메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 5, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 638-646

Glycemic Variability and Acute Ischemic Stroke: The Missing Link?

Author keywords

Glycemic variability; Hyperglycemia; Intensive insulin therapy; Strict diabetes control; Stroke

Indexed keywords

GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL;

EID: 84936140088     PISSN: 18684483     EISSN: 1868601X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12975-014-0365-7     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (43)

References (134)
  • 1
    • 77949491218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperglycemia in acute ischemic stroke: pathophysiology and clinical management
    • PID: 20157308, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXivVGqtbs%3D
    • Kruyt ND, Biessels GJ, Devries JH, Roos YB. Hyperglycemia in acute ischemic stroke: pathophysiology and clinical management. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010;6(3):145–55.
    • (2010) Nat Rev Neurol , vol.6 , Issue.3 , pp. 145-155
    • Kruyt, N.D.1    Biessels, G.J.2    Devries, J.H.3    Roos, Y.B.4
  • 2
  • 3
    • 41149091612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glycemic variability: should we and can we prevent it?
    • PID: 18227477, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXis1ajtrc%3D
    • Monnier L, Colette C. Glycemic variability: should we and can we prevent it? Diabetes Care. 2008;31 Suppl 2:S150–4.
    • (2008) Diabetes Care , vol.31 , pp. S150-S154
    • Monnier, L.1    Colette, C.2
  • 4
    • 77954790519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ‘Glycaemic variability’: a new therapeutic challenge in diabetes and the critical care setting
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3cnpslGgsg%3D%3D
    • Ceriello A, Ihnat MA. ‘Glycaemic variability’: a new therapeutic challenge in diabetes and the critical care setting. Diabet Med J Br Diabet Assoc. 2010;27(8):862–7.
    • (2010) Diabet Med J Br Diabet Assoc , vol.27 , Issue.8 , pp. 862-867
    • Ceriello, A.1    Ihnat, M.A.2
  • 5
    • 84876231902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association
    • Jauch EC, Saver JL, Adams Jr HP, Bruno A, Connors JJ, Demaerschalk BM, et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2013;44(3):870–947.
    • (2013) Stroke J Cereb Circ , vol.44 , Issue.3 , pp. 870-947
    • Jauch, E.C.1    Saver, J.L.2    Adams, H.P.3    Bruno, A.4    Connors, J.J.5    Demaerschalk, B.M.6
  • 6
    • 46349087024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deaths: final data for 2005. National vital statistics reports : from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics
    • Kung HC, Hoyert DL, Xu J, Murphy SL. Deaths: final data for 2005. National vital statistics reports: from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Natl Vital Stat Syst. 2008;56(10):1–120.
    • (2008) Natl Vital Stat Syst , vol.56 , Issue.10 , pp. 1-120
    • Kung, H.C.1    Hoyert, D.L.2    Xu, J.3    Murphy, S.L.4
  • 7
    • 84872091789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heart disease and stroke statistics—2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association
    • PID: 23239837
    • Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;127(1):e6–245.
    • (2013) Circulation , vol.127 , Issue.1 , pp. e6-e245
    • Go, A.S.1    Mozaffarian, D.2    Roger, V.L.3    Benjamin, E.J.4    Berry, J.D.5    Borden, W.B.6
  • 8
    • 60449094498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heart disease and stroke statistics—2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee
    • PID: 19075105
    • Lloyd-Jones D, Adams R, Carnethon M, De Simone G, Ferguson TB, Flegal K, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2009;119(3):e21–181.
    • (2009) Circulation , vol.119 , Issue.3 , pp. e21-e181
    • Lloyd-Jones, D.1    Adams, R.2    Carnethon, M.3    De Simone, G.4    Ferguson, T.B.5    Flegal, K.6
  • 10
    • 0034792144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost of stroke in Australia from a societal perspective: results from the North East Melbourne Stroke Incidence Study (NEMESIS)
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MrktFGrsg%3D%3D
    • Dewey HM, Thrift AG, Mihalopoulos C, Carter R, Macdonell RA, McNeil JJ, et al. Cost of stroke in Australia from a societal perspective: results from the North East Melbourne Stroke Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2001;32(10):2409–16.
    • (2001) Stroke J Cereb Circ , vol.32 , Issue.10 , pp. 2409-2416
    • Dewey, H.M.1    Thrift, A.G.2    Mihalopoulos, C.3    Carter, R.4    Macdonell, R.A.5    McNeil, J.J.6
  • 12
    • 33750321981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Projected costs of ischemic stroke in the United States
    • PID: 16914694, COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BD28nislWmsA%3D%3D
    • Brown DL, Boden-Albala B, Langa KM, Lisabeth LD, Fair M, Smith MA, et al. Projected costs of ischemic stroke in the United States. Neurology. 2006;67(8):1390–5.
    • (2006) Neurology , vol.67 , Issue.8 , pp. 1390-1395
    • Brown, D.L.1    Boden-Albala, B.2    Langa, K.M.3    Lisabeth, L.D.4    Fair, M.5    Smith, M.A.6
  • 13
    • 2342466734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030
    • PID: 15111519
    • Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(5):1047–53.
    • (2004) Diabetes Care , vol.27 , Issue.5 , pp. 1047-1053
    • Wild, S.1    Roglic, G.2    Green, A.3    Sicree, R.4    King, H.5
  • 14
  • 15
    • 0020584247 scopus 로고
    • Increased damage after ischemic stroke in patients with hyperglycemia with or without established diabetes mellitus
    • PID: 6837584, COI: 1:STN:280:DyaL3s7nsFKrsA%3D%3D
    • Pulsinelli WA, Levy DE, Sigsbee B, Scherer P, Plum F. Increased damage after ischemic stroke in patients with hyperglycemia with or without established diabetes mellitus. Am J Med. 1983;74(4):540–4.
    • (1983) Am J Med , vol.74 , Issue.4 , pp. 540-544
    • Pulsinelli, W.A.1    Levy, D.E.2    Sigsbee, B.3    Scherer, P.4    Plum, F.5
  • 16
    • 0034800666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stress hyperglycemia and prognosis of stroke in nondiabetic and diabetic patients: a systematic overview
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MrktFGrsQ%3D%3D
    • Capes SE, Hunt D, Malmberg K, Pathak P, Gerstein HC. Stress hyperglycemia and prognosis of stroke in nondiabetic and diabetic patients: a systematic overview. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2001;32(10):2426–32.
    • (2001) Stroke J Cereb Circ , vol.32 , Issue.10 , pp. 2426-2432
    • Capes, S.E.1    Hunt, D.2    Malmberg, K.3    Pathak, P.4    Gerstein, H.C.5
  • 18
    • 77954253350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abnormal glucose metabolism in non-diabetic patients presenting with an acute stroke: prospective study and systematic review
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXotFeitrk%3D
    • Dave JA, Engel ME, Freercks R, Peter J, May W, Badri M, et al. Abnormal glucose metabolism in non-diabetic patients presenting with an acute stroke: prospective study and systematic review. QJM Mon J Assoc Phys. 2010;103(7):495–503.
    • (2010) QJM Mon J Assoc Phys , vol.103 , Issue.7 , pp. 495-503
    • Dave, J.A.1    Engel, M.E.2    Freercks, R.3    Peter, J.4    May, W.5    Badri, M.6
  • 19
    • 0027512540 scopus 로고
    • Undiagnosed NIDDM: clinical and public health issues
    • PID: 8462395, COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK3s3hsFChug%3D%3D
    • Harris MI. Undiagnosed NIDDM: clinical and public health issues. Diabetes Care. 1993;16(4):642–52.
    • (1993) Diabetes Care , vol.16 , Issue.4 , pp. 642-652
    • Harris, M.I.1
  • 20
    • 23244459237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute hyperglycemia state is associated with lower tPA-induced recanalization rates in stroke patients
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXmtlSqtLo%3D
    • Ribo M, Molina C, Montaner J, Rubiera M, Delgado-Mederos R, Arenillas JF, et al. Acute hyperglycemia state is associated with lower tPA-induced recanalization rates in stroke patients. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2005;36(8):1705–9.
    • (2005) Stroke J Cereb Circ , vol.36 , Issue.8 , pp. 1705-1709
    • Ribo, M.1    Molina, C.2    Montaner, J.3    Rubiera, M.4    Delgado-Mederos, R.5    Arenillas, J.F.6
  • 21
    • 0034761311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute hyperglycemia and acute hyperinsulinemia decrease plasma fibrinolytic activity and increase plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 in the rat
    • PID: 11757804, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xhs1Kksw%3D%3D
    • Pandolfi A, Giaccari A, Cilli C, Alberta MM, Morviducci L, De Filippis EA, et al. Acute hyperglycemia and acute hyperinsulinemia decrease plasma fibrinolytic activity and increase plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 in the rat. Acta Diabetol. 2001;38(2):71–6.
    • (2001) Acta Diabetol , vol.38 , Issue.2 , pp. 71-76
    • Pandolfi, A.1    Giaccari, A.2    Cilli, C.3    Alberta, M.M.4    Morviducci, L.5    De Filippis, E.A.6
  • 22
    • 36048935090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factor VIIa and tissue factor procoagulant activity in diabetes mellitus after acute ischemic stroke: impact of hyperglycemia
    • PID: 18000605, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhsVWrsbnM
    • Gentile NT, Vaidyula VR, Kanamalla U, DeAngelis M, Gaughan J, Rao AK. Factor VIIa and tissue factor procoagulant activity in diabetes mellitus after acute ischemic stroke: impact of hyperglycemia. Thromb Haemost. 2007;98(5):1007–13.
    • (2007) Thromb Haemost , vol.98 , Issue.5 , pp. 1007-1013
    • Gentile, N.T.1    Vaidyula, V.R.2    Kanamalla, U.3    DeAngelis, M.4    Gaughan, J.5    Rao, A.K.6
  • 23
    • 33748288144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperglycemia stimulates coagulation, whereas hyperinsulinemia impairs fibrinolysis in healthy humans
    • PID: 16731846, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XlsF2ru7k%3D
    • Stegenga ME, van der Crabben SN, Levi M, de Vos AF, Tanck MW, Sauerwein HP, et al. Hyperglycemia stimulates coagulation, whereas hyperinsulinemia impairs fibrinolysis in healthy humans. Diabetes. 2006;55(6):1807–12.
    • (2006) Diabetes , vol.55 , Issue.6 , pp. 1807-1812
    • Stegenga, M.E.1    van der Crabben, S.N.2    Levi, M.3    de Vos, A.F.4    Tanck, M.W.5    Sauerwein, H.P.6
  • 24
    • 0033050497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative contribution of insulin and its precursors to fibrinogen and PAI-1 in a large population with different states of glucose tolerance. The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS)
    • PID: 10073958, COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXitFGnsL4%3D
    • Festa A, D’Agostino Jr R, Mykkanen L, Tracy RP, Zaccaro DJ, Hales CN, et al. Relative contribution of insulin and its precursors to fibrinogen and PAI-1 in a large population with different states of glucose tolerance. The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999;19(3):562–8.
    • (1999) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , vol.19 , Issue.3 , pp. 562-568
    • Festa, A.1    D’Agostino, R.2    Mykkanen, L.3    Tracy, R.P.4    Zaccaro, D.J.5    Hales, C.N.6
  • 25
    • 0034639491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and impaired hemostasis: the Framingham Offspring Study
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c%2Fpslyjtg%3D%3D
    • Meigs JB, Mittleman MA, Nathan DM, Tofler GH, Singer DE, Murphy-Sheehy PM, et al. Hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and impaired hemostasis: the Framingham Offspring Study. JAMA J Am Med Assoc. 2000;283(2):221–8.
    • (2000) JAMA J Am Med Assoc , vol.283 , Issue.2 , pp. 221-228
    • Meigs, J.B.1    Mittleman, M.A.2    Nathan, D.M.3    Tofler, G.H.4    Singer, D.E.5    Murphy-Sheehy, P.M.6
  • 27
    • 0021827417 scopus 로고
    • The effects of hyperglycaemia on changes during reperfusion following focal cerebral ischaemia in the cat
    • PID: 4031911, COI: 1:STN:280:DyaL2M3ptFymsA%3D%3D
    • Venables GS, Miller SA, Gibson G, Hardy JA, Strong AJ. The effects of hyperglycaemia on changes during reperfusion following focal cerebral ischaemia in the cat. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1985;48(7):663–9.
    • (1985) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.48 , Issue.7 , pp. 663-669
    • Venables, G.S.1    Miller, S.A.2    Gibson, G.3    Hardy, J.A.4    Strong, A.J.5
  • 28
    • 0037059549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of protein kinase Cbeta prevents impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation caused by hyperglycemia in humans
    • PID: 11786526, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XotlSnug%3D%3D
    • Beckman JA, Goldfine AB, Gordon MB, Garrett LA, Creager MA. Inhibition of protein kinase Cbeta prevents impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation caused by hyperglycemia in humans. Circ Res. 2002;90(1):107–11.
    • (2002) Circ Res , vol.90 , Issue.1 , pp. 107-111
    • Beckman, J.A.1    Goldfine, A.B.2    Gordon, M.B.3    Garrett, L.A.4    Creager, M.A.5
  • 29
    • 0032485927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute hyperglycemia attenuates endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans in vivo
    • PID: 9591763, COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXjsVSrsb8%3D
    • Williams SB, Goldfine AB, Timimi FK, Ting HH, Roddy MA, Simonson DC, et al. Acute hyperglycemia attenuates endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans in vivo. Circulation. 1998;97(17):1695–701.
    • (1998) Circulation , vol.97 , Issue.17 , pp. 1695-1701
    • Williams, S.B.1    Goldfine, A.B.2    Timimi, F.K.3    Ting, H.H.4    Roddy, M.A.5    Simonson, D.C.6
  • 30
    • 0024428094 scopus 로고
    • Effects of endothelium-derived nitric oxide on peripheral arteriolar tone in man
    • PID: 2572793, COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXhvFentg%3D%3D
    • Vallance P, Collier J, Moncada S. Effects of endothelium-derived nitric oxide on peripheral arteriolar tone in man. Lancet. 1989;2(8670):997–1000.
    • (1989) Lancet , vol.2 , Issue.8670 , pp. 997-1000
    • Vallance, P.1    Collier, J.2    Moncada, S.3
  • 31
    • 0037216768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase
    • PID: 12482742, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXmvF2gsg%3D%3D
    • Fleming I, Busse R. Molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2003;284(1):R1–12.
    • (2003) Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol , vol.284 , Issue.1 , pp. R1-R12
    • Fleming, I.1    Busse, R.2
  • 32
    • 0033867239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of simulated hyperglycemia, insulin, and glucagon on endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression
    • PID: 10893317, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXltlyqu7Y%3D
    • Ding Y, Vaziri ND, Coulson R, Kamanna VS, Roh DD. Effects of simulated hyperglycemia, insulin, and glucagon on endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2000;279(1):E11–7.
    • (2000) Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab , vol.279 , Issue.1 , pp. E11-E17
    • Ding, Y.1    Vaziri, N.D.2    Coulson, R.3    Kamanna, V.S.4    Roh, D.D.5
  • 33
    • 0035180299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperglycemia inhibits endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity by posttranslational modification at the Akt site
    • PID: 11696579, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXot12ktL0%3D
    • Du XL, Edelstein D, Dimmeler S, Ju Q, Sui C, Brownlee M. Hyperglycemia inhibits endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity by posttranslational modification at the Akt site. J Clin Invest. 2001;108(9):1341–8.
    • (2001) J Clin Invest , vol.108 , Issue.9 , pp. 1341-1348
    • Du, X.L.1    Edelstein, D.2    Dimmeler, S.3    Ju, Q.4    Sui, C.5    Brownlee, M.6
  • 34
    • 0021984681 scopus 로고
    • Oxygen-derived free radicals in postischemic tissue injury
    • PID: 2981404, COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaL2MXptlOmtA%3D%3D
    • McCord JM. Oxygen-derived free radicals in postischemic tissue injury. N Engl J Med. 1985;312(3):159–63.
    • (1985) N Engl J Med , vol.312 , Issue.3 , pp. 159-163
    • McCord, J.M.1
  • 35
    • 33947525763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of hyperglycemia on oxidative stress and matrix metalloproteinase-9 activation after focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats: relation to blood-brain barrier dysfunction
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhslygur4%3D
    • Kamada H, Yu F, Nito C, Chan PH. Influence of hyperglycemia on oxidative stress and matrix metalloproteinase-9 activation after focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats: relation to blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2007;38(3):1044–9.
    • (2007) Stroke J Cereb Circ , vol.38 , Issue.3 , pp. 1044-1049
    • Kamada, H.1    Yu, F.2    Nito, C.3    Chan, P.H.4
  • 36
    • 0030851862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydroxyl radical formation in hyperglycemic rats during middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion
    • PID: 9358241, COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXmvVWitLw%3D
    • Wei J, Huang NC, Quast MJ. Hydroxyl radical formation in hyperglycemic rats during middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion. Free Radic Biol Med. 1997;23(7):986–95.
    • (1997) Free Radic Biol Med , vol.23 , Issue.7 , pp. 986-995
    • Wei, J.1    Huang, N.C.2    Quast, M.J.3
  • 37
    • 58149268010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucose and NADPH oxidase drive neuronal superoxide formation in stroke
    • PID: 19107988, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsFGqur0%3D
    • Suh SW, Shin BS, Ma H, Van Hoecke M, Brennan AM, Yenari MA, et al. Glucose and NADPH oxidase drive neuronal superoxide formation in stroke. Ann Neurol. 2008;64(6):654–63.
    • (2008) Ann Neurol , vol.64 , Issue.6 , pp. 654-663
    • Suh, S.W.1    Shin, B.S.2    Ma, H.3    Van Hoecke, M.4    Brennan, A.M.5    Yenari, M.A.6
  • 39
    • 33644638104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperglycemia, insulin, and acute ischemic stroke: a mechanistic justification for a trial of insulin infusion therapy
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtlagsb7K
    • Garg R, Chaudhuri A, Munschauer F, Dandona P. Hyperglycemia, insulin, and acute ischemic stroke: a mechanistic justification for a trial of insulin infusion therapy. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2006;37(1):267–73.
    • (2006) Stroke J Cereb Circ , vol.37 , Issue.1 , pp. 267-273
    • Garg, R.1    Chaudhuri, A.2    Munschauer, F.3    Dandona, P.4
  • 40
    • 34250806560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased oxidative stress during hyperglycemic cerebral ischemia
    • PID: 17433500, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXmvVKms7c%3D
    • Bemeur C, Ste-Marie L, Montgomery J. Increased oxidative stress during hyperglycemic cerebral ischemia. Neurochem Int. 2007;50(7–8):890–904.
    • (2007) Neurochem Int , vol.50 , Issue.7-8 , pp. 890-904
    • Bemeur, C.1    Ste-Marie, L.2    Montgomery, J.3
  • 41
    • 14344259209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dehydroascorbic acid normalizes several markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in acute hyperglycemic focal cerebral ischemia in the rat
    • PID: 15737438, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhvVeksbo%3D
    • Bemeur C, Ste-Marie L, Desjardins P, Vachon L, Butterworth RF, Hazell AS, et al. Dehydroascorbic acid normalizes several markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in acute hyperglycemic focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. Neurochem Int. 2005;46(5):399–407.
    • (2005) Neurochem Int , vol.46 , Issue.5 , pp. 399-407
    • Bemeur, C.1    Ste-Marie, L.2    Desjardins, P.3    Vachon, L.4    Butterworth, R.F.5    Hazell, A.S.6
  • 42
    • 0032589712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of glucose and PaO2 modulation on cortical intracellular acidosis, NADH redox state, and infarction in the ischemic penumbra
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXmsVWqtg%3D%3D
    • Anderson RE, Tan WK, Martin HS, Meyer FB. Effects of glucose and PaO2 modulation on cortical intracellular acidosis, NADH redox state, and infarction in the ischemic penumbra. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 1999;30(1):160–70.
    • (1999) Stroke J Cereb Circ , vol.30 , Issue.1 , pp. 160-170
    • Anderson, R.E.1    Tan, W.K.2    Martin, H.S.3    Meyer, F.B.4
  • 43
    • 0036288571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute hyperglycemia adversely affects stroke outcome: a magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy study
    • PID: 12112043
    • Parsons MW, Barber PA, Desmond PM, Baird TA, Darby DG, Byrnes G, et al. Acute hyperglycemia adversely affects stroke outcome: a magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy study. Ann Neurol. 2002;52(1):20–8.
    • (2002) Ann Neurol , vol.52 , Issue.1 , pp. 20-28
    • Parsons, M.W.1    Barber, P.A.2    Desmond, P.M.3    Baird, T.A.4    Darby, D.G.5    Byrnes, G.6
  • 44
    • 84867589934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shuttling glucose across brain microvessels, with a little help from GLUT1 and AMP kinase. Focus on “AMP kinase regulation of sugar transport in brain capillary endothelial cells during acute metabolic stress
    • PID: 22814398, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xhs1ygsbjF
    • Lee WL, Klip A. Shuttling glucose across brain microvessels, with a little help from GLUT1 and AMP kinase. Focus on “AMP kinase regulation of sugar transport in brain capillary endothelial cells during acute metabolic stress”. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2012;303(8):C803–5.
    • (2012) Am J Physiol Cell Physiol , vol.303 , Issue.8 , pp. C803-C805
    • Lee, W.L.1    Klip, A.2
  • 45
    • 84880193432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of hypoglycaemia on neuronal metabolism in the adult brain: role of alternative substrates to glucose
    • PID: 23109064, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhtVyrtb7L
    • Amaral AI. Effects of hypoglycaemia on neuronal metabolism in the adult brain: role of alternative substrates to glucose. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2013;36(4):621–34.
    • (2013) J Inherit Metab Dis , vol.36 , Issue.4 , pp. 621-634
    • Amaral, A.I.1
  • 46
    • 84864378650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucose counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia
    • PID: 22783644, quiz 74-5
    • Sprague JE, Arbelaez AM. Glucose counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev: PER. 2011;9(1):463–73. quiz 74-5.
    • (2011) Pediatr Endocrinol Rev: PER , vol.9 , Issue.1 , pp. 463-473
    • Sprague, J.E.1    Arbelaez, A.M.2
  • 47
    • 0036302324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting functional outcome and survival after acute ischemic stroke
    • PID: 12140674
    • Weimar C, Ziegler A, Konig IR, Diener HC. Predicting functional outcome and survival after acute ischemic stroke. J Neurol. 2002;249(7):888–95.
    • (2002) J Neurol , vol.249 , Issue.7 , pp. 888-895
    • Weimar, C.1    Ziegler, A.2    Konig, I.R.3    Diener, H.C.4
  • 48
    • 0032707568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence rates of first-ever ischemic stroke subtypes among blacks: a population-based study
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c%2FltFekug%3D%3D
    • Woo D, Gebel J, Miller R, Kothari R, Brott T, Khoury J, et al. Incidence rates of first-ever ischemic stroke subtypes among blacks: a population-based study. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 1999;30(12):2517–22.
    • (1999) Stroke J Cereb Circ , vol.30 , Issue.12 , pp. 2517-2522
    • Woo, D.1    Gebel, J.2    Miller, R.3    Kothari, R.4    Brott, T.5    Khoury, J.6
  • 50
    • 0037046992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of admission hyperglycemia on mortality and costs in acute ischemic stroke
    • PID: 12105309, COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BD38zmtVOlsQ%3D%3D
    • Williams LS, Rotich J, Qi R, Fineberg N, Espay A, Bruno A, et al. Effects of admission hyperglycemia on mortality and costs in acute ischemic stroke. Neurology. 2002;59(1):67–71.
    • (2002) Neurology , vol.59 , Issue.1 , pp. 67-71
    • Williams, L.S.1    Rotich, J.2    Qi, R.3    Fineberg, N.4    Espay, A.5    Bruno, A.6
  • 51
    • 34047255739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucose-potassium-insulin infusions in the management of post-stroke hyperglycaemia: the UK Glucose Insulin in Stroke Trial (GIST-UK)
    • PID: 17434094, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXmtVyrsLc%3D
    • Gray CS, Hildreth AJ, Sandercock PA, O’Connell JE, Johnston DE, Cartlidge NE, et al. Glucose-potassium-insulin infusions in the management of post-stroke hyperglycaemia: the UK Glucose Insulin in Stroke Trial (GIST-UK). Lancet Neurol. 2007;6(5):397–406.
    • (2007) Lancet Neurol , vol.6 , Issue.5 , pp. 397-406
    • Gray, C.S.1    Hildreth, A.J.2    Sandercock, P.A.3    O’Connell, J.E.4    Johnston, D.E.5    Cartlidge, N.E.6
  • 52
    • 54049111024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamic of hyperglycemia as a predictor of stroke outcome in the ECASS-II trial
    • Yong M, Kaste M. Dynamic of hyperglycemia as a predictor of stroke outcome in the ECASS-II trial. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2008;39(10):2749–55.
    • (2008) Stroke J Cereb Circ , vol.39 , Issue.10 , pp. 2749-2755
    • Yong, M.1    Kaste, M.2
  • 53
    • 33746623618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency and temporal profile of poststroke hyperglycemia using continuous glucose monitoring
    • PID: 16873789, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XptVKmtbs%3D
    • Allport L, Baird T, Butcher K, Macgregor L, Prosser J, Colman P, et al. Frequency and temporal profile of poststroke hyperglycemia using continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(8):1839–44.
    • (2006) Diabetes Care , vol.29 , Issue.8 , pp. 1839-1844
    • Allport, L.1    Baird, T.2    Butcher, K.3    Macgregor, L.4    Prosser, J.5    Colman, P.6
  • 54
    • 1642432937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and prediction of unrecognised diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance following acute stroke
    • PID: 14695867
    • Gray CS, Scott JF, French JM, Alberti KG, O’Connell JE. Prevalence and prediction of unrecognised diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance following acute stroke. Age Ageing. 2004;33(1):71–7.
    • (2004) Age Ageing , vol.33 , Issue.1 , pp. 71-77
    • Gray, C.S.1    Scott, J.F.2    French, J.M.3    Alberti, K.G.4    O’Connell, J.E.5
  • 55
    • 12444268259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of abnormal glucose tolerance following a transient ischemic attack or ischemic stroke
    • PID: 15668371
    • Kernan WN, Viscoli CM, Inzucchi SE, Brass LM, Bravata DM, Shulman GI, et al. Prevalence of abnormal glucose tolerance following a transient ischemic attack or ischemic stroke. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(2):227–33.
    • (2005) Arch Intern Med , vol.165 , Issue.2 , pp. 227-233
    • Kernan, W.N.1    Viscoli, C.M.2    Inzucchi, S.E.3    Brass, L.M.4    Bravata, D.M.5    Shulman, G.I.6
  • 56
    • 33746339535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disorders of glucose metabolism in acute stroke patients: an underrecognized problem
    • PID: 16567817, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XjslOntro%3D
    • Matz K, Keresztes K, Tatschl C, Nowotny M, Dachenhausen A, Brainin M, et al. Disorders of glucose metabolism in acute stroke patients: an underrecognized problem. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(4):792–7.
    • (2006) Diabetes Care , vol.29 , Issue.4 , pp. 792-797
    • Matz, K.1    Keresztes, K.2    Tatschl, C.3    Nowotny, M.4    Dachenhausen, A.5    Brainin, M.6
  • 57
    • 30444442519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impaired glucose metabolism in patients with acute stroke and no previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2MnhvVeiuw%3D%3D
    • Vancheri F, Curcio M, Burgio A, Salvaggio S, Gruttadauria G, Lunetta MC, et al. Impaired glucose metabolism in patients with acute stroke and no previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. QJM: Mon J Assoc Phys. 2005;98(12):871–8.
    • (2005) QJM : Mon J Assoc Phys , vol.98 , Issue.12 , pp. 871-878
    • Vancheri, F.1    Curcio, M.2    Burgio, A.3    Salvaggio, S.4    Gruttadauria, G.5    Lunetta, M.C.6
  • 58
    • 33645379134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pituitary function during severe and life-threatening illnesses
    • PID: 16508715, COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BD287ntFKmtg%3D%3D
    • Gauna C, van den Berghe GH, van der Lely AJ. Pituitary function during severe and life-threatening illnesses. Pituitary. 2005;8(3–4):213–7.
    • (2005) Pituitary , vol.8 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 213-217
    • Gauna, C.1    van den Berghe, G.H.2    van der Lely, A.J.3
  • 59
    • 33646534368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endocrine aspects of acute and prolonged critical illness
    • PID: 16932250, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xis1Sitrw%3D
    • Vanhorebeek I, Langouche L, Van den Berghe G. Endocrine aspects of acute and prolonged critical illness. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2006;2(1):20–31.
    • (2006) Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab , vol.2 , Issue.1 , pp. 20-31
    • Vanhorebeek, I.1    Langouche, L.2    Van den Berghe, G.3
  • 60
    • 0033939971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel insights into the neuroendocrinology of critical illness
    • Van den Berghe G. Novel insights into the neuroendocrinology of critical illness. Eur J Endocrinol Eur Fed Endocr Soc. 2000;143(1):1–13.
    • (2000) Eur J Endocrinol Eur Fed Endocr Soc , vol.143 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-13
    • Van den Berghe, G.1
  • 62
    • 3042540863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between stress, inflammation and metabolism
    • PID: 15075708, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXjtFGjtLY%3D
    • Seematter G, Binnert C, Martin JL, Tappy L. Relationship between stress, inflammation and metabolism. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2004;7(2):169–73.
    • (2004) Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care , vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp. 169-173
    • Seematter, G.1    Binnert, C.2    Martin, J.L.3    Tappy, L.4
  • 63
    • 33746076785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperglycemia in the critically ill patient
    • PID: 16462409
    • Gearhart MM, Parbhoo SK. Hyperglycemia in the critically ill patient. AACN Clin Issues. 2006;17(1):50–5.
    • (2006) AACN Clin Issues , vol.17 , Issue.1 , pp. 50-55
    • Gearhart, M.M.1    Parbhoo, S.K.2
  • 64
    • 0036871965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epinephrine inhibits insulin-stimulated muscle glucose transport
    • PID: 12381748, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xosl2ls74%3D, Bethesda, Md : 1985
    • Hunt DG, Ivy JL. Epinephrine inhibits insulin-stimulated muscle glucose transport. J Appl Physiol. 2002;93(5):1638–43. Bethesda, Md: 1985.
    • (2002) J Appl Physiol , vol.93 , Issue.5 , pp. 1638-1643
    • Hunt, D.G.1    Ivy, J.L.2
  • 65
    • 0025899464 scopus 로고
    • Stress hormone and blood glucose response following acute stroke in the elderly
    • O’Neill PA, Davies I, Fullerton KJ, Bennett D. Stress hormone and blood glucose response following acute stroke in the elderly. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 1991;22(7):842–7.
    • (1991) Stroke J Cereb Circ , vol.22 , Issue.7 , pp. 842-847
    • O’Neill, P.A.1    Davies, I.2    Fullerton, K.J.3    Bennett, D.4
  • 66
    • 0029132696 scopus 로고
    • Early intrathecal production of interleukin-6 predicts the size of brain lesion in stroke
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK2MzlslygsQ%3D%3D
    • Tarkowski E, Rosengren L, Blomstrand C, Wikkelso C, Jensen C, Ekholm S, et al. Early intrathecal production of interleukin-6 predicts the size of brain lesion in stroke. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 1995;26(8):1393–8.
    • (1995) Stroke J Cereb Circ , vol.26 , Issue.8 , pp. 1393-1398
    • Tarkowski, E.1    Rosengren, L.2    Blomstrand, C.3    Wikkelso, C.4    Jensen, C.5    Ekholm, S.6
  • 67
    • 0033795665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proinflammatory cytokines and early neurological worsening in ischemic stroke
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXnsVKqtrw%3D
    • Vila N, Castillo J, Davalos A, Chamorro A. Proinflammatory cytokines and early neurological worsening in ischemic stroke. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2000;31(10):2325–9.
    • (2000) Stroke J Cereb Circ , vol.31 , Issue.10 , pp. 2325-2329
    • Vila, N.1    Castillo, J.2    Davalos, A.3    Chamorro, A.4
  • 68
    • 0029037126 scopus 로고
    • The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune-mediated inflammation
    • PID: 7715646, COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK2M3jtFGlsQ%3D%3D
    • Chrousos GP. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune-mediated inflammation. N Engl J Med. 1995;332(20):1351–62.
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.332 , Issue.20 , pp. 1351-1362
    • Chrousos, G.P.1
  • 69
    • 0033008005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TNF-alpha impairs insulin signaling and insulin stimulation of glucose uptake in C2C12 muscle cells
    • PID: 10329978
    • del Aguila LF, Claffey KP, Kirwan JP. TNF-alpha impairs insulin signaling and insulin stimulation of glucose uptake in C2C12 muscle cells. Am J Physiol. 1999;276(5 Pt 1):E849–55.
    • (1999) Am J Physiol , vol.276 , Issue.5 , pp. E849-E855
    • del Aguila, L.F.1    Claffey, K.P.2    Kirwan, J.P.3
  • 70
    • 0142053963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibits insulin’s stimulating effect on glucose uptake and endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans
    • PID: 14530204, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXnvVajurw%3D
    • Rask-Madsen C, Dominguez H, Ihlemann N, Hermann T, Kober L, Torp-Pedersen C. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibits insulin’s stimulating effect on glucose uptake and endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans. Circulation. 2003;108(15):1815–21.
    • (2003) Circulation , vol.108 , Issue.15 , pp. 1815-1821
    • Rask-Madsen, C.1    Dominguez, H.2    Ihlemann, N.3    Hermann, T.4    Kober, L.5    Torp-Pedersen, C.6
  • 71
    • 25844456730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces skeletal muscle insulin resistance in healthy human subjects via inhibition of Akt substrate 160 phosphorylation
    • PID: 16186396, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtV2rs7%2FJ
    • Plomgaard P, Bouzakri K, Krogh-Madsen R, Mittendorfer B, Zierath JR, Pedersen BK. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces skeletal muscle insulin resistance in healthy human subjects via inhibition of Akt substrate 160 phosphorylation. Diabetes. 2005;54(10):2939–45.
    • (2005) Diabetes , vol.54 , Issue.10 , pp. 2939-2945
    • Plomgaard, P.1    Bouzakri, K.2    Krogh-Madsen, R.3    Mittendorfer, B.4    Zierath, J.R.5    Pedersen, B.K.6
  • 72
    • 3242657072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How important is hyperglycemia during acute brain infarction?
    • PID: 15245585
    • Bruno A, Williams LS, Kent TA. How important is hyperglycemia during acute brain infarction? Neurologist. 2004;10(4):195–200.
    • (2004) Neurologist , vol.10 , Issue.4 , pp. 195-200
    • Bruno, A.1    Williams, L.S.2    Kent, T.A.3
  • 73
    • 0023889707 scopus 로고
    • Hyperglycemia enlarges infarct size in cerebrovascular occlusion in cats
    • de Courten-Myers G, Myers RE, Schoolfield L. Hyperglycemia enlarges infarct size in cerebrovascular occlusion in cats. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 1988;19(5):623–30.
    • (1988) Stroke J Cereb Circ , vol.19 , Issue.5 , pp. 623-630
    • de Courten-Myers, G.1    Myers, R.E.2    Schoolfield, L.3
  • 74
    • 0034793545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heterogeneity affecting outcome from acute stroke therapy: making reperfusion worse
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MrktFGltQ%3D%3D
    • Kent TA, Soukup VM, Fabian RH. Heterogeneity affecting outcome from acute stroke therapy: making reperfusion worse. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2001;32(10):2318–27.
    • (2001) Stroke J Cereb Circ , vol.32 , Issue.10 , pp. 2318-2327
    • Kent, T.A.1    Soukup, V.M.2    Fabian, R.H.3
  • 75
    • 0017166073 scopus 로고
    • Reactive hyperglycaemia in patients with acute stroke
    • PID: 978211, COI: 1:STN:280:DyaE2s%2FjtVKmsg%3D%3D
    • Melamed E. Reactive hyperglycaemia in patients with acute stroke. J Neurol Sci. 1976;29(2–4):267–75.
    • (1976) J Neurol Sci , vol.29 , Issue.2-4 , pp. 267-275
    • Melamed, E.1
  • 76
    • 47649085123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of hyperglycemia in acute stroke: how, when, and for whom?
    • McCormick MT, Muir KW, Gray CS, Walters MR. Management of hyperglycemia in acute stroke: how, when, and for whom? Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2008;39(7):2177–85.
    • (2008) Stroke J Cereb Circ , vol.39 , Issue.7 , pp. 2177-2185
    • McCormick, M.T.1    Muir, K.W.2    Gray, C.S.3    Walters, M.R.4
  • 77
    • 0041917474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persistent poststroke hyperglycemia is independently associated with infarct expansion and worse clinical outcome
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXmvVWhu7c%3D
    • Baird TA, Parsons MW, Phan T, Butcher KS, Desmond PM, Tress BM, et al. Persistent poststroke hyperglycemia is independently associated with infarct expansion and worse clinical outcome. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2003;34(9):2208–14.
    • (2003) Stroke J Cereb Circ , vol.34 , Issue.9 , pp. 2208-2214
    • Baird, T.A.1    Parsons, M.W.2    Phan, T.3    Butcher, K.S.4    Desmond, P.M.5    Tress, B.M.6
  • 79
    • 60549108722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prognostic value of capillary glucose levels in acute stroke: the GLycemia in Acute Stroke (GLIAS) study
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXmvVeisA%3D%3D
    • Fuentes B, Castillo J, San Jose B, Leira R, Serena J, Vivancos J, et al. The prognostic value of capillary glucose levels in acute stroke: the GLycemia in Acute Stroke (GLIAS) study. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2009;40(2):562–8.
    • (2009) Stroke J Cereb Circ , vol.40 , Issue.2 , pp. 562-568
    • Fuentes, B.1    Castillo, J.2    San Jose, B.3    Leira, R.4    Serena, J.5    Vivancos, J.6
  • 80
    • 25644435034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stroke in diabetic and non-diabetic patients: course and prognostic value of admission serum glucose
    • PID: 16179271
    • Stollberger C, Exner I, Finsterer J, Slany J, Steger C. Stroke in diabetic and non-diabetic patients: course and prognostic value of admission serum glucose. Ann Med. 2005;37(5):357–64.
    • (2005) Ann Med , vol.37 , Issue.5 , pp. 357-364
    • Stollberger, C.1    Exner, I.2    Finsterer, J.3    Slany, J.4    Steger, C.5
  • 81
    • 66649110674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperglycemia as an independent predictor of worse outcome in non-diabetic patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke
    • PID: 18357419
    • Stead LG, Gilmore RM, Bellolio MF, Mishra S, Bhagra A, Vaidyanathan L, et al. Hyperglycemia as an independent predictor of worse outcome in non-diabetic patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke. Neurocrit Care. 2009;10(2):181–6.
    • (2009) Neurocrit Care , vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp. 181-186
    • Stead, L.G.1    Gilmore, R.M.2    Bellolio, M.F.3    Mishra, S.4    Bhagra, A.5    Vaidyanathan, L.6
  • 82
    • 49949090661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood glucose concentration and outcome of critical illness: the impact of diabetes
    • PID: 18664780, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXptFSms78%3D
    • Egi M, Bellomo R, Stachowski E, French CJ, Hart GK, Hegarty C, et al. Blood glucose concentration and outcome of critical illness: the impact of diabetes. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(8):2249–55.
    • (2008) Crit Care Med , vol.36 , Issue.8 , pp. 2249-2255
    • Egi, M.1    Bellomo, R.2    Stachowski, E.3    French, C.J.4    Hart, G.K.5    Hegarty, C.6
  • 83
    • 0036962051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperglycemia: an independent marker of in-hospital mortality in patients with undiagnosed diabetes
    • PID: 11889147, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XitlWgs78%3D
    • Umpierrez GE, Isaacs SD, Bazargan N, You X, Thaler LM, Kitabchi AE. Hyperglycemia: an independent marker of in-hospital mortality in patients with undiagnosed diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(3):978–82.
    • (2002) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.87 , Issue.3 , pp. 978-982
    • Umpierrez, G.E.1    Isaacs, S.D.2    Bazargan, N.3    You, X.4    Thaler, L.M.5    Kitabchi, A.E.6
  • 85
    • 0037056360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Admission glucose level and clinical outcomes in the NINDS rt-PA Stroke Trial
    • PID: 12221155, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XnvVSnsbc%3D
    • Bruno A, Levine SR, Frankel MR, Brott TG, Lin Y, Tilley BC, et al. Admission glucose level and clinical outcomes in the NINDS rt-PA Stroke Trial. Neurology. 2002;59(5):669–74.
    • (2002) Neurology , vol.59 , Issue.5 , pp. 669-674
    • Bruno, A.1    Levine, S.R.2    Frankel, M.R.3    Brott, T.G.4    Lin, Y.5    Tilley, B.C.6
  • 87
    • 7644228368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of admission hyperglycemia on stroke outcome after thrombolysis: risk stratification in relation to time to reperfusion
    • Alvarez-Sabin J, Molina CA, Ribo M, Arenillas JF, Montaner J, Huertas R, et al. Impact of admission hyperglycemia on stroke outcome after thrombolysis: risk stratification in relation to time to reperfusion. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2004;35(11):2493–8.
    • (2004) Stroke J Cereb Circ , vol.35 , Issue.11 , pp. 2493-2498
    • Alvarez-Sabin, J.1    Molina, C.A.2    Ribo, M.3    Arenillas, J.F.4    Montaner, J.5    Huertas, R.6
  • 88
    • 3242791869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of hyperacute clinical worsening in ischemic stroke patients receiving thrombolytic therapy
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXls1Kjt7k%3D
    • Leigh R, Zaidat OO, Suri MF, Lynch G, Sundararajan S, Sunshine JL, et al. Predictors of hyperacute clinical worsening in ischemic stroke patients receiving thrombolytic therapy. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2004;35(8):1903–7.
    • (2004) Stroke J Cereb Circ , vol.35 , Issue.8 , pp. 1903-1907
    • Leigh, R.1    Zaidat, O.O.2    Suri, M.F.3    Lynch, G.4    Sundararajan, S.5    Sunshine, J.L.6
  • 89
    • 0037967223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of admission hyperglycemia on stroke outcome in reperfused tissue plasminogen activator–treated patients
    • Alvarez-Sabin J, Molina CA, Montaner J, Arenillas JF, Huertas R, Ribo M, et al. Effects of admission hyperglycemia on stroke outcome in reperfused tissue plasminogen activator–treated patients. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2003;34(5):1235–41.
    • (2003) Stroke J Cereb Circ , vol.34 , Issue.5 , pp. 1235-1241
    • Alvarez-Sabin, J.1    Molina, C.A.2    Montaner, J.3    Arenillas, J.F.4    Huertas, R.5    Ribo, M.6
  • 90
    • 5444257540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of improvement in patients with acute stroke after treatment with thrombolytic therapy: predictors and association with outcome
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXoslGqsLs%3D
    • Saposnik G, Young B, Silver B, Di Legge S, Webster F, Beletsky V, et al. Lack of improvement in patients with acute stroke after treatment with thrombolytic therapy: predictors and association with outcome. JAMA J Am Med Assoc. 2004;292(15):1839–44.
    • (2004) JAMA J Am Med Assoc , vol.292 , Issue.15 , pp. 1839-1844
    • Saposnik, G.1    Young, B.2    Silver, B.3    Di Legge, S.4    Webster, F.5    Beletsky, V.6
  • 93
    • 33746326439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomised, controlled pilot study to investigate the potential benefit of intervention with insulin in hyperglycaemic acute ischaemic stroke patients
    • PID: 16685123, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XntFyksbY%3D, Basel, Switzerland
    • Walters MR, Weir CJ, Lees KR. A randomised, controlled pilot study to investigate the potential benefit of intervention with insulin in hyperglycaemic acute ischaemic stroke patients. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2006;22(2-3):116–22. Basel, Switzerland.
    • (2006) Cerebrovasc Dis , vol.22 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 116-122
    • Walters, M.R.1    Weir, C.J.2    Lees, K.R.3
  • 94
    • 39349094881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of hyperglycemia in ischemic stroke (THIS): a randomized pilot trial
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXptlWnug%3D%3D
    • Bruno A, Kent TA, Coull BM, Shankar RR, Saha C, Becker KJ, et al. Treatment of hyperglycemia in ischemic stroke (THIS): a randomized pilot trial. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2008;39(2):384–9.
    • (2008) Stroke J Cereb Circ , vol.39 , Issue.2 , pp. 384-389
    • Bruno, A.1    Kent, T.A.2    Coull, B.M.3    Shankar, R.R.4    Saha, C.5    Becker, K.J.6
  • 95
    • 57649135334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pragmatic management of hyperglycaemia in acute ischaemic stroke: safety and feasibility of intensive intravenous insulin treatment
    • PID: 19092238, Basel, Switzerland
    • Kreisel SH, Berschin UM, Hammes HP, Leweling H, Bertsch T, Hennerici MG, et al. Pragmatic management of hyperglycaemia in acute ischaemic stroke: safety and feasibility of intensive intravenous insulin treatment. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009;27(2):167–75. Basel, Switzerland.
    • (2009) Cerebrovasc Dis , vol.27 , Issue.2 , pp. 167-175
    • Kreisel, S.H.1    Berschin, U.M.2    Hammes, H.P.3    Leweling, H.4    Bertsch, T.5    Hennerici, M.G.6
  • 96
    • 73449126197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucose Regulation in Acute Stroke Patients (GRASP) trial: a randomized pilot trial
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsValtbvN
    • Johnston KC, Hall CE, Kissela BM, Bleck TP, Conaway MR. Glucose Regulation in Acute Stroke Patients (GRASP) trial: a randomized pilot trial. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2009;40(12):3804–9.
    • (2009) Stroke J Cereb Circ , vol.40 , Issue.12 , pp. 3804-3809
    • Johnston, K.C.1    Hall, C.E.2    Kissela, B.M.3    Bleck, T.P.4    Conaway, M.R.5
  • 97
    • 79951880894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous insulin therapy in the maintenance of strict glycemic control in nondiabetic acute stroke patients with mild hyperglycemia
    • Staszewski J, Brodacki B, Kotowicz J, Stepien A. Intravenous insulin therapy in the maintenance of strict glycemic control in nondiabetic acute stroke patients with mild hyperglycemia. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis Off J Natl Stroke Assoc. 2011;20(2):150–4.
    • (2011) J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis Off J Natl Stroke Assoc , vol.20 , Issue.2 , pp. 150-154
    • Staszewski, J.1    Brodacki, B.2    Kotowicz, J.3    Stepien, A.4
  • 98
    • 77951717563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized, controlled trial of insulin for acute poststroke hyperglycemia
    • PID: 20437554, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXmvF2lsr4%3D
    • McCormick M, Hadley D, McLean JR, Macfarlane JA, Condon B, Muir KW. Randomized, controlled trial of insulin for acute poststroke hyperglycemia. Ann Neurol. 2010;67(5):570–8.
    • (2010) Ann Neurol , vol.67 , Issue.5 , pp. 570-578
    • McCormick, M.1    Hadley, D.2    McLean, J.R.3    Macfarlane, J.A.4    Condon, B.5    Muir, K.W.6
  • 99
    • 34447506735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severe hypoglycemia in critically ill patients: risk factors and outcomes
    • PID: 17717490
    • Krinsley JS, Grover A. Severe hypoglycemia in critically ill patients: risk factors and outcomes. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(10):2262–7.
    • (2007) Crit Care Med , vol.35 , Issue.10 , pp. 2262-2267
    • Krinsley, J.S.1    Grover, A.2
  • 101
    • 2642519679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypoglycaemia exacerbates ischaemic retinal injury in rats
    • PID: 15148218, COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2c3kvFKrsA%3D%3D
    • Casson RJ, Wood JP, Osborne NN. Hypoglycaemia exacerbates ischaemic retinal injury in rats. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004;88(6):816–20.
    • (2004) Br J Ophthalmol , vol.88 , Issue.6 , pp. 816-820
    • Casson, R.J.1    Wood, J.P.2    Osborne, N.N.3
  • 102
    • 79955468734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrent hypoglycemia exacerbates cerebral ischemic damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXltFyrtbo%3D
    • Dave KR, Tamariz J, Desai KM, Brand FJ, Liu A, Saul I, et al. Recurrent hypoglycemia exacerbates cerebral ischemic damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2011;42(5):1404–11.
    • (2011) Stroke J Cereb Circ , vol.42 , Issue.5 , pp. 1404-1411
    • Dave, K.R.1    Tamariz, J.2    Desai, K.M.3    Brand, F.J.4    Liu, A.5    Saul, I.6
  • 103
    • 79955641157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrent hypoglycemia increases oxygen glucose deprivation-induced damage in hippocampal organotypic slices
    • PID: 21466838, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXlvVSru7Y%3D
    • Dave KR, Pileggi A, Raval AP. Recurrent hypoglycemia increases oxygen glucose deprivation-induced damage in hippocampal organotypic slices. Neurosci Lett. 2011;496(1):25–9.
    • (2011) Neurosci Lett , vol.496 , Issue.1 , pp. 25-29
    • Dave, K.R.1    Pileggi, A.2    Raval, A.P.3
  • 104
    • 0032852273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of fasting and insulin-induced hypoglycemia on brain cell membrane function and energy metabolism during hypoxia-ischemia in newborn piglets
    • PID: 10536269, COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXmvFWnsLs%3D
    • Chang YS, Park WS, Ko SY, Kang MJ, Han JM, Lee M, et al. Effects of fasting and insulin-induced hypoglycemia on brain cell membrane function and energy metabolism during hypoxia-ischemia in newborn piglets. Brain Res. 1999;844(1–2):135–42.
    • (1999) Brain Res , vol.844 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 135-142
    • Chang, Y.S.1    Park, W.S.2    Ko, S.Y.3    Kang, M.J.4    Han, J.M.5    Lee, M.6
  • 105
    • 84939925203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperglycemia/hypoglycemia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cerebral ischemic damage in diabetics, Metab Brain Dis:
    • Rehni AK, Nautiyal N, Perez-Pinzon MA, Dave KR. Hyperglycemia/hypoglycemia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cerebral ischemic damage in diabetics. Metab Brain Dis. 2014.
    • (2014) Dave KR
    • Rehni, A.K.1    Nautiyal, N.2    Perez-Pinzon, M.A.3
  • 106
    • 67650689607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of early hypoglycemia and blood glucose variability on outcome in critical illness
    • PID: 19534781, London, England
    • Bagshaw SM, Bellomo R, Jacka MJ, Egi M, Hart GK, George C. The impact of early hypoglycemia and blood glucose variability on outcome in critical illness. Crit Care. 2009;13(3):R91. London, England.
    • (2009) Crit Care , vol.13 , Issue.3 , pp. R91
    • Bagshaw, S.M.1    Bellomo, R.2    Jacka, M.J.3    Egi, M.4    Hart, G.K.5    George, C.6
  • 107
    • 0035856980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications
    • PID: 11742414, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xhtlyltg%3D%3D
    • Brownlee M. Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Nature. 2001;414(6865):813–20.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.414 , Issue.6865 , pp. 813-820
    • Brownlee, M.1
  • 108
    • 48449098502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oscillating glucose is more deleterious to endothelial function and oxidative stress than mean glucose in normal and type 2 diabetic patients
    • PID: 18299315, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXlvVKjtbo%3D
    • Ceriello A, Esposito K, Piconi L, Ihnat MA, Thorpe JE, Testa R, et al. Oscillating glucose is more deleterious to endothelial function and oxidative stress than mean glucose in normal and type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes. 2008;57(5):1349–54.
    • (2008) Diabetes , vol.57 , Issue.5 , pp. 1349-1354
    • Ceriello, A.1    Esposito, K.2    Piconi, L.3    Ihnat, M.A.4    Thorpe, J.E.5    Testa, R.6
  • 109
    • 77949263068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of oxidative stress by glycaemic control: evidence for an independent inhibitory effect of insulin therapy
    • PID: 19890623, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsVygsbg%3D
    • Monnier L, Colette C, Mas E, Michel F, Cristol JP, Boegner C, et al. Regulation of oxidative stress by glycaemic control: evidence for an independent inhibitory effect of insulin therapy. Diabetologia. 2010;53(3):562–71.
    • (2010) Diabetologia , vol.53 , Issue.3 , pp. 562-571
    • Monnier, L.1    Colette, C.2    Mas, E.3    Michel, F.4    Cristol, J.P.5    Boegner, C.6
  • 110
    • 33645745733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation of oxidative stress by acute glucose fluctuations compared with sustained chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XjsVequ7k%3D
    • Monnier L, Mas E, Ginet C, Michel F, Villon L, Cristol JP, et al. Activation of oxidative stress by acute glucose fluctuations compared with sustained chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. JAMA J Am Med Assoc. 2006;295(14):1681–7.
    • (2006) JAMA J Am Med Assoc , vol.295 , Issue.14 , pp. 1681-1687
    • Monnier, L.1    Mas, E.2    Ginet, C.3    Michel, F.4    Villon, L.5    Cristol, J.P.6
  • 111
    • 0027370108 scopus 로고
    • The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
    • The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(14):977–86.
    • (1993) N Engl J Med , vol.329 , Issue.14 , pp. 977-986
    • The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group1
  • 112
    • 27644546482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glycemic variability: it’s not just about A1C anymore!
    • PID: 16241882
    • Hirsch IB. Glycemic variability: it’s not just about A1C anymore! Diabetes Technol Ther. 2005;7(5):780–3.
    • (2005) Diabetes Technol Ther , vol.7 , Issue.5 , pp. 780-783
    • Hirsch, I.B.1
  • 113
    • 77953628730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucose variability; does it matter?
    • PID: 19966012, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXmtlSgs74%3D
    • Siegelaar SE, Holleman F, Hoekstra JB, DeVries JH. Glucose variability; does it matter? Endocr Rev. 2010;31(2):171–82.
    • (2010) Endocr Rev , vol.31 , Issue.2 , pp. 171-182
    • Siegelaar, S.E.1    Holleman, F.2    Hoekstra, J.B.3    DeVries, J.H.4
  • 114
    • 57049128707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can glycaemic variability, as calculated from blood glucose self-monitoring, predict the development of complications in type 1 diabetes over a decade?
    • PID: 18824382, COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1cjovVOluw%3D%3D
    • Bragd J, Adamson U, Backlund LB, Lins PE, Moberg E, Oskarsson P. Can glycaemic variability, as calculated from blood glucose self-monitoring, predict the development of complications in type 1 diabetes over a decade? Diabetes Metab. 2008;34(6 Pt 1):612–6.
    • (2008) Diabetes Metab , vol.34 , Issue.6 , pp. 612-616
    • Bragd, J.1    Adamson, U.2    Backlund, L.B.3    Lins, P.E.4    Moberg, E.5    Oskarsson, P.6
  • 115
    • 51649116707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood glucose variability is associated with mortality in the surgical intensive care unit
    • PID: 18705566, discussion 85
    • Dossett LA, Cao H, Mowery NT, Dortch MJ, Morris Jr JM, May AK. Blood glucose variability is associated with mortality in the surgical intensive care unit. Am Surg. 2008;74(8):679–85. discussion 85.
    • (2008) Am Surg , vol.74 , Issue.8 , pp. 679-685
    • Dossett, L.A.1    Cao, H.2    Mowery, N.T.3    Dortch, M.J.4    Morris, J.M.5    May, A.K.6
  • 116
    • 33746621650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variability of blood glucose concentration and short-term mortality in critically ill patients
    • PID: 16871057, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xntl2mt7k%3D
    • Egi M, Bellomo R, Stachowski E, French CJ, Hart G. Variability of blood glucose concentration and short-term mortality in critically ill patients. Anesthesiology. 2006;105(2):244–52.
    • (2006) Anesthesiology , vol.105 , Issue.2 , pp. 244-252
    • Egi, M.1    Bellomo, R.2    Stachowski, E.3    French, C.J.4    Hart, G.5
  • 117
    • 55349134410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glycemic variability: a strong independent predictor of mortality in critically ill patients
    • PID: 18824908, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXht1KmtbnF
    • Krinsley JS. Glycemic variability: a strong independent predictor of mortality in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(11):3008–13.
    • (2008) Crit Care Med , vol.36 , Issue.11 , pp. 3008-3013
    • Krinsley, J.S.1
  • 118
    • 84891860642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased glycemic variability is independently associated with length of stay and mortality in noncritically ill hospitalized patients
    • PID: 24170754, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhvFaksLnM
    • Mendez CE, Mok KT, Ata A, Tanenberg RJ, Calles-Escandon J, Umpierrez GE. Increased glycemic variability is independently associated with length of stay and mortality in noncritically ill hospitalized patients. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(12):4091–7.
    • (2013) Diabetes Care , vol.36 , Issue.12 , pp. 4091-4097
    • Mendez, C.E.1    Mok, K.T.2    Ata, A.3    Tanenberg, R.J.4    Calles-Escandon, J.5    Umpierrez, G.E.6
  • 119
    • 84858615767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucose variability negatively impacts long-term functional outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury
    • PID: 22033047, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XktlKqsbk%3D
    • Matsushima K, Peng M, Velasco C, Schaefer E, Diaz-Arrastia R, Frankel H. Glucose variability negatively impacts long-term functional outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury. J Crit Care. 2012;27(2):125–31.
    • (2012) J Crit Care , vol.27 , Issue.2 , pp. 125-131
    • Matsushima, K.1    Peng, M.2    Velasco, C.3    Schaefer, E.4    Diaz-Arrastia, R.5    Frankel, H.6
  • 120
    • 67649845862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced daily risk of glycemic variability: comparison of exenatide with insulin glargine
    • PID: 19459761, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXmtlWgurk%3D
    • McCall AL, Cox DJ, Brodows R, Crean J, Johns D, Kovatchev B. Reduced daily risk of glycemic variability: comparison of exenatide with insulin glargine. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2009;11(6):339–44.
    • (2009) Diabetes Technol Ther , vol.11 , Issue.6 , pp. 339-344
    • McCall, A.L.1    Cox, D.J.2    Brodows, R.3    Crean, J.4    Johns, D.5    Kovatchev, B.6
  • 121
    • 82455199030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exenatide improves glycemic variability assessed by continuous glucose monitoring in subjects with type 2 diabetes
    • PID: 21751893, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsFKlurrF
    • Irace C, Fiorentino R, Carallo C, Scavelli F, Gnasso A. Exenatide improves glycemic variability assessed by continuous glucose monitoring in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2011;13(12):1261–3.
    • (2011) Diabetes Technol Ther , vol.13 , Issue.12 , pp. 1261-1263
    • Irace, C.1    Fiorentino, R.2    Carallo, C.3    Scavelli, F.4    Gnasso, A.5
  • 122
    • 79955608846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ischemia-induced changes in glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor and neuroprotective effect of its agonist, exendin-4, in experimental transient cerebral ischemia
    • PID: 21472764, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXlsF2ju7c%3D
    • Lee CH, Yan B, Yoo KY, Choi JH, Kwon SH, Her S, et al. Ischemia-induced changes in glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor and neuroprotective effect of its agonist, exendin-4, in experimental transient cerebral ischemia. J Neurosci Res. 2011;89(7):1103–13.
    • (2011) J Neurosci Res , vol.89 , Issue.7 , pp. 1103-1113
    • Lee, C.H.1    Yan, B.2    Yoo, K.Y.3    Choi, J.H.4    Kwon, S.H.5    Her, S.6
  • 123
    • 79960996273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exendin-4, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, provides neuroprotection in mice transient focal cerebral ischemia
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXps1OmtL0%3D
    • Teramoto S, Miyamoto N, Yatomi K, Tanaka Y, Oishi H, Arai H, et al. Exendin-4, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, provides neuroprotection in mice transient focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab Off J Int Soc Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2011;31(8):1696–705.
    • (2011) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab Off J Int Soc Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.31 , Issue.8 , pp. 1696-1705
    • Teramoto, S.1    Miyamoto, N.2    Yatomi, K.3    Tanaka, Y.4    Oishi, H.5    Arai, H.6
  • 124
    • 82955195404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Repeated administration of exendin-4 reduces focal cerebral ischemia-induced infarction in rats
    • PID: 22055454, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhs1Shu7%2FI
    • Briyal S, Gulati K, Gulati A. Repeated administration of exendin-4 reduces focal cerebral ischemia-induced infarction in rats. Brain Res. 2012;1427:23–34.
    • (2012) Brain Res , vol.1427 , pp. 23-34
    • Briyal, S.1    Gulati, K.2    Gulati, A.3
  • 125
    • 84858722980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor activation reduces ischaemic brain damage following stroke in type 2 diabetic rats
    • PID: 22150224, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhsVKhurs%3D, London, England : 1979
    • Darsalia V, Mansouri S, Ortsater H, Olverling A, Nozadze N, Kappe C, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor activation reduces ischaemic brain damage following stroke in type 2 diabetic rats. Clin Sci. 2012;122(10):473–83. London, England: 1979.
    • (2012) Clin Sci , vol.122 , Issue.10 , pp. 473-483
    • Darsalia, V.1    Mansouri, S.2    Ortsater, H.3    Olverling, A.4    Nozadze, N.5    Kappe, C.6
  • 126
    • 84866755816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continuous glucose profiles with vildagliptin versus sitagliptin in add-on to metformin: results from the randomized Optima study
    • PID: 22809630, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhtV2iu73L
    • Guerci B, Monnier L, Serusclat P, Petit C, Valensi P, Huet D, et al. Continuous glucose profiles with vildagliptin versus sitagliptin in add-on to metformin: results from the randomized Optima study. Diabetes Metab. 2012;38(4):359–66.
    • (2012) Diabetes Metab , vol.38 , Issue.4 , pp. 359-366
    • Guerci, B.1    Monnier, L.2    Serusclat, P.3    Petit, C.4    Valensi, P.5    Huet, D.6
  • 127
    • 84875438002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin counteracts stroke in the normal and diabetic mouse brain: a comparison with glimepiride
    • PID: 23209191, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXpvFCku7g%3D
    • Darsalia V, Ortsater H, Olverling A, Darlof E, Wolbert P, Nystrom T, et al. The DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin counteracts stroke in the normal and diabetic mouse brain: a comparison with glimepiride. Diabetes. 2013;62(4):1289–96.
    • (2013) Diabetes , vol.62 , Issue.4 , pp. 1289-1296
    • Darsalia, V.1    Ortsater, H.2    Olverling, A.3    Darlof, E.4    Wolbert, P.5    Nystrom, T.6
  • 128
    • 84878481429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alogliptin, a dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitor, for patients with diabetes mellitus type 2, induces tolerance to focal cerebral ischemia in non-diabetic, normal mice
    • PID: 23602966, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXnt1altbw%3D
    • Yang D, Nakajo Y, Iihara K, Kataoka H, Yanamoto H. Alogliptin, a dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitor, for patients with diabetes mellitus type 2, induces tolerance to focal cerebral ischemia in non-diabetic, normal mice. Brain Res. 2013;1517:104–13.
    • (2013) Brain Res , vol.1517 , pp. 104-113
    • Yang, D.1    Nakajo, Y.2    Iihara, K.3    Kataoka, H.4    Yanamoto, H.5
  • 129
    • 84864460325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Design of the novel protraction mechanism of insulin degludec, an ultra-long-acting basal insulin
    • PID: 22485010, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XltF2jsrc%3D
    • Jonassen I, Havelund S, Hoeg-Jensen T, Steensgaard DB, Wahlund PO, Ribel U. Design of the novel protraction mechanism of insulin degludec, an ultra-long-acting basal insulin. Pharm Res. 2012;29(8):2104–14.
    • (2012) Pharm Res , vol.29 , Issue.8 , pp. 2104-2114
    • Jonassen, I.1    Havelund, S.2    Hoeg-Jensen, T.3    Steensgaard, D.B.4    Wahlund, P.O.5    Ribel, U.6
  • 130
    • 84896711004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lower glucose variability and hypoglycemia measured by continuous glucose monitoring with novel long-acting insulin LY2605541 versus insulin glargine
    • PID: 24198302, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXmvF2kurY%3D
    • Bergenstal RM, Rosenstock J, Bastyr 3rd EJ, Prince MJ, Qu Y, Jacober SJ. Lower glucose variability and hypoglycemia measured by continuous glucose monitoring with novel long-acting insulin LY2605541 versus insulin glargine. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(3):659–65.
    • (2014) Diabetes Care , vol.37 , Issue.3 , pp. 659-665
    • Bergenstal, R.M.1    Rosenstock, J.2    Bastyr, E.J.3    Prince, M.J.4    Qu, Y.5    Jacober, S.J.6
  • 132
    • 84900794010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The development of new basal insulins: is there any clinical advantage with their use in type 2 diabetes?
    • PID: 24673155, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXot1ynt7Y%3D
    • Maiorino MI, Petrizzo M, Capuano A, Giugliano D, Esposito K. The development of new basal insulins: is there any clinical advantage with their use in type 2 diabetes? Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2014;14(6):799–808.
    • (2014) Expert Opin Biol Ther , vol.14 , Issue.6 , pp. 799-808
    • Maiorino, M.I.1    Petrizzo, M.2    Capuano, A.3    Giugliano, D.4    Esposito, K.5
  • 133
    • 84899657736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Will the next generation of basal insulins offer clinical advantages?
    • PID: 24118819, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXntFCgtr8%3D
    • Garber AJ. Will the next generation of basal insulins offer clinical advantages? Diabetes Obes Metab. 2014;16(6):483–91.
    • (2014) Diabetes Obes Metab , vol.16 , Issue.6 , pp. 483-491
    • Garber, A.J.1
  • 134
    • 84893514330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basal insulin analogues in the management of diabetes mellitus: what progress have we made?
    • PID: 24026961, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXitFKktbk%3D
    • Owens DR, Matfin G, Monnier L. Basal insulin analogues in the management of diabetes mellitus: what progress have we made? Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2014;30(2):104–19.
    • (2014) Diabetes Metab Res Rev , vol.30 , Issue.2 , pp. 104-119
    • Owens, D.R.1    Matfin, G.2    Monnier, L.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.