The role of inflammation in skin cancer

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

Volumn 816, Issue , 2014, Pages 437-469

  Maru, Girish B ^a   Gandhi, Khushboo ^a   Ramchandani, Asha ^a   Kumar, Gaurav ^a  

^a TATA MEMORIAL HOSPITAL   (India)

Author keywords

Basal cell carcinoma; Causative agents; Chronic inflammation; Melanoma; Molecular mechanism(s); Prevention; Risk factors; Skin; Skin cancer; Squamous cell carcinoma; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; BENZENE; BROMELAIN; CAFFEINE; CELECOXIB; DELPHINIDIN; DICLOFENAC; ETODOLAC; EUPHOL; FLAVONOID; FLUOROURACIL; GERANIOL; HONOKIOL; IMIQUIMOD; INDOMETACIN; INTERFERON; MAGNOLOL; POLYPHENOL; RESVERATROL; SILIBININ; SILYMARIN; SULINDAC; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; CHEMOKINE; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2; HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1ALPHA; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; NATURAL PRODUCT; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PLANT MEDICINAL PRODUCT; PROSTAGLANDIN DERIVATIVE; STAT3 PROTEIN; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ACTINIC KERATOSIS; ARTICLE; BASAL CELL CARCINOMA; BRACHYTHERAPY; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER INHIBITION; CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RISK; CANCER SURGERY; CANCER SURVIVAL; CELL PROLIFERATION; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; DRUG MECHANISM; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; KERATINOCYTE CANCER; MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION; MELANOMA SKIN CANCER; METASTASIS; NEOVASCULARIZATION (PATHOLOGY); NON MELANOMA SKIN CANCER; NONEPITHELIAL SKIN CANCER; NONHUMAN; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; PHOTOTOXICITY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SKIN CANCER; SKIN FUNCTION; SKIN STRUCTURE; SKIN SURGERY; SKIN TUMOR; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; SURVIVAL RATE; TUMOR INVASION; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION; BIOLOGICAL THERAPY; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER PATIENT; CELL SURVIVAL; CELL TRANSFORMATION; DERMATITIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; GENE PRODUCT; MELANOMA; SKIN CARCINOGENESIS; SOLAR RADIATION; TUMOR VASCULARIZATION;

ANIMALS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; DERMATITIS; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SKIN NEOPLASMS; SKIN PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA;

EID: 84934435649     PISSN: 00652598     EISSN: 22148019     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-348-837-8_17     Document Type: Article

References (141)

1. Afaq F, Ahmad N, Mukh tar H (2003) Suppression of UVB-induced phosphorylation of mitogenactivated protein kinases and nuclear factor kappa B by green tea polyphenol in SKH-1 hairless mice. Oncogene 22(58):9254-9264. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.120703 5
2. Aggarwal BB, Vijayalekshmi RV, Sung B (2009) Targeting inflammatory pathways for prevention and therapy of cancer: short-term friend, long-term foe. Clin Cancer Res: Official J Am Assoc Cancer Res 15(2):425-430. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0149
3. American Cancer Society (2013) Cancer facts and figures 2013. American Cancer Society, Atlanta
4. Ansari KM, Rundhaug JE, Fischer SM (2008) Multiple signaling pathways are r esponsible for prostaglandin E2-induced murine keratinocyte proliferation. Mol Cancer Res 6(6):1003-1016. doi:10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-07-2144
5. Apte RN, Krelin Y, Song X, Dotan S, Recih E, Elkabets M, Carmi Y, Dvorkin T, White RM, Gayvoronsky L, Segal S, Voronov E (2006) Effects of micro-environment-and malignant cell-derived interleukin-1 in carcinogenesis, tumour invasiveness and tumour-host interactions. Eur J Ca ncer 42(6):751-759. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2006.01.010
6. Arsenault D, Lucien F, Dubois CM (2012) Hypoxia enhances cancer cell invasion through relocalization of the proprotein convertase furin from the trans-Golg i network to the cell surface. J Cell Physiol 227(2):789-800. doi:10.1002/jcp.22792
7. Aziz SA, Hussain KS, Ahmad KN, Ahmed M, Kharadi MY, Bhat JR (1998) Profile of Kangari cancer: a prospective study. Burns: J Int Soc Burn Injuries 24(8):763-766
8. Balkwill F, Coussens LM (2004) Cancer: an inflammatory link. Nature 431(7007):405-406. doi:10.1038/431405a
9. Barthel SR, Gavino JD, Descheny L, Dimitroff CJ (2007) Targeting selectins and selectin ligands in inflammation and cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 11(11):1473-1491. doi:10.1517/14728222.11.11.1473
10. Bell S, Degitz K, Quirling M, Jilg N, Page S, Brand K (2003) Involvement of NF-kappaB signalling in skin physiology and disease. Cell Signal 15(1):1-7
11. Bhui K, Prasad S, George J, Shukla Y (2009) Bromelain inhibits COX-2 expression by blocking the activation of MAPK regulated NF-kappa B against skin tumor-initiation triggering mitochondrial death pathway. Cancer Lett 282(2):167-176. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2009.03.003
12. Bode AM, Dong Z (2000) Signal transduction pathways: targets for chemoprevention of skin cancer. Lancet Oncol 1:181-188
13. Boffet ta P, Gridley G, Lindelof B (2001) Cancer risk in a population-based cohort of patients hospitalized for psoriasis in Sweden. J Invest Dermatol 117(6):1531-1537. doi:10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01520.x
14. Brummelkamp TR, Nijman SM, Dirac AM, Bernards R (2003) Loss of the cylindromatosis tumour suppressor inhibits apoptosis by activating NF-kappaB. Nature 424(6950):797-801. doi:10.1038/nature01811
15. Buckman SY, Gresham A, Hale P, Hruza G, Anast J, Masferrer J, Pentland AP (1998) COX-2 expression is induced by UVB exposure in human skin: implications for the development of skin cancer. Carcinogenesis 19( 5):723-729
16. Byun S, Park J, Lee E, Lim S, Yu JG, Lee SJ, Chen H, Dong Z, Lee KW, Lee HJ (2013) Src kinase is a direct target of apigenin against UVB-induced skin inflammation. Carcino genesis 34(2):397-405. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgs358
17. Cataisson C, Salcedo R, Hakim S, Moffitt BA, Wright L, Yi M, Stephens R, Dai RM, Lyakh L, Schenten D, Yuspa HS, Trinchieri G (2012) IL-1R-MyD88 signaling in keratinocyte transformation and carcinogenesis. J Exp Med 209(9):1689-1702. doi:10.1084/jem.20101355
18. Chaudhary SC, Siddiqui MS, Athar M, Alam MS (2012) D-Limon ene modulates inflammation, oxidative stress and Ras-ERK pathway to inhibit murine skin tumorigenesis. Hum Exp Toxicol 31(8):798-811. doi:10.1177/0960327111434948
19. Chaudhary SC, Singh T, Kapur P, Weng Z , Arumugam A, Elmets CA, Kopelovich L, Athar M (2013) Nitric oxide-releasing sulindac is a novel skin cancer chemopreventive agent for UVB-induced photocarcinogenesis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 268(3):249-255. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2012.12.009
20. Chilampalli C, Guillermo R, Zhang X, Kaushik RS, Young A, Zeman D, Hildreth MB, Fahmy H, Dwivedi C (2011) Effects of magnolol on UVB-induced skin cancer development in mice and its possible mechanism of action. BMC Cancer 11:456. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-11-456
21. Chun KS, Kundu JK, Park KK, Chung WY, Surh YJ (2006) Inhibition of phorbol ester-induced mouse skin tumor p romotion and COX-2 expression by celecoxib: C/EBP as a potential molecular target. Cancer Res Treat: Official J Korean Cancer Assoc 38(3):152-158. doi:10.4143/crt.2006.38.1.152
22. Chung JH, Youn SH, Koh WS, Eun HC, Cho KH, Park KC, Youn JI (1996) Ultraviolet B irradiation-enhanced interleukin (IL)-6 production and mRNA expression are mediated by IL-1 alpha in cultured human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 106(4):715-720
23. Colotta F, Allavena P, Sica A, Garlanda C, Mantovani A (2009) Cancer-related inflammation, the seventh hallmark of cancer: links to genetic instability. Carcinogenesis 30(7):1073-1081. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgp127
24. Costin GE, Hearing VJ (2007) Human skin pigmentation: melanocytes modulate skin color in response to stress. FASEB J: Official Publ Fed Am Soc Exp Biol 21(4):976-994. doi:10.1096/fj.06-6649rev
25. Coussens LM, Hanahan D, Arbeit JM (1996) Genetic predisposition and parameters of malignant progression in K14-HPV16 transgenic mice. Am J Pathol 149(6):1899-1917
26. Coussens LM, Tinkle CL, Hana han D, Werb Z (2000) MMP-9 supplied by bone marrow-derived cells contributes to skin carcinogenesis. Cell 103(3):481-490
27. Crespo P, Leon J (2000) Ras proteins in the control of the cell cycle and cell differentiation. Cell Mol Life Sci: CMLS 57(11):1613-1636
28. Del Prete A, Allavena P, Santoro G, Fumarulo R, Corsi MM, Mantovani A (2011) Molecular pathways in cancer-related inflammation. Biochemia Med: Casopis Hrvatskoga Drus Medicinskih Biokemicara/HDMB 21(3):264-275
29. Dhawan P, Richmond A (2002) Role of CXCL1 in tumorigenesis of melanoma. J Leukoc Biol 72(1):9-18
30. Dong KK, Damaghi N, Picart SD, Markova NG, Obayashi K, Okano Y, Masaki H, Grether-Beck S, Krutmann J, Smiles KA, Yarosh DB (2008) UV-induced DNA damage initiates release of MMP-1 in human skin. Exp Dermatol 17(12):1037-1044. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00747.x
31. Elmets CA, Viner JL, Pentland AP, Cantrell W, Lin HY, Bailey H, Kang S, Linden KG, Heffernan M, Duvic M, Richmond E, Elewski BE, Umar A, Bell W, Gordon GB (2010) Chemoprevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer with celecoxib: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 102(24):1835-1844. doi:10.1093/jnci/djq442
32. Fan Y, Mao R, Yang J (2013) NF-κB and STAT3 signaling pathways collaboratively link inflammation to cancer. Protein Cell 4(3):176-185. doi:10.1007/s13238-013-2084-3
33. Farshchian M, Kivisaari A, Ala-Aho R, Riihila P, Kallajoki M, Grenman R, Peltonen J, Pihlajaniemi T, Heljasvaara R, Kahari VM (2011) Serpin peptidase inhibitor clade A member 1 (SerpinA1) is a novel biomark er for progression of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Am J Pathol 179(3):1110-1119. doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.05.012
34. Fischer SM, Lo HH, Gordon GB, Seibert K, Kelloff G, Lubet RA, Conti C J (1999) Chemopreventive activity of celecoxib, a specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, and indomethacin against ultraviolet light-induced skin carcinogenesis. Mol Carcinog 25(4):231-240
35. Flockhart RJ, Diffe y BL, Farr PM, Lloyd J, Reynolds NJ (2008) NFAT regulates induction of COX-2 and apoptosis of keratinocytes in response to ultraviolet radiation exposure. FASEB J: Official Publ Fed Am Soc Exp Biol 22(12):4218-42 27. doi:10.1096/fj.08-113076
36. Fu J Bassi DE Zhang J Li T Nicolas E Klein-Szanto AJ 2012 Transgenic overexpression of the proprotein convertase furin enhances skin tumor growth Neoplasia 14 4271-282
37. Furstenberger G, Gross M, Marks F (1989) Eicosanoids and multistage carcinogenesis in NMRI mouse skin: role of prostaglandins E and F in conversion (first stage of tumor promotion) and promotion (second st age of tumor promotion). Carcinogenesis 10(1):91-96
38. Groves RW, Allen MH, Ross EL, Ahsan G, Barker JN, MacDonald DM (1993) Expression of selecti n ligands by cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Am J Pathol 143(4):1220-1225
39. Groves RW, Mizutani H, Kieffer JD, Kupper TS (1995) Inflammatory skin disease in transgenic mice that express high level s of interleukin 1 alpha in basal epidermis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92(25):11874-11878
40. Gu M, Singh RP, Dhanalakshmi S, Agarwal C, Agarwal R (2007) Silibinin inhibits inflammatory and angiogenic attributes in photocarcinogenesis in SKH-1 hairless mice. Cancer Res 67(7):3483-3491. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-3955
41. Haghnegahdar H, Du J, Wang D, Strieter RM, Burdick MD, Nanney LB, Ca rdwell N, Luan J, Shattuck-Brandt R, Richmond A (2000) The tumorigenic and angiogenic effects of MGSA/GRO proteins in melanoma. J Leukoc Biol 67(1):53-62
42. Han W, Ming M, He YY (2011) Ca ffeine promotes ultraviolet B-induced apoptosis in human keratinocytes without complete DNA repair. J Biol Chem 286(26):22825-22832. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.222349
43. Han YP, Tuan TL, Wu H, Hughes M, Gar ner WL (2001) TNF-alpha stimulates activation of pro-MMP2 in human skin through NF-(kappa) B mediated induction of MT1-MMP. J Cell Sci 114(Pt 1):131-139
44. Hanahan D, Weinberg RA (2011) Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell 144(5):646-674. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013
45. Hocker TL, Singh MK, Tsao H (2008) Melanoma genetics and therapeutic approaches in the 21st century: moving from the benchsi de to the bedside. J Invest Dermatol 128(11):2575-2595. doi:10.1038/jid.2008.226
46. Hu J, Haseebuddin M, Young M, Colburn NH (2005) Suppression of p65 phosphorylation coincides with inhibition of IαBβ polyubiquitination and degradation. Mol Carcinog 44(4): 274-284. doi:10.1002/mc.20142
47. Hua H, Li M, Luo T, Yin Y, Jiang Y (2011) Matrix metalloproteinases in tumorigenesis: an evolving pa radigm. Cell Mol Life Sci: CMLS 68(23):3853-3868. doi:10.1007/s00018-011-0763-x
48. Huang C, Ma WY, Hanenberger D, Cleary MP, Bowden GT, Dong Z (1997) Inhibition of ultraviolet B-induced a ctivator protein-1 (AP-1) activity by aspirin in AP-1-luciferase transgenic mice. J Biol Chem 272(42):26325-26331
49. IARC (1987) Overall evaluations of carcinogenicity. An updating IARC monographs, vols 1-42. IARC monographs evaluation carcinogenic risk chemicals humans, Suppl 7, Lyon
50. IARC (2007) Molecular mechanisms of HPV-induced carcinogenesis. Monograoh on human papilloma virus, vol 90. IARC monographs evaluation carcinogenic risk chemicals humans, Lyon, pp 432-465
51. Ibanez IL, Notcovich C, Policastro LL, Duran H (2011) Reactive oxygen species in the biology of melanoma. Breakthroughs in Melanoma Research. InTech
52. Jang M, Pezzuto JM (1999) Cancer chemopreventive activity of resveratrol. Drugs Exp Clin Res 25(2-3):65-77
53. Jee SH, Chu CY, Chiu HC, Huang YL, Tsai WL, Liao YH, Kuo ML (2004) Interleukin-6 induced basic fibroblast growth factor-dependent angiogenesis in basal cell carcinoma cell line via JAK/STAT3 and PI3-kinase/Akt path ways. J Invest Dermatol 123(6):1169-1175. doi:10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.23497.x
54. Johnson KE, Wilgus TA (2012) Multiple roles for VEGF in non-melanoma skin cancer: angiogenesis and beyond. J Skin Cancer 2012:483. doi:10.1155/2012/ 483439
55. Kamp DW, Shacter E, Weitzman SA (2011) Chronic inflammation and cancer: the role of the mitochondria. Oncology (Williston Park) 25(5):400-410, 413
56. Kao ES, Wang CJ, Lin WL, Chu CY, Tseng TH (2007) Effects of polyphenols derived from fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida on cell transformation, dermal edema and skin tumor formation by phorbol ester application. Food Chem Toxicol : Int J Publ Br Ind Biol Res Assoc 45(10):1795-1804. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2007.03.016
57. Kapadia GJ, Azuine MA, Shigeta Y, Suzuki N, Tokuda H (2010) Chemopreventive activities of etodolac and oxyphe nbutazone against mouse skin carcinogenesis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 20(8):2546-2548. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2010. 02.093
58. Katerinaki E Evans GS Lorigan PC MacNeil S 2003TNF-α increases human mel anoma cell invasion and migration in vitro: the role of proteolytic enzymes Br J Cancer 89 6 1123-1129 doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6601257
59. Katiyar SK, Afaq F, Perez A, Mukhtar H (2001) Green tea pol yphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate treatment of human skin inhibits ultraviolet radiation-induced oxidative stress. Carcinogenesis 22(2):287-294
60. Katiyar SK, Mukhtar H (2001) Green tea polyphenol (-)-ep igallocatechin-3-gallate treatment to mouse skin prevents UVB-induced infiltration of leukocytes, depletion of antigen-presenting cells, and oxidative stress. J Leukoc Biol 69(5):719-726
61. Kerkelä E, Ala-Aho R, Lohi J, Gré nman R, Saarialho-Kere U (2001) Differential patterns of stromelysin-2 (MMP-10) and MT1-MMP (MMP-14) expression in epithelial skin cancers. Br J Cancer 84(5):659-669. doi:10.1054/bjoc.2000.1634
62. Kha n AQ, Khan R, Qamar W, Lateef A, Rehman MU, Tahir M, Ali F, Hamiza OO, Hasan SK, Sultana S (2013) Geraniol attenuates 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13- acetate (TPA)-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in mouse sk in: Possible role of p38 MAP Kinase and NFkappaB. Exp Mol Pathol 94(3):419-429. doi:10.1016/j.yexmp.2013.01.006
63. Kim DJ, Prabhu KS, Gonzalez FJ, Peters JM (2006) Inhibition of chemically induced skin carcinogenesis by sulindac is independent of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta/delta (PPARbeta/delta). Carcinogenesis 27(5):1105-1112. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgi346
64. Kundu JK, Hwang DM, Lee JC, Chang EJ, Shin YK, Fujii H, Sun B, Surh YJ (2009) Inhibitory effects of oligonol on phorbol ester-induced tumor promotion and COX-2 expression in mouse skin: NF-kappaB and C/EBP as p otential targets. Cancer Lett 273(1):86-97. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2008.07.039
65. Kundu JK, Shin YK, Surh YJ (2006) Resveratrol modulates phorbol ester-induced proinflammatory signal transduction pathw ays in mouse skin in vivo: NF-kappaB and AP-1 as prime targets. Biochem Pharmacol 72(11):1506-1515. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2006.08.005
66. Kundu JK, Surh YJ (2008) Inflammation: gearing the journey to cancer. Mutat Res 659(1-2): 15-30. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2008.03.002
67. Kwon JY, Lee KW, Kim JE, Jung SK, Kang NJ, Hwang MK, Heo YS, Bode AM, Dong Z, Lee HJ (2009) Delphinidin suppresses ultraviolet B-induced cyclooxygenases-2 expression through inhibition of MAPKK4 and PI-3 kinase. Carcinogenesis 30(11):1932-1940. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgp216
68. Kyrgidis A, Vahtsevanos K, Tzellos TG, Xirou P, Kitikidou K, Antoniades K, Zouboulis CC, Triaridis S (2010) Cli nical, histological and demographic predictors for recurrence and second primary tumours of head and neck basal cell carcinoma. A 1062 patient-cohort study from a tertiary cancer referral hospital. Eur J Dermatol: EJD 20(3):276-282. doi:10.1684/ejd.2010.0903
69. Laferriere J, Houle F, Huot J (2002) Regulation of the metastatic process by E-selectin and stress-activated protein kinase-2/p38. Ann NY Acad Sci 973:562-572
70. Langowski JL, Zhang X, Wu L, Mattson JD, Chen T, Smith K, Basham B, McClanahan T, Kastelein RA, Oft M (2006) IL-23 promotes tumour incidence and growth. Nature 442(7101):461-465. doi:1 0.1038/nature04808
71. Lederle W, Depner S, Schnur S, Obermueller E, Catone N, Just A, Fusenig NE, Mueller MM (2011) IL-6 promotes malignant growth of skin SCCs by regulating a network of autocrine and paracrine cytokines. Int J Cancer J Int du Cancer 128(12):2803-2814. doi:10.1002/ijc.25621
72. Lee WY, Lockniskar MF, Fischer SM (1994) Interleukin-1 alpha mediates phorbol ester-induced inflammation and epide rmal hyperplasia. FASEB Journal: Official Publ Fed Am Soc Exp Biol 8(13):1081-1087
73. Li AG, Lu SL, Zhang MX, Deng C, Wang XJ (2004) Smad3 knockout mice exhibit a resistance to skin chemical carcinogen esis. Cancer Res 64(21):7836-7845. doi:10.1158/0008-5472. CAN-04-1331
74. Liang L, Hu D, Liu W, Williams JP, Okunieff P, Ding I (2003) Celecoxib reduces skin damage after radiation: select ive reduction of chemokine and receptor mRNA expression in irradiated skin but not in irradiated mammary tumor. Am J Clin Oncol 26(4):S114-S121. doi:10.1097/01.COC.0000074149.95710.40
75. Loeb LA, Harris CC (2008) Advances in chemical carcinogenesis: a historical review and prospective. Cancer Res 68(17):6863-6872. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2852
76. Lu H, Ouyang W, Huang C (2006) Inflammation, a key event in cancer development. Molecular Cancer Res: MCR 4(4):221-233. doi:10.1158/1541-7786.MCR- 05-0261
77. Madan V, Lear JT, Szeimies RM (2010) Non-melanoma skin cancer. Lancet 375(9715):673-685. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61196-X
78. Magcwebeba T, Riedel S, Swanevelder S, Bouic P, Swart P, Gelderblom W (2012) Interleukin-1alpha induction in human keratinocytes (HaCaT): an in vitro model for chemoprevention in skin. J Skin Cancer 2012:393681. doi:10.1155/2012/393681
79. Mallikarjuna G, Dhanalakshmi S, Singh RP, Agarwal C, Agarwal R (2004) Silibinin protects against photocarcinogenesis via modulation of cell cycle regulators, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and Akt signaling. Cancer Res 64(17):6349-6356. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-1632
80. Mantovani A, Allavena P, Sica A, Balkwill F (2008) Cancer-related inflammation. Nature 454(7203):436-444. doi:10.1038/nature07205
81. Marsik C, Kazemi-Shirazi L, Schickbauer T, Winkler S, Joukhadar C, Wagner OF, Endler G (2008) C-reactive protein and all-cause mortality in a large hospital-based cohort. Clin Chem 54(2):343-349. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2007.091959
82. Martin AG, San-Antonio B, Fresno M (2001) Regulation of nuclear factor kappa B transactivation. Implication of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and protein kinase C zeta in c-Rel activation by tumor necrosis factor alpha. J Biol Chem 276(19):15840-15849. doi:10.1074/jbc.M0 11313200
83. Massoumi R, Chmielarska K, Hennecke K, Pfeifer A, Fassler R (2006) Cyld inhibits tumor cell proliferation by blocking Bcl-3-dependent NF-kappaB signaling. Cell 125(4):665-677. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.041
84. Meeran SM, Akhtar S, Katiyar SK (2009) Inhibition of UVB-induced skin tumor development by drinking green tea polyphenols is mediated through DNA repair and subsequent inhibition of inflammation. J Invest Dermatol 129(5):1258-1270. doi:10.1038/jid.2008.354
85. Meeran SM, Katiyar S, Elmets CA, Katiyar SK (2007) Interleukin-12 deficiency is permissive for angiogenesis in UV radiation-induced skin tumors. Cancer Res 67(8):3785-3793. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-3134
86. Mikirova N, Casciari J, Rogers A, Taylor P (2012) Effect of high-dose intravenous vitamin C on inflammation in cancer pa tients. J Transl Med 10:189. doi:10.1186/1479-5876-10-189
87. Millan O, Rico D, Peinado H, Zarich N, Stamatakis K, Perez-Sala D, Rojas JM, Cano A, Bosca L (2006) Potentiation of tum or formation by topical administration of 15-deoxy-delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 in a model of skin carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 27(2):328-336. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgi213
88. Mishra PK, Raghuram GV, Bhargava A, Ahirwar A, Samarth R, Upadhyaya R, Jain SK, Pathak N (2011) In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the anticarcinogenic and cancer chemopreventive potential of a flavonoid-rich fraction from a traditional Indian herb Selaginella bryo pteris. Br J Nutr 106(8):1154-1168. doi:10.1017/S0007114511001498
89. Mueller MM (2006) Inflammation in epithelial skin tumours: old stories and new ideas. Eur J Cancer 42(6):735-744. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2006.01.014
90. Muhleisen B, Petrov I, Gachter T, Kurrer M, Scharer L, Dummer R, French LE, Hofbauer GF (2009) Progression of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in immunosuppressed patients is asso ciated with reduced CD123+ and FOXP3+ cells in the perineoplastic inflammatory infiltrate. Histopathology 55(1):67-76. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2009.03324.x
91. Muller-Decker K, Neufang G, Berger I, Neumann M, Marks F, Furstenberger G (2002) Transgenic cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression sensitizes mouse skin for carcinogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99(19):12483-12488. doi:10.1073/pnas. 192323799
92. Nicko loff BJ, Ben-Neriah Y, Pikarsky E (2005) Inflammation and cancer: is the link as simple as we think? J Invest Dermatol 124(6):x-xiv. doi:10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23724.x
93. Oberyszyn TM, Sabourin CL, Bijur GN, Oberyszyn AS, Boros LG, Robertson FM (1993) Interleukin-1 alpha gene expression and localization of interleukin-1 alpha protein during tumor promotion. Mol Carcinog 7(4):238-248
94. Osaka be N, Yasuda A, Natsume M, Yoshikawa T (2004) Rosmarinic acid inhibits epidermal inflammatory responses: anticarcinogenic effect of Perilla frutescens extract in the murine two-stage skin model. Carcinogenesis 25(4):549-557. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgh034
95. Paavonen K, Ekman N, Wirzenius M, Rajantie I, Poutanen M, Alitalo K (2004) Bmx tyrosine kinase transgene induces skin hyperplasia, inflammatory angiogenesis, and accelerated wound healing. Mol Biol Cell 15(9):4226-4233. doi:10.1091/mbc.E04-03-0241
96. Pahl HL (1999) Activators and target genes of Rel/NF-kappaB transcription factors. Oncogene 18(49):6853-6866. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1203239
97. Parkin DM (2006) The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year 2002. Int J Cancer J Int du Cancer 118(12):3030-3044. doi:10.1002/ijc.21731
98. Passos GF, Medeiros R, Marcon R, Nascimento AF, Calixto JB, Pianowski LF (2013) The role of PKC/ERK1/2 signaling in the ant i-inflammatory effect of tetracyclic triterpene euphol on TPA-induced skin inflammation in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 698(1-3):413-420. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.10.019
99. Patel R, Garg R, Erande S, BM G (2007) Chemopreventive herbal anti-oxidants: current status and future perspectives. J Clin Biochem Nutr 40(2):82-91. doi:10.3164/jcbn.40.82
100. Patel R, Krishnan R, Ramchandani A, Maru G (2008) Polymeric black tea polyphenols inhibit mouse skin chemical carcinogenesis by decreasing cell proliferation. Cell Prolif 41(3): 532-553. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2184.2008.00528.x
101. Patil AS Puri YS Gedham MC Naik AV Joshi RK 2005 Saree cancer Bombay Hosp J 47 3 302-303
102. Perez-Lorenzo R, Markell LM, Hogan KA, Yuspa SH, Glick AB (2010) Transforming growth factor beta1 enhance s tumor promotion in mouse skin carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 31(6):1116-1123. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgq041
103. Perez-Moreno M, Song W, Pasolli HA, Williams SE, Fuchs E (2008) Loss of p120caten in and links to mitotic alterations, inflammation, and skin cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105(40):15399-15404. doi:10.1073/pnas.0807301105
104. Petit-Frere C, Clingen PH, Grewe M, Krutmann J, Roza L, Arlett CF, Green MH (1998) Induction of interleukin-6 production by ultraviolet radiation in normal human epidermal keratinocytes and in a human keratinocyte cell line is mediated by DNA damage. J Invest Dermatol 111(3):354-359. doi:10.1038/sj.jid. 5602962
105. Prasad S, Ravindran J, Aggarwal BB (2010) NF-κB and cancer: how intimate is this relationship. Mol Cell Biochem 336(1-2):25-37. doi:10.1007/s11010-009-0267-2
106. Proksch E, Brandner JM, Jensen JM (2008) The skin: an indispensable barrier. Exp Dermatol 17(12):1063-1072
107. Pytliak M, Vargova V, Mechirova V (2012) Matrix metalloproteinases and their role in oncogenesis: a review. Onkologie 35(1-2):49-53. doi:10.1159/000336304
108. Ramos MC, Steinbrenner H , Stuhlmann D, Sies H, Brenneisen P (2004) Induction of MMP-10 and MMP-1 in a squamous cell carcinoma cell line by ultraviolet radiation. Biol Chem 385(1):75-86. doi:10.1515/BC.2004.010
109. Ravi R, Piva TJ (2013) The role of furin in the development of skin cancer. In: Vereecken DP (ed.) Highlights in skin cancer. InTech, UK. doi:10.5772/55569
110. Reuter S, Gupta SC, Chaturvedi MM, Agga rwal BB (2010) Oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer: how are they linked? Free Radical Biol Med 49(11):1603-1616. doi:10.1016/j. freeradbiomed.2010.09.006
111. Rogers HW, Weinstock MA, Harris AR, Hinckley MR, Feldman SR, Fleischer AB, Coldiron BM (2010) Incidence estimate of nonmelanoma skin cancer in the United States, 2006. Arch Dermatol 146(3):283-287. doi:10.1001/archdermatol. 2010.19
112. Rundhaug JE, Fischer SM (2010) Molecular mechanisms of mouse skin tumor promotion. Cancers 2(2):436-482. doi:10.3390/cancers2020436
113. Saladi RN, Persaud AN (2005) The causes of skin cancer: a comprehensive review. Drugs Today (Barc) 41(1):37-53. doi:10.1358/dot.2005.41.1.875777
114. Schadendorf D, Heidel J, Gawlik C, Suter L, Czarnetzki BM (1995) Association with clinical outcom e of expression of VLA-4 in primary cutaneous malignant melanoma as well as P-selectin and E-selectin on intratumoral vessels. J Natl Cancer Inst 87(5):366-371
115. Schwarz T, Luger TA (1989) Effect of UV irradiation on epidermal cell cytokine production. J Photochem Photobiol B 4(1):1-13
116. Scott KA, Arnott CH, Robinson SC, Moore RJ, Thompson RG, Marshall JF, Balkwill FR (2004) TNF-α regulates epithelial expression of MMP-9 and integrin αvβ6 during tumour promotion. A role for TNF-α in keratinocyte migration? Oncogene 23(41):6954-6966. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1207915
117. Shanmugam MK, Nguyen AH, Kumar AP , Tan BK, Sethi G (2012) Targeted inhibition of tumor proliferation, survival, and metastasis by pentacyclic triterpenoids: potential role in prevention and therapy of cancer. Cancer Lett 320(2):158-170. doi:10.1016 /j.canlet.2012.02.037
118. Shirley SH, Grimm EA, Kusewitt DF (2012) Ultraviolet radiation and the slug transcription factor induce proinflammatory and immunomodulatory mediator expression in melanocytes. J Skin Cancer 2012: 410925. doi:10.1155/2012/410925
119. Shrotriya S, Kundu JK, Na HK, Surh YJ (2010) Diallyl trisulfide inhibits phorbol ester-induced tumor promotion, activation of AP-1, and expression of COX-2 in mouse skin by blocki ng JNK and Akt signaling. Cancer Res 70(5):1932-1940. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-3501
120. Siegfried G, Basak A, Cromlish JA, Benjannet S, Marcinkiewicz J, Chretien M, Seidah NG, Khati b AM (2003) The secretory proprotein convertases furin, PC5, and PC7 activate VEGF-C to induce tumorigenesis. J Clin Investig 111(11):1723-1732. doi:10.1172/JCI17220
121. Singh T, Katiyar SK (2011) Gr een tea catechins reduce invasive potential of human melanoma cells by targeting COX-2, PGE2 receptors and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. PLoS One 6(10):e25224. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025224
122. Slaga TJ Viaje A Bracken W 1977The effects of anti-inflammatory agents on skin tumor initiation and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 16 2 337-350
123. Soehnge H, Ouhtit A, Ananthaswamy ON (1997) Mechanisms of induction of skin cancer by UV radiation. Frontiers Biosci: J Virtual Libr 2:d538-d551
124. St Sauver JL, Sarma AV, Jacobson DJ, McG ree ME, Lieber MM, Girman CJ, Nehra A, Jacobsen SJ (2009) Associations between C-reactive protein and benign prostatic hyperplasia/lower urinary tract symptom outcomes in a population-based cohort. Am J Epidemiol 169(11):1281-1290. doi:10.1093/aje/kwp085
125. Surh YJ, Chun KS, Cha HH, Han SS, Keum YS, Park KK, Lee SS (2001) Molecular mechanisms underlying chemopreventive activities of anti-inflammatory phytochemi cals: down-regulation of COX-2 and iNOS through suppression of NF-κB activation. Mutat Res 480-481:243-268
126. Tiano HF, Loftin CD, Akunda J, Lee CA, Spalding J, Sessoms A, Dunson DB, Rogan EG, Morham SG, Smart RC, Langenbach R (2002) Deficiency of either cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 or COX-2 alters epidermal differentiation and reduces mouse skin tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 62(12):3395-3401
127. Tober KL, Wilgus TA, Kusewitt DF, Thomas-Ahner JM, Maruyama T, Oberyszyn TM (2006) Importance of the EP(1) receptor in cutaneous UVB-induced inflammation and tumor development. J Invest Dermatol 126(1):205-211. do i:10.1038/sj.jid.5700014
128. Trompouki E, Hatzivassiliou E, Tsichritzis T, Farmer H, Ashworth A, Mosialos G (2003) CYLD is a deubiquitinating enzyme that negatively regulates NF-kappaB activation by TNFR family membe rs. Nature 424(6950):793-796. doi:10.1038/nature01803
129. Ulrich C, Johannsen A, Rowert-Huber J, Ulrich M, Sterry W, Stockfleth E (2010) Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled safety and efficacy study of topical diclofenac 3 % gel in organ transplant patients with multiple actinic keratoses. Eur J Dermatol 20(4):482-488. doi:10.1684/ejd.2010.1010
130. Urban JL, Shepard HM, Rothstein JL, Su garman BJ, Schreiber H (1986) Tumor necrosis factor: a potent effector molecule for tumor cell killing by activated macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83(14):5233-5237
131. Vaid M, Sharma SD, Katiyar S K (2010) Honokiol, a phytochemical from the Magnolia plant, inhibits photocarcinogenesis by targeting UVB-induced inflammatory mediators and cell cycle regulators: development of topical formulation. Carcinogenesis 31(11):2004-2011. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgq186
132. Vanderveen EE, Grekin RC, Swanson NA, Kragballe K (1986) Arachidonic acid metabolites in cutaneous carcinomas. Evidence suggesting that elevated levels of prostaglandins in basal c ell carcinomas are associated with an aggressive growth pattern. Arch Dermatol 122(4):407-412
133. Vougioukalaki M, Kanellis DC, Gkouskou K, Eliopoulos AG (2011) Tpl2 kinase signal transduction in inflammation a nd cancer. Cancer Lett 304(2):80-89. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2011.02.004
134. Wennogle LP, Liang H, Quintavalla JC, Bowen BR, Wasvary J, Miller DB, Allentoff A, Boyer W, Kelly M, Marsha ll P (1995) Comparison of recombinant cyclooxygenase-2 to native isoforms: aspirin labeling of the active site. FEBS Lett 371(3):315-320
135. Wilgus TA, Koki AT, Zweifel BS, Kusewitt DF, Rubal PA, Oberyszyn TM (2003) Inhibition of cutaneous ultraviolet light B-mediated inflammation and tumor formation with topical celecoxib treatment. Mol Carcinog 38(2):49-58. doi:10.1002/mc.10141
136. Witz IP (2006) Tumor-microenvironment interactions: the selectin-selectin ligand axis in tumorendothelium cross talk. Cancer Treat Res 130:125-140
137. Wright TI, Spencer JM, Flowers FP (2006) Chemoprevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer. J Am Acad Dermatol 54(6):933-946; quiz 947-950. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2005.08.062
138. Yasukawa K, Akihisa T, Yoshida ZY, Takido M (2000) Inhibitory effect of euphol, a triterpene alcohol from the roots of Euphorbia kansui, on tumour promotion by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in two-stage carcinogenesis in mouse skin. J Pharm Phar macol 52(1):119-124
139. Yu H, Kortylewski M, Pardoll D (2007) Crosstalk between cancer and immune cells: role of STAT3 in the tumour microenvironment. Nat Rev Immunol 7(1):41-51. doi:1 0.1038/nri1995
140. Zhu JW, Wu XJ, Lu ZF, Luo D, Cai SQ, Zheng M (2013) Role of VEGF receptors in normal and psoriatic human keratinocytes: evidence from irradiation with different UV sources. PLoS One 8(1 ):e55463. doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0055463
141. Zhu Z, Zhong S, Shen Z (2011) Targeting the inflammatory pathways to enhance chemotherapy of cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 12(2):95-105