., Snell, S.A., & Snow, C.C. (1998). When groups consist of multiple nationalities: Towards a new understanding of the implications. Organization Studies, 19, 181-205.
70. Hambrick, D.C., & Mason, P.A. (1984). Upper echelons: The organization as a reflection of its top managers. Academy of Management Review, 9, 193.
71. Hargadon, A.B., & Sutton, R.I. (1997). Technology brokering and innovation in a product development firm. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42, 716-749.
72. Harrison, D.A., Price, K.H., Gavin, J.H., & Florey, A.T. (2002). Time, teams, and task performance: Changing effects of surface- and deep-level diversity on group functioning. Academy of Management Journal, 45, 1029-1045.
73. Hickson, D.J., Butler, R.J., Cray, D., Mallory, G.R., & Wilson, D.C. (1986). Top decisions: Strategic decision making in organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
74. Higginson, I., Finlay, I., Goodwin, D., Hood, K., Edwards, A., Cook, A., et al. (2003). Is there evidence that palliative care teams alter end-of-life experiences of patients and their caregivers ? Journal of Pain Symptom Management, 25, 150-168.
75. Hoopes, D., & Postrel, S. (1999). Shared knowledge, "glitches," and product development performance. Strategic Management Journal, 20, 837-865.
76. Huang, J., & Newell, S. (2003). Knowledge integration processes and dynamics within the context of cross-functional projects. International Journal of Project Management, 21, 167-176.
77. Hubbard, R., O?Mahony, S., Cross, E., Morggan, A., Hortop, H., Morse, R., et al. (2004). The ageing of the population: Implications for multidisciplinary care in hospital. Age and Ageing, 33, 479-482.
78. Indredavik, B., Slordahl, S.A., Bakke, F., Rokseth, R., & Haheim, L.L. (1998). Stroke unit treatment improves long-term quality of life: A randomised controlled trial. Stroke, 29, 895-899.
79. Institute of Medicine. (2003). Health professions education: A bridge to quality. Washington DC: National Academies Press.
80. Jackson, S.E., Joshi, A., & Erhardt, N.L. (2003). Recent research on team and organizational diversity: SWOT analysis and implications. Journal of Management, 29, 801-830.
81. Jehn, K.A. (1995). A multimethod examination of the benefits and detriments of intragroup conflict. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40, 256-282.
82. Jehn, K.A. (1997). Qualitative analysis of conflict types and dimensions in organizational groups. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42, 530-557.
83. Jehn, K.A., Chadwick, C., & Thatcher, S.M.B. (1997). To agree or not to agree: The effects of value congruence, individual demographic dissimilarity, and conflict on workgroup outcomes. International Journal of Conflict Management, 8, 287-305.
84. Jehn, K.A., Northcraft, G.B., & Neale, M. (1999). Why differences make a difference: A field study of diversity, conflict and performance in work groups. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 741-763.
85. Johnson, P., Wistow, G., Schulz, R., & Hardy, B. (2003). Interagency and interprofessional collaboration in community care: The interdependence of structures and values. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 17, 70-83.
86. Kilduff, M., Angelmar, R., & Mehra, A. (2000). Top management-team diversity and firm performance: Examining the role of cognitions. Organization Science, 11, 21.
87. Kuhn, T. (1996). The structure of scientific revolutions (3 rd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
88. Lawrence, B.S. (1997). The black box of organizational demography, Organization Science, 8, 1-22.
89. Lebovits, A., Florence, I., Bathina, R., Hunko, V., Fox, M., & Bramble, C. (1997). Pain knowledge and attitudes of healthcare providers. Clinical Journal of Pain, 13, 237-243.
90. Lemieux-Charles, L., & Meslin, E.M. (1993). Ethical issues faced by clinician/managers in resource allocation decisions. Hospital and Health Services Administration, 38, 267-286.
91. Lingard, L., Reznick, R., DeVito, I., & Espin, S. (2002). Forming professional identities on the health care team: Discursive constructions of the "other" in the operating room. Medical Education, 36, 728-734.
92. McCallin, A. (2001). Interdisciplinary practice-A matter of teamwork: An integrated literature review. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 10, 419-428.
93. McGrady, K., Conner, D., Richardson, R., Beane, J., Connors, L., Rastrelli, A., et al. (2006). Influence of an inpatient palliative care team on service utilization and costs. Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine Annual Meeting. Nashville, TN.
94. McNair, R. (2005). Breaking down the silos: Interprofessional education and inter-professionalism for an effective rural health care workforce. Paper presented at the Rural Health Conference, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia.
95. McShane, S., & Von Glinow, M.A. (2003). Organizational behavior. Boston: McGraw-Hill / Irwin.
96. Miller, C.C., Burke, L.M., & Glick, W.H. (1998). Cognitive diversity among upper-echelon executives: Implications for strategic decision processes. Strategic Management Journal, 19, 39-58.
97. Mueller, J.H. (1992). Anxiety and performance. In A. P. Smith & D. M. Jones (Eds.), Handbook of human performance. Vol. 3: State and trait (pp. 127-160). London: Academic Press.
98. Mullen, B., & Copper, C. (1994). The relation between group cohesiveness and performance: An integration. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 210. (Pubitemid 24772592)
99. Myers, D.G., & Lamm, H. (1976). The group polarization phenomenon. Psychological Bulletin, 83, 602-627.
100. Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23, 242-266.
101. Nemeth, C.J. (1986). Differential contributions of majority and minority influence. Psychological Review, 93, 23-32.
102. Norris, P. (2001). How "we" are different from "them": Occupational boundary maintenance in the treatment of musculo-skeletal problems. Sociology of Health and Illness, 23, 24-43.
103. Olson, B.J., Parayitam, S., & Bao, Y. (2007). Strategic decision making: The effects of cognitive diversity, conflict and trust on decision outcomes. Journal of Management, 33, 196-222.
104. Opie, A. (1998). Nobody's asked me for my view: Users? empowerment by multidisciplinary health teams. Sociology of Health and Illness, 19, 928-933.
105. Pelled, L.H., Eisenhardt, K.M., & Xin, K.R. (1999). Exploring the black box: An analysis of group work diversity, conflict, and performance, Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 1-28.
106. Petrie, H.G. (1976). Do you see what I see ? Journal of Aesthetic Education, 10, 29-43.
107. Pew Health Professions Commission. (1998). Recreating health professional practice for a new century. San Francisco: Pew Health Professions Commission.
108. Pietro, D., Shyavitz, L., Smith, R., & Auerbach, B. (2000). Detecting and reporting medical errors: Why the dilemma ? British Medical Journal, 320, 794-796.
109. Porac, J.F., Thomas, H., & Baden-Fuller, C. (1989). Competitive groups as cognitive communities: The case of Scottish knitwear manufacturers. Journal of Management Studies, 26, 397-316.
110. Postrel, S. (2002). Islands of shared knowledge: Specialization and mutual understanding in problem-solving teams. Organization Science, 13, 303-321.
111. Potter, J., & Wetherell, M. (1994). Analyzing discourse. In A. Bryman & R. Burgess (Eds.), Analyzing qualitative data (pp. 47-68). London: Routledge.
112. Poulton, B., & West, M. (1999). The determinants of effectiveness in primary health care teams. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 13, 7-18.
113. Poulton, B., & West, M.A. (1993). Effective multidisiplinatry teamwork in primary health care. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 18, 918-925.
114. Powell, M. J., & DiMaggio, P. J. (Eds.). (1991). The new institutionalism in organizational analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
115. Randel, A., & Jaussi, K. (2003). Functional background identity, diversity and individual performance in cross-functional teams. Academy of Management Journal, 46, 763-774.
116. Riordan, C., & Shore, L. (1997). Demographic diversity and employee attitudes: Examination of relational demography within work units. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 342-358.
117. Robertson, M., Scarbrough, H., & Swan, J. (2003). Knowledge creation in professional service firms: Institutional effects. Organization Studies, 24, 831-857. (Pubitemid 36931987)
118. Roseman, I.J., Weisr, C., & Swartz, T.S. (1994). Phenomenology, behaviors, and goals differentiate discrete emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 206-221.
119. Schein, E.H. (1978). Career dynamics: Matching individual and organizational needs. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
120. Segal, B.S. (1994). Developing the interprofessional team. In G. J. Agich (Ed.), The clinical care of aged persons: An interdisciplinary perspective. New York: Oxford University Press.
121. Simons, T., Pelled, L.H., & Smith, K.A. (1999). Making use of difference: Diversity, debate, and decision comprehensiveness in top management teams. Academy of Management Journal, 42, 662.
122. Staw, B., Sanderlands, L., & Dutton, J. (1981). Threat rigidity effects in organization behavior: A multilevel analysis. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26, 501-524.
123. Strasser, D., Falconer, J., Herrin, J., Bowen, S., Stevens, A., Uomoto, J. (2005). Team functioning and patient outcomes in stroke rehabilitation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 86, 403-409.
124. Stroke Unit Trialists? Collaboration. (2007). Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CD000197.
125. Sutton, R.I., & Hargadon, A.B. (1996). Brainstorming groups in context: Effectiveness in a product design firm. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41, 685-718.
126. Swan, J., Scarbrough, H., & Robertson, M. (2002). The construction of "communities of practice" in the management of innovation. Management Learning, 33, 477-496.
127. Szulanski, G., & Capetta, R. (2003). Stickiness: Conceptualizing, measuring and predicting difficulties in the transfer of knowledge within organizations. In M. Easterby-Smith & M. A. Lyles (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of organizational learning and knowledge management (pp. 513-534). Oxford, UK: Blackwell
128. Szulanski, G., & Jensen, R. (2004). Overcoming stickiness: An empirical investigation of the role of the template in the replication of organizational routines. Managerial and Decision Economics, 25, 347-363. (Pubitemid 40190215)
129. Tajfel, H. (1982). Social identity and intergroup relations. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
130. Tasi, W. (2001). Knowledge transfer in intraorganizational networks: Effects of network position and absorptive capacity on business unit innovation and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 44, 996-1005.
131. Tenkasi, R.V., & Boland, R.J. (1996). Exploring knowledge diversity in knowledge intensive firms: A new role for information systems. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 9, 79-91.
132. Tieman, J., Mitchell, G., Shelby-James, T., Currow, D., Fazekas, B., O?Doherty, L., et al. (2006). Integration, coordination and multidisciplinary approaches in primary care: A systematic investigation of the literature. Canberra: Australian Primary Health Care Research Institute.
133. Timmermans, S. (2002). The cause of death vs. the gift of life: Boundary maintenance and the politics of expertise in death investigation. Sociology of Health and Illness, 24, 550-574.
134. Tishelman, C., Forss, A., Sachs, L., Lundgren, E.-L., Widmark, C., & Tornberg, S. (1999). Research on risk and risk on research: Theoretical and practical experiences from a multidisciplinary study on cervical cancer screening in urban Sweden. Qualitative Health Research, 9, 45-60.
135. Tjosvold, D., & Morishima, M. (1999). Grievance resolution: Perceived goal interdependence and interaction patterns. Relations Industrielles, 54, 527-547.
136. Tjosvold, D., & Poon, M. (1998). Dealing with scarce resources: Open-minded interaction for resolving budget conflicts. Group and Organization Management, 23, 237-258.
137. Tjosvold, D., & Sun, H. (2003). Openness among Chinese in conflict: Effects of direct discussion and warmth on integrative decision making. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33, 1878-1897.
138. Turner, J.C. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: Self-categorization theory. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
139. Uzzi, B. (1997). Social structure and competition in interfirm networks: The paradox of embeddedness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42, 37-69.
140. Van de Ven, A., Rogers, R., Bechara, J., & Sun, K. (2007). Organizational diversity, integration and performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29, 335-354.
141. van Knippenberg, D., De Dreu, C.K.W., & Homan, A.C. (2004). Work group diversity and group performance: An integrative model and research agenda. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 1008-1022.
142. van Knippenberg, D., & Schippers, M.C. (2007). Work group diversity. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 515-541.
143. Vissers, G., & Dankbaar, B. (2002). Creativity in multidisciplinary new product development teams. Creativity & Innovation Management, 11, 31-42.
144. Wagner, U., Lampen, L., & Syllwasschy, J. (1986). In-group inferiority, social identity and out-group devaluation in a modified minimal group study. British Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 15-23.
145. Webber, S.S., & Donahue, L.M. (2001). Impact of highly and less job-related diversity on work group cohesion and performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Management, 27, 141.
146. Weick, K. (1996). Drop your tools: An allegory for organizational studies. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41, 301-313.
147. West, M.A., & Anderson, N.R. (1996). Innovation in top management teams. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 680-693.
148. Williams, K.Y., & O?Reilly, C.A., III. (1998). Demography and diversity in organizations: A review of 40 years of research. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 20, pp. 77-140). London: JAI Press.
149. Younghusband, E. (1959). Report of the working party on social workers in the local authority, health and welfare servcices. London: HMSO.
150. Zucker, L.G. (1986). The production of trust: Institutional sources of economic structure. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 8, pp. 53-111). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
151. Zwarenstein, M., & Reeves, S. (2000). What's so great about collaboration? We need more evidence and less rhetoric. British Medical Journal, 320, 1022-1023.