Chromosomal polymorphism in mammals: an evolutionary perspective

Biological Reviews

Volumn 92, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 1-21

  Dobigny, Gauthier ^a   Britton Davidian, Janice ^b   Robinson, Terence J ^c  

^a CENTRE DE BIOLOGIE ET DE GESTION DES POPULATIONS   (France)

^b UNIV MONTPELLIER   (France)

^c STELLENBOSCH UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

Author keywords

chromosome rearrangement; genome evolution; karyotype evolution; Mammalia; polymorphism; population cytogenetics

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; CHROMOSOME; EVOLUTION; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETICS; KARYOTYPING; MAMMAL; SPECIES DIFFERENTIATION;

ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION; CHROMOSOMES; GENETIC SPECIATION; KARYOTYPING; MAMMALS; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC;

EID: 84938893365     PISSN: 14647931     EISSN: 1469185X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/brv.12213     Document Type: Article

References (309)

1. Acloque, H., Bonnet-Garnier, A., Mompart, F., Pinton, A. & Yerle-Bouissou, M. (2013). Sperm nuclear architecture is locally modified in presence of a Robertsonian translocation t(13;17). PLoS ONE 8, e78005.
2. Aguado, C., Gaya-Vidal, M., Villatoro, S., Oliva, M., Izquierdo, D., Giner-Delgado, C., Montalvo, V., Garcia-Gonzalez, J., Martinez-Fundichely, A., Capilla, L., Ruiz-Herrera, A., Estivill, X., Puig, M. & Caceres, M. (2014). Validation and genotyping of multiple human polymorphic inversions mediated by inverted repeats reveals a high degree of recurrence. PLoS Genetics 10, e1004208.
3. Aguilera, M., Perez-Zapata, A. & Martino, A. (1995). Cytogenetics and karyosystematics of Oryzomys albugularis (Rodentia, Cricetidae) from Venezuela. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 69, 44–49.
4. Amor, D. J., Bentley, K., Ryan, J., Perry, J., Wong, L., Slater, H. & Choo, K. A. (2004). Human centromere repositioning “in progress”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101, 6542–6547.
5. Aniskin, V. M., Benazzou, T., Biltueva, L., Dobigny, G., Granjon, L. & Volobouev, V. (2006). Unsually extensive karyotype reorganization in four congeneric Gerbillus species (Muridae, Gerbillinae). Cytogenetics and Genome Research 112, 131–140.
6. Anton, E., Vidal, F., Egozcue, J. & Blanco, J. (2006). Genetic reproductive risk in inversion carriers. Fertility and Sterility 85, 661–666.
7. Antonacci, F., Kidd, J. M., Marques-Bonet, T., Ventura, M., Siswara, P., Jiang, Z. & Eichler, E. E. (2009). Characterization of six human disease-associated inversion polymorphisms. Human Molecular Genetics 18, 2555–2566.
8. Aquadro, C. F., Weaver, A. L., Schaeffer, S. W. & Anderson, W. W. (1991). Molecular evolution of inversions in Drosophila pseudoobscura: the amylase gene region. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 88, 305–309.
9. Aradottir, G. I. & Angus, R. B. (2004). A chromosomal analysis of some water beetle species recently transferred from Agabus Leach to Ilybius Erichson, with particular reference to the variation in chromosome number shown by I. montanus Stephens (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae). Hereditas 140, 185–192.
10. Armengol, L., Marques-Bonet, T., Cheung, J., Khaja, R., Gonzalez, J., Scherer, S., Navarro, A. & Estivill, X. (2005). Murine segmental duplications are hot spots for chromosome and gene evolution. Genomics 86, 692–700.
11. Asthana, S., Schmidt, S. & Sunyaev, S. (2005). A limited role for balancing selection. Trends in Genetics 21, 30–32.
12. Avise, J. C. & Robinson, T. J. (2008). Hemiplasy: a new term in the lexicon of phylogenetics. Systematic Biology 57, 503–507.
13. Ayala, F. & Coluzzi, M. (2005). Chromosome speciation: humans, Drosophila, mosquitoes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102, 6535–6542.
14. Badenhorst, D., Dobigny, G., Adega, F., Chaves, R., O'Brien, P. C., Ferguson-Smith, M. A., Waters, P. D. & Robinson, T. J. (2011). Chromosomal evolution in Rattini (Muridae, Rodentia). Chromosome Research 19, 709–727.
15. Badenhorst, D., Herbreteau, V., Chaval, Y., Pagès, M., Robinson, T. J., Rerkamnuaychoke, W., Morand, S., Hugot, J. P. & Dobigny, G. (2009). New karyotypic data for Asian rodents (Rodentia, Muridae) with the first report of B-chromosomes in the genus Mus. Journal of Zoology 279, 44–56.
16. Bailey, J. & Eichler, E. (2006). Primate segmental duplications: crucibles of evolution, diversity and disease. Nature Reviews Genetics 7, 552–564.
17. Bakloushinskaya, I., Romanenko, S., Graphodtasky, A., Matveesky, S., Lyapunova, E. & Kolomiets, O. (2010). The role of chromosome rearrangements in the evolution of mole voles of the genus Ellobius (Rodentia, Mammalia). Russian Journal of Genetics 46, 1143–1145.
18. Banaszek, A., Taylor, J., Ochocinska, D. & Chetnicki, W. (2008). Robertsonian polymorphism in the common shrew (Sorex araneus L.) and selective advantage of heterozygotes indicated by their higher maximum metabolic rates. Heredity 102(2), 155–162.
19. Barton, N. H. (1979). Gene flow past a cline. Heredity 43, 333–339.
20. Barton, N. H. & Hewitt, G. M. (1989). Adaptation, speciation and hybrid zones. Nature 12, 497–503.
21. Basheva, E. A., Torgasheva, A. A., Gomez Fernandez, M. J., Boston, E., Mirol, P. & Borodin, P. M. (2014). Chromosome asynapsis and recombination in simple and complex chromosomal heterozygotes of tuco-tuco (Ctenomys talarum, Rodentia, Ctenomyidae). Chromosome Research 22, 351–363.
22. Bayes, J. J. & Malik, H. S. (2008). The evolution of centromeric DNA sequences. In Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, pp. 1–8. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester.
23. Bell, M. D., Hamilton, M. J., Edwards, C. W., Wiggins, L. E., Martinez, R. M., Strauss, R. E., Bradley, R. D. & Baker, R. J. (2001). Patterns of karyotypic megaevolution in Reithrodontomys : evidence from a cytochrome-b phylogenetic hypothesis. Journal of Mammalogy 82, 81–91.
24. Benet, J., Oliver-Bonet, M., Cifuentes, P., Templado, C. & Navarro, J. (2005). Segregation of chromosomes in sperm of reciprocal translocation carriers: a review. Cytogenetics and Genome Research 111, 281–290.
25. Bickham, J. W. & Baker, R. J. (1979). Canalization model of chromosomal evolution. Bulletin of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History 13, 70–84.
26. Bidau, C., Gimenez, M., Palmer, C. & Searle, J. (2001). The effects of Robertsonian fusions on chiasma frequency and distribution in the house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus) from a hybrid zone in northern Scotland. Heredity 87, 305–313.
27. Bild, A. H., Chang, J. T., Johnson, W. E. & Piccolo, S. R. (2014). A field guide to genomics research. PLoS Biology 12, e1001744.
28. Bolland, D. J., King, M. R., Reik, W., Corcoran, A. E. & Krueger, C. (2013). Robust 3D DNA FISH using directly labeled probes. Journal of Visualized Experiments 78, e50587.
29. Bonnet-Garnier, A., Guardia, S., Pinton, A., Ducos, A. & Yerle, M. (2009). Analysis using sperm-FISH of a putative interchromosomal effect in boars carrying reciprocal translocations. Cytogenetics and Genome Research 126, 194–201.
30. Bonnet-Garnier, A., Lacaze, S., Beckers, J. F., Berland, H. M., Pinton, A., Yerle, M. & Ducos, A. (2008). Meiotic segregation analysis in cow carrying the t(1;29) Robertsonian translocation. Cytogenetics and Genome Research 120, 91–96.
31. Bonvicino, C., D'Andrea, P. & Borodin, P. (2001). Pericentric inversion in natural populations of Oligoryzomys nigripes (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae). Genome 44, 791–796.
32. Borodin, P., Karamysheva, T., Belogonova, N., Torgasheva, A., Rubtsov, N. & Searle, J. (2008). Recombination map of the common shrew, Sorex araneus (Eulipotyphla, Mammalia). Genetics 178, 621–632.
33. Bourque, G., Pevzner, P. & Tesler, G. (2004). Reconstructing the genomic architecture of ancestral mammals: lessons from human, mouse and rat genomes. Genome Research 14, 507–516.
34. Bradshaw, W. N. & Hsu, T. C. (1972). Chromosomes of Peromyscus (Rodentia, Cricetidae): 3. Polymorphism in Peromyscus maniculatus. Cytogenetics 11, 436–451.
35. Brandt, A. L., Ishida, Y., Georgiadis, N. L. & Roca, A. L. (2012). Forest elephant mitochondrial genomes reveal that elephantid diversification in Africa tracked climate transitions. Molecular Ecology 21, 1175–1189.
36. Britton-Davidian, J., Catalan, J., da Graca Ramalhinho, M., Auffray, J.-C., Claudia Nunes, A., Gazave, E., Searle, J. B. & da Luz Mathias, M. (2005). Chromosomal phylogeny of Roberstonian races of the house mouse on the island of Madeira: testing between alternative mutational processes. Genetics Research 86, 171–183.
37. Brooks, S. A., Lear, T. L., Adelson, D. L. & Bailey, E. (2007). A chromosome inversion near the KIT gene and the Tobiano spotting patterns in horses. Cytogenetics and Genome Research 119, 225–230.
38. Brouat, C., Tatard, C., Bâ, K., Cosson, J. F., Dobigny, G., Fichet-Calvet, E., Granjon, L., Lecompte, E., Loiseau, A., Mouline, K., Piry, S. & Duplantier, J. M. (2009). Phylogeography of the Guinea multimammate mouse (Mastomys erythroleucus): a case study for Sahelian species in West Africa. Journal of Biogeography 36, 2237–2250.
39. Brown, J. & O'Neill, R. (2010). Chromosomes, conflict and epigenetics: chromosomal speciation revisited. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 11, 13.11–13.26.
40. Bulatova, N., Searle, J. B., Bystrakova, N., Nadjafova, R., Shchipanov, N. & Orlov, V. (2000). The diversity of chromosome races in Sorex araneus from European Russia. Acta Theriologica 45, 33–46.
41. Burton, J. N., Adey, A., Patwardhan, R. P., Qiu, R., Kitzman, J. O. & Shendure, J. (2013). Chromosome-scale scaffolding of de novo genome assemblies based on chromatin interactions. Nature Biotechnology 31, 1119–1125.
42. Bussotti, G., Notredame, C. & Enright, A. J. (2013). Detecting and comparing non-coding RNAs in the high-throughput era. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 14, 15423–15458.
43. Butlin, R. (2005). Recombination and speciation. Molecular Ecology 14, 2621–2635.
44. Callen, D. F., Eyre, H., McDonnell, S., Schuffenhauer, S. & Bhala, K. (2002). A complex rearrangement involving simultaneous translocation and inversion is associated with a change in chromatin compaction. Chromosoma 111, 170–175.
45. Capanna, E. & Castiglia, R. (2004). Chromosome and speciation in Mus m. domesticus. Cytogenetics and Genome Research 105, 375–384.
46. Carbone, L., Nergadze, S. G., Magnani, E., Misceo, D., Cardone, M. F., Bertoni, R. R., Attolini, C., Piras, M., de Jong, P., Raudsepp, T., Chowdhary, B. P., Guerin, G., Archidiacono, N., Rocchi, M. & Giuletto, E. (2006). Evolutionary movements of centromeres in horse, donkey and zebra. Genomics 87, 777–782.
47. Cardone, M. F., Jiang, Z., D'Addabbo, P., Archidiacono, N., Rocchi, M., Eichler, E. E. & Ventura, M. (2008). Hominoid chromosomal rearrangements on 17q map to complex regions of segmental duplication. Genome Biology 9 (doi: 10.1186/gb-2008-9-2-r28).
48. Castiglia, R. & Capanna, E. (1999). Contact zones between chromosomal races of Mus musculus domesticus: 1. Temporal analysis of a hybrid zone between the CD chromosomal race (2n = 22) and populations with the standard karyotype. Heredity 83, 319–326.
49. Castiglia, R. & Capanna, E. (2000). Contact zone between chromosomal races of Mus musculus domesticus: 2. Fertility and segregation in laboratory-reared and wild heterozygous for multiple Roberstonian rearrangements. Heredity 85, 147–156.
50. Castiglia, R. & Capanna, E. (2002). Chiasma repatterning across a chromosomal hybrid zone between chromosomal races of Mus musculus domesticus. Genetica 114, 35–40.
51. Catalan, J., Auffray, J. C., Pellestor, F. & Britton-Davidian, J. (2000). Spontaneous occurrence of a Robertsonian fusion involving chromosome 19 by single whole-arm reciprocal translocation (WART) in wild-derived house mice. Chromosome Research 8, 593–601.
52. Cazaux, B., Catalan, J., Justy, F., Escudé, C., Desmarais, E. & Britton-Davidian, J. (2013). Evolution of the structure and composition of house mouse satellite DNA sequences in the subgenus Mus (Rodentia, Muridae): a cytogenomic approach. Chromosoma 122, 209–220.
53. Cerdeno-Tarraga, A., Patrick, S., Crossman, L., Blakely, G., Abratt, V., Lennard, N., Poxton, I., Duerden, B., Harris, B., Quail, M., Barron, A., Clark, L., Corton, C., Doggett, J., Holden, M., Larke, N., Line, A., Lord, A., Norbetczak, H., Ormond, D., Price, C., Rabbinowitsch, E., Woodward, J., Barrell, B. & Parkhill, J. (2005). Extensive DNA inversions in the B. fragilis genome control variable gene expression. Science 307, 1463–1465.
54. Chaisson, M., Raphael, B. & Pevzner, P. (2006). Microinversions in mammalian evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103, 19824–19829.
55. Chaves, R., Adega, F., Heslop-Harrison, J., Guedes-Pinto, H. & Wienberg, J. (2003). Complex satellite DNA reshuffling in the polymorphic t(1;29) Roberstonian translocation and evolutionary derived chromosomes in cattle. Chromosome Research 11, 641–648.
56. Chesser, R. K. & Baker, R. J. (1986). On factors affecting the fixation of chromosomal rearrangements and neutral genes: computer simulations. Evolution 40, 625–632.
57. Chmatal, L., Gabriel, S. I., Mitsainas, G. P., Martinez-Vargas, J., Ventura, J., Searle, J. B., Schultz, R. M. & Lampson, M. A. (2014). Centromere strength provides the cell biological basis for meiotic drive and karyotype evolution in mice. Current Biology 24, 1–6.
58. Christiansen, F. B. (2008). Theories of Population Variation in Genes and Genomes. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
59. Coghlan, A., Eichler, E., Oliver, S., Paterson, A. & Stein, L. (2005). Chromosome evolution in eukaryotes: a multi-kingdom perspective. Trends in Genetics 21, 673–682.
60. Couturier, J. & Dutrillaux, B. (1986). Evolution chromosomique chez les Carnivores. Mammalia 50, 124–163.
61. Coyne, J. A. (1992). Genetics and speciation. Nature 355, 511–515.
62. Cremer, T., Cremer, M., Dietzel, S., Müller, S., Solovei, I. & Fakan, S. (2006). Chromosome territories: a functional nuclear landscape. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 18, 307–316.
63. Cribiu, E. P., Asmondé, J. F., Durand, V., Greth, A. & Anarariyah, S. (1990). Robertsonian chromosome polymorphism in the Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx). Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 54, 161–163.
64. De Jong, S., Chepelev, I., Janson, E., Strengman, E., Van Den Berg, L. H., Veldink, J. H. & Ophoff, R. A. (2012). Common inversion polymorphism at 17q21.31 affects expression of multiple genes in tissue-specific manner. BMC Genomics 13, e548.
65. Dekker, J., Marti-Renom, M. A. & Mirny, L. A. (2013). Exploring the three-dimensional organization of genomes: interpreting chromatin interaction data. Nature Reviews Genetics 14, 390–403.
66. De Lorenzi, L., De Giovanni, A., Molteni, L., Denis, C., Eggen, A. & Parma, P. (2007). Characterization of a balanced reciprocal translocation, rcp(9;11)(q27;q11) in cattle. Cytogenetics and Genome Research 119, 231–234.
67. De Lorenzi, L., Kopecna, O., Gimelli, S., Cernohorska, H., Zannotti, M., Béna, F., Molteni, L., Rubes, J. & Parma, P. (2010). Reciprocal translocation t(4;7)(q14;q28) in cattle: molecular characterization. Cytogenetics and Genome Research 129, 298–304.
68. De Lorenzi, L., Rossi, E., Gimelli, S. & Parma, P. (2014). De novo reciprocal translocation t(5;6)(q13;q34) in cattle: cytogenetic and molecular characterization. Cytogenetics and Genome Research 142, 95–100.
69. Di Meo, G. P., Perucatti, A., Chaves, R., Adega, F., De Lorenzi, L., Molteni, L., De Giovanni, A., Incarnato, D., Guedes-Pinto, H., Eggen, A. & Iannuzzi, L. (2006). Cattle rob(1;29) originating from complexe chromosome rearrangements as revealed by both banding and FISH-mapping techniques. Chromosome Research 14, 649–655.
70. Di Meo, G. P., Perucatti, A., Genualdo, V., Iannuzzi, A., Sarubbi, F., Cabuti-Jambrenghi, A., Incarnato, D., Peretti, V., Vonghia, G. & Iannuzzi, L. (2011). A rare case of centric fission and fusion in a river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis, 2n = 50) cow with reduced fertility. Cytogenetics and Genome Research 132, 26–30.
71. Dobigny, G., Aniskin, V., Granjon, L., Cornette, R. & Volobouev, V. (2005a). Recent radiation of West African Taterillus (Rodentia, Gerbillinae): the concerted role of climatic and chromosome changes. Heredity 95, 358–368.
72. Dobigny, G., Yang, F., O'Brien, P. C. M., Volobouev, V., Kovacs, A., Pieczarka, J. C., Ferguson-Smith, M. A. & Robinson, T. J. (2005b). Low rate of genomic repatterning in Xenarthra from chromosome painting data. Chromosome Research 13, 651–663.
73. Dobigny, G., Catalan, J., Gauthier, P., O'Brien, P. C. M., Brouat, C., Bâ, K., Tatard, C., Ferguson-Smith, M. A., Duplantier, J. M., Granjon, L. & Britton-Davidian, J. (2010). Geographic patterns of inversion polymorphisms in a wild African rodent, Mastomys erythroleucus. Heredity 104, 378–386.
74. Dobigny, G., Tatard, C., Gauthier, P., Bâ, K., Duplantier, J. M., Granjon, L. & Kergoat, G. (2013). Mitochondrial and nuclear-based phylogeography of Arvicanthis niloticus (Murinae) and sub-Saharan open habitats Pleistocene history. PLoS ONE 8, e77815.
75. Dobigny, G. & Yang, F. (2008). Comparative cytogenetics in the genomics era: cytogenomics comes of age. Chromosome Research 16, 1–4.
76. Dobzhansky, T. & Pavlovsky, O. (1960). How stable is balanced polymorphism? Genetics 46, 41–47.
77. Ducos, A., Berland, M., Bonnet, N., Calgaro, A., Billoux, S., Mary, N., Garnier-Bonnet, A., Darré, R. & Pinton, A. (2007). Chromosomal control of pig populations in France: 2002–2006 survey. Genetics, Selection and Evolution 39, 583–597.
78. Ducos, A., Revay, T., Kovacs, A., Hidas, A., Pinton, A., Bonnet-Garnier, A., Molteni, L., Slota, E., Switonski, M., Arruga, M., van Haeringen, W., Nicolae, I., Chaves, R., Guedes-Pinto, H., Andersson, M. & Iannuzzi, L. (2008). Cytogenetic screening of livestock populations in Europe: an overview. Cytogenetics and Genome Research 120, 26–41.
79. Dumas, D. & Britton-Davidian, J. (2002). Chromosomal rearrangements and evolution of recombination: comparison of chiasma distribution patterns in standard and Roberstonian populations of house mouse. Genetics 162, 1355–1366.
80. Dumas, D., Catalan, J. & Britton-Davidian, J. (2014). Reduced recombination patterns in Robertsonian hybrids between chromosomal races of the house mouse: chiasma analyses. Heredity 114, 56–64. doi: 10.1038/hdy.201469.
81. Eder, V., Ventura, M., Ianigro, M., Teti, M., Rocchi, M. & Archidiacono, N. (2003). Chromosome 6 phylogeny in primates and centromere repositionning. Molecular and Biology Evolution 20, 1506–1512.
82. Eizirik, E., Murphy, W. J., Koepfli, K. P., Johnson, W. E., Dragoo, J. W., Wayne, R. K. & O'Brien, S. J. (2010). Pattern and timing of diversification of the mammalian order Carnivora inferred from multiple nuclear gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 56, 49–63.
83. Elder, F. F. B. & Hsu, T. C. (1988). Tandem fusion in the evolution of Mammalian chromosomes. In The Cytogenetics of Mammalian Autosomal Rearrangements (ed. A. A. Sandberg), pp. 481–506. Alan R. Liss, New York.
84. Eldredge, N. & Gould, S. J. (1972). Punctuated equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism. In Models in Paleobiology (ed. T. J. M. Schopf), pp. 82–115. Freeman Cooper, San Francisco.
85. Emerson, B. & Hewitt, G. (2005). Phylogeography. Current Biology 15, R367–R371.
86. Engelbrecht, A., Taylor, P., Daniels, S. & Rambau, R. (2011). Chromosomal polymorphisms in African vlei rats, Otomys irroratus (Muridae, Otomyini), detected by banding techniques and chromosome painting: inversions, centromeric shifts and diploid number variation. Cytogenetics and Genome Research 133, 8–15.
87. Fagundes, V., Scalzi-Martin, J. M., Sims, K., Hozier, J. & Yonenaga-Yassuda, Y. (1997a). ZOO-FISH of a microdissection DNA library and G-banding patterns reveals the homeology between the Brazilian rodents Akodon cursior and A. montensis. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 78, 224–228.
88. Fagundes, V., Vianna-Morgante, A. M. & Yonnenaga-Yassuda, Y. (1997b). Telomeric sequences localization and G-banding patterns in the identification of a polymorphic chromosomal rearrangement in the rodent Akodon cursior (2n = 14, 15 and 16). Chromosome Research 5, 228–232.
89. Faria, R. & Navarro, A. (2010). Chromosomal speciation revisited: rearranging theory with pieces of evidence. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 25, 660–669.
90. Farré, M., Micheletti, D. & Ruiz-Herrera, A. (2012). Recombination rates and genomic shuffling in human and chimpanzee: a new twist in the chromosomal speciation theory. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30, 853–864.
91. Feder, J. L., Egan, S. P. & Nosil, P. (2012). The genomics of speciation with gene flow. Trends in Genetics 28, 342–350.
92. Feder, J., Gejji, R., Powell, T. & Nosil, P. (2011). Adaptive chromosomal divergence driven by mixed geographic mode of evolution. Evolution 65, 2157–2170.
93. Fedyk, S. & Chetnicki, W. (2007). Preferential segregation of metacentric chromosomes in simple Robertsonian heterozygotes of Sorex araneus. Heredity 99, 545–552.
94. Fedyk, S. & Chetnicki, W. (2009). Whole-arm reciprocal translocation in a hybrid population of Sorex araneus. Chromosome Research 17, 451–454.
95. Ferguson-Smith, M. & Trifonov, V. (2007). Mammalian karyotype evolution. Nature Reviews Genetics 8, 950–962.
96. Feuk, L. (2010). Inversion variants in the human genome: role in disease and genome architecture. Genome Medicine 12, e11.
97. Fishman, L., Stathos, A., Beardsley, P. M., Williams, C. F. & Hill, J. P. (2013). Chromosomal rearrangements and the genetics of reproductive barriers in Mimulus (monkey flower). Evolution 67, 2547–2560.
98. Forabosco, A., Percesepe, A. & Santucci, S. (2009). Incidence of non-age-dependent chromosomal abnormalities: a population-based study on 88965 amniocenteses. European Journal of Human Genetics 17, 897–903.
99. Furey, T. S. (2012). ChIP-seq and beyond: new and improved methodologies to detect and characterize protein-DNA interactions. Nature Reviews Genetics 13, 840–852.
100. Gabriel-Robez, O., Ratomponirina, C., Croquette, M., Couturier, J. & Rumpler, Y. (1988). Synaptonemal complexes in a subfertile man with a pericentric inversion in chromosome 21: heterosynapsis with previous homosynapsis. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 48, 84–87.
101. Garagna, S., Broccoli, D., Redi, C. A., Searle, J. B., Cooke, H. J. & Capanna, E. (1995). Robertsonian metacentrics of the house mouse lose telomeric sequences but retain some minor satellite DNA in the pericentromeric area. Chromosoma 103, 685–692.
102. Garagna, S., Marziliano, D., Zuccotti, M., Searle, J. B., Capanna, E. & Redi, C. A. (2001). Pericentromeric organization at the fusion point of mouse Robertsonian translocation chromosomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98, 171–175.
103. Gardner, R. J. M. & Sutherland, G. R. (1996). Chromosome Abnormalities and Genetic Counseling. Second Edition (). Oxford University Press, Oxford.
104. Gardner, R. J. M., Sutherland, G. R. & Shaffer, L. G. (2012). Chromosome Abnormalities and Genetic Counseling. Fourth Edition (). Oxford University Press, Oxford.
105. Gauthier, P., Hima, K. & Dobigny, G. (2010). Robertsonian fusions, pericentromeric repeat organization and evolution: a case study within a highly polymorphic rodent species, Gerbillus nigeriae. Chromosome Research 18, 473–486.
106. Geyer, P. K., Vitalini, M. W. & Wallrath, L. L. (2011). Nuclear organization: taking a position on gene expression. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 23, 354–359.
107. Gomes, A. J. B., Nagamachi, C. Y., Rodrigues, L. R. R., Faria, S. G., Rissino, J. D. & Pieczarka, J. C. (2012). Karyotypic variation in Rhinophylla pumilio Peters, 1865 and comparative analysis with representatives of two subfamilies of Phyllostomidae (Chiroptera). Comparative Cytogenetics 6, 213–225.
108. Göndor, A. & Ohlsson, R. (2009). Chromosome crosstalk in three dimensions. Nature 461, 212–217.
109. Gonzalez, J. R., Caceres, A., Esko, T., Cusco, I., Puig, M., Esnaola, M., Reina, J., Siroux, V., Bouzigon, E., Nadif, R., Reinmaa, E., Milani, L., Bustamante, M., Jarvis, D., Anto, J. M., Sunyer, J., Demenais, F., Kogevinas, M., Metspalu, A., Caceres, M. & Perez-Jurado, L. A. (2014). A common 16p11.2 inversion underlies the joint susceptibility to asthma and obesity. American Journal of Human Genetics 94, 361–372.
110. Gonzalez, J., Casals, F. & Ruiz, A. (2007). Testing chromosomal phylogenies and inversion breakpoint reuse in Drosophila. Genetics 175, 167–177.
111. Graphodatsky, A. S., Perelman, P. L., Sokolovskaya, N. V., Beklemisheva, V. R., Serdukova, A., Dobigny, G., O'Brien, S. J., Ferguson-Smith, M. A. & Yang, F. (2008). Phylogenomics of the dog and fox family (Canidae, Carnivora) revealed by chromosome painting. Chromosome Research 16, 129–143.
112. Graphodatsky, A. S., Yang, F., O'Brien, P. C., Perelman, P., Milne, B. S., Serdukova, N., Kawada, S. I. & Ferguson-Smith, M. A. (2001). Phylogenetic implications of the 38 putative ancestral chromosome segments for four canids species. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 92, 243–247.
113. Gray, Y. H. (2000). It takes two transposons for a tango. Trends in Genetics 16, 461–468.
114. Guelen, L., Pagie, L., Brasset, E., Meuleman, W., Faza, M., Talhout, W., Eussen, B., de Klein, A., Wessels, L., de Laat, W. & van Steensel, B. (2008). Domains organization of human chromosomes revealed by mapping of nuclear lamina interactions. Nature 453, 948–952.
115. Guerrero, R. F. & Kirkpatrick, M. (2014). Local adaptation and the evolution of chromosome fusions. Evolution 68, 2747–2756. doi: 10.1111/evo.12481.
116. Haase, B., Jude, R., Brooks, S. A. & Leeb, T. (2008). An equine chromosome 3 inversion is associated with the tobiano spotting pattern in German horse breed. Animal Genetics 39, 306–309.
117. Hale, D. W. (1986). Heterosynapsis and suppression of chiasmata within heterosygous pericentric inversions of the Sitka deer mouse. Chromosoma 94, 425–436.
118. Hamilton, A. E., Beuttner-Janush, J. & Chu, E. H. (1977). Chromosomes of lemuriformes: II. Chromosome polymorphism in Lemur fulvus collaris (E. Geoffroy 1812). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 46, 395–406.
119. Harewood, L., Schütz, F., Boyle, S., Perry, P., Delorenzi, M., Bickmore, W. & Reymond, A. (2010). The effect of translocation-induced nuclear reorganization on gene expression. Genome Research 20, 554–564.
120. Hartmann, N. & Scherthan, H. (2004). Characterization of ancestral chromosome fusion points in the Indian muntjac deer. Chromosoma 112, 213–220.
121. Hass, I., Sbalqueiro, I. J. & Müller, S. (2008). Chromosomal phylogeny of four Akodontini species (Rodentia, Cricetidae) from Southern Brazil established by Zoo-FISH using Mus musculus (Muridae) painting probes. Chromosome Research 16, 75–88.
122. Hewitt, G. (2004). Genetic consequences of climatic oscillations in the Quaternary. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 359, 183–195.
123. Hima, K., Thiam, M., Catalan, J., Gauthier, P., Duplantier, J. M., Piry, S., Sembène, M., Britton-Davidian, J., Granjon, L. & Dobigny, G. (2011). Extensive Robertsonian polymorphism in the African rodent Gerbillus nigeriae: geographic and meiotic data. Journal of Zoology 284, 276–285.
124. Hirai, H., Kawamoto, Y., Endo, H., Kimura, J. & Rerkamnuaychoke, W. (2002). Cytogenetic differentiation of two sympatric tree shrew taxa found in the southern part of the Isthmus of Kra. Chromosome Research 10, 313–327.
125. Hirai, H., Mootnick, A., Takenaka, O., Suryobroto, B., Mouri, T., Kamanaka, Y., Katoh, A., Kimura, N., Katoh, A. & Maeda, N. (2003). Genetic mechanism and property of a whole-arm translocation (WAT) between chromosomes 8 and 9 of agile gibbons (Hylobates agilis). Chromosome Research 11, 37–50.
126. Hoffman, F. G., Owen, J. G. & Baker, R. J. (2003). mtDNA perspective of chromosomal diversification and hybridization in Peter's tent-making bat (Uroderma bilobatum, Phyllostomatidae). Molecular Ecology 12, 2981–2993.
127. Hoffman, A. & Rieseberg, L. H. (2008). Revisiting the impact of inversions in evolution: from population genetic markers to drivers of adaptive shifts and speciation? Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 39, 21–42.
128. Hoffman, A., Sgro, C. & Weeks, A. (2004). Chromosomal inversion polymorphisms and adaptation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 19, 483–488.
129. Hörst-Schröder, J. & Otten, I. (1985). Increase in aggressiveness of male mice carrying a reciprocal translocation, t(10,13), in the heterozygous state. Behavior Genetics 15, 43–51.
130. Houck, M., Kumamoto, A., Cabrera, R. & Benirschke, K. (1998). Chromosomal rearrangements in a Somali wild ass pedigree, Equus africanus somaliensis (Perissodactyla, Equidae). Cytogenetics and Cell Research 80, 117–122.
131. Houck, M., Kumamoto, A., Gallagher, D. S. & Bernirschke, K. (2001). Comparative cytogenetics of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) and Asiatic elephant (Elephas maximus). Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 93, 249–252.
132. Hsu, T. C. (1969). Roberstonian fusion between homologous chromosomes in a natural population of the least cotton rat Sigmodon minimus (Rodentia, Cricetidae). Experientia 15, 205–206.
133. Hsu, T. C. & Arrighi, F. E. (1966). Chromosomal evolution in the genus Peromyscus (Cricetidae, Rodentia). Cytogenetics 5, 355–359.
134. Hsu, T. C. & Arrighi, F. E. (1968). Chromosomal of Peromyscus (Cricetidae, Rodentia): I. Evolutionary trends in 20 species. Cytogenetics 7, 417–446.
135. Huang, L., Wang, J., Nie, W., Su, W. & Yang, F. (2006). Tandem chromosome fusions in karyotypic evolution of Muntiacus: evidence from M. feae and M. gongshanensis. Chromosome Research 14, 637–647.
136. Iannuzzi, L., Molteni, L., Di Meo, G. P., Perucatti, A., Lorenzi, L., Incarnato, D., De Giovanni, A., Succi, G. & Gustavsson, I. (2001). A new balanced autosomal reciprocal translocation in cattle revealed by banding techniques and human-painting probes. Cytogenetics and Genome Research 94, 225–228.
137. Imai, H. T., Satta, Y. & Takahata, N. (2001). Integrative study on chromosome evolution of mammals, ants and wasps based on the minimum interaction theory. Journal of Theoretical Biology 210, 475–497.
138. Jones, F. C., Grabherr, M. G., Chan, Y. F., Russell, P., Mauceli, E., Johnson, J., Swofford, R., Piurn, M., Zody, M. C., White, S., Birney, E., Searle, S., Schmutz, J., Grimwood, J., Dickson, M. C., Myers, R. M., Miller, C. T., Summers, B. R., Knechet, A. K., Brady, S. D., Zhang, H., Pollen, A. A., Howes, T., Amemiya, C., Broad Institute Genome Sequencing Platform & Whole Genome Assembly Team, Lander, E. S., Di Palma, F., Lindblad-Toh, K. & Kingsley, D. M. (2012). The genomic basis of adaptive evolution in threespine sticklebacks. Nature 484, 55–61.
139. Joron, M., Frezal, L., Jones, R. T., Chamberlain, N. L., Lee, S. F., Haag, C. R., Whibley, A., Becuwe, M., Baxter, S. W., Ferguson, L., Wilkinson, P. A., Salazar, C., Davidson, C., Clark, R., Quail, M. A., Beasley, H., Glithero, R., Lloyd, C., Sims, S., Jones, M. C., Rogers, J., Jiggins, C. D. & French-Constant, R. H. (2011). Chromosomal rearrangements maintain a polymorphic supergene controlling butterfly mimicry. Nature 477, 203–208.
140. Kalitsis, P., Griffiths, B. & Choo, K. (2006). Mouse telocentric sequences reveal a high rate of homogenization and possible role in Robertsonian translocation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103, 8786–8791.
141. Kapun, M., Jeffreys, A. & Keeney, S. (2014). Inference of chromosomal inversion dynamics from Pool-Seq data in natural and laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Molecular Ecology 23, 1813–1827.
142. Kauppi, L., Jeffreys, A. & Keeney, S. (2004). Where the crossovers are: recombination distributions in mammals. Nature Genetics 5, 413–424.
143. Kehrer-Sawatzki, H. & Cooper, D. (2008). Molecular mechanisms of chromosomal rearrangement during primate evolution. Chromosome Research 16, 41–56.
144. Kehrer-Sawatzki, H., Sandig, C., Chuzhanova, N., Goidts, V., Szamalek, J., Tänzer, S., Müller, S., Platzer, M., Cooper, D. & Hameister, H. (2005). Breakpoint analysis of the pericentric inversion distinguishing human chromosome 4 from the homologous chromosome in the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Human Mutation 25, 45–55.
145. Kemkemer, C., Kohn, M., Cooper, D. N., Froenicke, L., Högel, J., Hameister, H. & Kehrer-Sawatzki, H. (2009). Gene synteny comparisons between vertebrates provide new insights into breakage and fusion events during mammalian karyotype evolution. BMC Evolutionary Biology 9, 84 (doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-84).
146. Kidd, J., Cooper, G., Donahue, W., Hayden, H., Sampas, N., Graves, T., Hansen, N., Teague, B., Alkan, C., Antonacci, F., Haugen, E., Zerr, T., Yamada, N. A., Tsang, P., Newman, T. L., et al. (2008). Mapping and sequencing of structural variation from eight human genomes. Nature 453, 56–64.
147. Kidwell, M. G. & Lisch, D. R. (2000). Transposable elements and host genome evolution. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 15, 95–99.
148. King, M. (1993). Species Evolution: The Role of Chromosomal Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
149. Kingswood, S. C., Kumamoto, A. T., Charter, S. J., Aman, R. A. & Ryder, O. A. (1998). Centric fusion polymorphisms in waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus). Journal of Heredity 89, 96–100.
150. Kirkpatrick, M. & Barton, N. (2006). Chromosome inversions, local adaptation and speciation. Genetics 173, 419–434.
151. Kolnicki, R. (2000). Kinetochore reproduction in animal evolution: cell biological explanation of karyotypic fission theory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97, 9493–9497.
152. Koop, B. F., Baker, R. J. & Genoways, H. H. (1983). Numerous chromosomal polymorphisms in a natural population of rice rats (Oryzomys, Cricetidae). Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 35, 131–135.
153. Kovalskaya, Y., Aniskin, V., Bogomolov, P., Surov, A., Tikhonov, I., Thikonova, G., Robinson, T. & Volobouev, V. (2011). Karyotype reorganisation in the subtilis group of Birch Mice (Rodentia, Dipodidae, Sicista): unexpected taxonomic diversity within a limited distribution. Cytogenetics and Genome Research 132, 271–288.
154. Kulemzina, A. I., Trifonov, V. A., Perelman, P. L., Rubtsova, N. V., Volobouev, V., Ferguson-Smith, M. A., Stanyon, R., Yang, F. & Graphodatsky, A. S. (2009). Cross-species chromosome painting in Cetartiodactyla: reconstructing the karyotype evolution in key phylogenetic lineages. Chromosome Research 17, 419–436.
155. Ladevèze, V., Aulard, S., Chaminade, N., Périquet, G. & Lemeunier, F. (1998). Hobo transposons causing chromosomal breakpoints. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 265, 1157–1159.
156. Lanctôt, C., Cheutin, T., Cremer, M., Cavalli, G. & Cremer, T. (2007). Dynamic genome architecture in the nuclear space: regulation of gene expression in three dimensions. Nature Reviews Genetics 8, 104–115.
157. Lande, R. (1979). Effective deme sizes during long-term evolution estimated from rates of chromosomal rearrangement. Evolution 33, 234–251.
158. Lande, R. (1985). The fixation of chromosomal rearrangements in a subdivided population with local extinction and colonization. Heredity 54, 323–332.
159. Lande, R. (1989). Fisherian and Wrightian theories of speciation. Genome 31, 221–227.
160. Larkin, D. M., Pape, G., Donthu, R., Auvil, L., Welge, M. & Lewin, H. A. (2009). Breakpoint regions and homologous synteny blocks in chromosomes have different evolutionary histories. Genome Research 19, 770–777.
161. Larsen, R. E., Dias, E., Flores, G. & Selden, J. R. (1979). Breeding studies reveal segregation of a canine Robertsonian translocation along Mendelian proportions. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 24, 95–101.
162. Lear, T. L. & Bailey, E. (2008). Equine clinical cytogenetics: the past and future. Cytogenetics and Genome Research 120, 42–49.
163. Lee, M. R. & Zimmerman, E. G. (1969). Roberstonian polymorphism in the cotton rat Sigmodon fulviventer. Journal of Mammalogy 50, 333–339.
164. Letourneau, A., Santoni, F. A., Bonilla, X., Sailani, M. R., Gonzalez, D., Kind, J., Chevalier, C., Thurman, R., Sandstrom, R. S., Hibaoui, Y., Garieri, M., Popadin, K., Falconnet, E., Gagnebin, M., Gehrig, C., et al. (2014). Domains of genome-wide gene expression dysregulation in Down's syndrome. Nature 508, 345–352.
165. Li, Y. C., Lee, C., Sanoudou, D., Hseu, T. H., Li, S. Y. & Lin, C. C. (2000). Interstitial colocalization of two cervid satellite DNAs involved in the genesis of the Indian muntjac karyotype. Chromosome Research 8, 363–373.
166. Lobo, N. F., Sangaré, D. M., Regier, A. A., Reidenbach, K. R., Bretz, D. A., Sharakhova, M. V., Emrich, S. J., Traoré, S. F., Costantini, C., Besansky, N. J. & Collins, F. H. (2010). Breakpoint structure of the Anopheles gambiae 2Rb chromosomal inversion. Malaria Journal 9 (doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-9-293).
167. Locke, D. P., Hillier, L. W., Warren, W. C., Worley, K. C., Nazareth, L. V., Muzny, D. M., Yang, S. P., Wang, Z., Chinwalla, A. T., Minx, P., Mitreva, M., Cook, L., Delehaunty, K. D., Fronick, C., Schmidt, H., et al. (2011). Comparative and demographic analysis of orang-utan genomes. Nature 469, 529–533.
168. Lowry, D. & Willis, J. (2010). A widespread chromosomal inversion polymorphism contributes to a major life-history transition, local adaptation and reproductive isolation. PLoS Biology 8, e1000500.
169. Lukhtanov, V. A., Dinca, V., Talavera, G. & Vila, R. (2011). Unprecedented within-species chromosome number cline in the wood white butterfly Leptidea sinapis and its significance for karyotype evolution and speciation. BMC Evolutionary Biology 11, 109 (doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-109).
170. Lyapunova, E., Vorontsov, N., Korobitsyna, K., Ivanitskaya, E., Borisov, Y., Yakimenko, L. & Dovgal, V. (1980). A Robertsonian fan in Ellobius talpinus. Genetica 52/53, 238–247.
171. Ma, J. & Amos, C. I. (2012). Investigation of inversion polymorphisms in the human genome using principal components analysis. PLoS ONE 7, e40224.
172. Ma, J. & Harris, T. S. (1989). A putative homeolog of human chromosome 12 in owl monkey. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 50, 34–39.
173. Ma, J., Xiong, M., You, M., Lozano, G. & Amos, G. I. (2014). Genome-wide association tests of inversions with application to psoriasis. Human Genetics 113, 967–974.
174. Ma, J., Zhang, L., Suh, B. B., Raney, B. J., Burhans, R. C., Kent, W. J., Blanchette, M., Haussler, D. & Miller, W. (2006). Reconstructing contiguous regions of an ancestral genome. Genome Research 16, 1557–1565.
175. MacEachern, S., McEwan, J. & Goddard, M. (2009). Phylogenetic reconstruction and in the identifiaction of ancient polymorphism in the Bovini tribe (Bovidae, Bovinae). BMC Genomics 10, 177.
176. Maia, V. & Hulak, A. (1981). Robertsonian polymorphism in chromosomes of Oryzomys subflavus (Rodentia, Cricetidae). Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 31, 33–39.
177. Massarini, A., Mizrahi, D., Tiranti, S., Toloza, A., Luna, F. & Schleich, C. E. (2002). Extensive chromosomal variation in Ctenomys talarum from the Atlantic coast of Buenos Aires province, Argentina (Rodentia, Octodontidae). Journal of Neotropical Mammalogy 9, 199–207.
178. Massip, K., Bonnet, N., Calgaro, A., Billoux, S., Baquié, V., Mary, N., Bonnet-Garnier, A., Ducos, A., Yerle, M. & Pinton, A. (2009). Male meiotic segregation analyses of peri- and paracentric inversions in the pig species. Cytogenetics and Genome Research 125, 117–124.
179. Massip, K., Yerle, M., Billon, Y., Ferchaud, S., Bonnet, N., Calgaro, A., Mary, N., Dudez, A., Sentenac, C., Plard, C., Ducos, A. & Pinton, A. (2010). Studies of male and female meiosis in inv(4)(p1.4;q2.3) pig carriers. Chromosome Research 18, 925–938.
180. Mateos-Langerak, J., Goetze, S., Leonhardt, H., Cremer, T., van Driel, R. & Lanctôt, C. (2007). Nuclear architecture: is it important for genome function and we prove it? Journal of Cell Biochemistry 102, 1067–1075.
181. McAllister, B., Sheeley, S., Mena, P., Evans, A. & Schlötterer, C. (2008). Clinal distribution of a chromosomal rearrangement: a precursor to chromosomal speciation? Evolution 62, 1852–1865.
182. McGettigan, P. A. (2013). Transcriptomics in the RNA-seq era. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 17, 4–11.
183. Meaburn, K. & Misteli, T. (2007). Chromosome territories. Nature 445, 379–381.
184. Meaburn, E. & Schulz, R. (2012). Next generation sequencing in epigenetics: insights and challenges. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology 23, 192–199.
185. Merelli, I., Lio, P. & Milanesi, L. (2013). NuChart: an R package to study gene spatial neighbourhoods with multi-omics annotations. PLoS ONE 8, e75146.
186. Merico, V., Gimenez, M. D., Vasco, C., Zuccotti, M., Searle, J. B., Hauffe, H. & Garagna, S. (2013). Chromosomal speciation in mice: a cytogenetic analysis of recombination. Chromosome Research 21, 523–533.
187. Michalakis, Y. & Olivieri, I. (1993). The influence of local extinctions on the probability of fixation of chromosomal rearrangements. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 6, 153–170.
188. Misceo, D., Cardone, M. F., Carbone, L., D'Addabbo, P., de Jong, P. J., Rocchi, M. & Archidiacono, N. (2004). Evolutionary history of chromosome 20. Molecular Biology and Evolution 22, 360–366.
189. Misteli, T. (2007). Beyond the sequence: cellular organization of genome function. Cell 128, 787–800.
190. Mlynarski, E. E., Obergfell, C. J., O'Neill, M. J. & O'Neill, R. J. (2010). Divergent patterns of breakpoint reuse in Muroid rodents. Mammalian Genome 21, 77–87.
191. Molteni, L., Perucatti, A., Iannuzzi, A., Di Meo, G. P., De Lorenzi, L., De Giovanni, A., Incarnato, D., Succi, G., Cribiu, E., Eggen, A. & Iannuzzi, L. (2007). A new case of reciprocal translocation in a young bull: rcp(11;21)(q28;q12). Cytogenetics and Genome Research 116, 80–84.
192. Moodley, Y. & Bruford, M. (2007). Molecular biogeography: towards an integrated framework for conserving pan-African biodiversity. PLoS ONE 5, 1–9.
193. Moulin, S., Gerbault-Seureau, M., Dutrillaux, B. & Richard, F. A. (2008). Phylogenomics of African guenons. Chromosome Research 16, 783–799.
194. Müller, S., Hollatz, M. & Wienberg, J. (2003). Chromosomal phylogeny and evolution of gibbons (Hylobatidae). Human Genetics 113, 493–501.
195. Murphy, W. J., Larkin, D. M., Everts-van der Wind, A., Bourque, G., Tesler, G., Auvil, L., Beever, J. E., Chowdhary, B. P., Galibert, F., Gatzke, L., Hitte, C., Meyers, S. N., Milan, D., Ostrander, E. A., Pape, G., Parker, H. G., Raudsepp, T., Rogatcheva, M. B., Schook, L. B., Skow, L. C., Welge, M., Womack, J. E., O'Brien, S. J., Pevzner, P. A. & Lewin, H. A. (2005). Dynamics of mammalian chromosome evolution inferred from multispecies comparative maps. Science 309, 613–617.
196. Musilova, P., Kubickova, S., Horin, P., Vodicka, R. & Rubes, J. (2009). Karyotypic relationships in Asiatic asses (kulan and kiang) as defined using horse chromosome arm-specific and region-specific probes. Chromosome Research 17, 783–790.
197. Musilova, P., Kubickova, S., Vahala, J. & Rubes, J. (2013). Subchromosomal karyotype evolution in Equidae. Chromosome Research 12, 175–187.
198. Mutz, K. O., Heilkenbrinker, A., Lönne, M., Walter, J. G. & Stahl, F. (2013). Transcriptome analysis using next-generation sequencing. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 24, 22–30.
199. Myka, J., Lear, T., Houck, M., Ryder, O. & Bailey, E. (2003). Homologous fission event(s) implicated for chromosomal polymorphisms among five species in the genus Equus. Cytogenetics and Genome Research 102, 217–221.
200. Nachman, M. W. (1992). Geographic patterns of chromosomal variations in South American marsh rats, Holochilus brasiliensis and H. vulpinus. Cytogenetics and Genome Research 61, 10–16.
201. Nachman, M. W. (2002). Variation in recombination rate across the genome: evidence and implications. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development 12, 657–663.
202. Nachman, M. W. & Myers, P. (1989). Exceptional chromosomal mutations in a rodent population are not strongly underdominant. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 86, 6666–6670.
203. Nash, W. G., Menninger, J. C., Padilla-Nash, H. M., Stone, G., Perelman, P. L. & O'Brien, S. J. (2008). The ancestral carnivore karyotype (2n = 38) lives today in ringtails. Journal of Heredity 99, 241–253.
204. Navarro, A. & Barton, N. (2003). Chromosomal speciation and molecular divergence: accelerated evolution in rearranged chromosomes. Science 300, 321–324.
205. Ndiaye, A., Bâ, K., Aniskin, V., Benazzou, T., Chevret, P., Konecny, A., Sembène, S., Tatard, C., Kergoat, G. & Granjon, L. (2011). Evolutionary systematics and biogeography of endemic gerbils (Rodentia, Muridae) from Morocco: an integrative approach. Zoologica Scripta 41, 11–28.
206. Neiman, M. & Linksvayer, T. (2006). The conversion of variance and the evolutionary potential of restricted recombination. Heredity 96, 111–121.
207. Nicolas, V., Granjon, L., Duplantier, J. M., Cruaud, C. & Dobigny, G. (2009). Phylogeography of spiny mice (genus Acomys, Rodentia, Muridae) from the south-western margin of the Sahara with taxonomic implications. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 98, 29–46.
208. Nie, W., Liu, R., Chen, Y., Wang, J. & Yang, F. (1998). Mapping chromosomal homologies between humans and two langurs (Semnopithecus francoisi and S. phayrei) by chromosome painting. Chromosome Research 6, 447–453.
209. Noor, M. & Bennett, S. (2009). Islands of speciation or mirages in the desert? Examining the role of restricted recombination in maintaining species. Heredity 103, 439–444.
210. Nunes, A., Catalan, J., Lopez, J., de Graca Ramalhinho, M., da Luz Mathias, M. & Britton-Davidian, J. (2010). Fertility assessment in hybrids between monobrachially homologous Rb races of the house mouse from the Island of Madeira: implications for modes of chromosomal evolution. Heredity 106, 348–356.
211. Ohno, S., Weiler, C., Poole, J., Christian, L. & Stenius, C. (1966). Autosomal polymorphism due to pericentric inversions in the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) and some evidence of somatic segregation. Chromosoma 18, 177–187.
212. O'Neill, R. J., Eldridge, M. D. & Metcalfe, C. J. (2004). Centromere dynamics and chromosome evolution in marsupials. Journal of Heredity 95, 375–381.
213. Owen, J. G. & Baker, R. K. (2001). The Uroderma bilobatum (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) cline revisited. Journal of Mammalogy 82, 1102–1113.
214. Pagès, M., Chaval, Y., Herbreteau, V., Waengsothron, S., Cosson, J. F., Hugot, J. P., Morand, S. & Michaux, J. (2010). Revisiting the taxonomy of the Rattini tribe: a phylogeny-based delimitation of species boundaries. BMC Evolutionary Biology 10, e184.
215. Pardini, A. T., O'Brien, P. C., Fu, B., Bonde, R. K., Elder, F. F., Ferguson-Smith, M. A., Yang, F. & Robinson, T. J. (2007). Chromosome painting among Proboscidea, Hyracoidea and Sirenia: support for Paenungulata (Afrotheria, Mammalia) but not Tethyteria. Proceedings of Biological Sciences B 274, 1333–1340.
216. Paresque, R., de Jesus Silva, M., Yonenaga-Yassuda, Y. & Fagundes, V. (2007). Karyological geographic variation of Oligoryzomys nigripes Olfers 1818 (Rodentia, Cricetidae) from Brazil. Genetics and Molecular Biology 30, 43–53.
217. Park, P. J. (2009). ChIP-Seq: advantages and challenges of a maturing technology. Nature Reviews Genetics 10, 669–680.
218. Perry, J., Slater, H. & CHOO, K. (2004). Centric fission: simple and complex mechanisms. Chromosome Research 12, 627–640.
219. Perucatti, A., Genualdo, V., Iannuzzi, A., De Lorenzi, L., Matassino, D., Parma, P., Di Berardino, D., Iannuzzi, L. & Di Meo, G. P. (2011). A new and unusual reciprocal translocation in cattle: rcp(11;25)(q11;q14-21). Cytogenetics and Genome Research 134, 96–100.
220. Pevzner, P. & Tesler, G. (2003). Human and mouse genomic sequences reveal extensive breakpoints reuse in mammalian evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100, 7672–7677.
221. Pialek, J., Hauffe, H. C. & Searle, J. B. (2005). Chromosomal variation in the house mouse. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 84, 535–563.
222. Piras, F. M., Nergadze, S. G. & Giulotto, E. (2010). Uncoupling of satellite DNA and centromeric function in the genus Equus. PLoS Genetics 6, e1000845.
223. Piras, F. M., Nergadze, S. G., Poletto, V., Cerutti, F., Ryder, O. A., Leeb, T., Raimondi, E. & Giulotto, E. (2009). Phylogeny of horse chromosomes 5q in the genus Equus and centromere repositioning. Cytogenetics and Genome Research 126, 165–172.
224. Polyakov, A. V., Chadova, N. B., Rodionova, M. I., Panov, V. V., Dobrotvorsky, A. K., Searle, J. B. & Borodin, P. M. (1997). Novosibirsk revisited 24 years on: chromosome polymorphism in the Novosibirsk population of the common shrew Sorex araneus L. Heredity 79, 172–177.
225. Pramual, P., Gomontean, B., Buasay, V., Srikhamwiang, N., Suebkhar, P., Niamlek, C., Donsinphoem, Y. & Chalat-Chieo, K. (2008). Population cytogenetics of Chironomus circumdatus Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera, Chironomidae) from Thailand. Genetica 135, 51–57.
226. Puig, M., Caceres, M. & Ruiz, A. (2004). Silencing of a gene adjacent to the breakpoint of a widespread Drosophila inversion by a transposon-induced antisense RNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101, 9013–9018.
227. Purgato, S., Belloni, E., Piras, F. M., Zoli, M., Badiale, C., Cerutti, F., Mazzagatti, A., Perini, G., Della Valle, G., Nergadze, S. G., Sullivan, K. F., Raimondi, E., Rocchi, M. & Giulotto, E. (2014). Centromere sliding along a mammalian chromosome. Chromosoma 124, 277–287. doi: 10.1007/s00412-014-0493-6.
228. Qumsiyeh, M. (1989). Chromosomal fissions and phylogenetic hypotheses: cytogenetic and allozymic variation among species of Meriones (Rodentia, Gerbillidae). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Texas Tech University 132, 1–16.
229. Qumsiyeh, M. (1994). Evolution of number and morphology of mammalian chromosomes. Journal of Heredity 85, 455–465.
230. Qumsiyeh, M. B., Coate, J. L., Peppers, J. A., Kennedy, P. K. & Kennedy, M. L. (1997). Roberstonian chromosomal rearrangements in the short-tailed shrew Blarina carolinensis, in Western Tennessee. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 76, 153–158.
231. Ranz, J., Maurin, D., Chan, Y., von Grotthuss, M., Hillier, L., Roote, J., Ashburner, M. & Bergman, C. (2007). Principles of genome evolution in the Drosophila melanogaster species group. PLoS Biology 5, 1356–1381.
232. Ravel, C., Berthaut, I., Bresson, J. L., Siffroi, J. P. & the Genetics Commission of the French Federation of CECOS (2006). Prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities in phenotypically normal and fertile adult males: large-scale survey of over 10 000 sperm donor karyotypes. Human Reproduction 121, 1484–1489.
233. Rieseberg, L. (2001). Chromosomal rearrangements and speciation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 16, 351–358.
234. Robbins, L. W. & Baker, R. J. (1981). An assessment of the nature of chromosomal rearrangements in 18 species of Peromyscus (Rodentia, Cricetidae). Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 31, 194–202.
235. Robertson, W. R. B. (1916). Chromosome studies: taxonomic relationships shown in the chromosomes of Tettigidae and Acrididae. V-shaped chromosomes and their significance in Acrididae, Locustidae and Gryllidae: chromosomes and variation. Journal of Morphology 27, 179–331.
236. Robins, J. H., McLenachan, P. A., Phillips, M. J., Craig, L., Ross, H. A. & Matisoo-Smith, E. (2008). Dating of divergences within the Rattus genus phylogeny using whole mitochondrial genomes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 49, 460–466.
237. Robinson, T. J. & Ropiquet, A. (2011). Examination of hemiplasy, homoplasy and phylogenetic discordance in chromosomal evolution of the Bovidae. Systematic Biology 60, 439–450.
238. Robinson, T. J. & Ruiz-Herrera, A. (2008). Defining the ancestral eutherian karyotype: a cladistic interpretation of chromosome painting and genome sequence assembly data. Chromosome Research 16, 113–1141.
239. Robinson, T. J., Ruiz-Herrera, A. & Avise, J. (2008). Hemiplasy and homoplasy in the karyotypic phylogenies of mammals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105, 14477–14481.
240. Robinson, T. J., Ruiz-Herrera, A. & Froenicke, L. (2006). Dissecting the mammalian genome: new insights into the chromosomal evolution. Trends in Genetics 22, 297–301.
241. Rocchi, M., Archidiacono, N., Schwempp, W., Capozzi, O. & Stanyon, R. (2012). Centromere repositining in mammals. Heredity 108, 59–67.
242. Rocchi, M., Stanyon, R. & Archidiacono, N. (2009). Evolutionary new centromeres in primates. Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology 48, 103–152.
243. Rogatcheva, M. B., Oda, S. I., Axenovich, T. I., Aulchenko, Y. S., Searle, J. B. S. & Borodin, P. M. (1998). Chromosomal segregation and fertility in Robertsonian chromosomal heterozygotes of the house musk shrew (Suncus murinus, Insectivora, Soricidae). Heredity 81, 335–341.
244. Rubes, J., Pagacova, E., Kopecna, O., Kubickova, S., Cernohorska, H., Vahala, J. & Di Berardino, D. (2007). Karyotype, centric fusion polymorphism and chromosomal aberrations in captive-born mountain reedbuck (Redunca fulvorufula). Cytogenetics and Genome Research 116, 263–268.
245. Ruiz-Herrera, A., Castresana, J. & Robinson, T. J. (2006). Is mammalian chromosomal evolution driven by regions of genome fragility? Genome Biology 7, R115.
246. Ruiz-Herrera, A., Farré, M., Ponsa, M. & Robinson, T. J. (2010). Selection against Roberstonian fusions involving housekeeping genes in the house mouse: integrating data from gene expression arrays and chromosome evolution. Chromosome Research 18, 801–808.
247. Ruiz-Herrera, A., Farré, M. & Robinson, T. (2012). Molecular cytogenetic and genomic insights into chromosomal evolution. Heredity 108, 28–36.
248. Ruiz-Herrera, A., Garcia, F., Giulotto, E., Attolini, C., Egozcuz, J., Ponsa, M. & Garcia, M. (2005). Evolutionary breakpoints are co-localized with fragile sites and intrachromosomic telomeric sequences in primates. Cytogenetics and Genome Research 108, 234–247.
249. Ruiz-Herrera, A., Ponsa, M., Garcia, F., Egozcuz, J. & Garcia, M. (2002). Fragiles sites in human and Macaca fascicularis chromosomes are breakpoints in chromosome evolution. Chromosome Research 10, 33–44.
250. Salm, M. P. A., Horswell, S. D., Hutchison, C. E., Speedy, H. E., Yang, X., Liang, L., Schadt, E. E., Cookson, W. O., Wierzbicki, A. S., Naoumova, R. P. & Shoulders, C. C. (2012). The origin, global distribution and functional impact of the human 8p23 inversion polymorphism. Genome Research 22, 1144–1153.
251. Sans-Fuentes, M. A., Garcia-Valero, J., Ventura, J. & Lopez-Fuster, M. J. (2010). Spermatogenesis in house mouse in a Robertsonian polymorphism zone. Reproduction 140, 569–581.
252. Sans-Fuentes, M., Lopez-Fuster, M., Ventura, J., Diez-Noguera, A. & Cambras, T. (2005). Effect of Robertsonian translocations on the motor activity rythm in the house mouse. Behavior Genetics 35, 604–613.
253. Schaeffer, S., Boetting-Minesky, M., Kovacevic, M., Peoples, J., Graybill, J., Miller, J., Kim, K., Nelson, J. & Anderson, W. (2003). Evolutionary genomics of inversions in Drosophila pseudoobscura: evidence for epistasis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100, 8319–8324.
254. Scott, K. C. & Sullivan, B. A. (2014). Neocentromeres: a place for everything and everything in its place. Trends in Genetics 30, 66–74.
255. Searle, J. B. S. (1993). Chromosomal hybrid zones in Eutherian mammals. In Hybrid Zones and the Evolutionary Process (ed. R. G. Harisson), pp. 309–353. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
256. Searle, J. B. S. & Wojcik, J. M. (1998). Chromosomal evolution: the case of Sorex araneus. In Evolution of Shrews (eds J. M. Wojcik and M. Wolsan), pp. 219–268. Polish Academy of Sciences, Bialowieza.
257. Shaw, D., Coates, D., Arnold, M. & Wilkinson, P. (1985). Temporal variation in the chromosomal structure of a hybrid zone and its relationship to karyotypic repatterning. Heredity 55, 293–306.
258. Sims, D., Sudbery, I., Ilott, N. E., Heger, A. & Ponting, C. P. (2014). Sequencing depth and coverage: key considerations in genomic analyses. Nature Reviews Genetics 15, 121–132.
259. Snow, K., Wright, S., Woo, Y., Titus, L., Mills, K. & Shopland, L. (2011). Nuclear positioning, higher-order folding, and gene expression of Mmu15 sequences are refractory to chromosomal translocation. Chromosome Research 120, 61–71.
260. Speleman, F., Cauwelier, B., Dastugue, N., Cools, J., Verhasselt, B., Poppe, B., van Roy, N., Vandesompele, J., Graux, C., Uyttebroeck, A., Boogaerts, M., De Moerloose, B., Benoit, Y., Selleslag, D., Billiet, J., Robert, A., Huguet, F., Vanderberghe, P., De Paepe, A., Marynen, P. & Hagemeijer, A. (2005). A new recurrent inversion, inv(7)(p15q34), leads to transcriptional activation of HOXA10 and HOXA11 in a subset of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias. Leukemia 19, 358–366.
261. Stankiewicz, P. & Lupski, J. (2002). Molecular-evolutionary mechanisms for genomic disorders. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development 12, 312–319.
262. Stanyon, R., Masters, J. C. & Romagno, D. (1987). The chromosomes of Nycticebus coucang (Boddaert, 1785) (Primates, Prosimii). Genetica 75, 145–152.
263. Stefansson, H., Helgason, A., Thorleifsson, G., Steinthorsdottir, V., Masson, G., Barnard, J., Baker, A., Jonasdottir, A., Ingason, A., Gudnadottir, V., Desnica, N., Hicks, A., Gylfason, A., Gudbjartsson, D., Jonsdottir, G., Sainz, J., Agnarsson, K., Birgisdottir, B., Ghosh, S., Olafasdottir, A., Cazier, J., Kritjansson, K., Frigge, M., Thorgeirsson, T., Gulcher, J., Kong, A. & Stefansson, K. (2005). A common inversion under selection in Europeans. Nature Reviews Genetics 37, 129–137.
264. Swier, V. J., Bradley, R. D., Rens, W., Elder, F. F. & Baker, R. J. (2009). Patterns of chromosomal evolution in Sigmodon: evidence from whole chromosome paints. Cytogenetics and Genome Research 125, 54–66.
265. Switonski, M., Andersson, M., Nowacka-Woszuk, J., Szczerbal, I., Sosnowski, J., Kopp, C., Cernohorska, H. & Rubes, J. (2008). Identification of a new reciprocal translocation in an AI bull by synaptonemal complex analysis, followed by chromosome painting. Cytogenetics and Genome Research 121, 245–248.
266. Switonski, M. & Stranzinger, G. (1998). Studies of synaptonemal complexes in farm mammals: a review. Journal of Heredity 89, 473–480.
267. Talbert, P. B. & Henikoff, S. (2000). A reexamination of spreading of position effect variegation in the white-roughest region of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 154, 259–272.
268. Tanabe, H., Müller, S., Neusser, M., von Hase, J., Calcagno, E., Cremer, M., Solovei, I., Cremer, C. & Cremer, T. (2002). Evolutionary conservation of chromosome territory arrangements in cell nuclei from higher primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99, 4424–4429.
269. Te, G. A. & Dawson, W. D. (1971). Chromosomal polymorphism in Peromyscus polionotus. Cytogenetics 10, 225–234.
270. Thomas, J. W., Caceres, M., Lowman, J. J., Morehouse, C. B., Short, M. E., Baldwin, E. L., Maney, D. L. & Martin, C. L. (2008). The chromosomal polymorphism linked to variation in social behavior in the white-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis) is a complex rearrangement and suppressor of recombination. Genetics 179, 1455–1468.
271. Thomas, M. G., Hagelberg, E., Jone, H. B., Yang, Z. & Lister, A. M. (2000). Molecular and morphological evidence on the phylogeny of the Elephantidae. Proceedings of Biological Sciences 267, 2493–2500.
272. Tian, Y., Nie, W., Wang, J., Ferguson-Smith, M. A. & Yang, F. (2004). Chromosome evolution in bears: reconstructing phylogenetic relationships by cross-species chromosome painting. Chromosome Research 12, 55–63.
273. Trifonov, V. A., Stanyon, R., Nesterenko, A. I., Fu, B., Perelman, P. L., O'Brien, P. C. M., Stone, G., Rubtsova, N. V., Houck, M. L., Robinson, T. J., Ferguson-Smith, M. A., Dobigny, G., Graphodatsky, A. S. & Yang, F. (2008). Multidirectional cross-species painting illuminates the history of karyotypic evolution in Perissodactyla. Chromosome Research 16, 89–107.
274. Tsipouri, V., Schueler, M. G., Nisc Comparative Sequencing Program, Dutra, A., Pak, E., Riethman, H. & Green, E. D. (2008). Comparative sequence analyses reveal sites of ancestral chromosomal fusions in the Indian muntjac genome. Genome Biology 9 (doi: 10.1186/gb-2008-9-10-r155).
275. Tuzun, E., Sharp, A. J., Bailey, J. A., Kaul, R., Morrison, V. A., Pertz, L. M., Haugen, E., Hayden, H., Albertson, D., Pinkel, D., Olson, M. V. & Eichler, E. E. (2005). Fine-scale structural variation of the human genome. Nature Genetics 37, 727–732.
276. Twigger, S., Pruitt, K., Fernandez-Suarez, X., Karolchik, D., Worley, K., Maglott, D., Brown, G., Weinstock, G., Gibbs, R., Kent, J., Birney, E. & Jacob, H. (2008). What everybody should know about the rat genome and its online resources. Nature Genetics 40, 523–527.
277. Van Tuinen, P., Mootnick, A., Kingswood, S., Hale, D. & Kumamoto, A. (1999). Complex, compound inversion/translocation polymorphism in an ape: presumptive intermediate stage in the karyotypic evolution of the agile gibbon, Hylobates agilis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 110, 129–142.
278. Vassart, M., Greth, A., Durand, V. & Cribiu, E. P. (1993). Chromosomal polymorphism in sand gazelles (Gazella subgutturosa marica). Journal of Heredity 84, 478–481.
279. Ventura, K., O'Brien, P. C., Yonenaga-Yassuda, Y. & Ferguson-Smith, M. A. (2009). Chromosome homologies of the highly rearranged karyotypes of four Akodon species (Rodentia, Cricetidae) resolved by reciprocal chromosome painting: the evolution of the lowest diploid number in rodents. Chromosome Research 17, 1063–1078.
280. Ventura, M., Weigl, S., Carbone, L., Cardone, M. F., Misceo, D., Teti, M., D'Addabbo, P., Wandall, A., Björck, E., de Jong, P. J., She, X., Eichler, E. E., Archidiacono, N. & Rocchi, M. (2004). Recurrent sites for new centromere seeding. Genome Research 14, 1696–1703.
281. Veyrunes, F., Britton-Davidian, J., Robinson, T., Calvet, E., Denys, C. & Chevret, P. (2005). Molecular phylogeny of the African pygmy mice, subgenus Nannomys (Rodentia, Murinae, Mus): implications for chromosomal evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36, 358–369.
282. Veyrunes, F., Catalan, J., Tatard, C., Cellier-Holzem, E., Watson, J., Chevret, P., Robinson, T. & Britton-Davidian, J. (2010). Mitochondrial and chromosomal insights into karyotypic evolution of the pigmy mouse, Mus minutoides in South Africa. Chromosome Research 18, 563–574.
283. Veyrunes, F., Dobigny, G., Yang, F., O'Brien, P. C. M., Catalan, J., Robinson, T. J. & Britton-Davidian, J. (2006). Phylogenomics of the genus Mus (Rodentia, Muridae): extensive genome repatterning is not restricted to the house mouse. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 273, 2925–2934.
284. Veyrunes, F., Watson, J., Robinson, T. & Britton-Davidian, J. (2007). Accumulation of rare sex chromosome rearrangements in the African pygmy mouse, Mus (Nannomys) minutoides: a whole-arm reciprocal translocation (WART) involving an X-autosome fusion. Chromosome Research 15, 223–230.
285. de Villena, F. & Sapienza, C. (2001a). Female meiosis drives karyotypic evolution in mammals. Genetics 159, 1179–1189.
286. de Villena, F. & Sapienza, C. (2001b). Recombination is proportional to the number of chromosome arms in mammals. Mammalian Genome 12, 318–322.
287. Volleth, M., Yang, F. & Müller, S. (2011). High-resolution chromosome painting reveals the first genetic signature for the chiropteran suborder Pteropodiformes (Mammalia, Chiroptera). Chromosome Research 19, 507–519.
288. Volobouev, V. & Aniskin, V. (2000). Comparative chromosome banding analysis of three South American species of rice rats of the genus Oryzomys (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae). Chromosome Research 8, 295–304.
289. Volobouev, V., Aniskin, V., Lecompte, E. & Ducroz, J. F. (2002). Patterns of karyotype evolution in complexes of sibling species within three genera of African murid rodents inferred from the comparison of cytogenetic and molecular data. Cytogenetics and Genome Research 96, 261–275.
290. Volobouev, V., Aniskin, V., Sicard, B., Dobigny, G. & Granjon, L. (2007). Systematics and phylogeny of West African gerbils of the genus Gerbilliscus (Muridae, Gerbillinae) inferred from comparative G- and C-banding chromosomal analyses. Cytogenetics and Genome Research 116, 269–281.
291. Volobouev, V., Gautun, J. C., Sicard, B. & Tranier, M. (1996). The chromosome complement of Acomys spp. (Rodentia, Muridae) from Oursi, Burkina-Faso – the ancestral karyotype of the cahirinus-dimidiatus group? Chromosome Research 4, 526–530.
292. Volobouev, V., Sicard, B., Aniskin, V., Gautun, J. C. & Granjon, L. (2000). Robertsonian polymorphism, B chromosomes variation and sex chromosomes heteromorphism in the African water rats Dasymys (Rodentia, Muridae). Chromosome Research 8, 689–697.
293. Wada, M. Y. & Imai, H. T. (1991). On the robertsonian polymorphism found in the Japanese racoon dog (Nyctereutes procyionoides viverrinus). Japanese Journal of Genetics 66, 1–11.
294. Wang, W. & Lan, H. (2000). Rapid and parallel chromosomal number reductions in Muntjac deer inferred from mitochrondrial DNA phylogeny. Molecular Biology and Evolution 17, 1326–1333.
295. Wesche, P. L. & Robinson, T. J. (2012). Different patterns of Robertsonian fusion pairing in Bovidae and the house mouse: the relationship between chromosome size and nuclear territories. Genetics Research Cambridge 94, 97–111.
296. Westerman, M., Meredith, R. W. & Springer, M. S. (2010). Cytogenetics meets phylogenetics: a review of karyotype evolution in Diprotodontian marsupials. Journal of Heredity 101, 690–702.
297. White, M. J. D. (1973). Animal Cytology and Evolution. Third Edition. Cambridge University, Cambridge.
298. Wienberg, J. (2004). The evolution of eutherian chromosomes. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development 14, 657–666.
299. Wolf, M., Schempp, W. & Vogel, W. (1979). Ellobius lutescens Th. (Rodentia, Microtinae): Q-, R-, and replication banding patterns: chromosome 1 polymorphism in the male and presumptive heterogamety in the female. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 23, 117–123.
300. Wyttenbach, A., Borodin, P. & Hausser, J. (1998). Meiotic drive favors Roberstonian metacentric chromosomes in the common shrew (Sorex araneus, Insectivora, Mammalia). Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 83, 199–206.
301. Xia, A., Sharakhova, M. V., Leman, S. C., Tu, Z., Bailey, J. A., Smith, C. D. & Sharakhov, I. V. (2010). Genome landscape and evolutionary plasticity of chromosomes in malaria mosquitoes. PLoS ONE 5, e10592.
302. Yang, F., Alkalaeva, E. Z., Perelman, P. L., Pardini, A. T., Harrison, W. R., O'Brien, P. C. M., Fu, B., Graphodatsky, A. S., Ferguson-Smith, M. A. & Robinson, T. J. (2003). Reciprocal chromosome painting among human, aardvark and elephant (superorder Afrotheria) reveals the likely eutherian ancestral karyotype. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 4, 1062–1066.
303. Yang, F., O'Brien, P., Wienberg, J., Neitzel, H., Lin, C. & Ferguson-Smith, M. (1997). Chromosomal evolution of the Chinese muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi). Chromosoma 106, 37–43.
304. Yosida, T. H. (1977). Frequencies of chromosome polymorphism in pairs n°1, 9 and 13 in three geographical variants of black rats, Rattus rattus. Chromosoma 60, 391–398.
305. Yosida, T. H., Tsuchiya, K. & Moriwaki, K. (1971a). Frequency of chromosome polymorphism in Rattus rattus collected in Japan. Chromosoma 33, 33–40.
306. Yosida, T. H., Tsuchiya, K. & Moriwaki, K. (1971b). Karyotypic differences of black rats, Rattus rattus, collected in various localities of East and Southeast Asia and Oceania. Chromosoma 33, 252–267.
307. Zhang, J., Wang, X. & Podlaha, O. (2004). Testing the chromosomal speciation hypothesis for humans and chimpanzees. Genome Research 14, 845–851.
308. Zimmerman, E. G. & Lee, M. R. (1969). Variation in chromosomes of the cotton rat Sigmodon hispidus. Chromosoma 24, 243–250.
309. Zody, M. C., Jiang, Z., Fung, H. C., Antonacci, F., Hillier, L. W., Cardone, M. F., Graves, T. A., Kidd, J. M., Cheng, Z., Abouelleil, A., Chen, L., Wallis, J., Glasscock, J., Wilson, R. K., Reily, A. D., Duckworth, J., Ventura, M., Hardy, J., Warren, W. C. & Eichler, E. E. (2008). Evolutionary toggling of the MAPT 17q21.31 inversion region. Nature Genetics 40, 1076–1083.