'Glycaemic variability': A new therapeutic challenge in diabetes and the critical care setting

Diabetic Medicine

Volumn 27, Issue 8, 2010, Pages 862-867

  Ceriello, A ^a   Ihnat, M A ^b  

^a INSTITUT D INVESTIGACIONS BIOMÈDIQUES AUGUST PI I SUNYER IDIBAPS   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

diabetic complications; endothelial dysfunction; glucose variability; oxidative stress

Indexed keywords

FREE RADICAL; GLUCOSE; HEMOGLOBIN A1C;

CRITICAL ILLNESS; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC PATIENT; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; HYPOGLYCEMIA; IN VITRO STUDY; INTENSIVE CARE; NONHUMAN; OSCILLATION; PATHOGENESIS; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW;

BLOOD GLUCOSE; CRITICAL CARE; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; HEMOGLOBIN A, GLYCOSYLATED; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 77954790519     PISSN: 07423071     EISSN: 14645491     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.02967.x     Document Type: Review

References (58)

1. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993 329 : 977 986.
2. Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY, Genuth SM, Lachin JM, Orchard TJ et al Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Study Research Group. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2005 353 : 2643 2653.
3. Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, Matthews DR, Neil HA. Ten-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in Type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008 359 : 1565 1576.
4. 1c-independent risk factor for diabetic complications. J Am Med Assoc 2006 295 : 1707 1782.
5. Ceriello A. Postprandial hyperglycemia and diabetes complications: is it time to treat? Diabetes 2005 54 : 1 7.
6. Chiasson JL, Josse RG, Gomis R, Hanefeld M, Karasik A, Laakso M et al STOP-NIDDM Trial Research Group. Acarbose treatment and the risk of cardiovascular disease and hypertension in patients with impaired glucose tolerance: the STOP-NIDDM trial. J Am Med Assoc 2003 290 : 486 494.
7. Raz I, Wilson PW, Strojek K, Kowalska I, Bozikov V, Gitt AK et al. Effects of prandial versus fasting glycemia on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: the HEART2D trial. Diabetes Care 2009 32 : 381 386.
8. Ceriello A. Postprandial hyperglycemia and cardiovascular disease: is the HEART2D study the answer? Diabetes Care 2009 32 : 521 522.
9. Deedwania P, Kosiborod M, Barrett E, Ceriello A, Isley W, Mazzone T et al. Hyperglycemia and acute coronary syndrome: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Diabetes Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation 2008 117 : 1610 1619.
10. Langouche L, Vanhorebeek I, Van den Berghe G. Therapy insight: the effect of tight glycemic control in acute illness. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2007 3 : 270 278.
11. lc in pediatric type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2002 25 : 1840 1844.
12. Kilpatrick ES, Rigby AS, Atkin SL. The effect of glucose variability on the risk of microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006 29 : 1486 1490.
13. 1c in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2008 51 : 365 371.
14. 1c variability and the risk of microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes: data from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes Care 2008 31 : 2198 2202.
15. Kilpatrick ES, Rigby AS, Atkin SL. The effect of glucose variability on the long-term risk of microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009 32 : 1901 1903.
16. Monnier L, Colette C, Leiter L, Ceriello A, Hanefeld M, Owens D et al as PGR Group. The effect of glucose variability on the risk of microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007 30 : 185 186.
17. Bragd J, Adamson U, Bäcklund LB, Lins PE, Moberg E, Oskarsson P. Can glycaemic variability, as calculated from blood glucose self-monitoring, predict the development of complications in type 1 diabetes over a decade? Diabetes Metab 2008 34 : 612 616.
18. Muggeo M, Verlato G, Bonora E, Ciani F, Moghetti P, Eastman R et al. Long-term instability of fasting plasma glucose predicts mortality in elderly NIDDM patients: the Verona Diabetes Study. Diabetologia 1995 38 : 672 679.
19. Muggeo M, Verlato G, Bonora E, Zoppini G, Corbellini M, de Marco R. Long-term instability of fasting plasma glucose, a novel predictor of cardiovascular mortality in elderly patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: the Verona Diabetes Study. Circulation 1997 96 : 1750 1754.
20. 1c level. Diabetes Care 2000 23 : 1830 1834.
21. Esposito K, Ciotola M, Carleo D, Schisano B, Sardelli L, Di Tommaso D et al. Post-meal glucose peaks at home associate with carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008 93 : 1345 1350.
22. Egi M, Bellomo R, Stachowski E, French CJ, Hart G. Variability of blood glucose concentration and short-term mortality in critically ill patients. Anesthesiology 2006 105 : 244 252.
23. Krinsley JS. Glycemic variability: a strong independent predictor of mortality in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2008 36 : 3008 3013.
24. Cochran A, Scaife ER, Hansen KW, Downey EC. Hyperglycemia and outcomes from pediatric traumatic brain injury. J Trauma 2003 55 : 1035 1038.
25. Hall NJ, Peters M, Eaton S, Pierro A. Hyperglycemia is associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates in neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Surg 2004 39 : 898 901.
26. Srinivasan V, Spinella PC, Drott HR, Roth CL, Helfaer MA, Nadkarni V. Association of timing, duration, and intensity of hyperglycemia with intensive care unit mortality in critically ill children. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2004 5 : 329 336.
27. Faustino EV, Apkon M. Persistent hyperglycemia in critically ill children. J Pediatr 2005 146 : 30 34.
28. Wintergerst KA, Buckingham B, Gandrud L, Wong BJ, Kache S, Wilson DM. Association of hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and glucose variability with morbidity and death in the pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatrics 2006 118 : 173 179.
29. Hirshberg E, Larsen G, Van Duker H. Alterations in glucose homeostasis in the pediatric intensive care unit: hyperglycemia and glucose variability are associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2008 9 : 361 366.
30. Ali NA, O'Brien JM Jr., Dungan K, Phillips G, Marsh CB, Lemeshow S et al. Glucose variability and mortality in patients with sepsis. Crit Care Med 2008 36 : 2316 2321.
31. Finfer S, Chittock DR, Su SY, Blair D, Foster D, Dhingra V et al NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2009 360 : 1283 1297.
32. Kosiborod M, Inzucchi SE, Goyal A, Krumholz HM, Masoudi FA, Xiao L et al. Relationship between spontaneous and iatrogenic hypoglycemia and mortality in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction. J Am Med Assoc 2009 301 : 1556 1564.
33. Kosiborod M, Inzucchi SE, Krumholz HM, Masoudi FA, Goyal A, Xiao L et al. Glucose normalization and outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 2009 169 : 438 446.
34. Vlasselaers D, Milants I, Desmet L, Wouters PJ, Vanhorebeek I, van den Heuvel I et al. Intensive insulin therapy for patients in paediatric intensive care: a prospective, randomised controlled study. Lancet 2009 373 : 547 556.
35. Takeuchi A, Throckmorton DC, Brogden AP, Yoshizawa N, Rasmussen H, Kashgarian M. Periodic high extracellular glucose enhances production of collagens III and IV by mesangial cells. Am J Physiol 1995 268 : F13 F19.
36. Jones SC, Saunders HJ, Qi W, Pollock CA. Intermittent high glucose enhances cell growth and collagen synthesis in cultured human tubulointerstitial cells. Diabetologia 1999 42 : 1113 1119.
37. Risso A, Mercuri F, Quagliaro L, Damante G, Ceriello A. Intermittent high glucose enhances apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells in culture. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001 281 : E924 E930.
38. Del Guerra S, Grupillo M, Masini M, Lupi R, Bugliani M, Torri S et al. Gliclazide protects human islet beta-cells from apoptosis induced by intermittent high glucose. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2007 23 : 234 238.
39. Polhill TS, Saad S, Poronnik P, Fulcher GR, Pollock CA. Short-term peaks in glucose promote renal fibrogenesis independently of total glucose exposure. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2004 287 : F268 F273.
40. Nishikawa T, Edelstein D, Du XL, Yamagishi S, Matsumura T, Kaneda Y et al. Normalizing mitochondrial superoxide production blocks three pathways of hyperglycaemic damage. Nature 2000 404 : 787 790.
41. Quagliaro L, Piconi L, Assaloni R, Martinelli L, Motz E, Ceriello A. Intermittent high glucose enhances apoptosis related to oxidative stress in human umbilical vein endothelial cells: the role of protein kinase C and NAD(P)H-oxidase activation. Diabetes 2003 52 : 2795 2804.
42. Piconi L, Quagliaro L, Da Ros R, Assaloni R, Giugliano D, Esposito K et al. Intermittent high glucose enhances ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin and interleukin-6 expression in human umbilical endothelial cells in culture: the role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. J Thromb Haemost 2004 2 : 1453 1459.
43. Quagliaro L, Piconi L, Assaloni R, Da Ros R, Maier A, Zuodar G et al. Intermittent high glucose enhances ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells in culture: the distinct role of protein kinase C and mitochondrial superoxide production. Atherosclerosis 2005 183 : 259 267.
44. Piconi L, Quagliaro L, Assaloni R, Da Ros R, Maier A, Zuodar G et al. Constant and intermittent high glucose enhances endothelial cell apoptosis through mitochondrial superoxide overproduction. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2006 22 : 198 203.
45. Azuma K, Watada H, Niihashi M, Otsuka A, Sato F, Kawasumi M et al. A new En face method is useful to quantitate endothelial damage in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003 309 : 384 390.
46. Azuma K, Kawamori R, Toyofuku Y, Kitahara Y, Sato F, Shimizu T et al. Repetitive fluctuations in blood glucose enhance monocyte adhesion to the endothelium of rat thoracic aorta. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006 26 : 2275 2280.
47. Mita T, Otsuka A, Azuma K, Uchida T, Ogihara T, Fujitani Y et al. Swings in blood glucose levels accelerate atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007 358 : 679 685.
48. Azuma K, Toyofuku Y, Iesaki T, Otsuka A, Tanaka A, Mita T et al. Acarbose, an α-glucosidase inhibitor, improves endothelial dysfunction in Goto-Kakizaki rats exhibiting repetitive blood glucose fluctuation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006 345 : 688 693. (Pubitemid 43776986)
49. Tanaka A, Azuma K, Toyofuku Y, Kurokawa A, Otsuka A, Mita T et al. Insulin and nateglinide reduce monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells in Goto-Kakizaki rats exhibiting repetitive blood glucose fluctuation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006 350 : 195 201. (Pubitemid 44466592)
50. Esposito K, Nappo F, Marfella R, Giugliano G, Giugliano F, Ciotola M et al. Inflammatory cytokine concentrations are acutely increased by hyperglycemia in humans: role of oxidative stress. Circulation 2002 106 : 2067 2072.
51. Monnier L, Mas E, Ginet C, Michel F, Villon L, Cristol JP et al. Activation of oxidative stress by acute glucose fluctuations compared with sustained chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Am Med Assoc 2006 295 : 1681 1687.
52. Wentholt IM, Kulik W, Michels RP, Hoekstra JB, Devries JH. Glucose fluctuations and activation of oxidative stress in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2008 51 : 183 190.
53. Ihnat MA, Kaltreider RC, Thorpe JE, Green DE, Kamat CD, Leeper ML et al. Attenuated superoxide dismutase induction in retinal cells in response to intermittent high versus continuous high glucose. Am J Biochem Biotech 2007 3 : 16 23.
54. Ceriello A, Morocutti A, Mercuri F, Quagliaro L, Moro M, Damante G et al. Defective intracellular antioxidant enzyme production in type 1 diabetic patients with nephropathy. Diabetes 2000 49 : 2170 2177.
55. Hodgkinson AD, Bartlett T, Oates PJ, Millward BA, Demaine AG. The response of antioxidant genes to hyperglycemia is abnormal in patients with type 1 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes 2003 52 : 846 851.
56. Meugnier E, Faraj M, Rome S, Beauregard G, Michaut A, Pelloux V et al. Acute hyperglycemia induces a global down-regulation of gene expression in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle of healthy subjects. Diabetes 2007 56 : 992 999.
57. Mazze RS, Strock E, Wesley D, Borgman S, Morgan B, Bergenstal R et al. Characterizing glucose exposure for individuals with normal glucose tolerance using continuous glucose monitoring and ambulatory glucose profile analysis. Diabetes Technol Ther 2008 10 : 149 159.
58. Van den Berghe G, Schetz M, Vlasselaers D, Hermans G, Wilmer A, Bouillon R et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients: NICE-SUGAR or Leuven blood glucose target? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009 94 : 3163 3170.