Glucose metabolism and catecholamines

Critical Care Medicine

Volumn 35, Issue 9 SUPPL., 2007, Pages

  Barth, Eberhard ^a   Albuszies, Gerd ^a   Baumgart, Katja ^a   Matejovic, Martin ^b   Wachter, Ulrich ^a   Vogt, Josef ^a   Radermacher, Peter ^a   Calzia, Enrico ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL ULM   (Germany)

^b CHARLES UNIVERSITY   (Czech Republic)

Author keywords

adrenergic receptor; Epinephrine; Gluconeogenesis; Glucose oxidation; Glycogenolysis; Glycolysis; Hyperoxia; Lactate; Nitric oxide synthesis; Vasopressin

Indexed keywords

ADRENALIN; BETA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; CATECHOLAMINE; INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; NORADRENALIN; VASOPRESSIN;

CONFERENCE PAPER; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; DISORDERS OF MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTIONS; GLUCONEOGENESIS; GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; GLUCOSE UTILIZATION; GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS; GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLYCOLYSIS; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERLACTATEMIA; HYPERMETABOLISM; HYPOTENSION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; METABOLIC CAPACITY; METABOLIC STRESS; METABOLISM; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECEPTOR AFFINITY; RECEPTOR DENSITY; SHOCK;

ADRENERGIC BETA-AGONISTS; ANIMALS; CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM; CATECHOLAMINES; GLUCOSE; GLYCOLYSIS; HUMANS; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN; LACTIC ACID; MITOCHONDRIA; SHOCK;

EID: 34548163166     PISSN: 00903493     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000278047.06965.20     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (184)

1. Dellinger RP, Carlet JM, Masur H, et al: Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med 2004; 32:858-873
2. Rivers E, Nguyen B, Navstad S, et al: Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:1368-1377
3. Landry DW, Oliver JA: The pathogenesis of vasodilatory shock. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:588-595
4. Duenser MW, Hasibeder WR: Dear vasopressin, where is your place in septic shock? Crit Care 2005; 9:134-135
5. Luckner G, Dünser MW, Jochberger S, et al: Arginine vasopressin in 316 patients with advanced vasodilatory shock. Crit Care Med 2005; 33:2659-2666
6. Russell JA: Management of sepsis. N Engl J Med 2006; 355:1699-1713
7. Bassi G, Radermacher P, Calzia E: Catecholamines and vasopressin during critical illness. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2006; 35:839-857
8. Van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al: Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:1359-1367
9. Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G, et al: Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:449-461
10. Van den Berghe G, Wouters PJ, Bouillon R, et al: Outcome benefit of intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill: Insulin dose versus glycemic control. Crit Care Med 2003; 31:359-366
11. Van den Berghe G: How does blood glucose control with insulin save lives in intensive care? J Clin Invest 2004; 114:1187-1195
12. Vanhorebeek I, De Vos R, Mesotten D, et al: Protection of hepatocyte mitochondrial ultrastructure and function by strict blood glucose control with insulin in critically ill patients. Lancet 2005; 365:53-59
13. Leverve X: Hyperglycemia and oxidative stress: Complex relationships with attractive prospects. Intensive Care Med 2003; 29:511-514
14. Perner A, Nielsen SE, Rask-Madsen J: High glucose impairs superoxide production from isolated blood neutrophils. Intensive Care Med 2003; 29:642-645
15. Devos P, Chiolero R, Van den Berghe G, et al: Glucose, insulin and myocardial ischaemia. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2006; 9:131-139
16. Vogelzang M, Nijboer JM, van der Horst IC, et al: Hyperglycemia has a stronger relation with outcome in trauma patients than in other critically ill patients. J Trauma 2006; 60:873-877
17. Bistrian BR, McCowen KC: Nutritional and metabolic support in the adult intensive care unit: Key controversies. Crit Care Med 2006; 34:1525-1531
18. Mizock BA: Alterations in carbohydrate metabolism during stress: A review of the literature. Am J Med 1995; 98:75-84
19. Levy B: Lactate and shock state: The metabolic view. Curr Opin Crit Care 2006; 12:315-321
20. Vlessis AA, Goldman RK, Trunkey DD: New concepts in the pathophysiology of oxygen metabolism during sepsis. Br J Surg 1995; 82:870-876
21. Ince C, Sinaasappel M: Microcirculatory oxygenation and shunting in spesis and shock. Crit Care Med 1999; 27:1369-1377
22. Sakr Y, Dubois MJ, De Backer D, et al: Persistent microcirculatory alterations are associated with organ failure and death in patients with septic shock. Crit Care Med 2004; 32:1825-1831
23. Singer M, Brealey D: Mitochondrial dysfunction in sepsis. Biochem Soc Symp 1999; 66:149-166
24. Boulos M, Astiz ME, Barua RS, et al: Impaired mitochondrial function induced by serum from septic shock patients is attenuated by inhibition of nitric oxide synthase and poly (ADP-ribose) synthase. Crit Care Med 2002; 31:353-358
25. Brealey D, Brand M, Hargreaves I, et al: Association between mitochondrial dysfunction and severity and outcome of septic shock. Lancet 2002; 360:219-223
26. Brealey D, Karyampudi S, Jacques TS, et al: Mitochondrial dysfunction in a long-term rodent model of sepsis and organ failure. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004; 286:R491-R497
27. Wolfe RR: Substrate utilization/insulin resistance in sepsis/trauma. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 11:645-657
28. Stoner HB, Little RA, Frayn KN, et al: The effect of sepsis on the oxidation of carbohydrate and fat. Br J Surg 1983; 70:32-35
29. Shaw JH, Klein S, Wolfe RR: Assessment of alanine, urea, and glucose interrelationships in normal subjects and in patients with sepsis with stable isotopic tracders. Surgery 1985; 97:557-568
30. Goldstein SA, Elwyn DH: The effects of injury and sepsis on fuel utilization. Annu Rev Nutr 1989; 9:445-473
31. Sakurai Y, Zhang XU, Wolfe RR: Short-term effects of tumor necrosis factor on energy and substrate metabolism in dogs. J Clin Invest 1993; 91:2437-2445
32. Wolfe RR, Herndon DN, Jahoor F, et al: Effect of severe injury on substrate cycling by glucose and fatty acids. N Engl J Med 1987; 317:403-408
33. Liddell MJ, Daniel AM, MacLean LD, et al: The role of stress hormones in the catabolic metabolism of shock. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1979; 149:822-830
34. Fischer CP, Bode BP, Absouwer SF, et al: Hepatic uptake of glutamine and other amino acids during infection and inflammation. Shock 1995; 3:315-322
35. Bessey PQ, Watters JM, Aoki TT, et al: Combined hormonal infusion simulates the metabolic response to injury. Ann Surg 1984; 200:264-281
36. Uusaro A, Hartikainen J, Parviainen M, et al: Metabolic stress modifies the thermogenic effect of dobutamine in man. Crit Care Med 1995; 23:674-680
37. Agwunobi AO, Reid C, Maycock P, et al: Insulin resistance and substrate utilization in human endotoxemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85:3770-3778
38. Chambrier C, Laville M, Rhzioual BK, et al: Insulin sensitivity of glucose and fat metabolism in severe sepsis. Clin Sci 2000; 99:321-328
39. Fong YM, Marano MA, Moldawer LL, et al: The acute splanchnic and peripheral tissue metabolic response to endotoxin in humans. J Clin Invest 1990; 85:1896-1904
40. Michaeli B, Berger M, Revelly JP, et al: Effects of fish oil on the neuro-endocrine responses to an endotoxin challenge in healthy volunteers. Clin Nutr 2007; 26:70-77
41. Paidas CN, Clemens MG: Hormone effects on hepatic substrate preference in sepsis. Shock 1994; 1:94-100
42. Leverve XM: From tissue perfusion to metabolic marker: Assessing organ competition and co-operation in critically ill patients? Intensive Care Med 1999; 25:890-892
43. Leverve XM: Energy metabolism in critically ill patients: Lactate is a major oxidizable substrate. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 1999; 2:165-169
44. Leverve XM: Lactic acidosis: A new insight? Minerva Anestesiol 1999; 65:205-209
45. Leverve XM, Mustafa I: Lactate: A key metabolite in the intercellular metabolic interplay. Crit Care 2002; 6:284-285
46. Leverve XM: Lactate in the intensive care unit pyromaniac, sentinel or firman? Crit Care 2005; 9:622-623
47. Wolfe RR, Shaw JH: Effect of epinephrine infusion and adrenergic blockade on glucose oxidation in conscious dogs. Metabolism 1986; 35:673-678
48. Träger K, Radermacher P, Debacker D, et al: Metabolic effects of vasoactive agents. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2001; 14:157-163
49. Jakob SM, Ensinger H, Takala J: Metabolic changes after cardiac surgery. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2001; 4:149-155
50. Träger K, Radermacher P: Catecholamines in the treatment of septic shock: Effects beyond perfusion. Crit Care Resusc 2003; 5:270-276
51. Träger K, DeBacker D, Radermacher P: Metabolic alterations in sepsis and vasoactive drug-related metabolic effects. Curr Opin Crit Care 2003; 9:271-278
52. Gore DC, Wolfe RR: Hemodynamic and metabolic effects of selective beta1 adrenergic blockade during sepsis. Surgery 2006; 139:686-694
53. Macdonald IA, Bennett T, Fellows IW: Catecholamines and the control of metabolism in man. Clin Sci 1985; 68:613-619
54. Carpati CM, Astiz ME, Rackow EC: Optimizing gastric mucosal perfusion: All catecholamines may not be created equal. Crit Care Med 1997; 25:1624-1625
55. MacGregor DA, Prielipp RC, Butterworth JF 4th, et al: Relative efficacy and potency of beta-adrenoceptor agonists for generating cAMP in human lymphocytes. Chest 1996; 109:194-200
56. Ensinger H, Lindner KH, Dirks B, et al: Adrenaline: Relationship between infusion rate, plasma concentration, metabolic and haemodynamic effects in volunteers. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1992; 9:435-446
57. Raz I, Katz A, Spencer MK: Epinephrine inhibits insulin-mediated glycogenesis but enhances glycolysis in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 1991; 260:E430-E435
58. Laurent D, Petersen KF, Russell RR, et al: Effect of epinephrine on muscle glycogenolysis and insulin-stimulated muscle glycogen synthesis in humans. Am J Physiol 1998; 274:E130-E138
59. Rizza RA, Cryer PE, Haymond MW, et al: Adrenergic mechanisms of catecholamine action on glucose homeostasis in man. Metabolism 1980; 29:1155-1163
60. Antonis A, Clark ML, Hodge RL, et al: Receptor mechanisms in the hyperglycaemic response to adrenaline in man. Lancet 1967; 1:1135-1137
61. Chu CA, Sindelar DK, Igawa K, et al: The direct effects of catecholamines on hepatic glucose production occur via alpha(1)- and beta(2)-receptors in the dog. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000; 279:E463-E473
62. Rosen SG, Clutter WE, Shah SD, et al: Direct alpha-adrenergic stimulation of hepatic glucose production in human subjects. Am J Physiol 1983; 245:E616-E626
63. Bearn AG, Billing B, Sherlock S: The effect of adrenaline and noradrenaline on hepatic blood flow and splanchnic carbohydrate metabolism in man. J Physiol 1951; 115:430-441
64. Liaw KY: Effect of injury, sepsis, and parenteral nutrition on high-energy phosphates in human liver and muscle. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1985; 9:28-33
65. Dahn MS, Lange MP, Wilson RF, et al: Hepatic blood flow and splanchnic oxygen consumption measurements in clinical sepsis. Surgery 1990; 107:295-301
66. Dahn MS, Mitchell RA, Lange MP, et al: Hepatic metabolic response to injury and sepsis. Surgery 1995; 117:520-530
67. Sacca L, Vigorito C, Cicala M, et al: Role of gluconeogenesis in epinephrine-stimulated hepatic glucose production in humans. Am J Physiol 1983; 245:E294-E302
68. Stevenson RW, Steiner KE, Connolly CC, et al: Dose-related effects of epinephrine on glucose production in conscious dogs. Am J Physiol 1991; 260:E363-E370
69. Chu CA, Sindelar DK, Neal DW, et al: Portal adrenergic blockade does not inhibit the gluconeogenic effects of circulating catecholamines on the liver. Metabolism 1997; 46:458-465
70. Chu CA, Sindelar DK, Neal DW, et al: Comparison of the direct and indirect effects of epinephrine on hepatic glucose production. J Clin Invest 1997; 99:1044-1056
71. Connolly CC, Steiner KE, Stevenson RW, et al: Regulation of glucose metabolism by norepinephrine in conscious dogs. Am J Physiol 1991; 261:E764-E772
72. Biava C, Grossman A, West M: Ultrastructural observations on renal glycogen in normal and pathologic human kidneys. Lab Invest 1966; 15:330-356
73. Guder WG, Ross BD: Enzyme distribution along the nephron. Kidney Int 1984; 26:101-111
74. Stumvoll M, Chintalapudi U, Perriello G, et al: Uptake and release of glucose by the human kidney: Postabsorptive rates and responses to epinephrine. J Clin Invest 1995; 96:2528-2533
75. Gerich JE, Meyer C, Woerle HJ, et al: Renal gluconeogenesis: Its importance in human glucose homeostasis. Diabetes Care 2001; 24:382-391
76. Stumvoll M, Meyer C, Mitrakou A, et al: Renal glucose production and utilization: New aspects in humans. Diabetologia 1997; 40:749-757
77. Mithieux G, Rajas F, Gautier-Stein A: A novel role for glucose 6 phosphatase in the small intestine in the control of glucose homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:44231-44234
78. Mithieux G: The new functions of the gut in the control of glucose homeostasis. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2005; 8:445-449
79. Watford M: Is the small intestine a gluconeogenic organ? Nutr Rev 2005; 63:356-360
80. Stumvoll M, Meyer C, Perriello G, et al: Human kidney and liver gluconeogenesis: Evidence for organ substrate selectivity. Am J Physiol 1998; 274:E818-E826
81. Stumvoll M, Perriello G, Meyer C, et al: Role of glutamine in human carbohydrate metabolism in kidney and other tissues. Kidney Int 1999; 55:778-792
82. Lauritsen TL, Grunnet N, Rasmussen A, et al: The effect of hepatectomy on glucose homeostasis in pig and man. J Hepatol 2002; 36:99-104
83. Battezzati A, Caumo A, Martino F, et al: Nonhepatic glucose production in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004; 286:E129-E135
84. Meyer C, Stumvoll M, Dostou J, et al: Renal substrate exchange and gluconeogenesis in normal postabsorptive humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002; 282:E428-E434
85. Meyer C, Stumvoll M, Welle S, et al: Relative importance of liver, kidney, and substrates in epinephrine-induced increased gluconeogenesis in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003; 285:E819-E826
86. Gustavson SM, Chu CA, Nishizawa M, et al: Effects of hyperglycemia, glucagon, and epinephrine on renal glucose release in the conscious dog. Metabolism 2004; 53:933-941
87. Spoelstra AJ, Hoitink AW: Investigations into the influence of adrenaline on basal metabolism. Acta Physiol Pharmacol Neerl 1955; 4:437-438
88. Spoelstra AJG: Recherches sur l'effet calorigène de l'adrénaline et de la noradrénaline. J Physiol Paris 1963; 55:677-696
89. Steinberg D, Nestel PJ, Buskirk ER, et al: Calorigenic effect of norepinephrine correlated with plasma free fatty acid turnover and oxidation. J Clin Invest 1964; 43:167-176
90. Dickerson RN, Roth-Yousey L: Medication effects on metabolic rate: A systematic review (part 1). J Am Diet Assoc 2005; 105:835-843
91. Dickerson RN, Roth-Yousey L: Medication effects on metabolic rate: A systematic review (part 2). J Am Diet Assoc 2005; 105:1002-1009
92. Matthews DE, Pesola G, Campbell RG: Effect of epinephrine on amino acid and energy metabolism in humans. Am J Physiol 1990; 258:E948-E956
93. Ensinger H, Stein B, Jäger O, et al: Relationship between infusion rates, plasma concentrations, and cardiovascular and metabolic effects during the infusion of norepinephrine in healthy volunteers. Crit Care Med 1992; 20:1250-1256
94. Ensinger H, Weichel T, Lindner KH, et al: Effects of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine infusions on oxygen consumption in volunteers. Crit Care Med 1993; 21:1502-1508
95. Ensinger H, Weichel T, Lindner KH, et al: Are the effects of noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine infusions on VO2 and metabolism transient? Intensive Care Med 1995; 21:50-56
96. Geisser W, Träger K, Hahn A, et al: Metabolic and calorigenic effects of dopexamine in healthy volunteers. Crit Care Med 1997; 25:1332-1337
97. Ensinger H, Geisser W, Brinkmann A, et al: Metabolic effects of norepinephrine and dobutamine in healthy volunteers. Shock 2002; 18:495-500
98. Geisser W, Vogt J, Wachter U, et al: Effects of dopexamine in comparison with fenoterol on carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism in healthy volunteers. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30:702-708
99. Borsheim E, Bahr R, Knardahl S: Effect of beta-adrenoceptor stimulation on oxygen consumption and triglyceride/fatty acid cycling after exercise. Acta Physiol Scand 1998; 164:157-166
100. Mora-Rodriquez R, Hodgkinson BJ, Byerley LO, et al: Effects of beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation and blockade on substrate metabolism during submaximal exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001; 280:E752-E760
101. Watt MJ, Howlett KF, Febbraio MA, et al: Adrenaline increases skeletal muscle glycogenolysis, pyruvate dehydrogenase activation and carbohydrate oxdation during moderate exercise in humans. J Physiol 2001; 534:269-278
102. Hoeks J, van Baak MA, Hesselink MK, et al: Effect of beta1- and beta2-adrenergic stimulation on energy expenditure, substrate oxidation, and UCP3 expression in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003; 285:E775-E782
103. Korvald C, Elvenes OP, Myrmel T: Myocardial substrate metabolism influences left ventricular energetics in vivo. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000; 278:H1345-H1351
104. Vik-Mo H, Mjos OD: Influence of free fatty acids on myocardial oxygen consumption and ischemic injury. Am J Cardiol 1981; 48:361-365
105. Taegtmeyer H: Energy metabolism of the heart: From basic concepts to clinical applications. Curr Probl Cardiol 1994; 19:59-113
106. Collins-Nakai RL, Noseworthy D, Lopaschuk GD: Epinephrine increases ATP production in hearts by preferentially increasing glucose metabolism. Am J Physiol 1994; 267:H1862-H1871
107. Drake-Holland AJ, Van der Vusse GJ, Roemen TH, et al: Chronic catecholamine depletion switches myocardium from carbohydrate to lipid utilisation. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2001; 15:111-117
108. Soto PF, Herrero P, Kates AM, et al: Impact of aging on myocardial metabolic response to dobutamine. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003; 285:H2158-H2164
109. Lünemann JD, Buttgereit F, Tripmacher R, et al: Norepinephrine inhibits energy metabolism of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells via adrenergic receptors. Biosci Rep 2001; 21:627-635
110. Wang P, Tait SM, Chaudry IH: Sustained elevation of norepinephrine depresses hepatocellular function. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000; 1535:36-44
111. Rump AF, Rösen R, Klaus W: Cardioprotection by superoxide dismutase: A catecholamine-dependent process? Anesth Analg 1993; 76:239-246
112. Rump AF, Klaus W: Evidence for norepinephrine cardiotoxicity mediated by superoxide anion radicals in isolated rabbit hearts. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1994; 349:295-300
113. Rump AF, Schierholz J, Klaus W: Studies on the cardiotoxicity of noradrenaline in isolated rabbit hearts. Arzneimittelforschung 2002; 52:543-551
114. Echtay KS, Roussel D, St-Pierre J, et al: Superoxide activates mitochondrial uncoupling proteins. Nature 2002; 415:96-99
115. Cori CF, Cori G: The mechanism of epinephrine action. I: The influence of epinephrine on carbohydrate metabolism of fasting rats, with a note on new formation of carbohydrates. J Biol Chem 1928; 79:309-319
116. James JH, Luchette FA, McCarter FD, et al: Lactate is an unreliable indicator of tissue hypoxia in injury or sepsis. Lancet 1999; 354:505-508
117. James JH, Wagner KR, King JK, et al: Stimulation of both aerobic glycolysis and Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity in skeletal muscle by epinephrine or amylin. Am J Physiol 1999; 277:E176-E186
118. +-ATPase activity in increased lactate production in sub-acute sepsis. Life Sci 2002; 70:1875-1888
119. + ATPase activity and raised lactate concentrations in septic shock: A prospective study. Lancet 2005; 365:871-875
120. McGuinness OP, Shau V, Benson EM, et al: Role of epinephrine and norepinephrine in the metabolic response to stress hormone infusion in the conscious dog. Am J Physiol 1997; 273:E674-E681
121. Sherwin RS, Sacca L: Effect of epinephrine on glucose metabolism in humans: contribution of the liver. Am J Physiol 1984; 247:E157-E165
122. Beloeil H, Mazoit X, Benhemou D, et al: Norepinephrine kinetics and dynamics in septic shock and trauma patients. Br J Anaesth 2005; 95:782-788
123. MacArthur H, Westfall TC, Riley DP, et al: Inactivation of catecholamines by superoxide gives new insights on the pathogenesis of septic shock. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:9753-9758
124. MacArthur H, Couri DM, Wilken GH, et al: Modulation of serum cytokine levels by a novel superoxide dismutase mimetic, M40401, in an Escherichia coli model of septic shock: Correlation with preserved circulating catecholamines. Crit Care Med 2003; 31:237-245
125. Benkusky NA, Lewis SJ, Kooy NW: Peroxynitrite-mediated attenuation of alphaand beta-adrenoceptor agonist-induced vascular responses in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 1999; 364:151-158
126. Lewis SJ, Hoque A, Walton TM, et al: Potential role of nitration and oxidation reactions in the effects of peroxynitrite on the function of beta-adrenoceptor sub-types in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 518:187-194
127. Lewis SJ, Hoque A, Sandock K, et al: Differential effects of peroxynitrite on the function of arginine vasopressin V(1a) receptors and alpha(1)-adrenoceptors in vivo. Vascul Pharmacol 2007; 46:24-34
128. Silverman HJ, Penaranda R, Orens JB, et al: Impaired beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in human septic shock: Association with myocardial hyporesponsiveness to catecholamines. Crit Care Med 1993; 21:31-39
129. Reinelt H, Fischer G, Vogt J, et al: Dobutamine and dopexamine and splanchnic metabolic response in septic shock. Clin Intensive Care 1997; 8:38-41
130. Wilmore DW: Impaired gluconeogenesis in extensively injured patients with Gramnegative bacteremia. Am J Clin Nutr 1977; 30:1355-1356
131. Wilmore DW, Goodwin CW, Aulick LH, et al: Effect of injury and infection on visceral metabolism and circulation. Ann Surg 1980; 192:491-504
132. Schricker T, Albuszies G, Weidenbach H, et al: Effects of epinephrine on glucose metabolism in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Hepatology 1996; 24:330-336
133. Träger K, Leverve X, Radermacher P: The adrenergic coin: perfusion and metabolism. Intensive Care Med 2003; 29:150-153
134. De Backer D, Creteur J, Silva E, et al: Effects of dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine on the splanchnic circulation in septic shock: Which is best? Crit Care Med 2003; 31:1659-1667
135. Levy B: Epinephrine in septic shock: Dr. Jekyll or Mr. Hyde? Crit Care Med 2003; 31:1866-1867
136. Levy B: Bench-to-bedside review: Is there a place for epinephrine in septic shock? Crit Care 2005; 9:561-565
137. Levy B, Mansart A, Bollaert PE, et al: Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine on hemodynamics, oxidative metabolism, and organ energetics in endotoxemic rats. Intensive Care Med 2003; 29:292-300
138. Minneci PC, Deans KJ, Banks SM, et al: Differing effects of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and vasopressin on survival in a canine model of septic shock. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 287:H2545-H2554
139. Totaro RJ, Raper RF: Epinephrine-induced lactic acidosis following cardiopulmonary bypass. Crit Care Med 1997; 25:1693-1699
140. Meier-Hellmann A, Reinhart K, Bredle DL, et al: Epinephrine impairs splanchnic perfusion in septic shock. Crit Care Med 1997; 25:399-404
141. Levy B, Bollaert PE, Charpentier C, et al: Comparison of norepinephrine and dobutamine to epinephrine for hemodynamics, lactate metabolism, and gastric tonometric variables in septic shock: A prospective randomized study. Intensive Care Med 1997; 23:282-287
142. Hotchkiss RS, Karl IE: Reevaluation of the role of cellular hypoxia and bioenergetic failure in sepsis. JAMA 1992; 267:1503-1510
143. Reinelt H, Radermacher P, Fischer G, et al: Effects of a dobutamine-induced increase in splanchnic blood flow on hepatic metabolic activity in patients with septic shock. Anesthesiology 1997; 86:818-824
144. Ensinger H, Rantala A, Vogt J, et al: Effect of dobutamine on splanchnic carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid balance after cardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 1999; 91:1587-1595
145. Levy B, Nace L, Bollaert PE, et al: Comparison of systemic and regional effects of dobutamine and dopexamine in norepinephrine-treated septic shock. Intensive Care Med 1999; 25:942-948
146. Kiefer P, Tugtekin I, Wiedeck H, et al: Effect of dopexamine on hepatic metabolic activity in patients with septic shock. Shock 2001; 15:427-431
147. Sun Q, Tu Z, Lobo S, et al: Optimal adrenergic support in septic shock due to peritonitis. Anesthesiology 2003; 98:888-896
148. Herndon DN, Hart DW, Wolf SE, et al: Reversal of catabolism by beta-blockade after severe burns. N Engl J Med 2002; 345:1223-1229
149. Sakka SG, Meier-Hellmann A, Reinhart K: Do fluid administration and reduction in norepinephrine dose improve global and splanchnic haemodynamics? Br J Anaesth 2000; 84:758-762
150. Reinelt H, Radermacher P, Kiefer P, et al: Impact of exogenous beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation on hepatosplanchnic oxygen kinetics and metabolic activity in septic shock. Crit Care Med 1999; 27:325-331
151. Klinzing S, Simon M, Reinhart K, et al: High-dose vasopressin is not superior to norepinephrine in septic shock. Crit Care Med 2003; 31:2646-2650
152. Asfar P, DeBacker D, Meier-Hellmann A, et al: Clinical review: Influence of vasoactive and other therapies on intestinal and hepatic circulations in patients with septic shock. Crit Care 2004; 8:170-179
153. Asfar P, Hauser B, Radermacher P, et al: Catecholamines and vasopressin during critical illness. Crit Care Clin 2006; 22:131-149
154. Asfar P, Pierrot M, Veal N, et al: Low-dose terlipressin improves systemic and splanchnic hemodynamics in fluid-challenged endotoxic rats. Crit Care Med 2003; 31:215-220
155. Asfar P, Hauser B, Ivanyi Z, et al: Low-dose terlipressin during long-term hyperdynamic porcine endotoxemia: Effects on hepatosplanchnic perfusion, oxygen exchange, and metabolism. Crit Care Med 2005; 33:373-380
156. Sun Q, Dimopoulos G, Nguyen DN, et al: Low-dose vasopressin in the treatment of septic shock in sheep. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168:481-486
157. Levy B, Vallee C, Lauzier F, et al: Comparative effects of vasopressin, norepinephrine, and L-canavanine, a selective inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase, in endotoxic shock. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 287:H209-H215
158. Scheeren T, Susanto F, Reinauer H, et al: Prostacyclin improves glucose utilization in patients with sepsis. J Crit Care 1994; 9:175-184
159. Ensinger H, Vogt J, Träger K, et al: Use of tracer techniques in intensive care medicine research: Part I. Clin Intensive Care 1995; 5:283-285
160. Ensinger H, Vogt J, Träger K, et al: Use of tracer techniques in intensive care medicine research: Part II. Clin Intensive Care 1996; 7:30-33
161. 2 ratio by IRMS and NDIRS. Isotopes Environ Health Stud 1998; 34:209-213
162. Reinhart K, Spies CD, Meier-Hellmann A, et al: N-acetylcysteine preserves oxygen consumption and gastric mucosal pH during hyperoxic ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151:773-779
163. Calzia E, Radermacher P, Matejovic M: Splanchnic resuscitation revisited: Combining hyperoxia and hypertonic saline during early goal-directed therapy. Crit Care Med 2006; 34:2858-2860
164. Brod VI, Krausz MM, Hirsh M, et al: Hemodynamic effects of combined treatment with oxygen and hypertonic saline in hemorrhagic shock. Crit Care Med 2006; 34:2784-2791
165. Holden JE, Stone CK, Clark CM, et al: Enhanced cardiac metabolism of plasma glucose in high-altitude natives: Adaptation against chronic hypoxia. J Appl Physiol 1995; 79:222-228
166. Watts JA, Kline JA: Bench to bedside: The role of mitochondrial medicine in the pathogenesis and treatment of cellular injury. Acad Emerg Med 2003; 10:985-997
167. Protti A, Singer M: Bench-to-bedside review: Potential strategies to protect or reverse mitochondrial dysfunction in sepsis-induced organ failure. Crit Care 2006; 10:228
168. Matejovic M, Krouzecky A, Martinkova V, et al: Selective inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibition during long-term porcine bacteremia. Shock 2004; 21:458-465
169. Hauser B, Bracht H, Matejovic M, et al: NOS inhibition in sepsis? Lessons learned from large animal studies. Anesth Analg 2005; 101:488-498
170. López A, Lorente JA, Steingrub J, et al: Multiple-center, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor 546C88: Effect on survival in patients with septic shock. Crit Care Med 2004; 32:21-30
171. G-methyl-L-argine hydrochloride (546C88) in patients with septic shock: Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study (study no. 144-002). Crit Care Med 2004; 32:13-20
172. G-methyl-L-arginine hydrochloride (546C88) by intravenous infusion for up to 72 hours can promote the resolution of shock in patients with severe sepsis: Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study (study no. 144-002). Crit Care Med 2004; 32:1-12
173. Horton RA, Ceppi ED, Knowles RG, et al: Inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis by nitric oxide: A comparison with endotoxic shock. Biochem J 1994; 299:735-739
174. Stadler J, Barton D, Beil-Moeller H, et al: Hepatocyte nitric oxide biosynthesis inhibits glucose output and competes with urea synthesis for L-arginine. Am J Physiol 1995; 268:G183-G188
175. Ceppi ED, Smith FS, Titheradge MA: Effect of multiple cytokines plus bacterial endotoxin on glucose and nitric oxide production by cultured hepatocytes. Biochem J 1996; 317:503-507
176. Ou J, Molina L, Kim YM, et al: Excessive NO production dose not account for the inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis in endotoxemia. Am J Physiol 1996; 271:G621-G628
177. 2 exchange and energy balance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159:1758-1765
178. Moeniralam HS, Sprangers F, Endert E, et al: Role of nitric oxide in the regulation of glucose kinetics in response to endotoxin in dogs. J Appl Physiol 2001; 91:130-136
179. 2-exchange and energy metabolism during hyperdynamic porcine endotoxemia. Shock 2001; 16:203-210
180. Sprangers F, Jellema WT, Lopuhaa CE, et al: Partial inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis in vivo does not inhibit glucose production in man. Metabolism 2002; 51:57-64
181. Barth E, Radermacher P, Thiemermann C, et al: Role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the reduced responsiveness of the myocardium to catecholamines in a hyperdynamic, murine model of septic shock. Crit Care Med 2006; 34:307-313
182. Albuszies G, Radermacher P, Vogt J, et al: Effect of increased cardiac output on hepatic and intestinal microcirculatory blood flow, oxygenation, and metabolism in hyperdynamic murine septic shock. Crit Care Med 2005; 33:2332-2338
183. Rognstad R: Rate-limiting steps in metabolic pathways. J Biol Chem 1979; 254:1875-1878
184. Ochs RS, Lardy HA: Catecholamine stimulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis at the site between pyruvate and phosphoenolpyruvate. J Biol Chem 1983; 258:9956-9962