메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 309, Issue 2, 2015, Pages H244-H258

Should the sympathetic nervous system be a target to improve cardiometabolic risk in obesity?

Author keywords

Obesity; Sympathetic nervous system

Indexed keywords

ADIPOSE TISSUE; ADRENERGIC SYSTEM; CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK; FOOD INTAKE; HEART VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INTRAABDOMINAL FAT; KIDNEY DENERVATION; OBESITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SYMPATHETIC TONE; ANIMAL; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; COMPLICATION; METABOLISM; NERVE CELL INHIBITION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTOR; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 84937395446     PISSN: 03636135     EISSN: 15221539     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00096.2015     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (77)

References (182)
  • 1
    • 54749109169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dissociation between sympathetic nerve traffic and sympathetically mediated vascular tone in normotensive human obesity
    • Agapitov AV, Correia ML, Sinkey CA, Haynes WG. Dissociation between sympathetic nerve traffic and sympathetically mediated vascular tone in normotensive human obesity. Hypertension 52: 687-695, 2008.
    • (2008) Hypertension , vol.52 , pp. 687-695
    • Agapitov, A.V.1    Correia, M.L.2    Sinkey, C.A.3    Haynes, W.G.4
  • 2
    • 84862518232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obesity-related hypertension: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatments, and the contribution of perivascular adipose tissue
    • Aghamohammadzadeh R, Heagerty AM. Obesity-related hypertension: epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatments, and the contribution of perivascular adipose tissue. Ann Med 44, Suppl 1: S74-S84, 2012.
    • (2012) Ann Med , vol.44 , Issue.1 , pp. S74-S84
    • Aghamohammadzadeh, R.1    Heagerty, A.M.2
  • 7
    • 84858707907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Baroreflex activation therapy provides durable benefit in patients with resistant hypertension: Results of long-term follow-up in the Rheos Pivotal Trial
    • Bakris GL, Nadim MK, Haller H, Lovett EG, Schafer JE, Bisognano JD. Baroreflex activation therapy provides durable benefit in patients with resistant hypertension: results of long-term follow-up in the Rheos Pivotal Trial. J Am Soc Hypertens 6: 152-158, 2012.
    • (2012) J am Soc Hypertens , vol.6 , pp. 152-158
    • Bakris, G.L.1    Nadim, M.K.2    Haller, H.3    Lovett, E.G.4    Schafer, J.E.5    Bisognano, J.D.6
  • 8
    • 34848874507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A meta-analysis of 94,492 patients with hypertension treated with beta blockers to determine the risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus
    • Bangalore S, Parkar S, Grossman E, Messerli FH. A meta-analysis of 94,492 patients with hypertension treated with beta blockers to determine the risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol 100: 1254-1262, 2007.
    • (2007) Am J Cardiol , vol.100 , pp. 1254-1262
    • Bangalore, S.1    Parkar, S.2    Grossman, E.3    Messerli, F.H.4
  • 9
    • 59349116234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of carvedilol and metoprolol on serum lipid concentration in diabetic hypertensive patients
    • Bell DS, Bakris GL, McGill JB. Comparison of carvedilol and metoprolol on serum lipid concentration in diabetic hypertensive patients. Diabetes Obes Metab 11: 234-238, 2009.
    • (2009) Diabetes Obes Metab , vol.11 , pp. 234-238
    • Bell, D.S.1    Bakris, G.L.2    McGill, J.B.3
  • 12
    • 0036081632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced cardiovagal baroreflex gain in visceral obesity: Implications for the metabolic syndrome
    • Beske SD, Alvarez GE, Ballard TP, Davy KP. Reduced cardiovagal baroreflex gain in visceral obesity: implications for the metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 282: H630-H635, 2002.
    • (2002) Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol , vol.282 , pp. H630-H635
    • Beske, S.D.1    Alvarez, G.E.2    Ballard, T.P.3    Davy, K.P.4
  • 15
    • 79961189578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Baroreflex activation therapy lowers blood pressure in patients with resistant hypertension: Results from the doubleblind, randomized, placebo-controlled rheos pivotal trial
    • Bisognano JD, Bakris G, Nadim MK, Sanchez L, Kroon AA, Schafer J, de Leeuw PW, Sica DA. Baroreflex activation therapy lowers blood pressure in patients with resistant hypertension: results from the doubleblind, randomized, placebo-controlled rheos pivotal trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 58: 765-773, 2011.
    • (2011) J am Coll Cardiol , vol.58 , pp. 765-773
    • Bisognano, J.D.1    Bakris, G.2    Nadim, M.K.3    Sanchez, L.4    Kroon, A.A.5    Schafer, J.6    De Leeuw, P.W.7    Sica, D.A.8
  • 16
    • 84857773847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Renal sympathetic denervation reduces left ventricular hypertrophy and improves cardiac function in patients with resistant hypertension
    • Brandt MC, Mahfoud F, Reda S, Schirmer SH, Erdmann E, Bohm M, Hoppe UC. Renal sympathetic denervation reduces left ventricular hypertrophy and improves cardiac function in patients with resistant hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 59: 901-909, 2012.
    • (2012) J am Coll Cardiol , vol.59 , pp. 901-909
    • Brandt, M.C.1    Mahfoud, F.2    Reda, S.3    Schirmer, S.H.4    Erdmann, E.5    Bohm, M.6    Hoppe, U.C.7
  • 19
    • 84920198050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obesity-induced increases in sympathetic nerve activity: Sex matters
    • Brooks VL, Shi Z, Holwerda SW, Fadel PJ. Obesity-induced increases in sympathetic nerve activity: sex matters. Auton Neurosci 187: 18-26, 2015.
    • (2015) Auton Neurosci , vol.187 , pp. 18-26
    • Brooks, V.L.1    Shi, Z.2    Holwerda, S.W.3    Fadel, P.J.4
  • 20
    • 84866550934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy: A mechanistic approach to optimizing regression assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance
    • Burns J, Ball SG, Worthy G, Struthers AD, Mary DA, Greenwood JP. Hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy: a mechanistic approach to optimizing regression assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Hypertens 30: 2039-2046, 2012.
    • (2012) J Hypertens , vol.30 , pp. 2039-2046
    • Burns, J.1    Ball, S.G.2    Worthy, G.3    Struthers, A.D.4    Mary, D.A.5    Greenwood, J.P.6
  • 21
    • 34247262173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between central sympathetic drive and magnetic resonance imaging-determined left ventricular mass in essential hypertension
    • Burns J, Sivananthan MU, Ball SG, Mackintosh AF, Mary DA, Greenwood JP. Relationship between central sympathetic drive and magnetic resonance imaging-determined left ventricular mass in essential hypertension. Circulation 115: 1999-2005, 2007.
    • (2007) Circulation , vol.115 , pp. 1999-2005
    • Burns, J.1    Sivananthan, M.U.2    Ball, S.G.3    Mackintosh, A.F.4    Mary, D.A.5    Greenwood, J.P.6
  • 22
    • 79959334521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Heart Association Professional Education Committee. Resistant hypertension: Diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Professional Education Committee of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research
    • Calhoun DA, Jones D, Textor S, Goff DC, Murphy TP, Toto RD, White A, Cushman WC, White W, Sica D, Ferdinand K, Giles TD, Falkner B, Carey RM; American Heart Association Professional Education Committee. Resistant hypertension: diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Professional Education Committee of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research. Circulation 117: e510-e526, 2008.
    • (2008) Circulation , vol.117 , pp. e510-e526
    • Calhoun, D.A.1    Jones, D.2    Textor, S.3    Goff, D.C.4    Murphy, T.P.5    Toto, R.D.6    White, A.7    Cushman, W.C.8    White, W.9    Sica, D.10    Ferdinand, K.11    Giles, T.D.12    Falkner, B.13    Carey, R.M.14
  • 23
    • 56749183891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obesity-induced glomerular hyperfiltration: Its involvement in the pathogenesis of tubular sodium reabsorption
    • Chagnac A, Herman M, Zingerman B, Erman A, Rozen-Zvi B, Hirsh J, Gafter U. Obesity-induced glomerular hyperfiltration: its involvement in the pathogenesis of tubular sodium reabsorption. Nephrol Dial Transplant 23: 3946-3952, 2008.
    • (2008) Nephrol Dial Transplant , vol.23 , pp. 3946-3952
    • Chagnac, A.1    Herman, M.2    Zingerman, B.3    Erman, A.4    Rozen-Zvi, B.5    Hirsh, J.6    Gafter, U.7
  • 25
    • 84875448511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved hypertension control with the imidazoline agonist moxonidine in a multinational metabolic syndrome population: Principal results of the MERSY study
    • Chazova I, Schlaich MP. Improved hypertension control with the imidazoline agonist moxonidine in a multinational metabolic syndrome population: principal results of the MERSY study. Int J Hypertens 2013: 541689, 2013.
    • (2013) Int J Hypertens , pp. 2013
    • Chazova, I.1    Schlaich, M.P.2
  • 26
    • 84864832599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: Metaanalysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials
    • Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaborators
    • Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaborators, Mihaylova B, Emberson J, Blackwell L, Keech A, Simes J, Barnes EH, Voysey M, Gray A, Collins R, Baigent C. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: metaanalysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials. Lancet 380: 581-590, 2012.
    • (2012) Lancet , vol.380 , pp. 581-590
    • Mihaylova, B.1    Emberson, J.2    Blackwell, L.3    Keech, A.4    Simes, J.5    Barnes, E.H.6    Voysey, M.7    Gray, A.8    Collins, R.9    Baigent, C.10
  • 27
    • 84855452876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vasodilatation induced by beta2 adrenergic receptor activation is impaired in obese hypertensives before and after weight loss
    • Correia M, Agapitov A, Sinkey C, Haynes W. Vasodilatation induced by beta2 adrenergic receptor activation is impaired in obese hypertensives before and after weight loss. J Hypertens 28: e437, 2010.
    • (2010) J Hypertens , vol.28 , pp. e437
    • Correia, M.1    Agapitov, A.2    Sinkey, C.3    Haynes, W.4
  • 29
    • 84900824252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The brain melanocortin system, sympathetic control, and obesity hypertension
    • da Silva AA, do Carmo JM, Wang Z, Hall JE. The brain melanocortin system, sympathetic control, and obesity hypertension. Physiology 29: 196-202, 2014.
    • (2014) Physiology , vol.29 , pp. 196-202
    • Da Silva, A.A.1    Do Carmo, J.M.2    Wang, Z.3    Hall, J.E.4
  • 30
    • 69249105682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition using captopril on energy balance and glucose homeostasis
    • de Kloet AD, Krause EG, Kim DH, Sakai RR, Seeley RJ, Woods SC. The effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition using captopril on energy balance and glucose homeostasis. Endocrinology 150: 4114-4123, 2009.
    • (2009) Endocrinology , vol.150 , pp. 4114-4123
    • De Kloet, A.D.1    Krause, E.G.2    Kim, D.H.3    Sakai, R.R.4    Seeley, R.J.5    Woods, S.C.6
  • 31
    • 14044267073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sustained weight loss in obese subjects has benefits that are independent of attained weight
    • Dixon JB, Anderson M, Cameron-Smith D, O’Brien PE. Sustained weight loss in obese subjects has benefits that are independent of attained weight. Obes Res 12: 1895-1902, 2004.
    • (2004) Obes Res , vol.12 , pp. 1895-1902
    • Dixon, J.B.1    Erson, M.2    Cameron-Smith, D.3    O’brien, P.E.4
  • 32
    • 33750590651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dixon ME. Combined strategies in the management of obesity
    • Dixon JB, Dixon ME. Combined strategies in the management of obesity. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 15, Suppl: 63-69, 2006.
    • (2006) Asia Pac J Clin Nutr , vol.15 , pp. 63-69
    • Dixon, J.B.1
  • 33
    • 84872870881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential effects of renin-angiotensinaldosterone system inhibition, sympathoinhibition and diuretic therapy on endothelial function and blood pressure in obesity-related hypertension: A double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial
    • Dorresteijn JA, Schrover IM, Visseren FL, Scheffer PG, Oey PL, Danser AH, Spiering W. Differential effects of renin-angiotensinaldosterone system inhibition, sympathoinhibition and diuretic therapy on endothelial function and blood pressure in obesity-related hypertension: a double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial. J Hypertens 31: 393-403, 2013.
    • (2013) J Hypertens , vol.31 , pp. 393-403
    • Dorresteijn, J.A.1    Schrover, I.M.2    Visseren, F.L.3    Scheffer, P.G.4    Oey, P.L.5    Danser, A.H.6    Spiering, W.7
  • 34
    • 0038334588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactions between leptin and the human sympathetic nervous system
    • Eikelis N, Schlaich M, Aggarwal A, Kaye D, Esler M. Interactions between leptin and the human sympathetic nervous system. Hypertension 41: 1072-1079, 2003.
    • (2003) Hypertension , vol.41 , pp. 1072-1079
    • Eikelis, N.1    Schlaich, M.2    Aggarwal, A.3    Kaye, D.4    Esler, M.5
  • 36
    • 34247325960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adipose tissue and atherosclerosis: Exploring the connection
    • Fantuzzi G, Mazzone T. Adipose tissue and atherosclerosis: exploring the connection. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 27: 996-1003, 2007.
    • (2007) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , vol.27 , pp. 996-1003
    • Fantuzzi, G.1    Mazzone, T.2
  • 37
    • 33645747198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moxonidine: A review of its use in essential hypertension
    • Fenton C, Keating GM, Lyseng-Williamson KA. Moxonidine: a review of its use in essential hypertension. Drugs 66: 477-496, 2006.
    • (2006) Drugs , vol.66 , pp. 477-496
    • Fenton, C.1    Keating, G.M.2    Lyseng-Williamson, K.A.3
  • 39
    • 0027313055 scopus 로고
    • Sympathoneural and haemodynamic characteristics of young subjects with mild essential hypertension
    • Floras JS, Hara K. Sympathoneural and haemodynamic characteristics of young subjects with mild essential hypertension. J Hypertens 11: 647-655, 1993.
    • (1993) J Hypertens , vol.11 , pp. 647-655
    • Floras, J.S.1    Hara, K.2
  • 40
    • 77949592793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sympathetic and haemodynamic responses to lipids in healthy human ageing
    • Florian JP, Pawelczyk JA. Sympathetic and haemodynamic responses to lipids in healthy human ageing. Exp Physiol 95: 486-497, 2010.
    • (2010) Exp Physiol , vol.95 , pp. 486-497
    • Florian, J.P.1    Pawelczyk, J.A.2
  • 41
    • 0034611675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obesity in the new millennium
    • Friedman JM. Obesity in the new millennium. Nature 404: 632-634, 2000.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.404 , pp. 632-634
    • Friedman, J.M.1
  • 43
    • 77949539959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The association between obesity and anxiety disorders in the population: A systematic review and metaanalysis
    • Gariepy G, Nitka D, Schmitz N. The association between obesity and anxiety disorders in the population: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Int J Obes (Lond) 34: 407-419, 2010.
    • (2010) Int J Obes (Lond) , vol.34 , pp. 407-419
    • Gariepy, G.1    Nitka, D.2    Schmitz, N.3
  • 44
    • 34248178259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modest weight gain is associated with sympathetic neural activation in nonobese humans
    • Gentile CL, Orr JS, Davy BM, Davy KP. Modest weight gain is associated with sympathetic neural activation in nonobese humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 292: R1834-R1838, 2007.
    • (2007) Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol , vol.292 , pp. R1834-R1838
    • Gentile, C.L.1    Orr, J.S.2    Davy, B.M.3    Davy, K.P.4
  • 45
    • 33748757741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of daily exercise on blood pressure, plasma glucose, and obesity measures in 55-64-year-old obese Asian Indian men: The Calcutta longitudinal study
    • Ghosh A. Effects of daily exercise on blood pressure, plasma glucose, and obesity measures in 55-64-year-old obese Asian Indian men: the Calcutta longitudinal study. Am J Hum Biol 18: 718-721, 2006.
    • (2006) Am J Hum Biol , vol.18 , pp. 718-721
    • Ghosh, A.1
  • 46
    • 84893000914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional differences in sympathetic activation in lean and obese normotensive individuals with obstructive sleep apnoea
    • Grassi G, Seravalle G, Brambilla G, Buzzi S, Volpe M, Cesana F, Dell’oro R, Mancia G. Regional differences in sympathetic activation in lean and obese normotensive individuals with obstructive sleep apnoea. J Hypertens 32: 383-388, 2014.
    • (2014) J Hypertens , vol.32 , pp. 383-388
    • Grassi, G.1    Seravalle, G.2    Brambilla, G.3    Buzzi, S.4    Volpe, M.5    Cesana, F.6    Dell’oro, R.7    Mancia, G.8
  • 48
    • 0032568488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body weight reduction, sympathetic nerve traffic, and arterial baroreflex in obese normotensive humans
    • Grassi G, Seravalle G, Colombo M, Bolla G, Cattaneo BM, Cavagnini F, Mancia G. Body weight reduction, sympathetic nerve traffic, and arterial baroreflex in obese normotensive humans. Circulation 97: 2037-2042, 1998.
    • (1998) Circulation , vol.97 , pp. 2037-2042
    • Grassi, G.1    Seravalle, G.2    Colombo, M.3    Bolla, G.4    Cattaneo, B.M.5    Cavagnini, F.6    Mancia, G.7
  • 51
    • 0034048025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic I(1)-imidazoline agonism: Sympathetic mechanisms in hypertension
    • Greenwood JP, Scott EM, Stoker JB, Mary DA. Chronic I(1)-imidazoline agonism: sympathetic mechanisms in hypertension. Hypertension 35: 1264-1269, 2000.
    • (2000) Hypertension , vol.35 , pp. 1264-1269
    • Greenwood, J.P.1    Scott, E.M.2    Stoker, J.B.3    Mary, D.A.4
  • 53
    • 15744394415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Renal norepinephrine spillover during infusion of nonesterified fatty acids
    • Grekin RJ, Ngarmukos CO, Williams DM, Supiano MA. Renal norepinephrine spillover during infusion of nonesterified fatty acids. Am J Hypertens 18: 422-426, 2005.
    • (2005) Am J Hypertens , vol.18 , pp. 422-426
    • Grekin, R.J.1    Ngarmukos, C.O.2    Williams, D.M.3    Supiano, M.A.4
  • 54
    • 0028143715 scopus 로고
    • The effect of metformin and insulin on sympathetic nerve activity, norepinephrine spillover and blood pressure in obese, insulin resistant, normoglycemic, hypertensive men
    • Gudbjornsdottir S, Friberg P, Elam M, Attvall S, Lonnroth P, Wallin BG. The effect of metformin and insulin on sympathetic nerve activity, norepinephrine spillover and blood pressure in obese, insulin resistant, normoglycemic, hypertensive men. Blood Press 3: 394-403, 1994.
    • (1994) Blood Press , vol.3 , pp. 394-403
    • Gudbjornsdottir, S.1    Friberg, P.2    Elam, M.3    Attvall, S.4    Lonnroth, P.5    Wallin, B.G.6
  • 55
    • 84900549277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of attenuated baroreflexes in obese Zucker rats coincides with impaired activation of nucleus tractus solitarius
    • Guimaraes PS, Huber DA, Campagnole-Santos MJ, Schreihofer AM. Development of attenuated baroreflexes in obese Zucker rats coincides with impaired activation of nucleus tractus solitarius. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 306: R681-R692, 2014.
    • (2014) Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol , vol.306 , pp. R681-R692
    • Guimaraes, P.S.1    Huber, D.A.2    Campagnole-Santos, M.J.3    Schreihofer, A.M.4
  • 56
    • 79959765172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sympathetic overdrive in obesity involves purinergic hyperactivity in the resistance vasculature
    • Haddock RE, Hill CE. Sympathetic overdrive in obesity involves purinergic hyperactivity in the resistance vasculature. J Physiol 589: 3289-3307, 2011.
    • (2011) J Physiol , vol.589 , pp. 3289-3307
    • Haddock, R.E.1    Hill, C.E.2
  • 57
    • 0037340168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The kidney, hypertension, and obesity
    • Hall JE. The kidney, hypertension, and obesity. Hypertension 41: 625-633, 2003.
    • (2003) Hypertension , vol.41 , pp. 625-633
    • Hall, J.E.1
  • 60
    • 84873097893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroanatomical determinants of the sympathetic nerve responses evoked by leptin
    • Harlan SM, Rahmouni K. Neuroanatomical determinants of the sympathetic nerve responses evoked by leptin. Clin Auton Res 23: 1-7, 2013.
    • (2013) Clin Auton Res , vol.23 , pp. 1-7
    • Harlan, S.M.1    Rahmouni, K.2
  • 61
    • 77955853679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of moxonidine on sympathetic nerve activity in patients with end-stage renal disease
    • Hausberg M, Tokmak F, Pavenstadt H, Kramer BK, Rump LC. Effects of moxonidine on sympathetic nerve activity in patients with end-stage renal disease. J Hypertens 28: 1920-1927, 2010.
    • (2010) J Hypertens , vol.28 , pp. 1920-1927
    • Hausberg, M.1    Tokmak, F.2    Pavenstadt, H.3    Kramer, B.K.4    Rump, L.C.5
  • 62
    • 84939896826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central nervous system dysfunction in obesity-induced hypertension
    • 63a.Health and Social Care Information Centre. Statistics on Obesity, Physical Activity, and Diet: England, 2011. Leeds, UK: The Health and Social Care Information Centre
    • Head GA, Lim K, Barzel B, Burke SL, Davern PJ. Central nervous system dysfunction in obesity-induced hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 16: 466, 2014. 63a.Health and Social Care Information Centre. Statistics on Obesity, Physical Activity, and Diet: England, 2011. Leeds, UK: The Health and Social Care Information Centre, 2011.
    • (2014) Curr Hypertens Rep , vol.16 , pp. 466
    • Head, G.A.1    Lim, K.2    Barzel, B.3    Burke, S.L.4    Davern, P.J.5
  • 64
  • 68
    • 1242295184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statin therapy is associated with improved survival in ischemic and non-ischemic heart failure
    • Horwich TB, MacLellan WR, Fonarow GC. Statin therapy is associated with improved survival in ischemic and non-ischemic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 43: 642-648, 2004.
    • (2004) J am Coll Cardiol , vol.43 , pp. 642-648
    • Horwich, T.B.1    Maclellan, W.R.2    Fonarow, G.C.3
  • 69
    • 9644281403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sympathetic neural activation in nondiabetic metabolic syndrome and its further augmentation by hypertension
    • Huggett RJ, Burns J, Mackintosh AF, Mary DA. Sympathetic neural activation in nondiabetic metabolic syndrome and its further augmentation by hypertension. Hypertension 44: 847-852, 2004.
    • (2004) Hypertension , vol.44 , pp. 847-852
    • Huggett, R.J.1    Burns, J.2    Mackintosh, A.F.3    Mary, D.A.4
  • 70
    • 34447631351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sympathetic nerve hyperactivity in non-diabetic offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
    • Huggett RJ, Hogarth AJ, Mackintosh AF, Mary DA. Sympathetic nerve hyperactivity in non-diabetic offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 49: 2741-2744, 2006.
    • (2006) Diabetologia , vol.49 , pp. 2741-2744
    • Huggett, R.J.1    Hogarth, A.J.2    Mackintosh, A.F.3    Mary, D.A.4
  • 72
    • 77953810427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sympathetic nervous system and blood pressure in humans: Individualized patterns of regulation and their implications
    • Joyner MJ, Charkoudian N, Wallin BG. Sympathetic nervous system and blood pressure in humans: individualized patterns of regulation and their implications. Hypertension 56: 10-16, 2010.
    • (2010) Hypertension , vol.56 , pp. 10-16
    • Joyner, M.J.1    Charkoudian, N.2    Wallin, B.G.3
  • 73
    • 0028228788 scopus 로고
    • Sympathetics, insulin resistance and coronary risk in hypertension: The ‘chicken-and-egg’ question
    • Julius S, Jamerson K. Sympathetics, insulin resistance and coronary risk in hypertension: the ‘chicken-and-egg’ question. J Hypertens 12: 495-502, 1994.
    • (1994) J Hypertens , vol.12 , pp. 495-502
    • Julius, S.1    Jamerson, K.2
  • 74
    • 0034060897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overweight and hypertension: A 2-way street?
    • Julius S, Valentini M, Palatini P. Overweight and hypertension: a 2-way street? Hypertension 35: 807-813, 2000.
    • (2000) Hypertension , vol.35 , pp. 807-813
    • Julius, S.1    Valentini, M.2    Palatini, P.3
  • 75
    • 0033951565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fifty years of Framingham Study contributions to understanding hypertension
    • Kannel WB. Fifty years of Framingham Study contributions to understanding hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 14: 83-90, 2000.
    • (2000) J Hum Hypertens , vol.14 , pp. 83-90
    • Kannel, W.B.1
  • 76
    • 80053408094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fatty acids, obesity, and insulin resistance: Time for a reevaluation
    • Karpe F, Dickmann JR, Frayn KN. Fatty acids, obesity, and insulin resistance: time for a reevaluation. Diabetes 60: 2441-2449, 2011.
    • (2011) Diabetes , vol.60 , pp. 2441-2449
    • Karpe, F.1    Dickmann, J.R.2    Frayn, K.N.3
  • 80
    • 33646084866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of angiotensin II receptor blockade on autonomic nervous system function in patients with essential hypertension
    • Krum H, Lambert E, Windebank E, Campbell DJ, Esler M. Effect of angiotensin II receptor blockade on autonomic nervous system function in patients with essential hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 290: H1706-H1712, 2006.
    • (2006) Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol , vol.290 , pp. H1706-H1712
    • Krum, H.1    Lambert, E.2    Windebank, E.3    Campbell, D.J.4    Esler, M.5
  • 81
    • 77149167598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between the sympathetic firing pattern and anxiety level in patients with the metabolic syndrome and elevated blood pressure
    • Lambert E, Dawood T, Straznicky N, Sari C, Schlaich M, Esler M, Lambert G. Association between the sympathetic firing pattern and anxiety level in patients with the metabolic syndrome and elevated blood pressure. J Hypertens 28: 543-550, 2010.
    • (2010) J Hypertens , vol.28 , pp. 543-550
    • Lambert, E.1    Dawood, T.2    Straznicky, N.3    Sari, C.4    Schlaich, M.5    Esler, M.6    Lambert, G.7
  • 85
    • 79956222387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stress and its role in sympathetic nervous system activation in hypertension and the metabolic syndrome
    • Lambert EA, Lambert GW. Stress and its role in sympathetic nervous system activation in hypertension and the metabolic syndrome. Curr Hypertens Rep 13: 244-248, 2011.
    • (2011) Curr Hypertens Rep , vol.13 , pp. 244-248
    • Lambert, E.A.1    Lambert, G.W.2
  • 88
    • 77951091946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sympathetic nervous activation in obesity and the metabolic syndrome— causes, consequences and therapeutic implications
    • Lambert GW, Straznicky NE, Lambert EA, Dixon JB, Schlaich MP. Sympathetic nervous activation in obesity and the metabolic syndrome— causes, consequences and therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Ther 126: 159-172, 2010.
    • (2010) Pharmacol Ther , vol.126 , pp. 159-172
    • Lambert, G.W.1    Straznicky, N.E.2    Lambert, E.A.3    Dixon, J.B.4    Schlaich, M.P.5
  • 89
    • 0022856921 scopus 로고
    • Diet, obesity and hypertension: An hypothesis involving insulin, the sympathetic nervous system, and adaptive thermogenesis
    • Landsberg L. Diet, obesity and hypertension: an hypothesis involving insulin, the sympathetic nervous system, and adaptive thermogenesis. Q J Med 61: 1081-1090, 1986.
    • (1986) Q J Med , vol.61 , pp. 1081-1090
    • Landsberg, L.1
  • 91
    • 12844253061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endothelial function: Cardiac events
    • Lerman A, Zeiher AM. Endothelial function: cardiac events. Circulation 111: 363-368, 2005.
    • (2005) Circulation , vol.111 , pp. 363-368
    • Lerman, A.1    Zeiher, A.M.2
  • 92
    • 84874363892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obesity-related hypertension and the role of insulin and leptin in high-fat-fed rabbits
    • Lim K, Burke SL, Head GA. Obesity-related hypertension and the role of insulin and leptin in high-fat-fed rabbits. Hypertension 61: 628-634, 2013.
    • (2013) Hypertension , vol.61 , pp. 628-634
    • Lim, K.1    Burke, S.L.2    Head, G.A.3
  • 93
    • 84866423998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progress in obesity research: Reasons for optimism
    • Livingston EH, Zylke JW. Progress in obesity research: reasons for optimism. JAMA 308: 1162-1164, 2012.
    • (2012) JAMA , vol.308 , pp. 1162-1164
    • Livingston, E.H.1    Zylke, J.W.2
  • 94
    • 0026517179 scopus 로고
    • Calcitonin gene-related peptideand neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in endothelial cells after long-term stimulation of perivascular nerves
    • Loesch A, Maynard KI, Burnstock G. Calcitonin gene-related peptideand neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in endothelial cells after long-term stimulation of perivascular nerves. Neuroscience 48: 723-726, 1992.
    • (1992) Neuroscience , vol.48 , pp. 723-726
    • Loesch, A.1    Maynard, K.I.2    Burnstock, G.3
  • 95
    • 77955444778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sustained suppression of sympathetic activity and arterial pressure during chronic activation of the carotid baroreflex
    • Lohmeier TE, Iliescu R, Dwyer TM, Irwin ED, Cates AW, Rossing MA. Sustained suppression of sympathetic activity and arterial pressure during chronic activation of the carotid baroreflex. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 299: H402-H409, 2010.
    • (2010) Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol , vol.299 , pp. H402-H409
    • Lohmeier, T.E.1    Iliescu, R.2    Dwyer, T.M.3    Irwin, E.D.4    Cates, A.W.5    Rossing, M.A.6
  • 97
    • 84874922581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental hyperleptinemia acutely increases vasoconstrictory sympathetic nerve activity in healthy humans
    • Machleidt F, Simon P, Krapalis AF, Hallschmid M, Lehnert H, Sayk F. Experimental hyperleptinemia acutely increases vasoconstrictory sympathetic nerve activity in healthy humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98: E491-H496, 2013.
    • (2013) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.98 , pp. E491-H496
    • Machleidt, F.1    Simon, P.2    Krapalis, A.F.3    Hallschmid, M.4    Lehnert, H.5    Sayk, F.6
  • 99
    • 0042334678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of blood pressure variability in end-organ damage
    • Mancia G, Parati G. The role of blood pressure variability in end-organ damage. J Hypertens Suppl 21: S17-S23, 2003.
    • (2003) J Hypertens Suppl , vol.21 , pp. S17-S23
    • Mancia, G.1    Parati, G.2
  • 100
    • 77950481503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of moxonidine and amlodipine on serum YKL-40, plasma lipids and insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant hypertensive patients-a randomized, crossover trial
    • Masajtis-Zagajewska A, Majer J, Nowicki M. Effect of moxonidine and amlodipine on serum YKL-40, plasma lipids and insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant hypertensive patients-a randomized, crossover trial. Hypertens Res 33: 348-353, 2010.
    • (2010) Hypertens Res , vol.33 , pp. 348-353
    • Masajtis-Zagajewska, A.1    Majer, J.2    Nowicki, M.3
  • 101
    • 33749353201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beta2-adrenoceptor polymorphisms relate to obesity through blunted leptin-mediated sympathetic activation
    • Masuo K, Katsuya T, Kawaguchi H, Fu Y, Rakugi H, Ogihara T, Tuck ML. Beta2-adrenoceptor polymorphisms relate to obesity through blunted leptin-mediated sympathetic activation. Am J Hypertens 19: 1084-1091, 2006.
    • (2006) Am J Hypertens , vol.19 , pp. 1084-1091
    • Masuo, K.1    Katsuya, T.2    Kawaguchi, H.3    Fu, Y.4    Rakugi, H.5    Ogihara, T.6    Tuck, M.L.7
  • 102
    • 0141962657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum uric acid and plasma norepinephrine concentrations predict subsequent weight gain and blood pressure elevation
    • Masuo K, Kawaguchi H, Mikami H, Ogihara T, Tuck ML. Serum uric acid and plasma norepinephrine concentrations predict subsequent weight gain and blood pressure elevation. Hypertension 42: 474-480, 2003.
    • (2003) Hypertension , vol.42 , pp. 474-480
    • Masuo, K.1    Kawaguchi, H.2    Mikami, H.3    Ogihara, T.4    Tuck, M.L.5
  • 103
  • 104
    • 84855426429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Different mechanisms in weight loss-induced blood pressure reduction between a calorierestricted diet and exercise
    • Masuo K, Rakugi H, Ogihara T, Lambert GW. Different mechanisms in weight loss-induced blood pressure reduction between a calorierestricted diet and exercise. Hypertens Res 35: 41-47, 2012.
    • (2012) Hypertens Res , vol.35 , pp. 41-47
    • Masuo, K.1    Rakugi, H.2    Ogihara, T.3    Lambert, G.W.4
  • 105
    • 53849089210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective reduction in body fat mass and plasma leptin induced by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in rats
    • Mathai ML, Naik S, Sinclair AJ, Weisinger HS, Weisinger RS. Selective reduction in body fat mass and plasma leptin induced by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in rats. Int J Obes (Lond) 32: 1576-1584, 2008.
    • (2008) Int J Obes (Lond) , vol.32 , pp. 1576-1584
    • Mathai, M.L.1    Naik, S.2    Sinclair, A.J.3    Weisinger, H.S.4    Weisinger, R.S.5
  • 106
    • 0025738302 scopus 로고
    • Reduced arterial baroreflex control of muscle sympathetic nerve activity in young borderline hypertensives
    • Matsukawa T, Gotoh E, Hasegawa O, Miyajima E, Shionoiri H, Tochikubo O, Ishii M. Reduced arterial baroreflex control of muscle sympathetic nerve activity in young borderline hypertensives. Funct Neurol 6: 113-120, 1991.
    • (1991) Funct Neurol , vol.6 , pp. 113-120
    • Matsukawa, T.1    Gotoh, E.2    Hasegawa, O.3    Miyajima, E.4    Shionoiri, H.5    Tochikubo, O.6    Ishii, M.7
  • 107
    • 80052070656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The concept of metabolic syndrome: Contribution of visceral fat accumulation and its molecular mechanism
    • Matsuzawa Y, Funahashi T, Nakamura T. The concept of metabolic syndrome: contribution of visceral fat accumulation and its molecular mechanism. J Atheroscler Thromb 18: 629-639, 2011.
    • (2011) J Atheroscler Thromb , vol.18 , pp. 629-639
    • Matsuzawa, Y.1    Funahashi, T.2    Nakamura, T.3
  • 109
    • 84888408926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statins and the autonomic nervous system
    • Millar PJ, Floras JS. Statins and the autonomic nervous system. Clin Sci (Lond) 126: 401-415, 2014.
    • (2014) Clin Sci (Lond) , vol.126 , pp. 401-415
    • Millar, P.J.1    Floras, J.S.2
  • 112
    • 0024215230 scopus 로고
    • Neurogenic abnormalities in young borderline hypertensives. Clin Exp Hyperetens A 10
    • Miyajima E, Yamada Y, Matsukawa T, Tochikubo O, Ishii M, Kaneko Y. Neurogenic abnormalities in young borderline hypertensives. Clin Exp Hyperetens A 10, Suppl 1: 209-223, 1988.
    • (1988) Suppl , vol.1 , pp. 209-223
    • Miyajima, E.1    Yamada, Y.2    Matsukawa, T.3    Tochikubo, O.4    Ishii, M.5    Kaneko, Y.6
  • 113
    • 0033810868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relation of leptin and insulin to adiposity-associated elevations in sympathetic activity with age in humans
    • Monroe MB, Van Pelt RE, Schiller BC, Seals DR, Jones PP. Relation of leptin and insulin to adiposity-associated elevations in sympathetic activity with age in humans. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 24: 1183-1187, 2000.
    • (2000) Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord , vol.24 , pp. 1183-1187
    • Monroe, M.B.1    Van Pelt, R.E.2    Schiller, B.C.3    Seals, D.R.4    Jones, P.P.5
  • 114
    • 84865038106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress in obese children and adolescents: Markers and effect of lifestyle intervention
    • Montero D, Walther G, Perez-Martin A, Roche E, Vinet A. Endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress in obese children and adolescents: markers and effect of lifestyle intervention. Obes Rev 13: 441-455, 2012.
    • (2012) Obes Rev , vol.13 , pp. 441-455
    • Montero, D.1    Walther, G.2    Perez-Martin, A.3    Roche, E.4    Vinet, A.5
  • 116
    • 84870252412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cafeteria diet increases fat mass and chronically elevates lumbar sympathetic nerve activity in rats
    • Muntzel MS, Al-Naimi OA, Barclay A, Ajasin D. Cafeteria diet increases fat mass and chronically elevates lumbar sympathetic nerve activity in rats. Hypertension 60: 1498-1502, 2012.
    • (2012) Hypertension , vol.60 , pp. 1498-1502
    • Muntzel, M.S.1    Al-Naimi, O.A.2    Barclay, A.3    Ajasin, D.4
  • 118
    • 0030699293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular and sympathetic effects of nitric oxide inhibition at rest and during static exercise in humans
    • Owlya R, Vollenweider L, Trueb L, Sartori C, Lepori M, Nicod P, Scherrer U. Cardiovascular and sympathetic effects of nitric oxide inhibition at rest and during static exercise in humans. Circulation 96: 3897-3903, 1997.
    • (1997) Circulation , vol.96 , pp. 3897-3903
    • Owlya, R.1    Vollenweider, L.2    Trueb, L.3    Sartori, C.4    Lepori, M.5    Nicod, P.6    Scherrer, U.7
  • 122
    • 84896445958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The novel endocannabinoid receptor GPR18 is expressed in the rostral ventrolateral medulla and exerts tonic restraining influence on blood pressure
    • Penumarti A, Abdel-Rahman AA. The novel endocannabinoid receptor GPR18 is expressed in the rostral ventrolateral medulla and exerts tonic restraining influence on blood pressure. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 349: 29-38, 2014.
    • (2014) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.349 , pp. 29-38
    • Penumarti, A.1    Abdel-Rahman, A.A.2
  • 123
    • 0025110951 scopus 로고
    • Experimental sympathetic activation causes endothelial injury in the rabbit thoracic aorta via beta 1-adrenoceptor activation
    • Pettersson K, Bejne B, Bjork H, Strawn WB, Bondjers G. Experimental sympathetic activation causes endothelial injury in the rabbit thoracic aorta via beta 1-adrenoceptor activation. Circ Res 67: 1027-1034, 1990.
    • (1990) Circ Res , vol.67 , pp. 1027-1034
    • Pettersson, K.1    Bejne, B.2    Bjork, H.3    Strawn, W.B.4    Bondjers, G.5
  • 126
    • 77950507182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exposure to a high-fat diet alters leptin sensitivity and elevates renal sympathetic nerve activity and arterial pressure in rabbits
    • Prior LJ, Eikelis N, Armitage JA, Davern PJ, Burke SL, Montani JP, Barzel B, Head GA. Exposure to a high-fat diet alters leptin sensitivity and elevates renal sympathetic nerve activity and arterial pressure in rabbits. Hypertension 55: 862-868, 2010.
    • (2010) Hypertension , vol.55 , pp. 862-868
    • Prior, L.J.1    Eikelis, N.2    Armitage, J.A.3    Davern, P.J.4    Burke, S.L.5    Montani, J.P.6    Barzel, B.7    Head, G.A.8
  • 127
    • 77952497025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leptin-induced sympathetic nerve activation: Signaling mechanisms and cardiovascular consequences in obesity
    • Rahmouni K. Leptin-induced sympathetic nerve activation: signaling mechanisms and cardiovascular consequences in obesity. Curr Hypertens Rev 6: 104-209, 2010.
    • (2010) Curr Hypertens Rev , vol.6 , pp. 104-209
    • Rahmouni, K.1
  • 128
    • 11244349747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obesity-associated hypertension: New insights into mechanisms
    • Rahmouni K, Correia ML, Haynes WG, Mark AL. Obesity-associated hypertension: new insights into mechanisms. Hypertension 45: 9-14, 2005.
    • (2005) Hypertension , vol.45 , pp. 9-14
    • Rahmouni, K.1    Correia, M.L.2    Haynes, W.G.3    Mark, A.L.4
  • 129
    • 0024160877 scopus 로고
    • Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease
    • Reaven GM. Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 37: 1595-1607, 1988.
    • (1988) Diabetes , vol.37 , pp. 1595-1607
    • Reaven, G.M.1
  • 130
    • 84873554686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of exenatide and liraglutide on heart rate, blood pressure and body weight: Systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Robinson LE, Holt TA, Rees K, Randeva HS, O’Hare JP. Effects of exenatide and liraglutide on heart rate, blood pressure and body weight: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 3: e001986, 2013.
    • (2013) BMJ Open , vol.3
    • Robinson, L.E.1    Holt, T.A.2    Rees, K.3    Randeva, H.S.4    O’hare, J.P.5
  • 132
    • 37249083878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight: Updated meta-analysis
    • Rucker D, Padwal R, Li SK, Curioni C, Lau DC. Long term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight: updated meta-analysis. BMJ 335: 1194-1199, 2007.
    • (2007) BMJ , vol.335 , pp. 1194-1199
    • Rucker, D.1    Padwal, R.2    Li, S.K.3    Curioni, C.4    Lau, D.C.5
  • 133
    • 53749102698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abdominal vagal signalling: A novel role for cholecystokinin in circulatory control?
    • Sartor DM, Verberne AJ. Abdominal vagal signalling: a novel role for cholecystokinin in circulatory control? Brain Res Rev 59: 140-154, 2008.
    • (2008) Brain Res Rev , vol.59 , pp. 140-154
    • Sartor, D.M.1    Verberne, A.J.2
  • 134
    • 74949098294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gastric leptin: A novel role in cardiovascular regulation
    • Sartor DM, Verberne AJ. Gastric leptin: a novel role in cardiovascular regulation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 298: H406-H414, 2010.
    • (2010) Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol , vol.298 , pp. H406-H414
    • Sartor, D.M.1    Verberne, A.J.2
  • 135
    • 0342424181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognostic impact of coronary vasodilator dysfunction on adverse long-term outcome of coronary heart disease
    • Schachinger V, Britten MB, Zeiher AM. Prognostic impact of coronary vasodilator dysfunction on adverse long-term outcome of coronary heart disease. Circulation 101: 1899-1906, 2000.
    • (2000) Circulation , vol.101 , pp. 1899-1906
    • Schachinger, V.1    Britten, M.B.2    Zeiher, A.M.3
  • 137
    • 77957292772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular risk-benefit profile of sibutramine
    • Scheen AJ. Cardiovascular risk-benefit profile of sibutramine. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 10: 321-334, 2010.
    • (2010) Am J Cardiovasc Drugs , vol.10 , pp. 321-334
    • Scheen, A.J.1
  • 142
    • 0031606279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic leptin infusion increases arterial pressure
    • Shek EW, Brands MW, Hall JE. Chronic leptin infusion increases arterial pressure. Hypertension 31: 409-414, 1998.
    • (1998) Hypertension , vol.31 , pp. 409-414
    • Shek, E.W.1    Brands, M.W.2    Hall, J.E.3
  • 143
    • 84873194254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leptin increasing sympathetic nerve outflow in obesity: A cure for obesity or a potential contributor to metabolic syndrome?
    • Simonds SE, Cowley MA, Enriori PJ. Leptin increasing sympathetic nerve outflow in obesity: A cure for obesity or a potential contributor to metabolic syndrome? Adipocyte 1: 177-181, 2012.
    • (2012) Adipocyte , vol.1 , pp. 177-181
    • Simonds, S.E.1    Cowley, M.A.2    Enriori, P.J.3
  • 144
    • 0342758616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differentiated long-term effects of intentional weight loss on diabetes and hypertension
    • Sjostrom CD, Peltonen M, Wedel H, Sjostrom L. Differentiated long-term effects of intentional weight loss on diabetes and hypertension. Hypertension 36: 20-25, 2000.
    • (2000) Hypertension , vol.36 , pp. 20-25
    • Sjostrom, C.D.1    Peltonen, M.2    Wedel, H.3    Sjostrom, L.4
  • 145
    • 0030757359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sympathetic nerve traffic correlates with the release of nitric oxide in humans: Implications for blood pressure control
    • Skarphedinsson JO, Elam M, Jungersten L, Wallin BG. Sympathetic nerve traffic correlates with the release of nitric oxide in humans: implications for blood pressure control. J Physiol 501: 671-675, 1997.
    • (1997) J Physiol , vol.501 , pp. 671-675
    • Skarphedinsson, J.O.1    Elam, M.2    Jungersten, L.3    Wallin, B.G.4
  • 146
    • 35848939197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Associations between anxiety, depression, and the metabolic syndrome
    • Skilton MR, Moulin P, Terra JL, Bonnet F. Associations between anxiety, depression, and the metabolic syndrome. Biol Psychiatry 62: 1251-1257, 2007.
    • (2007) Biol Psychiatry , vol.62 , pp. 1251-1257
    • Skilton, M.R.1    Moulin, P.2    Terra, J.L.3    Bonnet, F.4
  • 147
    • 84859721989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obesity and adipokines: Effects on sympathetic overactivity
    • Smith MM, Minson CT. Obesity and adipokines: effects on sympathetic overactivity. J Physiol 590: 1787-1801, 2012.
    • (2012) J Physiol , vol.590 , pp. 1787-1801
    • Smith, M.M.1    Minson, C.T.2
  • 148
    • 0031790131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Respiratory quotient is inversely associated with muscle sympathetic nerve activity
    • Snitker S, Tataranni PA, Ravussin E. Respiratory quotient is inversely associated with muscle sympathetic nerve activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83: 3977-3979, 1998.
    • (1998) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.83 , pp. 3977-3979
    • Snitker, S.1    Tataranni, P.A.2    Ravussin, E.3
  • 149
  • 150
    • 0027360269 scopus 로고
    • Reduced sympathetic nervous activity. A potential mechanism predisposing to body weight gain
    • Spraul M, Ravussin E, Fontvieille AM, Rising R, Larson DE, Anderson EA. Reduced sympathetic nervous activity. a potential mechanism predisposing to body weight gain. J Clin Invest 92: 1730-1735, 1993.
    • (1993) J Clin Invest , vol.92 , pp. 1730-1735
    • Spraul, M.1    Ravussin, E.2    Fontvieille, A.M.3    Rising, R.4    Larson, D.E.5    Erson, E.A.6
  • 151
    • 33646370233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arterial plasma noradrenaline predicts left ventricular mass independently of blood pressure and body build in men who develop hypertension over 20 years
    • Strand AH, Gudmundsdottir H, Os I, Smith G, Westheim AS, Bjornerheim R, Kjeldsen SE. Arterial plasma noradrenaline predicts left ventricular mass independently of blood pressure and body build in men who develop hypertension over 20 years. J Hypertens 24: 905-913, 2006.
    • (2006) J Hypertens , vol.24 , pp. 905-913
    • Strand, A.H.1    Gudmundsdottir, H.2    Os, I.3    Smith, G.4    Westheim, A.S.5    Bjornerheim, R.6    Kjeldsen, S.E.7
  • 158
    • 27744591354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of dietary weight loss on sympathetic activity and cardiac risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome
    • Straznicky NE, Lambert EA, Lambert GW, Masuo K, Esler MD, Nestel PJ. Effects of dietary weight loss on sympathetic activity and cardiac risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90: 5998-6005, 2005.
    • (2005) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.90 , pp. 5998-6005
    • Straznicky, N.E.1    Lambert, E.A.2    Lambert, G.W.3    Masuo, K.4    Esler, M.D.5    Nestel, P.J.6
  • 161
    • 77949502960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muscle sympathetic nerve activity is related to a surrogate marker of endothelial function in healthy individuals
    • Sverrisdottir YB, Jansson LM, Hagg U, Gan LM. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity is related to a surrogate marker of endothelial function in healthy individuals. PLoS One 5: e9257, 2010.
    • (2010) Plos One , vol.5 , pp. e9257
    • Sverrisdottir, Y.B.1    Jansson, L.M.2    Hagg, U.3    Gan, L.M.4
  • 162
    • 79955477242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Catheter-based renal sympathetic denervation for resistant hypertension: Durability of blood pressure reduction out to 24 months
    • Symplicity HTN-1 Investigators
    • Symplicity HTN-1 Investigators. Catheter-based renal sympathetic denervation for resistant hypertension: durability of blood pressure reduction out to 24 months. Hypertension 57: 911-917, 2011.
    • (2011) Hypertension , vol.57 , pp. 911-917
  • 163
    • 78649876825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Renal sympathetic denervation in patients with treatment-resistant hypertension (The Symplicity HTN-2 Trial): A randomised controlled trial
    • Symplicity HTN-2 Investigators
    • Symplicity HTN-2 Investigators, Esler MD, Krum H, Sobotka PA, Schlaich MP, Schmieder RE, Böhm M. Renal sympathetic denervation in patients with treatment-resistant hypertension (The Symplicity HTN-2 Trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 376: 1903-1909, 2010.
    • (2010) Lancet , vol.376 , pp. 1903-1909
    • Esler, M.D.1    Krum, H.2    Sobotka, P.A.3    Schlaich, M.P.4    Schmieder, R.E.5    Böhm, M.6
  • 164
    • 33845638270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sympathetic system activity in obesity and metabolic syndrome
    • Tentolouris N, Liatis S, Katsilambros N. Sympathetic system activity in obesity and metabolic syndrome. Ann NY Acad Sci 1083: 129-152, 2006.
    • (2006) Ann NY Acad Sci , vol.1083 , pp. 129-152
    • Tentolouris, N.1    Liatis, S.2    Katsilambros, N.3
  • 166
    • 33750976654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of moxonidine on endothelial dysfunction in metabolic syndrome
    • Topal E, Cikim AS, Cikim K, Temel I, Ozdemir R. The effect of moxonidine on endothelial dysfunction in metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 6: 343-348, 2006.
    • (2006) Am J Cardiovasc Drugs , vol.6 , pp. 343-348
    • Topal, E.1    Cikim, A.S.2    Cikim, K.3    Temel, I.4    Ozdemir, R.5
  • 168
    • 42949113565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meal-induced activation of the sympathetic nervous system and its cardiovascular and thermogenic effects in man
    • van Baak MA. Meal-induced activation of the sympathetic nervous system and its cardiovascular and thermogenic effects in man. Physiol Behav 94: 178-186, 2008.
    • (2008) Physiol Behav , vol.94 , pp. 178-186
    • Van Baak, M.A.1
  • 170
    • 0030774228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional sympathetic nervous activity and oxygen consumption in obese normotensive human subjects
    • Vaz M, Jennings G, Turner A, Cox H, Lambert G, Esler M. Regional sympathetic nervous activity and oxygen consumption in obese normotensive human subjects. Circulation 96: 3423-3429, 1997.
    • (1997) Circulation , vol.96 , pp. 3423-3429
    • Vaz, M.1    Jennings, G.2    Turner, A.3    Cox, H.4    Lambert, G.5    Esler, M.6
  • 171
    • 0028858687 scopus 로고
    • Postprandial sympatho-adrenal activity: Its relation to metabolic and cardiovascular events and to changes in meal frequency
    • Vaz M, Turner A, Kingwell B, Chin J, Koff E, Cox H, Jennings G, Esler M. Postprandial sympatho-adrenal activity: its relation to metabolic and cardiovascular events and to changes in meal frequency. Clin Sci (Lond) 89: 349-357, 1995.
    • (1995) Clin Sci (Lond) , vol.89 , pp. 349-357
    • Vaz, M.1    Turner, A.2    Kingwell, B.3    Chin, J.4    Koff, E.5    Cox, H.6    Jennings, G.7    Esler, M.8
  • 173
    • 84874483942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surgical management of obesity and the relationship to cardiovascular disease
    • Vest AR, Heneghan HM, Schauer PR, Young JB. Surgical management of obesity and the relationship to cardiovascular disease. Circulation 127: 945-959, 2013.
    • (2013) Circulation , vol.127 , pp. 945-959
    • Vest, A.R.1    Heneghan, H.M.2    Schauer, P.R.3    Young, J.B.4
  • 180
    • 84862194175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of pioglitazone on arterial baroreflex sensitivity and sympathetic nerve activity in patients with acute myocardial infarction and type 2 diabetes mellitus
    • Yokoe H, Yuasa F, Yuyama R, Murakawa K, Miyasaka Y, Yoshida S, Tsujimoto S, Sugiura T, Iwasaka T. Effect of pioglitazone on arterial baroreflex sensitivity and sympathetic nerve activity in patients with acute myocardial infarction and type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 59: 563-569, 2012.
    • (2012) J Cardiovasc Pharmacol , vol.59 , pp. 563-569
    • Yokoe, H.1    Yuasa, F.2    Yuyama, R.3    Murakawa, K.4    Miyasaka, Y.5    Yoshida, S.6    Tsujimoto, S.7    Sugiura, T.8    Iwasaka, T.9
  • 181
    • 84874359942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The brain subfornical organ mediates leptin-induced increases in renal sympathetic activity but not its metabolic effects
    • Young CN, Morgan DA, Butler SD, Mark AL, Davisson RL. The brain subfornical organ mediates leptin-induced increases in renal sympathetic activity but not its metabolic effects. Hypertension 61: 737-744, 2013.
    • (2013) Hypertension , vol.61 , pp. 737-744
    • Young, C.N.1    Morgan, D.A.2    Butler, S.D.3    Mark, A.L.4    Davisson, R.L.5
  • 182
    • 0027080412 scopus 로고
    • Sympathoadrenal activity in human obesity: Heterogeneity of findings since 1980
    • Young JB, Macdonald IA. Sympathoadrenal activity in human obesity: heterogeneity of findings since 1980. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 16: 959-967, 1992.
    • (1992) Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord , vol.16 , pp. 959-967
    • Young, J.B.1    Macdonald, I.A.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.