Genomics and the reimagining of personalized medicine

Genomics and the Reimagining of Personalized Medicine

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 1-203

  Tutton, Richard ^a  

^a LANCASTER UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84938331602     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (487)

1. 23andMe (2008) 23andMeDemocratizesPersonalGenetics. [press release] 8 September 2008. Available at: https://www.23andme.com/about/press/20080909b/[Accessed 22 August 2012].
2. 23andMe Inc. (2012) Health Reports and Ethnicity [online] 10 April 2012. Available at: https://customercare.23andme.com/entries/21263358-Health- Reports-and-Ethnicity [Accessed 7 January 2014].
3. 23andMe LLC (2012) 23andMe Takes First Step Toward FDA Clearance. [press release] 30 July 2012 Available at: https://www.23andme.com/about/press/fda_application/[Accessed 22 August 2012].
4. 23andMe LLC. (2007) 23andMe Launches Web-based Service Empowering Individuals to Access andUnderstand their Own Genetic Information. [Press Release] 19 November 2007. Available at: https://www.23andme.com/about/press/20071119/[Accessed 20 August 2012].
5. Abbott, A. (2010) Schizophrenia: The Drug Deadlock. Nature 468.
6. Academy of Medical Sciences. (2013) Realising the Potential of Stratified Medicine. London: Academy of Medical Sciences.
7. Adams, S. (2012) National DNA Database Needed for Personalised Medicine Drive. The Daily Telegraph. 25 January 2012 edn London.
8. Ahmed, A. (2012) New Questions Emerge in Stratified (Personalized) Medicine. ScientiaAdvisors Blog, [blog] 9 January 2012 Available at: www.scientiaadv com/blog/2012/01/09/new-questions-emerge-in-stratified-personalized- medicine/[Accessed 24 February 2012].
9. Allbutt, T.C. (1900) Abstractions and Facts in Medicine. British Medical Journal 2: 990-91.
10. Allison, M. (2008) Is Personalized Medicine Finally Arriving? Nature Biotechnology 26: 509-17.
11. Allison, M. (2010) The HER2 Testing Conundrum. Nat Biotech 28: 117-119.
12. Almond, K. (2011) Bespoke Tailoring: the Luxury and Heritage We Can Afford.
13. The International Conference of Technology, Knowledge and Society. Bilbao: University of the Basque Country.
14. Angell, M. (2005) The Truth about the Drug Companies: How They Deceive Us and What to Do about It. New York: Random House.
15. Angrist, M. (2010) Here is a Human Being at the Dawn of Personal Genomics. Durham: Duke University Press.
16. Anon. (2010) San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium Newsletter [online] Available at: www.sabcs.org/Newsletter/Docs/SABCS_2010_Issue3.pdf [Accessed 7 January 2014].
17. Anon. (1897) Therapeutics. British Medical Journal: 1551-4.
18. Anon. (1907) The Medicine of the Future. British Medical Journal 1: 333-4.
19. Anon. (1922) Autogenous Vaccines. British Medical Journal2: 571.
20. Anon. (1957) Dangers of Cigarette-Smoking. The British Medical Journal 1: 1518-20.
21. Anon. (1998a) Pharmacogenomics at Work. Nature Biotechnology 16: 885.
22. Anon. (2000) Memorandum by Lilly UK. House of Lords Science and Technology Committee. 1999—2000 ed. London: Parliamentary Office.
23. Anon. (2007) Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Washington Dc: Securities and Exchange Commission.
24. Anon. (2008) Direct-to-consumer Genetic Tests: Flawed and Unethical. The Lancet Oncology 9: 1113.
25. Anon. (2011) Drug Trend Report 2011. http://digital.turn-page.com/i/69012/7.
26. Apolone, G., Joppi, R., Bertele, V, et al. (2005) Ten Years of Marketing Approvals of Anticancer Drugs in Europe: Regulatory Policy and Guidance Documents Need to Find a Balance Between Different Pressures. British Journal of Cancer 93: 504-9.
27. Appelbe, G. (2005) A History of Drug Safety. In: Making Medicines: A History of Pharmacy and Pharmaceuticals, Stuart Anderson ed., Pharmaceutical Press: London.
28. Arledge, T., Freeman, A., Arbuckle, J., et al. (2000) Applications of Pharmacogenetics Yo Drug Development: The Glaxo Wellcome Experience. Drug Metabolism Reviews 32: 387.
29. Armstrong, D. (2006) Evaluation as an Innovative Health Technology. In: Webster, A. (ed.) New Technologies in Health Care: Challenge, Change and Innovation. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 232-41.
30. Armstrong, D. and Caldwell, D. (2004) Origins of the Concept of Quality of Life in Health Care: a Rhetorical Solution to a Political Problem. Social Theory and Health 2: 361-71.
31. Armstrong, D., Lilford, R., Ogden, J., et al. (2007) Health-related Quality of Life and the Transformation of Symptoms. Sociology of Health & Illness 29: 570-83.
32. Arnold, R.M. and Forrow, L. (1990) Rewarding Medicine: Good Doctors and Good Behavior. Ann Intern Med 113: 794-798.
33. Aronowitz, R.A. (1998) Making Sense of Illness: Science, Society, and Disease. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
34. Arribas-Ayllon, M., Sarangi, S. and Clarke, A. (2011) Promissory Strategies of Personalisation in the Commercialisation of Genomic Knowledge Communication and Medicine 8 (1): 53-66.
35. Asbell, P. (2007) Old, Yet Ever New. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine 74: 1.
36. Aspinall, M.G. and Hamermesh, R.G. (2007) Realizing the Promise of Personalized Medicine. Harvard Business Review 85: 108-+.
37. Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry. (2009) The Stratification of Disease for Personalised Medicines. London: Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry.
38. Avorn, J. (2004) Powerful Medicines: The Benefits, Risks, and Costs of Prescription Drugs. New York: Vintage Books.
39. Ayesh, R., Idle, J.R., Ritchie, J.C., et al. (1984) Metabolic Oxidation Phenotypes as Markers for Susceptibility to Lung Cancer. Nature 312: 169-70.
40. Baldwin, A.L. and Cook-Deegan, R. (2013) Constructing Narratives of Heroism and Villainy: Case Study of Myriad's Bracanalysis® Compared to Genentech's Herceptin®. Genome Medicine 5: 1-14.
41. Barker, F. (1995) The Tremulous Private Body: Essays on Subjection. Ann Arbor: Michigan University Press.
42. Bazell, R. (1998) HER-2: The Making of Herceptin, a Revolutionary Treatment for Breast Cancer. New York: Random House.
43. Begley, S. (2000) Made to Order Medicine. Newsweek.. 25 June 2000 edn. New York.
44. Bell, J. (1998) The New Genetics in Clinical Practice British Medical Journal316: 618-20.
45. Bernard, C. (1957 [1865]) An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine. New York: Dover Publications Inc.
46. Blaxall, B.C. (2008) Personalized Medicine: Are We There Yet? Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research 1: 3-4.
47. Bloss, C.S., Darst, B.F., Topol, E.J., et al. (2011a) Direct-to-consumer Personalized Genomic Testing. Human Molecular Genetics 20: R132-R141.
48. Bloss, C.S., Schork, N.J. and Topol, EJ. (2011b) Effect of Direct-to-consumer Genomewide Profiling to Assess Disease Risk. New England Journal of Medicine 364: 524-34.
49. Blow, N. (2007) The Personal Side of Genomics. Nature 449: 627-30.
50. Boche, M.G. (2004) Race-based Therapeutics. New England Journal of Medicine 351: 2035-7.
51. Bodmer, W and McKie, R. (1994) The Book of Man: The Quest to Discover our Genetic Heritage. London: Abacus Books.
52. Bond, C.A. and Raehl, C.L. (2006) Adverse Drug Reactions in United States Hospitals. Pharmacotherapy 26: 601-608.
53. Booth, C.M. and Eisenhauer, E.A. (2012) Progression-free Survival: Meaningful or Simply Measurable? Journal of Clinical Oncology 30: 1030-33.
54. Borrell-Carrio, F., Suchman, A.L. and Epstein, R.M. (2004) The Biopsychosocial Model 25 Years Later: Principles, Practice, and Scientific Inquiry. The Annals of Family Medicine 2: 576-82.
55. Borry, P., Cornel, M. and Howard, H. (2010) Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been: a Recent History of the Direct-to-consumer Genetic Testing Market. Journal of Community Genetics 1: 101-106.
56. Borup, M., Brown, N., Konrad, K., et al. (2006) The Sociology of Expectations in Science and Technology. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management 18: 285-98.
57. Braun, B. (2007) Biopolitics and the Molecularization of Life. Cultural Geographies 14: 6-28.
58. Brenner, M.K. (2012) Personalized Medicine: Words that Mean Just What You Choose? Mol Ther 20: 241-2.
59. Brown, N. and Michael, M. (2003) A Sociology of Expectations: Retrospecting Prospects and Prospecting Retrospects. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management 15: 3-18.
60. Brown, N., Rappert, B. and Webster, A. (2000) Contested Futures: A Sociology of Prospective Technoscience. Aldershot: Ashgate.
61. Brunham, L.R. and Hayden, M.R. (2012) WHole Genome Sequencing: The New Standard of Care? Science 336: 1112-13.
62. Buchanan, A.V, Weiss, K.M. and Fullerton, S.M. (2006) Dissecting Complex Disease: the Quest for the Philosopher's Stone? International Journal of Epidemiology 35: 562-71.
63. The Burrill Report (2012) Regulate Me. The Burrill Report.[podcast] 6 August 2012. Available at: http://www.burrillreport.com/article-regulate_me.html [Accessed 8 January 2014].
64. Burrill, S.G. (2003) Fewer Drugs Approved, More Money Spent: Where's the Beef? Drug Discovery World Winter 2003/4: 9-11.
65. Butler, P. (2000) Postcode Lottery, Society Supplement, The Guardian, 9 November 2000.
66. Butler, R., Clark, C., Deans, Z., et al. (2011) 35 The First 12 Months of UK Diagnostic Services for EGFR Gene Mutations in NSCLC Patients. Lung Cancer 71, Supplement 1: S12.
67. Buttle, F. (2012) CRM: Concepts and Technologies. London: Routledge.
68. Canguilhem, G. (1989) The Normal and the Pathological. New York.
69. Carmichael, M. (2010) DNA Dilemma: Should I Take a Genetic Test? [online] Newsweek. New York. http://www.newsweek.com/dna-dilemma-should-i- take-genetic-test-71661 [Accessed 20 December 2013].
70. Carver, K.H. (2010) Companion Diagnostics: Evolving FDA Regulation and Issues for Resolution. In: Danzis, S.D. and Flannery, E.J. (eds) In Vitro Diagnostics: The Complete Regulatory Guide. Washington DC: Food and Drug Law Institute, 149-84.
71. Celera Genomics Inc. (2001) The SNP Consortium Reaches Agreement with Celera Genomics and Applied Biosystems to Construct Genome-Wide SNP Linkage Map. [online] Available at: https://www.celera.com/celera/pr_1056665993 [Accessed 7 January 2014].
72. Chadarevian, S. and Kamminga, H. (1998) Introduction. Moleculari%ing Biology and Medicine: New Practices and Alliances 1910s—1970s. Amsterdam: Overseas Publishers Association, 1-16.
73. Chalmers, I. (1993) The Cochrane Collaboration: Preparing, Maintaining, and Disseminating Systematic Reviews of the Effects of Health Care. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 703: 156-65.
74. Cheeseman, K. (2000) Memorandum by AstraZeneca Research and Development. House of Lords Science and Technology Committee. London.
75. Chen, W (1992) The Laboratory as Business: Sir Almroth Wright's Vaccine Programme and the Construction of Penicillin. In: Cunningham, A. and Williams, P. (eds) The Laboratory Revolution in Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 245-92.
76. Chua, E.W and Kennedy, M.A. (2012) Current State and Future Prospects of Direct-to-consumer (dtc) Pharmacogenetics. Frontiers in Pharmacology 3: 1-8.
77. Clarke, A., Mamo, L., Fosket, J.R., et al. (2010) Biomedicalization: Technoscience, Health and Illness in the US. London: Duke University Press.
78. Cohen, J.P. (2012) Overcoming Regulatory and Economic Challenges Facing Pharamcogenomics. New Biotechnology.
79. Collins, F. (2010a) Has the Revolution Arrived? Nature 464: 674-5.
80. Collins, F. (2010b) The Language of Life: DNA and the Revolution in Personalized Medicine. London: HarperCollins Books.
81. Collins, F., Guyer, M.S. and Chakravarti, A. (1997) Variations on a Theme: Cataloging Human Dna Sequence Variation. Science 278: 1580-81.
82. Collins, R.E., Wright, AJ. and Marteau, T.M. (2010) Impact of Communicating Personalized Genetic Risk Information on Perceived Control Over the Risk: a Systematic Review. Genetics in Medicine 13: 273-7.
83. Colwell, C. (1996) Discipline and Control: Butler and Deleuze on Individuality and Dividuality. Philosophy Today 40: 211-16.
84. Connor, S. (2003) Glaxo Chief: Our Drugs Do Not Work on Most Patients. The Independent. 8 December 2003 edn. London.
85. Cook-Deegan, R. (1991) The Human Genome Project: The Formation of Federal Policies in the United States, 1986-1990. In: Hanna, K.E. (ed.) Biomedical Politics. Washington DC: National Academies Press, 99-175.
86. Cooper, R., Kaufman, J.S. and Ward, R. (2004) Race and Genomics. New England Journal of Medicine 348: 1166-75.
87. Cornetta, K. and Brown, C.G. (2013) Balancing Personalized Medicine and Personalized Care. Academic Medicine 88: 309-13.
88. Corrigan, O.P. (2002) A Risky Business: The Detection of Adverse Drug Reactions in Clinical Trials and Post-marketing Exercises. Social Science and Medicine 55: 497-507.
89. Corrigan, O.P. (2004) Informed Consent: The Contradictory Ethical Safeguards in Pharmacogenetics. In: Tutton, R. and Corrigan, O.P. (eds) Genetic Databases: Socio-ethicalIssues in the Collection and Use of DNA. London: Routledge, 78-96.
90. Cosgrove, L., Krimsky, S., Vijayaraghavan, M. and Schneider, L. (2006). Financial ties between DSM-IV Panel Members and the Pharmaceutical Industry. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 75, 154-60.
91. Cuatrecasas, P. (2006) Drug Discovery in Jeopardy. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 116: 2837-42.
92. Cutler, D.M. (2007) The Demise of the Blockbuster? New England Journal of Medicine 356: 1292-3.
93. Davis, C. and Abraham, J. (2011) Desperately Seeking Cancer Drugs: Explaining the Emergence and Outcomes of Accelerated Pharmaceutical Regulation. Sociology of Health & Illness 33: 731-47.
94. Davison, C., Macintyre, S. and Smith, G.D. (1994) The Potential Social Impact of Predictive Genetic Testing for Susceptibility to Common Chronic Diseases: a Review and Proposed Research Agenda. Sociology of Health & Illness 16: 340-71.
95. de Oliveira, J.R.M. (2010) Response to Alison Abbott Schizophrenia: The Drug Deadlock. Nature 458: 158-9.
96. Debenham, P. (1995) Oral Evidence. House of Commons Science and Technology Committee. London.
97. deCODE Genetics Inc. (2007a) deCODE Launches deCODEme™. [online] deCODE Genetics Inc. Available at: http://www.decode.com/news/news. php?story=37 [Accessed 20 August 2012].
98. deCODEGenetics Inc. (2007b) Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Washington Dc: Securities and Exchange Commission.
99. Deleuze, G. (1992) Postscript on the Societies of Control. October 59: 3-7.
100. Department of Health and Human Services (2007) Personalised Healthcare: Opportunities, Pathways, Resources. Washington DC: US Department of Health and Human Services.
101. Dermitzakis, E.T. and Clark, A.G. (2009) Life After Gwa Studies. Science 326: 239-40.
102. DiMasi, J.A., Hansen, R.W and Grabowski, H.G. (2003) The Price of Innovation: New Estimates of Drug Development Costs. Journal of Health Economics 22: 151-85.
103. Dodson, C. (2011) Knowledge and Attitudes Concerning Pharmacogenomics Among Healthcare Professionals. Personalised Medicine 8: 421-8.
104. Doll, R. and Hill, A.B. (1956) Lung Cancer and Other Causes of Death in Relation to Smoking: a Second Report on the Mortality of British Doctors. The British Medical Journal2: 1071-81.
105. Downton, F. (1960) [untitled]. The Mathematical Gazette 44: 152-4.
106. Dracopoli, N.C. (2003) Pharmacogenomic Applications in Clinical Development. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 52: S57-S60.
107. Dumit, J. (2003) A Pharmaceutical Grammar: Drugs for Life and Direct-to- consumer Advertising in an Era of Surplus Health. Unpublished paper, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis.
108. Dumit, J. (2012) Drugs for Life: How Pharmaceutical Companies Define Our Health. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
109. Duster, T. (2003) Backdoor to Eugenics. New York: Psychology Press.
110. Egger, G. and Swinburn, B. (1997) An ‘Ecological’ Approach to the Obesity Pandemic, British Medical Journal, 315 (7106): 477.
111. Engel, G. (1977) The Need for a New Medical Model: a Challenge to Biomedicine. Science 196: 129-36.
112. Engel, G. (1980) The Clinical Application of the Biopsychosocial Model. American Journal of Psychiatry 137: 535-44.
113. Epstein, S. (2007) Inclusion: The Politics of Difference in Medical Research, Chicago: Chicago University Press.
114. European Society of Human Genetics. (2010b) Statement of the Eshg on Direct-to-consumer Genetic Testing for Health-related Purposes. European Journal of Human Genetics 18: 1271-1273.
115. Evans, J. and Green, R.C. (2010) Direct to Consumer Genetic Testing: Avoiding a Culture War. Genetics in Medicine 11: 568-9.
116. Evans, J.P. and Green, R.C. (2009) Direct to Consumer Genetic Testing: Avoiding a Culture War. Genetics in Medicine: Official Journal of the American College of Medical Genetics 11: 568.
117. Evans, J.P., Meslin, E.M., Marteau, T.M., et al. (2011) Deflating the Genomic Bubble. Science 331: 861-862.
118. Evans, R. (2010) Statement of Robert Evans, M.D. to Subcommitee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Energy and Commerce. Washington, DC.
119. Fears, R., Weatherall, D. and Poste, G. (1999) The Impact of Genetics on Medical Education and Training. British Medical Bulletin 55: 460-70.
120. Fein, AJ. (2012) Medco's Pharmacogenomic Future. Drug Channels. 27 May 2010 edn.
121. Ferguson, T. (2000) The Rise of the Medical Prosumer healthy.net [blog]. Available at: http://www.healthy.net/scr/article.aspx?Id=1039 [Accessed 11 July 2013].
122. Ferver, K., Burton, B. and Jesilow, P. (2009) The Use of Claims Data in Healthcare Research. The Open Public Health Journal2: 11-24.
123. Finkler, K. (2000) Experiencing the New Genetics: Family and Kinship on the Medical Frontier. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
124. Fisher, R.A. (1957) Dangers of Cigarette-smoking. The British Medical Journal 2: 297-8.
125. Fissell, M.E. (1991) The Disappearance of the Patient's Narrative and the Invention of Hospital Medicine. In: French, R. and Wear, A. (eds) British Medicine in an Age of Reform. London and New York: Routledge.
126. Fitzgerald, R. (2008) Biological Citizenship at the Periphery: Parenting Children with Genetic Disorders. New Genetics and Society 27: 251-66.
127. Flower, M. and Heath, D. (1993) Micro-anatomo Politics: Mapping the Human Genome Project. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 17: 27-41.
128. Fong, F. (2000) Challenges in Pharmacogenomics. Genetic Engineering News. 15 March 2000.
129. Food and Drug Administration. (2004) Innovation or Stagnation: Challenge and Opportunity on the Critical Path to New Medical Products. Silver Spring, Maryland: US Food and Drug Administration.
130. Food and Drug Administration. (2005) Guidance for Industry: Pharmacogenomic Data Submissions. Silver Spring, Maryland: US Food and Drug Administration.
131. Food and Drug Administration. (2006) Guidance for Industry: Labellingfor Human Prescription Drug and Biological Products — Implementing the New Content and Format Requirements. Silver Spring, Maryland: US Food and Drug Administration.
132. Food and Drug Administration. (2007) Guidance for Industry: Pharmacogenomic Tests and Genetic Tests for Heritable Markers. Silver Spring, Maryland: US Food and Drug Administration.
133. Food and Drug Administration (2008) Labelfor Ziagen®. [online] Available at: www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/020977s019,020978s 022lbl.pdf [Accessed 7 January 2014].
134. Food and Drug Administration. (2008) Guidance for Industry: E15 Definitions for Genomic Biomarkers, Pharmacogenomics, Pharmacogenetics, Genomic Data and Sample Coding Categories. Silver Spring, Maryland: US Food and Drug Administration.
135. Food and Drug Administration. (2009) Guidance for Industry: Clinical Pharmacology Section of Labeling for Human Prescription Drug and Biological Products — Content and Format, Draft Guidance. Silver Spring, Maryland: US Food and Drug Administration.
136. Food and Drug Administration. (2011a) Guidance for Industry and Food and Drug Administration Staff — In Vitro Companion Diagnostic Devices. Silver Spring, Maryland: US Food and Drug Administration.
137. Food and Drug Administration. (2011b) Guidance for Industry: E16 Biomarker Related to Drug or Biotechnology Product Development - Context, Structure and Format of Qualification Submissions. Silver Spring, Maryland: US Food and Drug Administration.
138. Food and Drug Administration. (2014) Table of Pharmacogenomic Biomarkers in Drug Labels. [online] Available at: www.fda.gov/Drugs/ScienceResearch/ResearchAreas/Pharmacogenetics/[Accessed 7 January 2014].
139. Fortun, M. (2001) Mediated Speculations in the Genomics Futures Markets. New Genetics and Society 20: 139-56.
140. Fortun, M. (2008) Promising Genomics: Iceland and DeCODE Genetics in a World of Speculation. Berkeley: University of California Press.
141. Foucault, M. (1978) The History of Sexuality, Volume I. New York: Pantheon.
142. Fox, C.S., Evans, J.C., Larson, M.G., et al. (2004) Temporal Trends in Coronary Heart Disease Mortality and Sudden Cardiac Death from 1950 to 1999 in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 110: 522-7.
143. Fox, S. (2013) The Self-Tracking Data Explosion. PewInternet [blog] 4 June 2013 Available at: http://pewinternet.org/Presentations/2013/Jun/Health- Datapalooza.aspx [Accessed 8 January 2014].
144. Franklin, S. (2000) Life Itself: Global Nature and the Genetic Imaginary. In: Franklin, S., Lury, C. and Stacey, J. (eds) Global Nature, Global Culture. London: SAGE, 188-227.
145. Frantz, S. (2004) FDA Publishes Analysis of the Pipeline Problem. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 3: 379.
146. Friend, T. (1998) Drug Revolution Shakes Industry. USA Today. Washington DC.
147. Froud, J., Johal, S., Leaver, A, et al. (2006) Financialization and Strategy: Narrative and Numbers. Oxford: Routledge.
148. Fujimura, J. (2003) Future Imaginaries: Genome Scientists as Sociocultural Entrepreneurs. In: Goodman, A.H., Health, D. and Lindee, S.M. (eds) Genetic Nature/Culture: Anthropology and Science Beyond the Two-Culture Divide. Berkeley: University of California Press.
149. Gagnon, R. and Lexchin, J.R. (2008) The Cost of Pushing Pills: A New Estimate of Pharmaceutical Promotion Expenditures in the United States. PLOS Medicine 5: 29-33.
150. GAO. (2010) Direct-to-consumer Genetic Tests: Misleading Test Results Are Further Complicated by Deceptive Marketing and Other Questionable Practices. Washington DC: US Government Accountability Office.
151. Gardiner, SJ. and Begg, EJ. (2005) Pharmacogenetic Testing for Drug Metabolizing Enzymes: is It Happening in Practice? Pharmacogenet Genomics 15: 365-9.
152. Garrod, A.E. (1902) The Incidence of Alkaptonuria: a Study in Chemical Individuality. The Lancet 2: 1616-20.
153. Garrod, A.E. (1926) An Address on the Science of Clinical Medicine, Given at the Westminster Hospital, October 1st 1926. British Medical Journal2: 621-4.
154. Geison, G.L. (1979) Divided We Stand: Physiologists and Clinicians in the American Context. In: Vogel, J.M. and Rosenberg, C.E. (eds) The Therapeutic Revolution: Essays in the Social History of American Medicine. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 67-89.
155. Genaissance Pharmaceuticals Inc. (1997) Genaissance Gets $2.5 Million for Personalized Rugs; New Technology Could Fast Track Drugs to the Marketplace. [Press release] 17 September 1997.
156. Genentech Inc. (1998) Results of Phase Iii Studies Announced for Her2 Antibody Herceptin. [online] San Francisco: Genentech Inc. Available at: http://www.gene.com/media/press-releases/4783/1998-05-18/results-of- phase-iii-studies-announced-f [Accessed 7 January 2014].
157. Ghaemi, S.N. (2009) The Rise and Fall of the Biopsychosocial Model. The British Journal of Psychiatry 195: 3-4.
158. Gibson, WM. (1971) Can Personalized Medicine Survive? Can Fam Physician 17: 29-88.
159. Gieryn, T. (1983) Boundary-work and the Demarcation of Science from Non-science: Strains and Interests in Professional Ideologies of Scientists. American Sociological Review 48: 781-95.
160. Gilbert, W. (1992) A Vision of the Grail. In: Kelves, D. and Hood, L. (eds) The Code of Codes: Scientific and Social Issues in the Human Genome Project. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
161. Goetz, T. (2010) The Decision Tree: Taking Control of your Health in the New Era of Personalized Medicine. Rodale Books.
162. Gould, A.C. (2010) Statement of Ashley C. Gould, General Counsel, 23andMe, Inc. to Hearing on Direct-to-consumer Genetic Testing and the Consequences to the Public Health. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Energy and Commerce. Washington DC: United States Congress.
163. Grabowski, H. and Mullins, C.D. (1997) Pharmacy Benefit Management, Cost-effectiveness Analysis and Drug Formulary Decisions. Social Science & Medicine, 45: 535-44.
164. Greene, J. (2007). Prescribing by Numbers: Drugs and the Definition of Disease, Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
165. Groves, C. and Tutton, R. (2013). Walking the Tightrope: Expectations and Standards in Personal Genomics. BioSocieties 8: 181-204.
166. Gutkind, L. and Kennedy, P. (2012) An Immense New Power to Heal: The Promise of Personalized Medicine. NY: In Fact Books.
167. Guyatt, G., J.C., D.C., et al. (1992). Evidence-based medicine: A new approach to teaching the practice of medicine. JAMA 268: 2420-5.
168. Hafter, E. (1976). [Gastroenterology yesterday and today]. Schweiz MedWochenschr 106: 262-6.
169. Haga, S.B., Burke, W, Ginsburg, G.S., et al. (2012) Primary Care Physicians’ Knowledge of and Experience with Pharmacogenetic Testing. Clinical Genetics 82: 388-94.
170. Hallowell, N. (1999) Doing the Right Thing: Genetic Risk and Responsibility. In: Conrad, P. and Gabe, J. (eds) Sociological Perspectives on the New Genetics Oxford: Blackwell, 97-120.
171. Hamburg, M.A. and Collins, F.S. (2010) The Path to Personalized Medicine. New England Journal of Medicine 363: 301-304.
172. Hapgood, R. (2003) The Potential and Limitations of Personalized Medicine in the Doctor-patient Relationship. Pharmacogenomics 4: 685-7.
173. Harries, M. and Smith, I. (2002) The Development and Clinical Use of Trastuzumab (Herceptin). Endocrine-Related Cancer 9: 75-85.
174. Harris, A. (2014) Autobiologies on YouTube: Narratives of Direct-to-consumer Genetic Testing, New Genetics and Society.
175. Harrison, S., Moran, M. and Wood, B. (2002) Policy Emergence and Policy Convergence: The Case of ‘Scientific-bureaucratic Medicine’ in the United States and United Kingdom. The British Journal of Politics & International Relations 4: 1-24.
176. Haseltine, WA. (1998) Not Quite Pharmacogenomics. Nat Biotech 16: 1295.
177. Hawthorne, F. (2005) Inside the FDA: The Business and Politics Behind the Drugs We Take and the Food We Eat. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
178. Healy, D. (2012) Pharmageddon. Berkeley: University of California Press.
179. Hedgecoe, A. (2003) Terminology and the Construction of Scientific Disciplines: The Case of Pharmacogenomics. Science, Technology & Human Values 28: 513-37.
180. Hedgecoe, A and Martin, P. (2003) The Drugs Don’t Work: Expectations and the Shaping of Pharmacogenetics. Social Studies of Science 33: 327-64.
181. Hedgecoe, A. (2004) The Politics of Personalised Medicine: Pharmacogenetics in the Clinic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
182. Hedgecoe, A. (2008) From Resistance to Usefulness: Sociology and the Clinical Use of Genetic Tests. BioSocieties 3: 183-94.
183. Henderson, M. (2011) Revolution in genetics exposes NHS flaws. The Times. 3 August 2011 edn. London.
184. Henderson, S. and Petersen, A. (2002) Introduction. In: Henderson, S. and Petersen, A. (eds) Consuming Health: The Commodification of Health Care. London and New York: Routledge, 1-9.
185. Henrikson, N.B., Bowen, D. and Burke, W (2009) Does Genome Risk Information Motivate People to Change their Behaviour? Genome Medicine 1: 1-3.
186. Higgs, J., Gambhir, N., Ramsden, S.C., et al. (2010) Pharmacogenetic Testing in the United Kingdom Genetics and Immunogenetics Laboratories. Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers 14: 121-5.
187. Higgs, J.E., Andrews, J., Gurwitz, D., et al. (2008) Pharmacogenetics Education in British Medical Schools. Genomic Medicine 2: 101-105.
188. Hill, B.A. (1951) The Clinical Trial. British Medical Bulletin 7: 278-82.
189. Hindorff, L.A., MacArthur J., Morales J., Junkins, H.A., Hall, P.N., Klemm A.K., and Manolio, T.A. (2012) A Catalog of Published Genome-wide Association Studies. [online] Available at: www.genome.gov/gwastudies [Accessed 22 August 2012].
190. Hirschhorn, J.N. and Daly, MJ. (2005) Genome-wide Association Studies for Common Diseases and Complex Traits. Nature Reviews Genetics 6: 95-108.
191. Hogarth, S., Javitt, G. and Melzer, D. (2008) The Current Landscape for Direct- to-consumer Genetic Testing: Legal, Ethical and Policy Issues. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 9: 161-82.
192. Holland S. (2001) Contested Commodities at Both Ends of Life: Buying and Selling Gametes, Embryos, and Body Tissues. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 11: 263-84.
193. Holmes, M.V, Shah, T., Vickery, C., et al. (2009) Fulfilling the Promise of Personalized Medicine? Systematic Review and Field Synopsis of Pharmacogenetic Studies. PLOS One 4: e7960.
194. Holtzman, N.A. and Watson, M.S. (1997) Final Report of the Task Force on Genetic Testing. Bethesda: National Institutes for Health.
195. Hood, E. (2003) Pharmacogenomics - The Promise of Personalized Medicine. Environmental Health Perspectives 111: A580-A589.
196. Hood, L. (2008) Systems Biology and Systems Medicine: from Reactive to Predictive, Personalized, Preventive and Participatory (p4) Medicine. Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2008. EMBS 2008. 30th Annual International Conference of the IEEE. cliv-cliv.
197. Hopkins, M.M., Ibarreta, D., Gaisser, S., et al. (2006) Putting Pharmacogenetics into Practice. Nat Biotech 24: 403-410.
198. House of Commons Science and Technology Committee. (1995) Human Genetics: The Science and its Consequences. House of Commons Science and Technology Committee. 1994-1995 ed. London.
199. House of Lords. (2009) Genomic Medicine. 2nd Report of Session 2008-09. London: House of Lords Science and Technology Committee.
200. Housman, D. and Ledley, F.D. (1998) Why pharmacogenomics? Why now? Nature Biotechnology 16: 492-493.
201. Howard, P. (2008) Hooray for blockbuster drugs. Medical Progress Today. [blog] 1 August Available at: www.medicalprogresstoday.com/spotlight/spotlight_indarchive.php?id=1761 [Accessed 7 January 2014].
202. Howards, H. and Borry, P. (2009) Personal Genome Testing: Do You Know What You Are Buying? American Journal of Bioethics 9: 11-13.
203. Hughes, A.R., Spreen, WR., Mosteller, M., et al. (2008) Pharmacogenetics of Hypersensitivity to Abacavir: From PGX Hypothesis to Confirmation to Clinical Utility. The Pharmacogenomics Journal 8: 365-74.
204. Hughes, B. (2009) Developing Tools for Stratified Medicine. Nat Rev Drug Discov 8: 919-20.
205. Human Genetic Examination Act (Genetic Diagnosis Act - GenDG) Buntersuchungen bei Menschen (Gendiagnostikgesetz - GenDG) 2010.
206. Human Genetics Commission. (2007) More Genes Direct: Report on Developments in the Availability, Marketing and Regulation of Genetic Tests Supplied Directly to the Public. London: Human Genetics Commission.
207. Human Genetics Commission. (2010) A Common Framework of Principles for Direct-to-consumer Genetic Testing Services: Principles and Consultation Questions. London: Human Genetics Commission, Department of Health.
208. Humphries, S.E., Drenos, F., Ken-Dror, G., et al. (2010) Coronary Heart Disease Risk Prediction in the Era of Genome-Wide Association Studies. Circulation 121: 2235-48.
209. Idle, J.R. and Smith, R.L. (1995) Pharmacogenetics in the New Patterns of Healthcare Delivery. Pharmacogenetics and Genomics 5: 347-50.
210. Ikediobi, O.N. (2008) Somatic Pharmacogenomics in Cancer. The Pharmacogenomics Journal 8: 305-14.
211. Ingelman-Sundberg M. (2008) Pharmacogenomic Biomarkers for Prediction of Severe Adverse Drug Reactions. New England Journal of Medicine 358: 637-9.
212. Institute for Alternative Futures. (1997) Clinical Development 2005. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Alternative Futures.
213. International HapMap Constium. (2003) The International HapMap Project. Nature 426 789-96.
214. Irvine, R. (2002) Fabricating ‘Health Consumers’ in Health Care Politics. In: Henderson, S. and Petersen, A. (eds) Consuming Health: The Commodification of Health Care. London and New York: Routledge, 31-47.
215. Issa, A.M. (2007) Personalized Medicine and the Practice of Medicine in the 21st Century. McGillJournal of Medicine 10: 53-7.
216. Issa, A.M., Phillips, K.A., Todd Weiss, L., et al. (2006) Innovation in Personalized Medicine: BiDil® as a Case Study for Integrating Clinical and Policy Developments. Personalized Medicine 3: 421+.
217. Issa, A.M., Weiss, L.T., Tufail, W et al. (2006) Innovation in Personalized Medicine: BiDil® as a Case Study for Integrating Clinical and Policy Developments. Personalized Medicine 3: 421-7.
218. ITFoM Consortium (2012b) Flagship Final Report: IT Future of Medicine. Brussels: European Commission.
219. ITFoM Consortium. (2012a) The ‘Virtual Patient’ in Healthcare: IT Future of Medicine [online] Clinical Laboratory International. Available at: www.cli- online.com/featured-articles/the-virtual-patient-in-healthcare-it-future-of- medicine/[Accessed 8 January 2014].
220. Jakobsdottir, J., Gorin, M.B., Conley, Y.P., et al. (2009) Interpretation of Genetic Association Studies: Markers with Replicated Highly Significant Odds Ratios May Be Poor Classifiers. PLoS Genetics 5: e1000337.
221. Jardine, N. (1992) The Laboratory Revolution in Medicine as Rhetorical and Aesthetic Accomplishment. In: Cunningham, A. and Williams, P. (eds) The Laboratory Revolution in Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
222. Jewson, N.D. (1976) The Disappearance of the Sick-man from Medical Cosmology, 1770-1870. Sociology 10: 225-44.
223. Jones, D.S. (2013) How Personalized Medicine Became Genetic, and Racial: Werner Kalow and the Formations of Pharmacogenetics. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 68: 1-48.
224. Jones, D.S. and Perlis, R.H. (2006) Pharmacogenetics, Race, and Psychiatry: Prospects and Challenges. Harv Rev Psychiatry 14: 92-108.
225. Kadafour, M., Haugh, R., Posin, M., et al. (2009) Survey on Warfarin Pharmacogenetic Testing Among Anticoagulation Providers. Pharmacogenomics 10: 1853-60.
226. Kahn, J. (2004) How a Drug Becomes ‘Ethnic’: Law, Commerce, and the Production of Racial Categories in Medicine. Yale Journal of Health Policy, Law and Ethics IV: 1-46.
227. Kahn, J. (2005a) Illuminating BiDil. Nature Biotechnology 23: 903-903.
228. Kahn, J. (2005b) Putting Racial Drugs in Context (Rapid Response). British Medical Journal 330: 1036-7.
229. Kalow, W (2001) Interethnic Differences in Drug Response. In: Kalow, W, Meyer, U.A. and Tyndale, R.F. (eds) Pharmacogenomics. New York: Marcel Dekker.
230. Kaufman, D., Bollinger, J., Dvoskin, R., et al. (2012) Risky Business: Risk Perception and the Use of Medical Services Among Customers of DTC Personal Genetic Testing. Journal of Genetic Counseling 21: 413-22.
231. Kay, L.E. (1993) The Molecular Vision of Life: Caltech, the Rockefeller Foundation and the Rise of the New Biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
232. Kelleher, K. (2006) Personalize It. Wired. [online] July 2006. Available at: http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.07/biotech.html [Accessed 18 August 2013].
233. Kenen, R. (1994) The Human Genome Project: Creator of the Potentially Sick, Potentially Vulnerable and Potentially Stigmatized? In: Robinson, I. (ed.) Life and Death under High Technology Medicine. London: Manchester University Press and Fulbright Commission, 49-64.
234. Kennedy, G.C. (1997) Impact of Genomics on Therapeutic Drug Development. Drug Development Research 41: 112-19.
235. Kerr, A. (2005) Understanding Genetic Disease in a Socio-historical Context: a Case Study of Cystic Fibrosis. Sociology of Health & Illness 27: 873-96.
236. Kerr, A. and Shakespeare, T. (2002) Genetic Politics: From Eugenics to Genome Cheltenham: New Clarion Press.
237. Khoury, M.J., Evans, J. and Burke, W (2010) Personal Genomics and Personalized Medicine. Nature 464: 680.
238. Kirchheiner, J, Fuhr, U. and Brockmoller, J. (2005) Pharmacogenetics-based Therapeutic Recommendations - Ready for Clinical Practice? Nature Reviews: Drug Discovery 4: 639-47.
239. Kirk, M. (1997) Commercial gene testing: the need for professional and public debate. British Journal of Nursing 6: 1043-7.
240. Kitzmiller J.P, Groen DK, Phelps, M.A. et al. (2011) Pharmacogenomic testing: relevance in medical practice: Why drugs work in some patients but not in others. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 78: 243-57.
241. Knorr-Cetina, K. (2005) The Rise of the Culture of Life, EMBO Reports 6: 76-80.
242. Kramer, R. and Cohen, D. (2004) Functional genomics to new drug targets. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 3: 965-72.
243. Kruglyak, L. (2008) The Road to Genome-wide Association Studies. Nature Reviews Genetics 9: 314-18.
244. Kuo, WH., (2008) Understanding Race at the Frontier of Pharmaceutical Regulation: An Analysis of the Racial Difference Debate at the ICH. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 36: 498-505.
245. Kutz, G. (2010a) Statement of Gregory Kutz, M.D. Forensic Audits and Special Investigations, Government Accountability Office to Hearing on direct- to-consumer genetic testing and the consequences to the public health. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Energy and Commerce. Washington DC: United States Congress.
246. Lambert, D.R., Lurie, S.J., Lyness, J.M., et al. (2010) Standardizing and Personalizing Science in Medical Education. Academy of Medicine 85: 356-62.
247. Lambert, M. (2010) Bespoke Versus Ready-made: The Work of the Tailor in Eighteenth-century Britain. Costume 44: 56-65.
248. Lander, E.S. (1996) The New Genomics: Global Views of Biology. Science 274: 536-9.
249. Langreth, R. and Waldholz, M. (1999) New Era of Personalized Medicine. The Oncologist 4: 426-7.
250. Latham, J. and Wilson A. (2010) The Great DNA Data Deficit: Are Genes for Disease a Mirage? [online] Independent Science News Available at: http://independentsciencenews.org/health/the-great-dna-data-deficit/print/[Accessed 3 July 2012].
251. Latif, D.A. and McKay A.B. (2005) Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics Instruction in Colleges and Schools of Pharmacy in the United States. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 69: 23.
252. Latour, B. (1983) Give Me a Laboratory and I Will Raise the World. In: Knorr- Cetina, K. and Mulkay, M. (eds) Science Observed: Perspectives on the Social Study of Science. London: SAGE, 141-70.
253. Laurence, J. (2013) Doctors Say Drugs “profiteering” Threatens Lives. i Newspaper. 29 April 2013, London.
254. Lawrence, C. (1985) Incommunicable Knowledge: Science, Technology and the Clinical Art in Britain 1850-1914. Journal of Contemporary History 20: 503-20.
255. Lawrence, C. and Weisz G. (1998) Medical Holism: the Context. In: Lawrence, C. and Weisz, G. (eds) Greater than the Parts: Holism in Biomedicine, 1920-1950. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
256. Lazarou, J, Pomeranz, B.H. and PN, C. (1998) Incidence of Adverse Drug Reactions in Hospitalized Patients: a Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies. JAMA 279: 1200-1205.
257. Ledley, F.D. (2002) A Consumer Charter for Genomic Services. Nature Biotechnology 20: 767.
258. Lee, S.S.-J. and Crawley, L. (2009) Research 2.0: Social Networking and Direct- to-consumer (DTC) Genomics. The American Journal of Bioethics 9: 35-44.
259. Lesko, L. (2012) Interview: An Interview with Lawrence Lesko for Personalized Medicine. Personalized Medicine 10: 19-26.
260. Lesko, LJ. and Zineh I. (2010) DNA, Drugs and Chariots: on a Decade of Pharmacogenomics at the US FDA. Pharmacogenomics 11: 507-12.
261. Leukemia EiCM. (2013) The Price of Drugs for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is a Reflection of the Unsustainable Prices of Cancer Drugs: From the Perspective of a Large Group of CML Experts. Blood 121: 4439-42.
262. Levina, M. (2010) Googling Your Genes: Personal Genomics and the Discourse of Citizen Bioscience in the Network Age. Journal of Science Communication 9: 1-8.
263. Lewis, G. (2004) Tissue Collection and the Pharmaceutical Industry: Investigating Corporate Biobanks. In: Tutton, R. and Corrigan, O.P. (eds) Genetic Databases@ Socio-ethicalIssues in the Collection and Use of DNA. London: Routledge.
264. Light, D.W and Lexchin, J.R. (2012) Pharmaceutical Research and Development: What Do We Get for All That Money? British Medical Journal345:e4348.
265. Light, D.W. and Warburton, R. (2011) Demythologizing the High Costs of Pharmaceutical Research. BioSocieties: 1-17.
266. Lindee, S. (2005) Moments of Truth in Genetic Medicine. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
267. Lindpaintner, K. (2003) Pharmacogenetics: A New - or Not So New? - Concept in Healthcare. The Geneva Papers 28: 316-30.
268. Lock, M. (2001) Twice Dead: Organ Transplants and the Reinvention of Death. Berkeley: University of California Press.
269. Lock, M. and Gordon D. (1988) (eds) Biomedicine Examined. London: Kluwer Publishing.
270. Lupton, D. (1997) Consumerism, Reflexivity and the Medical Encounter. Social Science and Medicine 45: 373-81.
271. Lynmn, K. (2012) U Heads for ‘patent Cliff’. Minnesota Daily [online] 6 October Available at: http://www.mndaily.com/2011/10/06/u-heads-%E2% 80%98patent-cliff%E2%80%99 [Accessed 21 August 2013].
272. MacArthur, D. (2008) Cheap personal genomics: the death-knell for the industry? Genetic Futures. [blog] 10 September 2008 Available at: http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2008/09/cheap_personal_genomics_the_ de.php [Accessed 20 August 2012].
273. Macfarlane, G. (1984) Alexander Fleming: The Man and the Myth. London: Chatto and Windus: The Hogarth Press.
274. Maher, B. (2008) The Case of the Missing Heritability. Nature 456: 18-21.
275. Mallal, S., Phillips, E., Carosi, G., et al. (2008) HLA-B*5701 Screening for Hypersensitivity to Abacavir. New England Journal of Medicine 358: 568-79.
276. Mancinelli, L., Cronin, M. and Sadee, W. (2000) Pharmacogenomics: The Promise of Personalized Medicine. Aaps Pharmsci 2.
277. Manolio, T.A., Collins, F.S., Cox, N.J., et al. (2009) Finding the Missing Heritability of Complex Diseases. Nature 461: 747-53.
278. Marcus, G.E. (ed.) (1995) Technoscientific Imaginaries: Conversations, Profiles, and Memoirs. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
279. Marks, H.M. (1997) The Progress of Experiment: Science and Therapeutic Reform in the United States, 1900—1990, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
280. Marshall, A. (1997a) Getting the Right Drug into the Right Patient. Nature Biotechnology 15: 1249-52.
281. Marshall, A. (1997b) Laying the Foundations for Personalized Medicines. Nature Biotechnology 15: 954-7.
282. Marshall, E. (1997) Snipping Away at Genome Patenting. Science 277: 1752-3.
283. Marteau, T.M. and Lerman C. (2001) Genetic Risk and Behavioural Change. British Medical Journal322: 1056-9.
284. Marteau, T.M. and Weinman, J. (2006) Self-regulation and the Behavioural Response to DNA Risk Information: a Theoretical Analysis and Framework for Future Research. Social Science & Medicine 62: 1360-68.
285. Marteau, T.M., French, D.P., Griffin, S.J., et al. (2010) Effects of Communicating DNA-based Disease Risk Estimates on Risk-reducing Behaviours. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 10.
286. Martin, P. (1999) Genes as Drugs: The Social Shaping of Gene Therapy and the Reconstruction of Genetic Disease. Sociology of Health and Illness 21: 517-38.
287. McCarthy, L.C., Davies, KJ. and Campbell, D.A. (2002) Pharmacogenetics in Diverse Ethnic Populations - Implications for Drug Discovery and Development. Pharmacogenomics 3: 493-506.
288. McGowan, M.L., Fishman, J.R. and Lambrix, M.A. (2010) Personal Genomics and Individual Identities: Motivations and Moral Imperatives of Early Users. New Genetics and Society 29: 261-90.
289. Melton, L. (2003) Pharmacogenetics and Genotyping: On the Trail of SNPs. Nature 422: 917-23.
290. Melzer, D., Raven, A., Detmer, D.E., et al. (2003) My Very Own Medicine: What Must I Know? Information Policy for Pharmacogenetics. Cambridge: Public Health Genetics Foundation.
291. Merton, R.K. (1948) The Self-fulfilling Prophecy. The Antioch Review 8: 192-210.
292. Michael, M. (2000) Futures of the Present: from Perfomativity to Prehension. In: Brown, N., Rappert, B. and Webster, A. (eds) Contested Futures; A Sociology of Prospective Technoscience. London: Ashgate.
293. Millikan, R.C. (2006) Commentary: The Human Genome: Philosopher's Stone or Magic Wand? International Journal of Epidemiology 35: 578-80.
294. Milos, P.M. and Seymour, A.B. (2004) Emerging Strategies and Applications of Pharmacogenomics. Human Genomics 1: 444-5.
295. Mirowski, P. (2011) Science Mart: The Privatization of American Science. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
296. Moja, L, Tagliabue, L., Balduzzi, S., et al. (2012) Trastuzumab Containing Regimens for Early Breast Cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
297. Mol, A. (2008) The Logic of Care: Health and the Problem of Patient Choice. London: Routledge.
298. Mol, A., Moser, I. and Pols, J. (2010) Care: Putting Practice into Theory. In: Mol, A., Moser, I. and Pols, J. (eds) Care in Practice: On Tinkering in Clinics, Homes and Farms. Bielefeld: transcript Verlag.
299. More, C. (2011) News from 23andMe and FTDNA at SCGS 2011 Jamboree [blog] Your Genetic Genealogist, 12 June 2011. Available at: www yourgeneticgenealogist.com/2011/06/news-from-23andme-and-ftdna-at- scgs.html [Accessed 7 January 2014].
300. Moreira, T. (2010) When Are Trials Not Enough? Clinical Versus Cost- effectiveness in Controversy Over Access to Dementia Drugs in the NHS. In: Will, C. and Moreira, T. (eds) Medical Proofs, Social Experiments: Clinical Trials in Shifting Contexts. Farnham: Ashgate, 85-102.
301. Motulsky, A.G., QI, M. (2006). Pharmacogenetics, Pharmacogenomics and Ecogenetics. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B, 7, 169-70.
302. Motulsky, A.G. (1957) Drug Reactions, Enzymes, and Biochemical Reactions. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 165, 835-7.
303. Mulkay, M., Pinch, T. and Ashmore, M. (1987) Colonizing the Mind: Dilemmas in Application of Social Science. Social Studies of Science 17: 231-56.
304. Munos, B. (2009) Lessons from 60 Years of Pharmaceutical Innovation. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 8: 959-68.
305. Murphy, J.E., Green, J.S., Adams, L.A., et al. (2010) Pharmacogenomics in the Curricula of Colleges and Schools of Pharmacy in the United States. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 74: 7.
306. Murphy, S. (1999) The Early Days of the MRC Social Medicine Research Unit. Social History of Medicine 12: 389-406.
307. Murray, T.H. (1987) Gifts of the Body and the Needs of Strangers. Hastings Law Center Report, 30-38.
308. Nahta, R. and Esteva, FJ. (2006) Herceptin: Mechanisms of Action and Resistance. Cancer Letters 323: 123-38.
309. National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI). (2002) International Consortium Launches Genetic Variation Mapping Project. Bethesda: National Institutes of Health.
310. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (2008). Guide to the Methods of Technology Appraisal. [online] Available at: www.nice.org.uk/aboutnice/howwework/devnicetech/GuideToMethodsTechnologyAppraisal2008.jsp [Accessed 7 January 2014].
311. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (2013). Lung Cancer (Non-small-cell, Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase Fusion Gene, Previously Treated) — Crizotinib: Final Appraisal Determination. [online] Available at: http://www nice.org.uk/guidance/index.jsp?action=download&o=64900 [Accessed: 22 August 2013].
312. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (2014). Institute for Health and Care Excellence Home Page. [online] Available at: http://www.nice. org.uk/[Accessed 7 January 2014].
313. Navigenics Inc. (2007) Navigenics launches with pre-eminent team of advisors, collaborators and investors. [Press release] Available at: http://www.navigenics.com/visitor/about_us/press/releases/company_launch_110607/[Accessed 20 August 2012].
314. Navigenics Inc. (2012) Navigenics home page. [online] Available at: http://www.navigenics.com/[Accessed 20 August 2012].
315. Need, A.C. and Goldtsein, D.B. (2009) Next Generation Disparities in Human Genomics: Concerns and Remedies. Trends in Genetics 25: 489-94.
316. Nelkin, D. (1992) The Social Power of Genetic Information. In: Kelves, D. and Hood, L. (eds) The Code of Codes: Scientific and Social Issues in the Human Genome Project. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 177-90.
317. Nettleton, S. (2009) Commentary: The Appearance of New Medical Cosmologies and the Re-appearance of Sick and Healthy Men and Women: a Comment on the Merits of Social Theorizing. International Journal of Epidemiology 38: 633-6.
318. Neushul, P. (1993) Science, Government and the Mass Production of Penicillin. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 48: 371-95.
319. Newman, J. and Vidler E. (2006) Discriminating Customers, Responsible Patients, Empowered Users: Consumerism and the Modernisation of Health Care. Journal of Social Policy 35: 193.
320. Newman, WG. and Payne, K. (2008) Removing Barriers to a Clinical Pharmacogenetics Service. Personalized Medicine 5: 471-80.
321. NHGRI. (2002) International Consortium Launches Genetic Variation Mapping Project. Bethesda: National Institutes of Health.
322. NHS England 2014 Personal Health Budgets [website] Available at: www. personalhealthbudgets.england.nhs.uk/Topics/SupportProgramme/[Accessed 7 January 2014].
323. Nightingale, P. and Martin, P. (2004) The Myth of the Biotech Revolution. Trends in Biotechnology 22: 564-9.
324. NitroMed. (2004) First Heart Failure Study in African Americans Shows 43 Per Cent Improvement in Survival BiDil© Demonstrates Significant Improvement in Survival Rates in African American Heart Failure Patients [Press Release] 8 November 2004.
325. Novas, C. and Rose, N. (2000) Genetic Risk and the Birth of the Somatic Individual. Economy and Society 29: 485-513.
326. Oakley, A. (1997) Making Medicine Social: the Case of the Two Dogs with Bent Legs. In: Porter D (ed.) Social Medicine and Medical Sociology in the Twentieth Century. Amsterdam: Editions Rodopi.
327. Ooi, WL., Elston, R.C., Chen, VW, et al. (1986) Increased Familial Risk for Lung Cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 76: 217-22.
328. O’Riordan K. (2010) The Genome Incorporated: Constructing Biodigital Identity Farnham: Ashgate Publishing.
329. Osborne, R. (2013) Fresh from the Biotech Pipeline - 2012. Nature Biotechnology 31: 100-103.
330. Oxfam International (2014) Working for the Few [online]. Available at: http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/bp-working-for-few-political- capture-economic-inequality-200114-summ-en.pdf [Accessed 25 March 2014].
331. Parascandola, J. (2002) From Germs to Genes: Trends in Drug Therapy, 1852-2002. American Pharmaceutical Association. Philadelphia.
332. Parthasarathy, S. (2007) Building Genetic Medicine: Breast Cancer, Technology and the Comparative Politics of Health Care. Cambridge and London: The MIT Press.
333. PartneringNews. (2011) Rx and Dx pushed outside of model by personalized medicine. PartneringNews [online] Available at: http://ebdgroup.com/partneringnews/2011/03/rx-and-dx-pushed-outside-of-model-by- personalized-medicine/[Accessed 8 January 2014].
334. Paul, D. (1992) Eugenic Anxieties, Social Realities and Political Choices. Social Research 59: 663-83.
335. Paul, S.M., Mytelka, D.S., Dunwiddie, C.T., et al. (2010) How to Improve R&D Productivity: the Pharmaceutical Industry's Grand Challenge. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 9: 203-14.
336. Paulovich, A.G., Whiteaker, J.R., Hoofnagle, A.N., et al. (2008) The Interface Between Biomarker Discovery and Clinical Validation: the Tar Pit of the Protein Biomarker Pipeline. Proteomics — Clinical Applications 2: 1386-402.
337. Payne, K, Fargher, E.A., Roberts, S.A., et al. (2011) Valuing Pharmacogenetic Testing Services: a Comparison of Patients’ and Health Care Professionals’ Preferences. Value in Health: the Journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research 14: 121-34.
338. Pearson, T.A. and Manolio, T.A. (2008) How to Interpret a Genome-wide Association Study. Jama 299: 1335-44.
339. Pemberton, J. (2000) Origins and History of the Society for Social Medicine. [online] Available at: http://www.socsocmed.org.uk/history1.htm [Accessed 3 October 2011].
340. Persidis, A. (1998a) The Business of Pharmacogenomics. Nature Biotechnology 16: 209-210.
341. Persidis, A. (1998b) Pharmacogenomics and Diagnostics. Nature Biotechnology 16: 791-2.
342. Personal Genome Project (2014) Personal Genome Project home page [online] Available at: http://www.personalgenomes.org/[Accessed 7 January 2014].
343. Personalized Medicine Coalition. (2006) The Case for Personalized Medicine. Washington DC: Personalized Medicine Coalition.
344. Personalized Medicine Coalition. (2008) Personal Genomics and Industry Standards: Scientific Validity. Washington DC: Personalized Medicine Coalition.
345. Personalized Medicine Coalition. (2009) The Case for Personalized Medicine. Washington DC: Personalized Medicine Coalition.
346. Personalized Medicine Coalition. (2012) The Case for Personalized Medicine. 3rd Edition ed. Washington DC: Personalized Medicine Coalition.
347. Petersen, A. and Lupton, D. (1996) The New Public Health; Health and Self in the Age of Risk, London: Sage.
348. Pfizer (2013) NICE Does Not Recommend Xalkori (crizotinib) — a New Advance in ‘personalised Medicine’ for Lung Cancer Patients. [online] Available at: http://www.pfizer.co.uk/content/media [Accessed 22 August 2013].
349. Phillips, E. and Mallal, S. (2009) Successful Translation of Pharmacogenetics into the Clinic: the Abacavir Example. Molecular Diagnosis & Therapy 13: 1-9.
350. Phillips, EJ. (2006) Genetic Screening to Prevent Abacavir Hypersensitivity Reaction: Are We There Yet? Clinical Infectious Diseases 43: 103-105.
351. Piller, F.T. and Tseng, M.M. (2010) Handbook of Research in Mass Customization and Personalization. New Jersey: World Scientific Books.
352. Pirmohamed, M., James, S., Meakin, S., et al. (2004) Adverse Drug Reactions as Cause of Admission to Hospital: Prospective Analysis of 18,820 Patients. British Medical Journal329: 15-19.
353. Pisano, G. (2006) The Science Business: The Promise, the Reality and the Future of Biotech. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
354. PM Society. (2013) How VCCP Health Brings Consumer Advertising to Healthcare [Press Release] 30 January 2013 Available at: http://www.pmsociety.org.uk/article/advertising-awards-vccp-zelboraf-roche#sthash.XFQsakHb.dpuf [Accessed 19 August 2103].
355. Podolsky, S. (2006) Pneumonia Before Antibiotics: Therapeutic Evolution and Evaluation in Twentieth-Century America. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
356. Pollack, S.K. and Cobrun, J. (2013) FDA Goes 3-D FDA Voice. [blog] August 15, 2013. Available at: http://blogs.fda.gov/fdavoice/index.php/2013/08/fda-goes-3-d/#sthash.Omi3rucZ.dpuf [Accessed 23 January 2014].
357. Pollock, A. (2010) Consumers Slow to Embrace the Age of Genomics. The New York Times [online] 20 March 2010. Available at: www.nytimes. com/2010/03/20/business/[Accessed 7 January 2014].
358. Pollock, A. (2011) Transforming the Critique of Big Pharma. BioSocieties 6 (1): 106-18.
359. Porter, D. (2006b) How Did Social Medicine Evolve, and Where is it Heading? Plos Medicine 3: 1667-71.
360. Porter, R. (1999) The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present. London: Fontana Press.
361. Porter, T.M. (1995) Trust in Numbers: The Pursuit of Objectivity in Science and Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
362. PR Newswire. (1997) Genset and Abbott Laboratories Enter Strategic Alliance for Pharmacogenomics PR Newswire. [press Release] Available at: http://www prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/genset-and-abbott-laboratories-enter-strat egic-alliance-for-pharmacogenomics-156353595.html [Accessed 9 August 2013].
363. Prainsack, B. (2011) Voting with their Mice: Personal Genome Testing and the ‘participatory Turn’ in Disease Research. Accountability in Research-Policies and Quality Assurance 18, 3: 132-47.
364. Prainsack, B. and Vayena E. (2013) Beyond the Clinic: ‘Direct-to-consumer’ Genomic Profiling Services and Pharmacogenomics. Pharmacogenomics 14: 403+.
365. Prainsack, B., Reardon, J., Hindmarsh, R., et al. (2008) Personal Genomes: Misdirected Precaution. Nature 456: 34-35.
366. PricewaterhouseCoopers. (2007) The New Science of Personalized Medicine. [online] Available at: http://www.pwc.com/us/en/healthcare/publications/personalized-medicine.jhtml PricewaterhouseCoopers [Accessed 11 July 2013].
367. Pye-Smith, P. (1900) Medicine as a Science and Medicine as an Art. British Medical Journal 2: 280-84.
368. Raaijmakers, J.A.M., Koster, E.S. and Zee, A.-H.M.-vd. (2010) Pharmacogenetics and the Pharmaceutical Industry. Current Pharmaceutical Design 16: 238-44.
369. Rahemtulla, T. and Bhopal, R. (2005) Pharmacogenetics and Ethnically Targeted Therapies. British Medical Journal330: 1036-7.
370. Raman, S. and Tutton, R. (2010) Life, Science, and Biopower. Science Technology and Human Values 35: 711-34.
371. Rapp, R. (2000) Testing Women, Testing the Fetus, The Social Impact of Amniocentesis in America, New York: Routledge.
372. Ray, T. (2011a) FDA's Woodcock Says Personalized Drug Development Entering ‘long Slog’ Phase. GenomeWebNews [online] 26 November 2011. Available at: http://www.genomeweb.com/mdx/fdas-woodcock-says-personalized-drug-development-entering-long-slog-phase [Accessed 8 January 2014].
373. Ray, T. (2011b) Pfizer's Deal with Medco's Ubc Could Shed Light on New Personalized Rx Opportunities. GenomeWebNews [online] 2 November 2011. Available at: http://www.genomeweb.com/mdx/pfizers-deal-medcos-ubc- could-shed-light-new-personalized-rx-opportunities [Accessed 8 January 2014].
374. Ray, T. (2012a) Following Merger, Express Scripts May Cut Back Medco's Personalized Medicine Programs. GenomeWeb News [online] 9 May 2012 Available at: http://www.genomeweb.com/mdx/following-merger-express-scr ipts-may-cut-back-medcos-personalized-medicine-progr [Accessed 8 January 2014].
375. Ray, T. (2012b) Personalized Medicine in 2011: Some Successes, Slow Progress, Continued Economic Woes. GenomeWebNews [online] 4 January 2011. Available at: http://www.genomeweb.com/mdx/personalized-medicine-2011-some-successes-slow-progress-continued-economic-woes [Accessed 8 January 2014].
376. Ray, T. (2013a) FDA Approves Two New Pgx Drugs, Companion Test for Advanced Melanoma Patients. GenomeWebNews. [online] 29 May 2013 Available at: http://www.genomeweb.com/clinical-genomics/fda-approves- two-new-pgx-drugs-companion-test-advanced-melanoma-patients [Accessed 8 January 2014].
377. Ray, T. (2013b) Personalized Medicine in 2012: Industry Takes a Wait-and-See Approach Due to Market Unknowns [online] http://www.genomeweb.com/clinical-genomics/personalized-medicine-2012-industry-takes-wait-and-see- approach-due-market-unkno [Accessed 20 December 2013].
378. Reardon, J. (2010) The ‘persons’ and ‘genomics’ of Personal Genomics. Personalized Medicine 8: 95-107.
379. Reardon, J. (2012) The Democratic, Anti-racist Genome? Technoscience at the Limits of Liberalism. Science as Culture 21: 25-47.
380. Regalado, A. (1999) Inventing the Pharmacogenomics Business. American Journal of Health Systems Pharm 56: 40-50.
381. Reynolds, E.S. (1912) The Practice of Medicine as a Fine Art. British Medical Journal 1: 529-31.
382. Richards, M. (1993) The New Genetics: Some Issues for Social Scientists. Sociology of Health & Illness 15: 567-86.
383. Richards, M. (1996) Lay and Professional Knowledge of Genetics and Inheritance. Public Understanding of Science 5: 217-30.
384. Richards, M. (2010) Reading the Runes of My Genome: a Personal Exploration of Retail Genetics. New Genetics and Society 29: 291-310.
385. Rickwood, S. (2012) Redefining the Blockbuster Model: Why the $1 Billion Entry Point is No Longer Sufficient [online] Pharmaphorum 11 September Available at: http://www.pharmaphorum.com/articles/redefining-the- blockbuster-model-why-the-1-billion-entry-point-is-no-longer-sufficient- part-1 [Accessed 8 January 2014].
386. Risch, N. and Merikangas, K. (1996) The Future of Genetic Studies of Complex Human Diseases. Science 273: 1516-17.
387. Roberts, J.S. and Ostergren J. (2013) Direct-to-consumer Genetic Testing and Personal Genomics Services: a Review of Recent Empirical Studies. Current Genetic Medicine Reports 1: 182-200.
388. Robertson, A. (2001) Biotechnology, Political Rationality and Discourses on Health Risk. Health 5: 293-309.
389. Robinson, G.C. (1939) The Patient as a Person: A Study of the Social Aspects of Illness. New York: The Commonwealth Fund.
390. Roederer, M.W, Van Riper, M., Valgus, J., et al. (2011) Knowledge, Attitudes and Education of Pharmacists Regarding Pharmacogenetic Testing. Personalized Medicine 9: 19-27.
391. Rose, M.H. (1990) Interstate: Express Highway Politics 1939—1989, Knoxville: University of Tennessee.
392. Rose, N. (2006) The Politics of Life Itself: Biomedicine, Power and Subjectivity in the Twenty-First Century. London: Princeton University Press.
393. Rosenberg, C.E. (1979) The Therapeutic Revolution: Medicine, Meaning and Social Change in Nineteenth-century America. In: Vogel, J.M. and Rosenberg, C.E. (eds) The Therapeutic Revolution: Essays in the Social History of American Medicine. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 3-25.
394. Roses, A.D. (2002a) Pharmacogenetics Place in Modern Medical Science and Practice. Life Sciences 70: 1471-80.
395. Roses, A.D. (2002b) SNPs - Where's the Beef? The Pharmacogenomics Journal 2: 277-83.
396. Roses, A.D. (2004) Pharmacogenetics and Drug Development: The Path to Safer and More Effective Drugs. Nature Reviews Genetics 5: 645-56.
397. Rouse, M. (2007) Personalization. www.techtarget.com.
398. Rowe, N. (2011) Pills Just for You. The Guardian. Sunday 6 November 2011.
399. Ruano, G. (2004) Quo Vadis Personalized Medicine? Personalized Medicine 1: 1-7.
400. Rugnetta, M. and Kramer, W. (2009) Paving the Way for Personalized Medicine: Facilitating Inter-Agency Coordination for the Integration of Personalized Medicine into Our Health Care System. Center for American Progress. Available at: http://scienceprogress.org/2009/09/personalized-medicine/#_end4 [Accessed 22 August 2013].
401. Ryle, J. (1943) Social Medicine: Its Meaning and Scope. British Medical Journal 2: 633-636.
402. Sadee, W (1999) Pharmacogenomics. British Medical Journal319: 1286.
403. Salisbury, M. (2002) Pharma Follows the PGx Rx. [online] GenomeWebNews May 2002. Available at: http://www.genomeweb.com/pharma-follows-pgx-rx [Accessed 8 January 2014].
404. Schlich, T. (2007) The Art and Science of Surgery: Innovation and Concepts of Medical Practice in Operative Fracture Care, 1960s-1970s. Science, Technology and Human Values 32: 65-87.
405. Schmedders, M., van Aken, J., Feuerstein, G., et al. (2003) Individualized Pharmacogenetic Therapy: a Critical Analysis. Community Genetics 6: 114-19.
406. Schmid, E.F. and Smith, D.A. (2005) Keynote Review: Is Declining Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Industry a Myth? Drug Discovery Today 10: 1031-9.
407. Schork, N.J., Fallin, D. and Lanchbury, J.S. (2000) Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and the Future of Genetic Epidemiology. Clinical Genetics 58: 250-64.
408. Selin, C. (2008) The Sociology of the Future: Tracing Stories of Technology and Time. Sociology Compass 2: 1878-95.
409. Seng, K.C. and Seng, C.K. (2008) The Success of the Genome-wide Association Approach: A Brief Story of a Long Struggle. European Journal of Human Genetics 16: 554-64.
410. Senior, M. (2013) Evidence and Endpoints in Cancer: Can Both Payers and Regulators Be Satisfied? Realendpoints blog, [blog] Available at www realendpoints.com [accessed 21 August 2013]
411. Senior, V, Marteau, T.M. and Peters, TJ. (1999) Will Genetic Testing for Predisposition for Disease Result in Fatalism? A Qualitative Study of Parents Responses to Neonatal Screening for Familial Hypercholesterolaemia. Social Science & Medicine 48: 1857-60.
412. Shah, R.R. and Shah, D.R. (2012) Personalized Medicine: Is It a Pharmacogenetic Mirage? British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 74: 698-721.
413. Sheps, M.C. (1961) The Clinical Value of Drugs: Sources of Evidence. American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health 51: 647-54.
414. Sherman, L.A., Temple, R. and Merkatz, R.B. (1995) Women in Clinical Trials: An FDA Perspective. Science 269: 793-5.
415. Shove, E. (2010) Beyond the ABC: Climate Change Policy and Theories of Social Change. Journal of Environment and Planning, A. 42 (6): 1273.
416. Shove, E., Pantzar, A. and Watson, M. (2012) The Dynamics of Social Practice: Everyday Life and How it Changes. London: Sage.
417. Shorter, E. (2005) The History of the Biopsychosocial Approach in Medicine: Before and After Engel. In: White, P. (ed.) Biopsychosocial Medicine: An Integrated Approach to Understanding Illness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1-19.
418. Shuren, J. (2010) Statement of Jeffrey Shuren, M.D. to Hearing on Direct- to-consumer Genetic Testing and the Consequences to the Public Health. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Energy and Commerce. Washington DC: United States Congress.
419. Sicherman, B. (1977) The Uses of a Diagnosis: Doctors, Patients, and Neurasthenia. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences XXXII: 33-54.
420. Sigal, E. (2001) Post-genomics: where we’re going www.bms.com/news/features.
421. Silverman, M. and Lee, P.R. (1974) Pills, Profits and Politics. London: University of California Press.
422. Skinner, D. (2006) Racialized Futures Biologism and the Changing Politics of Identity. Social Studies of Science 36: 459-88.
423. Smart, A. and Martin, P. (2006) The Promise of Pharamcogenetics: Assessing the Prospects for Disease and Patient Stratification. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 37: 583-601.
424. Spallone, P. and Wilkie, T. (1999) Social, Ethical and Public Policy Implications of Advances in the Biomedical Sciences: the Wellcome Trust's Initiative on Pharmacogenetics. European Workshop on Legal, Regulatory and Ethical Aspects in Pharmacogenetics. Berlin: Wellcome Trust.
425. Spear, B.B., Heath-Chiozzi, M. and Huff, J. (2001) Clinical Application of Pharmacogenetics. Trends in Molecular Medicine 7: 201-4.
426. Spencer, C.C.A., Su, Z., Donnelly, P., et al. (2009) Designing Genome-Wide Association Studies: Sample Size, Power, Imputation, and the Choice of Genotyping Chip. PLoS Genet 5: e1000477.
427. Squassina, A., Artac, M., Karkabouna, S., et al. (2010) Realities and Expectations of Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine: Impact of Translating Genetic Knowledge into Clinical Practice. Pharmacogenomics 11: 1149-67.
428. Stacey, J. (2010) The Cinematic Life of the Gene. Durham: Duke University Press.
429. Starr, P. (1976) The Politics of Therapeutic Nihilism. The Hastings Center Report 6: 24-30.
430. Stix, G. (1998) Personal Pills: Genetic Differences May Dictate How Drugs Are Prescribed. Scientific American: 10-11.
431. Stix, G. (2002) Thinking Big: A Harvard Medical School Dropout Aims to Usher in the Personal-genomics Era. Scientific American 286: 30-31.
432. Strickland, E. (2013) The Gene Machine and Me. IEEE Spectrum.
433. Sturdy, S. (1998) Molecularization, Standardization and the History of Science. In: Chadarevian, Sd and Kamminga, H. (eds) Molecularizing Biology and Medicine: New Practices and Alliances 1910s—1970s. Amsterdam: Overseas Publishers Association, 273-92.
434. Sturdy, S. and Cooter, R. (1998) Science, Scientific Management and the Transformation of Medicine in Britain c. 1870-1950. History of Science xxxvi: 1-47.
435. Swan, M. (2012) Health 2050: The Realization of Personalized Medicine through Crowdsourcing, the Quantified Self, and the Participatory Biocitizen. Journal of Personalized Medicine 2: 93-118.
436. Symonds, W, Cutrell, A., Edwards, M., et al. (2002) Risk Factor Analysis of Hypersensitivity Reactions to Abacavir. Clinical Therapeutics 24: 565-73.
437. Synder, B. and Stuart, D. (2011) The Promise of Personalized Medicine [online] Vanderbilt Magazine. Summer 2011. Available at: www.vanderbilt.edu/magazines/vanderbilt-magazine/2011/08/the-promise-of-personalized- medicine/[Accessed 22 January 2014].
438. Synder, L. 1949 The Genetic Approach to Human Individuality. The Scientific Monthly, 68 (3); 165-71
439. Tate, S.K. and Goldstein, D.B. (2004) Will Tomorrow's Medicines Work for Everyone? Nature Genetics 36, S34-S42.
440. Teagarden, J.R. and Stanek, E.J. (2012) On Pharmacogenomics in Pharmacy Benefit Management. Pharmacotherapy, 32: 103-111.
441. Teslovich, T.M., Morris, A., Fontanillas, P., et al. (2012) Whole-exome Sequencing of 10,000 Type 2 Diabetes Cases and Controls from Five Major Ancestry Groups. American Society of Human Genetics Annual Meeting. San Francisco.
442. Timmermans, S. and Berg, M. (2003) The Gold Standard: The Challenge of Evidence-Based Medicine and Standardization in Health Care. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
443. Toffler, A. (1980) The Third Wave. London: Pan Books.
444. Triendl, R. and Gottweis. H. (2008) Governance by Stealth: Large-scale Pharmacogenomics and Biobanking in Japan. In: Gottweis. H, and Petersen, A. (eds) Biobanks: Governance in Comparative Perspective. London and New York: Routledge.
445. Trusheim, M.R., Berndt, E.R. and Douglas, F.L. (2007) Stratified Medicine: Strategic and Economic Implications of Combining Drugs and Clinical Biomarkers. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 6: 287-93.
446. Tucker, G. (2004) Pharmacogenetics - Expectations and Reality. British Medical Journal 329: 4-6.
447. Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development. (2011) Tufts CSDD's Official Response to the Recent Light & Warburton Commentary. [online] Available at: http://csdd.tufts.edu/news/complete_story/internal_news [Accessed 7 January 2014].
448. Tutton, R. and Prainsack, B. (2011) Enterprising or Altruistic Selves? Making Up Research Subjects in Genetics Research. Sociology of Health & Illness 33: 1081-95.
449. Urquhart, A.T. and Craddock, S. (2010) Private Cures for a Public Epidemic: Target(ing) HIV and AIDS Medications in the Twin Cities. In: Knopp, L. (ed.) Queer Twin Cities: Twin Cities GLBT Oral History Project. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 269-304.
450. van Lente, H. (1993) Promising Technology: The Dynamics of Expectations in Technological Developments. Twente: University of Twente.
451. van Lente, H. and Rip, A. (1998) The Rise of Membrane Technology: From Rhetorics to Social Reality. Social Studies of Science 28: 221-54.
452. Vanier, V (2010) Statement of Vance Vanier. President and CEO of Navigenics Inc. to Hearing on Direct-to-consumer Genetic Testing and the Consequences to the Public Health. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Energy and Commerce. Washington DC: United States Congress.
453. Varmus, H. (2002) Getting Ready for Gene-Based Medicine. New England Journal of Medicine 347: 1526-7.
454. Vesanen, J. (2005) What is Personalization? A Literature Review and Framework. Helsinki School of Economics Working Papers W-391. Helsinki.
455. Viseltear, A.J. (1997) Milton C. Winternitz and the Yale Institute of Human Relations: A Brief Chapter in Social Medicine. In: Porter, D. (ed.) Social Medicine and Medical Sociology in the Twentieth Century. Amsterdam: Editions Rodopi, 32-58.
456. Wade, C.H., Shiloh, S., Woolford, S.W, et al. (2011) Modelling Decisions to Undergo Genetic Testing for Susceptibility to Common Health Conditions: An Ancillary Study of the Multiplex Initiative. Psychology and Health 27: 430-44.
457. Wainwright, S., Williams, C., Michael, M., et al. (2007) Remaking the Body? Scientists’ Genetic Discourses and Practices as Examples of Changing Expectations on Embryonic Stem Cell Therapy for Diabetes. New Genetics and Society 26: 251-68.
458. Wainwright, S.P., Michael, M. and Williams, C. (2008) Shifting Paradigms? Reflections on Regenerative Medicine, Embryonic Stem Cells and Pharmaceuticals. Sociology of Health & Illness 30: 959-74.
459. Waldby, C. (1996) AIDS and the Body Politic: Biomedicine and Sexual Difference, London: Routledge.
460. Waldby, C. (2000) The Visible Human Project: Informatic Bodies and Posthuman Medicine. London: Routledge.
461. Wallace, H. (2009) Big Tobacco and the Human Genome: Driving the Scientific Bandwagon? Life Sciences, Society and Policy 5: 1-54.
462. Wapner, J. (2013) The Philadelphia Chromosome: A Mutant Gene and the Quest to Cure Cancer at the Genetic Level. New York: The Experiment Publishing.
463. Warner, J.H. (1985) From Specificity to Universalism in Medical Therapeutics: Transformation in the Nineteenth Century United States. In: Kawakita, Y., Sakai, S. and Otsuka, Y. (eds) History of Therapy, Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on the Comparative History of Medicine — East and West. Tokyo: Ishiyaku EuroAmerica, 193-224.
464. Warner, J.H. (1992) The Fall and Rise of Professional Mystery. In: Cunningham, A. and Williams, P. (eds) The Laboratory Revolution in Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
465. Warner, J.H. (1997) The Therapeutic Perspective: Medical Practice, Knowledge, and Identity in America, 1820—1885. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
466. Waxman, H.A. (2010) Statement of Rep. Henry A. Waxman, Chairman, to Hearing on Direct-to-consumer Genetic Testing and the Consequences to the Public Health. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Energy and Commerce. Washington DC: United States Congress.
467. Weber, W (1999) Populations and Genetic Polymorphisms. Molecular Diagnosis 4: 299-307.
468. Webster, A., Martin, P., Lewis, G., et al. (2004) Integrating Pharmacogenetics into Society: in Search of a Model. Nature Reviews Genetics 5: 663-9.
469. Weisz, G. (2005) From Clinical Counting to Evidence-based Medicine. Body Counts: Medical in Historical and Sociological Perspectives: 377-93.
470. Wellcome Trust Case-Control Consortium. (2007) Genome-wide Association Study of 14,000 Cases of Seven Common Diseases and 3,000 Shared Controls. Nature 447: 661-78.
471. Wikipedia (2014) Personalized Medicine. [online] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personalized_medicine [Accessed 7 January 2014].
472. Will, C. and Moreira, T. (2010) Introduction. In: Will, C. and Moreira, T. (eds) Medical Proofs, Social Experiments: Clinical Trials in Shifting Contexts. Farnham: Ashgate, 1-16.
473. Willard, H.F. and Ginsburg, G.S. (2010) Essentials of Genomic and Personalised Medicine, London, Academic Press.
474. Williams, R.W (2005) Politics and Self in the Age of Digital Re(pro) Ducibility. [online] Fast Capitalism. Available at: http://www.uta.edu/huma/agger/fastcapitalism/1_1/[Accessed 11 July 2013].
475. Williams-Jones B. (1998) Commercial Cystic Fibrosis Testing: Is Information Power or is Ignorance Bliss? Radar [Online]. Available from: http://www.ethics. ubc.ca/pad/Radar/radar/reviews/cftesting.htm#1 [Accessed 24 July 2012].
476. Wilson, I.D. (2009) Drugs, Bugs, and Personalized Medicine: Pharmacometabonomics Enters the Ring. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 106(34): 14187-8
477. Wingerson, L. (1990) Mapping our Genes: The Genome Project and the Future of Medicine. New York: Plume Books.
478. Wojcicki, A. (2009) Research Participants Have a Right to their Own Genetic Data. The Spitoon.[blog] 4 November 2009. Available at: http://spittoon.23andme.com/2009/11/04/let-research-participants-access-their- genomes/[Accessed 20 August 2012].
479. Wolinsky, H. (2006) Genetic Genealogy Goes Global. EMBO Reports 7: 1072-4.
480. Worboys, M. (2007) Was There a Bacteriological Revolution in Late-nineteenth Century Medicine? Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 38: 20-42.
481. Wray, N.R., Goddard, M.E. and Visscher, P.M. (2007) Prediction of Individual Genetic Risk to Disease from Genome-wide Association Studies. Genome Research 17: 1520-28.
482. Wright, C.F. and Gregory-Jones, S. (2010) Size of the Direct-to-consumer Genomic Testing Market. Genetics in Medicine 12: 594.
483. Wright, R. (1996) How Zantac Became the Best-selling Drug in History. Journal of Health Care Marketing 16: 24-9.
484. Young, J.H. (1961) The Toadstool Millionaires: A Social History of Patent Medicines in America before Federal Regulation. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
485. Young, R.A. (1905) Method in Medicine. British Medical Journal2: 881-3.
486. Yoxen, E. (1984) The Gene Business. London: Harper and Row.
487. Zuk, O., Hechter, E., Sunyaev, S.R., et al. (2012) The Mystery of Missing Heritability: Genetic Interactions Create Phantom Heritability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.