Striatal cholinergic dysfunction as a unifying theme in the pathophysiology of dystonia

Progress in Neurobiology

Volumn 127-128, Issue , 2015, Pages 91-107

  Eskow Jaunarajs, K L ^a   Bonsi, P ^b   Chesselet, M F ^c   Standaert, D G ^a   Pisani, A ^b,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM   (United States)

^b IRCCS FONDAZIONE SANTA LUCIA   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ROME TOR VERGATA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Acetylcholine interneurons; Animal models; Basal ganglia; Dopamine; Dystonia; Striatum

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCHOLINE;

ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY; ANIMAL; CORPUS STRIATUM; DYSTONIC DISORDER; HUMAN; INTERNEURON; METABOLISM; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY;

ACETYLCHOLINE; ANIMALS; CORPUS STRIATUM; DYSTONIC DISORDERS; HUMANS; INTERNEURONS;

EID: 84933068499     PISSN: 03010082     EISSN: 18735118     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.02.002     Document Type: Review

References (300)

1. Albanese A., Lalli S. Update on dystonia. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 2012, 25:483-490.
2. Albanese A., Bhatia K., Bressman S.B., Delong M.R., Fahn S., Fung V.S., Hallett M., Jankovic J., Jinnah H.A., Klein C., Lang A.E., Mink J.W., Teller J.K. Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: a consensus update. Mov. Disord. 2013, 28:863-873.
3. Albin R.L., Young A.B., Penney J.B. The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders. Trends Neurosci. 1989, 12:366-375.
4. Alcacer C., Santini E., Valjent E., Gaven F., Girault J.A., Herve D. Galpha(olf) mutation allows parsing the role of cAMP-dependent and extracellular signal-regulated kinase-dependent signaling in l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine-induced dyskinesia. J. Neurosci. 2012, 32:5900-5910.
5. Alcantara A.A., Mrzljak L., Jakab R.L., Levey A.I., Hersch S.M., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Muscarinic m1 and m2 receptor proteins in local circuit and projection neurons of the primate striatum: anatomical evidence for cholinergic modulation of glutamatergic prefronto-striatal pathways. J. Comp. Neurol. 2001, 434:445-460.
6. Alexander G.E., DeLong M.R., Strick P.L. Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 1986, 9:357-381.
7. Aosaki T., Kimura M., Graybiel A.M. Temporal and spatial characteristics of tonically active neurons of the primate's striatum. J. Neurophysiol. 1995, 73:1234-1252.
8. Aosaki T., Miura M., Suzuki T., Nishimura K., Masuda M. Acetylcholine-dopamine balance hypothesis in the striatum: an update. Geriatr. Gerontol. Int. 2010, 10(Suppl. 1):S148-S157.
9. Aosaki T., Tsubokawa H., Ishida A., Watanabe K., Graybiel A.M., Kimura M. Responses of tonically active neurons in the primate's striatum undergo systematic changes during behavioral sensorimotor conditioning. J. Neurosci. 1994, 14:3969-3984.
10. Apicella P. Leading tonically active neurons of the striatum from reward detection to context recognition. Trends Neurosci. 2007, 30:299-306.
11. Argyelan M., Carbon M., Niethammer M., Ulug A.M., Voss H.U., Bressman S.B., Dhawan V., Eidelberg D. Cerebellothalamocortical connectivity regulates penetrance in dystonia. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:9740-9747.
12. Augood S.J., Hollingsworth Z., Albers D.S., Yang L., Leung J., Breakefield X.O., Standaert D.G. Dopamine transmission in DYT1 dystonia. Adv. Neurol. 2004, 94:53-60.
13. Balcioglu A., Kim M.O., Sharma N., Cha J.H., Breakefield X.O., Standaert D.G. Dopamine release is impaired in a mouse model of DYT1 dystonia. J. Neurochem. 2007, 102:783-788.
14. Ballion B., Mallet N., Bezard E., Lanciego J.L., Gonon F. Intratelencephalic corticostriatal neurons equally excite striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons and their discharge activity is selectively reduced in experimental parkinsonism. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2008, 27:2313-2321.
15. Bao L., Patel J.C., Walker R.H., Shashidharan P., Rice M.E. Dysregularion of striatal dopamine release in a mouse model of dystonia. J. Neurochem. 2010, 114:1781-1891.
16. Bateup H.S., Santini E., Shen W., Birnbaum S., Valjent E., Surmeier D.J., Fisone G., Nestler E.J., Greengard P. Distinct subclasses of medium spiny neurons differentially regulate striatal motor behaviors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2010, 107:14845-14850.
17. Beatty J.A., Sullivan M.A., Morikawa H., Wilson C.J. Complex autonomous firing patterns of striatal low-threshold spike interneurons. J. Neurophysiol. 2012, 108:771-781.
18. Ben-Ari Y., Aniksztejn L., Bregestovski P. Protein kinase C modulation of NMDA currents: an important link for LTP induction. Trends Neurosci. 1992, 15:333-339.
19. Benarroch E.E. Effects of acetylcholine in the striatum. Recent insights and therapeutic implications. Neurology 2012, 79:274-281.
20. Bennett B.D., Bolam J.P. Characterization of calretinin-immunoreactive structures in the striatum of the rat. Brain Res. 1993, 609:137-148.
21. Bennett B.D., Wilson C.J. Synaptic regulation of action potential timing in neostriatal cholinergic interneurons. J. Neurosci. 1998, 18:8539-8549.
22. Bennett B.D., Callaway J.C., Wilson C.J. Intrinsic membrane properties underlying spontaneous tonic firing in neostriatal cholinergic interneurons. J. Neurosci. 2000, 20:8493-8503.
23. Berardelli A., Rothwell J.C., Hallett M., Thompson P.D., Manfredi M., Marsden C.D. The pathophysiology of primary dystonia. Brain 1998, 121(Pt 7):1195-1212.
24. Berendse H.W., Groenewegen H.J. Organization of the thalamostriatal projections in the rat, with special emphasis on the ventral striatum. J. Comp. Neurol. 1990, 299:187-228.
25. Bernard V., Normand E., Bloch B. Phenotypical characterization of the rat striatal neurons expressing muscarinic receptor genes. J. Neurosci. 1992, 12:3591-3600.
26. Bernard V., Levey A.I., Bloch B. Regulation of the subcellular distribution of m4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in striatal neurons in vivo by the cholinergic environment: evidence for regulation of cell surface receptors by endogenous and exogenous stimulation. J. Neurosci. 1999, 19:10237-10249.
27. Bernard V., Laribi O., Levey A.I., Bloch B. Subcellular redistribution of m2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in striatal interneurons in vivo after acute cholinergic stimulation. J. Neurosci. 1998, 18:10207-10218.
28. Bertorelli R., Consolo S. D1 and D2 dopaminergic regulation of acetylcholine release from striata of freely moving rats. J. Neurochem. 1990, 54:2145-2148.
29. Black K.J., Ongur D., Perlmutter J.S. Putamen volume in idiopathic focal dystonia. Neurology 1998, 51:819-824.
30. Blood A.J., Flaherty A.W., Choi J.K., Hochberg F.H., Greve D.N., Bonmassar G., Rosen B.R., Jenkins B.G. Basal ganglia activity remains elevated after movement in focal hand dystonia. Ann. Neurol. 2004, 55:744-748.
31. Bolam J.P., Smith Y. The GABA and substance P input to dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the rat. Brain Res. 1990, 529:57-78.
32. Bolam J.P., Wainer B.H., Smith A.D. Characterization of cholinergic neurons in the rat neostriatum. A combination of choline acetyltransferase immunocytochemistry, golgi-impregnation and electron microscopy. Neuroscience 1984, 12:711-718.
33. Bolam J.P., Ingham C.A., Izzo P.N., Levey A.I., Rye D.B., Smith A.D., Wainer B.H. Substance P-containing terminals in synaptic contact with cholinergic neurons in the neostriatum and basal forebrain: a double immunocytochemical study in the rat. Brain Res. 1986, 397:279-289.
34. Bonsi P., De Persis C., Calabresi P., Bernardi G., Pisani A. Coordinate high-frequency pattern of stimulation and calcium levels control the induction of LTP in striatal cholinergic interneurons. Learn. Mem. 2004, 11:755-760.
35. Bonsi P., Florio T., Capozzo A., Pisani A., Calabresi P., Siracusano A., Scarnati E. Behavioural learning-induced increase in spontaneous GABAA-dependent synaptic activity in rat striatal cholinergic interneurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2003, 17:174-178.
36. Bonsi P., Sciamanna G., Mitrano D.A., Cuomo D., Bernardi G., Platania P., Smith Y., Pisani A. Functional and ultrastructural analysis of group I mGluR in striatal fast-spiking interneurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2007, 25:1319-1331.
37. Bonsi P., Martella G., Cuomo D., Platania P., Sciamanna G., Bernardi G., Wess J., Pisani A. Loss of muscarinic autoreceptor function impairs long-term depression but not long-term potentiation in the striatum. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:6258-6263.
38. Bonsi P., Cuomo D., Martella G., Madeo G., Schirinzi T., Puglisi F., Ponterio G., Pisani A. Centrality of striatal cholinergic transmission in basal ganglia function. Front. Neuroanat. 2011, 5:6.
39. Bostan A.C., Strick P.L. The cerebellum and basal ganglia are interconnected. Neuropsychol. Rev. 2010, 20:261-270.
40. Bostan A.C., Dum R.P., Strick P.L. The basal ganglia communicate with the cerebellum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2010, 107:8452-8456.
41. Bostan A.C., Dum R.P., Strick P.L. Cerebellar networks with the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2013, 17:241-254.
42. Bradfield L.A., Hart G., Balleine B.W. The role of the anterior, mediodorsal, and parafascicular thalamus in instrumental conditioning. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 2013, 7:51.
43. Bradfield L.A., Bertran-Gonzalez J., Chieng B., Balleine B.W. The thalamostriatal pathway and cholinergic control of goal-directed action: interlacing new with existing learning in the striatum. Neuron 2013, 79:153-166.
44. Bradley D., Whelan R., Walsh R., Reilly R.B., Hutchinson S., Molloy F., Hutchinson M. Temporal discrimination threshold: VBM evidence for an endophenotype in adult onset primary torsion dystonia. Brain 2009, 132:2327-2335.
45. Bragg D.C., Armata I.A., Nery F.C., Breakefield X.O., Sharma N. Molecular pathways in dystonia. Neurobiol. Dis. 2011, 42:136-147.
46. Brashear A., Mulholland G.K., Zheng Q.H., Farlow M.R., Siemers E.R., Hutchins G.D. PET imaging of the pre-synaptic dopamine uptake sites in rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism (RDP). Mov. Disord. 1999, 14:132-137.
47. Breakefield X.O., Blood A.J., Li Y., Hallett M., Hanson P.I., Standaert D.G. The pathophysiological basis of dystonias. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2008, 9:222-234.
48. Brocks D.R. Anticholinergic drugs used in Parkinson's disease: an overlooked class of drugs from a pharmacokinetic perspective. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 1999, 2:39-46.
49. Burke R.E., Fahn S., Marsden C.D. Torsion dystonia: a double-blind, prospective trial of high-dosage trihexyphenidyl. Neurology 1986, 36:160-164.
50. Cachope R., Mateo Y., Mathur B.N., Irving J., Wang H.L., Morales M., Lovinger D.M., Cheer J.F. Selective activation of cholinergic interneurons enhances accumbal phasic dopamine release: setting the tone for reward processing. Cell Rep. 2012, 2:33-41.
51. Calabresi P., Stefani A., Mercuri N.B., Bernardi G. Acetylcholine-dopamine balance in striatum: is it still a target for antiparkinsonian therapy?. EXS 1989, 57:315-321.
52. Calabresi P., Picconi B., Tozzi A., Di Filippo M. Dopamine-mediated regulation of corticostriatal synaptic plasticity. Trends Neurosci. 2007, 30:211-219.
53. Calabresi P., Centonze D., Gubellini P., Pisani A., Bernardi G. Blockade of M2-like muscarinic receptors enhances long-term potentiation at corticostriatal synapses. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1998, 10:3020-3023.
54. Calabresi P., Galletti F., Saggese E., Ghiglieri V., Picconi B. Neuronal networks and synaptic plasticity in Parkinson's disease: beyond motor deficits. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 2007, 13(Suppl. 3):S259-S262.
55. Calabresi P., Picconi B., Tozzi A., Ghiglieri V., Di Filippo M. Direct and indirect pathways of basal ganglia: a critical reappraisal. Nat. Neurosci. 2014, 17:1022-1030.
56. Calderon D.P., Fremont R., Kraenzlin F., Khodakhah K. The neural substrates of rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism. Nat. Neurosci. 2011, 14:357-365.
57. Campos F., Alfonso M., Duran R. In vivo modulation of alpha7 nicotinic receptors on striatal glutamate release induced by anatoxin-A. Neurochem. Int. 2010, 56:850-855.
58. Capetian P., Pauly M.G., Azmitia L.M., Klein C. Striatal cholinergic interneurons in isolated generalized dystonia-rationale and perspectives for stem cell-derived cellular models. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 2014, 8:205.
59. Carbon M., Argyelan M., Habeck C., Ghilardi M.F., Fitzpatrick T., Dhawan V., Pourfar M., Bressman S.B., Eidelberg D. Increased sensorimotor network activity in DYT1 dystonia: a functional imaging study. Brain 2010, 133:690-700.
60. Casey D.E., Gerlach J., Christensson E. Dopamine, acetylcholine, and GABA effects in acute dystonia in primates. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 1980, 70:83-87.
61. Centonze D., Grande C., Usiello A., Gubellini P., Erbs E., Martin A.B., Pisani A., Tognazzi N., Bernardi G., Moratalla R., Borrelli E., Calabresi P. Receptor subtypes involved in the presynaptic and postsynaptic actions of dopamine on striatal interneurons. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:6245-6254.
62. Champtiaux N., Gotti C., Cordero-Erausquin M., David D.J., Przybylski C., Lena C., Clementi F., Moretti M., Rossi F.M., Le Novere N., McIntosh J.M., Gardier A.M., Changeux J.P. Subunit composition of functional nicotinic receptors in dopaminergic neurons investigated with knock-out mice. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:7820-7829.
63. Chang H.T., Kita H. Interneurons in the rat striatum: relationships between parvalbumin neurons and cholinergic neurons. Brain Res. 1992, 574:307-311.
64. Chesselet M.F. Presynaptic regulation of neurotransmitter release in the brain: facts and hypothesis. Neuroscience 1984, 12:347-375.
65. Clement C., Lalonde R., Strazielle C. Acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain of dystonia musculorum (Dst(dt-J)) mutant mice. Neurosci. Res. 2012, 72:79-86.
66. Consolo S., Baldi G., Giorgi S., Nannini L. The cerebral cortex and parafascicular thalamic nucleus facilitate in vivo acetylcholine release in the rat striatum through distinct glutamate receptor subtypes. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1996, 8:2702-2710.
67. Consolo S., Baronio P., Guidi G., Di Chiara G. Role of the parafascicular thalamic nucleus and N-methyl-d-aspartate transmission in the D1-dependent control of in vivo acetylcholine release in rat striatum. Neuroscience 1996, 71:157-165.
68. Cools A.R., Hendriks G., Korten J. The acetylcholine-dopamine balance in the basal ganglia of rhesus monkeys and its role in dynamic, dystonic, dyskinetic, and epileptoid motor activities. J. Neural Transm. 1975, 36:91-105.
69. Corner B.D. Dystonia musculorum deformans in siblings; treated with artane (trihexyphenidyl). Proc. R. Soc. Med. 1952, 45:451-452.
70. Corvol J.C., Valjent E., Pascoli V., Robin A., Stipanovich A., Luedtke R.R., Belluscio L., Girault J.A., Herve D. Quantitative changes in Galphaolf protein levels, but not D1 receptor, alter specifically acute responses to psychostimulants. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007, 32:1109-1121.
71. Cragg S.J. Variable dopamine release probability and short-term plasticity between functional domains of the primate striatum. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:4378-4385.
72. Cragg S.J. Meaningful silences: how dopamine listens to the ACh pause. Trends Neurosci. 2006, 29:125-131.
73. Cragg S.J., Rice M.E. DAncing past the DAT at a DA synapse. Trends Neurosci. 2004, 27:270-277.
74. Cui G., Jun S.B., Jin X., Pham M.D., Vogel S.S., Lovinger D.M., Costa R.M. Concurrent activation of striatal direct and indirect pathways during action initiation. Nature 2013, 494:238-242.
75. Damsma G., Westerink B.H., de Vries J.B., Horn A.S. The effect of systemically applied cholinergic drugs on the striatal release of dopamine and its metabolites, as determined by automated brain dialysis in conscious rats. Neurosci. Lett. 1988, 89:349-354.
76. Dang M.T., Yokoi F., McNaught K.S., Jengelley T.A., Jackson T., Li J., Li Y. Generation and characterization of Dyt1 DeltaGAG knock-in mouse as a model for early-onset dystonia. Exp. Neurol. 2005, 196:452-463.
77. Dang M.T., Yokoi F., Cheetham C.C., Lu J., Vo V., Lovinger D.M., Li Y. An anticholinergic reverses motor control and corticostriatal LTD deficits in Dyt1 DeltaGAG knock-in mice. Behav. Brain Res. 2012, 226:465-472.
78. Dautan D., Huerta-Ocampo I., Witten I.B., Deisseroth K., Bolam J.P., Gerdjikov T., Mena-Segovia J. A major external source of cholinergic innervation of the striatum and nucleus accumbens originates in the brainstem. J. Neurosci. 2014, 34:4509-4518.
79. De Klippel N., Sarre S., Ebinger G., Michotte Y. Effect of M1- and M2-muscarinic drugs on striatal dopamine release and metabolism: an in vivo microdialysis study comparing normal and 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. Brain Res. 1993, 630:57-64.
80. DeBoer P., Heeringa M.J., Abercrombie E.D. Spontaneous release of acetylcholine in striatum is preferentially regulated by inhibitory dopamine D2 receptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1996, 317:257-262.
81. Dimova R., Vuillet J., Nieoullon A., Kerkerian-Le Goff L. Ultrastructural features of the choline acetyltransferase-containing neurons and relationships with nigral dopaminergic and cortical afferent pathways in the rat striatum. Neuroscience 1993, 53:1059-1071.
82. Ding J., Peterson J.D., Surmeier D.J. Corticostriatal and thalamostriatal synapses have distinctive properties. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:6483-6492.
83. Ding J., Guzman J.N., Tkatch T., Chen S., Goldberg J.A., Ebert P.J., Levitt P., Wilson C.J., Hamm H.E., Surmeier D.J. RGS4-dependent attenuation of M4 autoreceptor function in striatal cholinergic interneurons following dopamine depletion. Nat. Neurosci. 2006, 9:832-842.
84. Ding J.B., Guzman J.N., Peterson J.D., Goldberg J.A., Surmeier D.J. Thalamic gating of corticostriatal signaling by cholinergic interneurons. Neuron 2010, 67:294-307.
85. Dubach M., Schmidt R., Kunkel D., Bowden D.M., Martin R., German D.C. Primate neuostriatal neurons containing tyrosine hydroxylase: immunohistochemical evidence. Neurosci. Lett. 1987, 75:205-210.
86. Dube L., Smith A.D., Bolam J.P. Identification of synaptic terminals of thalamic or cortical origin in contact with distinct medium-size spiny neurons in the rat neostriatum. J. Comp. Neurol. 1988, 267:455-471.
87. Dunah A.W., Standaert D.G. Subcellular segregation of distinct heteromeric NMDA glutamate receptors in the striatum. J. Neurochem. 2003, 85:935-943.
88. el-Bizri H., Clarke P.B. Regulation of nicotinic receptors in rat brain following quasi-irreversible nicotinic blockade by chlorisondamine and chronic treatment with nicotine. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1994, 113:917-925.
89. Ellender T.J., Huerta-Ocampo I., Deisseroth K., Capogna M., Bolam J.P. Differential modulation of excitatory and inhibitory striatal synaptic transmission by histamine. J. Neurosci. 2011, 31:15340-15351.
90. Ellender T.J., Harwood J., Kosillo P., Capogna M., Bolam J.P. Heterogeneous properties of central lateral and parafascicular thalamic synapses in the striatum. J. Physiol. 2013, 591:257-272.
91. Eltahawy H.A., Saint-Cyr J., Giladi N., Lang A.E., Lozano A.M. Primary dystonia is more responsive than secondary dystonia to pallidal interventions: outcome after pallidotomy or pallidal deep brain stimulation. Neurosurgery 2004, 54:613-619. discussion 619-621.
92. Erosa-Rivero H.B., Bata-Garcia J.L., Alvarez-Cervera F.J., Heredia-Lopez F.J., Gongora-Alfaro J.L. The potency and efficacy of anticholinergics to inhibit haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats correlates with their rank order of affinities for the muscarinic receptor subtypes. Neuropharmacology 2014, 81:176-187.
93. Everitt B.J., Robbins T.W. Central cholinergic systems and cognition. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 1997, 48:649-684.
94. Exley R., McIntosh J.M., Marks M.J., Maskos U., Cragg S.J. Striatal alpha5 nicotinic receptor subunit regulates dopamine transmission in dorsal striatum. J. Neurosci. 2012, 32:2352-2356.
95. Fahn S. High dosage anticholinergic therapy in dystonia. Neurology 1983, 33:1255-1261.
96. Fino E., Deniau J.M., Venance L. Cell-specific spike-timing-dependent plasticity in GABAergic and cholinergic interneurons in corticostriatal rat brain slices. J. Physiol. 2008, 586:265-282.
97. Fisher R.S., Buchwald N.A., Hull C.D., Levine M.S. The GABAergic striatonigral neurons of the cat: demonstration by double peroxidase labeling. Brain Res. 1986, 398:148-156.
98. Flaherty A.W., Graybiel A.M. Corticostriatal transformations in the primate somatosensory system. Projections from physiologically mapped body-part representations. J. Neurophysiol. 1991, 66:1249-1263.
99. Flaherty A.W., Graybiel A.M. Two input systems for body representations in the primate striatal matrix: experimental evidence in the squirrel monkey. J. Neurosci. 1993, 13:1120-1137.
100. Foster D.J., Gentry P.R., Lizardi-Ortiz J.E., Bridges T.M., Wood M.R., Niswender C.M., Sulzer D., Lindsley C.W., Xiang Z., Conn P.J. M5 receptor activation produces opposing physiological outcomes in dopamine neurons depending on the receptor's location. J. Neurosci. 2014, 34:3253-3262.
101. Fremeau R.T., Voglmaier S., Seal R.P., Edwards R.H. VGLUTs define subsets of excitatory neurons and suggest novel roles for glutamate. Trends Neurosci. 2004, 27:98-103.
102. Fremeau R.T., Troyer M.D., Pahner I., Nygaard G.O., Tran C.H., Reimer R.J., Bellocchio E.E., Fortin D., Storm-Mathisen J., Edwards R.H. The expression of vesicular glutamate transporters defines two classes of excitatory synapse. Neuron 2001, 31:247-260.
103. Freund T.F., Powell J.F., Smith A.D. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive boutons in synaptic contact with identified striatonigral neurons, with particular reference to dendritic spines. Neuroscience 1984, 13:1189-1215.
104. Fujiyama F., Kuramoto E., Okamoto K., Hioki H., Furuta T., Zhou L., Nomura S., Kaneko T. Presynaptic localization of an AMPA-type glutamate receptor in corticostriatal and thalamostriatal axon terminals. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2004, 20:3322-3330.
105. Galarraga E., Hernandez-Lopez S., Reyes A., Miranda I., Bermudez-Rattoni F., Vilchis C., Bargas J. Cholinergic modulation of neostriatal output: a functional antagonism between different types of muscarinic receptors. J. Neurosci. 1999, 19:3629-3638.
106. Galvan A., Smith Y. The primate thalamostriatal systems: anatomical organization, functional roles and possible involvement in Parkinson's disease. Basal Ganglia 2011, 1:179-189.
107. Galvan A., Kuwajima M., Smith Y. Glutamate and GABA receptors and transporters in the basal ganglia: what does their subsynaptic localization reveal about their function?. Neuroscience 2006, 143:351-375.
108. Gardoni F., Ghiglieri V., Luca M., Calabresi P. Assemblies of glutamate receptor subunits with post-synaptic density proteins and their alterations in Parkinson's disease. Prog. Brain Res. 2010, 183:169-182.
109. Gertler T.S., Chan C.S., Surmeier D.J. Dichotomous anatomical properties of adult striatal medium spiny neurons. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:10814-10824.
110. Ghilardi M.F., Carbon M., Silvestri G., Dhawan V., Tagliati M., Bressman S., Ghez C., Eidelberg D. Impaired sequence learning in carriers of the DYT1 dystonia mutation. Ann. Neurol. 2003, 54:102-109.
111. Giorguieff M.F., Le Floch M.L., Westfall T.C., Glowinski J., Besson M.J. Nicotinic effect of acetylcholine on the release of newly synthesized (3H)dopamine in rat striatal slices and cat caudate nucleus. Brain Res. 1976, 106:117-131.
112. Goldberg J.A., Wilson C.J. Control of spontaneous firing patterns by the selective coupling of calcium currents to calcium-activated potassium currents in striatal cholinergic interneurons. J. Neurosci. 2005, 25:10230-10238.
113. Goldberg J.A., Reynolds J.N. Spontaneous firing and evoked pauses in the tonically active cholinergic interneurons of the striatum. Neuroscience 2011, 198:27-43.
114. Goldberg J.A., Teagarden M.A., Foehring R.C., Wilson C.J. Nonequilibrium calcium dynamics regulate the autonomous firing pattern of rat striatal cholinergic interneurons. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:8396-8407.
115. Gonon F. Prolonged and extrasynaptic excitatory action of dopamine mediated by D1 receptors in the rat striatum in vivo. J. Neurosci. 1997, 17:5972-5978.
116. Goodchild R.E., Kim C.E., Dauer W.T. Loss of the dystonia-associated protein torsinA selectively disrupts the neuronal nuclear envelope. Neuron 2005, 48:923-932.
117. Goodchild R.E., Grundmann K., Pisani A. New genetic insights highlight 'old' ideas on motor dysfunction in dystonia. Trends Neurosci. 2013, 36:717-725.
118. Grundmann K., Reischmann B., Vanhoutte G., Hubener J., Teismann P., Hauser T.K., Bonin M., Wilbertz J., Horn S., Nguyen H.P., Kuhn M., Chanarat S., Wolburg H., Van der Linden A., Riess O. Overexpression of human wildtype torsinA and human DeltaGAG torsinA in a transgenic mouse model causes phenotypic abnormalities. Neurobiol. Dis. 2007, 27:190-206.
119. Grundmann K., Glockle N., Martella G., Sciamanna G., Hauser T.K., Yu L., Castaneda S., Pichler B., Fehrenbacher B., Schaller M., Nuscher B., Haass C., Hettich J., Yue Z., Nguyen H.P., Pisani A., Riess O., Ott T. Generation of a novel rodent model for DYT1 dystonia. Neurobiol. Dis. 2012, 47:61-74.
120. Gubellini P., Pisani A., Centonze D., Bernardi G., Calabresi P. Metabotropic glutamate receptors and striatal synaptic plasticity: implications for neurological diseases. Prog. Neurobiol. 2004, 74:271-300.
121. Hamann M., Raymond R., Varughesi S., Nobrega J.N., Richter A. Acetylcholine receptor binding and cholinergic interneuron density are unaltered in a genetic animal model of primary paroxysmal dystonia. Brain Res. 2006, 1099:176-182.
122. Hendrix C.M., Vitek J.L. Toward a network model of dystonia. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2012, 1265:46-55.
123. Herkenham M., Pert C.B. Mosaic distribution of opiate receptors, parafascicular projections and acetylcholinesterase in rat striatum. Nature 1981, 291:415-418.
124. Hernandez-Flores T., Hernandez-Gonzalez O., Perez-Ramirez M.B., Lara-Gonzalez E., Arias-Garcia M.A., Duhne M., Perez-Burgos A., Prieto G.A., Figueroa A., Galarraga E., Bargas J. Modulation of direct pathway striatal projection neurons by muscarinic M(4)-type receptors. Neuropharmacology 2015, 89:232-244.
125. Hersch S.M., Gutekunst C.A., Rees H.D., Heilman C.J., Levey A.I. Distribution of m1-m4 muscarinic receptor proteins in the rat striatum: light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry using subtype-specific antibodies. J. Neurosci. 1994, 14:3351-3363.
126. Herve D. Identification of a specific assembly of the g protein golf as a critical and regulated module of dopamine and adenosine-activated cAMP pathways in the striatum. Front. Neuroanat. 2011, 5:48.
127. Hewett J., Johanson P., Sharma N., Standaert D., Balcioglu A. Function of dopamine transporter is compromised in DYT1 transgenic animal model in vivo. J. Neurochem. 2010, 113:228-235.
128. Hsu K.S., Huang C.C., Gean P.W. Muscarinic depression of excitatory synaptic transmission mediated by the presynaptic M3 receptors in the rat neostriatum. Neurosci. Lett. 1995, 197:141-144.
129. Huerta-Ocampo I., Mena-Segovia J., Bolam J.P. Convergence of cortical and thalamic input to direct and indirect pathway medium spiny neurons in the striatum. Brain Struct. Funct. 2013, 219:1787-1800.
130. Hurst R., Rollema H., Bertrand D. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: from basic science to therapeutics. Pharmacol. Ther. 2013, 137:22-54.
131. Ibanez-Sandoval O., Tecuapetla F., Unal B., Shah F., Koos T., Tepper J.M. Electrophysiological and morphological characteristics and synaptic connectivity of tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing neurons in adult mouse striatum. J. Neurosci. 2010, 30:6999-7016.
132. Ingham C.A., Hood S.H., Arbuthnott G.W. Spine density on neostriatal neurons changes with 6-hydroxydopamine lesions and with age. Brain Res. 1989, 503:334-338.
133. Jankovic J. Medical treatment of dystonia. Mov. Disord. 2013, 28:1001-1012.
134. Jiang Z.G., North R.A. Membrane properties and synaptic responses of rat striatal neurons in vitro. J. Physiol. 1991, 443:533-553.
135. Jin X., Tecuapetla F., Costa R.M. Basal ganglia subcircuits distinctively encode the parsing and concatenation of action sequences. Nat. Neurosci. 2014, 17:423-430.
136. Jinnah H.A., Hess E.J. A new twist on the anatomy of dystonia: the basal ganglia and the cerebellum?. Neurology 2006, 67:1740-1741.
137. Kawaguchi Y. Physiological, morphological, and histochemical characterization of three classes of interneurons in rat neostriatum. J. Neurosci. 1993, 13:4908-4923.
138. Kawaguchi Y., Wilson C.J., Augood S.J., Emson P.C. Striatal interneurons: chemical, physiological and morphological characterization. Trends Neurosci. 1995, 18:527-535.
139. Kemel M.L., Desban M., Glowinski J., Gauchy C. Distinct presynaptic control of dopamine release in striosomal and matrix areas of the cat caudate nucleus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1989, 86:9006-9010.
140. Kemp J.M., Powell T.P. The synaptic organization of the caudate nucleus. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 1971, 262:403-412.
141. Kemp J.M., Powell T.P. The termination of fibres from the cerebral cortex and thalamus upon dendritic spines in the caudate nucleus: a study with the Golgi method. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 1971, 262:429-439.
142. Kiura M., Yamada H., Matsumoto N. Tonically active neurons in the striatum encode motivational contexts of action. Brain Dev. 2003, 25(Suppl. 1):S20-S23.
143. Kimura M., Minamimoto T., Matsumoto N., Hori Y. Monitoring and switching of cortico-basal ganglia loop functions by the thalamo-striatal system. Neurosci. Res. 2004, 48:355-360.
144. Klein C., Fahn S. Translation of Oppenheim's 1911 paper on dystonia. Mov. Disord. 2013, 28:851-862.
145. Kocsis J.D., Kitai S.T. Dual excitatory inputs to caudate spiny neurons from substantia nigra stimulation. Brain Res. 1977, 138:271-283.
146. Koos T., Tepper J.M. Dual cholinergic control of fast-spiking interneurons in the neostriatum. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22:529-535.
147. Kreitzer A.C., Malenka R.C. Striatal plasticity and basal ganglia circuit function. Neuron 2008, 60:543-554.
148. Lacey C.J., Bolam J.P., Magill P.J. Novel and distinct operational principles of intralaminar thalamic neurons and their striatal projections. J. Neurosci. 2007, 27:4374-4384.
149. Lang A.E., Sheehy M.P., Marsden C.D. Acute anticholinergic action in focal dystonia. Adv. Neurol. 1983, 37:193-200.
150. Lapper S.R., Bolam J.P. Input from the frontal cortex and the parafascicular nucleus to cholinergic interneurons in the dorsal striatum of the rat. Neuroscience 1992, 51:533-545.
151. Lavoie B., Smith Y., Parent A. Dopaminergic innervation of the basal ganglia in the squirrel monkey as revealed by tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry. J. Comp. Neurol. 1989, 289:36-52.
152. Le Moine C., Bloch B. Expression of the D3 dopamine receptor in peptidergic neurons of the nucleus accumbens: comparison with the D1 and D2 dopamine receptors. Neuroscience 1996, 73:131-143.
153. LeDoux M.S. Animal models of dystonia: lessons from a mutant rat. Neurobiol. Dis. 2011, 42:152-161.
154. LeDoux M.S., Brady K.A. Secondary cervical dystonia associated with structural lesions of the central nervous system. Mov. Disord. 2003, 18:60-69.
155. Ledoux M.S., Dauer W.T., Warner T.T. Emerging common molecular pathways for primary dystonia. Mov. Disord. 2013, 28:968-981.
156. Lehmann J., Langer S.Z. Muscarinic receptors on dopamine terminals in the cat caudate nucleus: neuromodulation of [3H]dopamine release in vitro by endogenous acetylcholine. Brain Res. 1982, 248:61-69.
157. Lei W., Jiao Y., Del Mar N., Reiner A. Evidence for differential cortical input to direct pathway versus indirect pathway striatal projection neurons in rats. J. Neurosci. 2004, 24:8289-8299.
158. Lenz S., Perney T.M., Qin Y., Robbins E., Chesselet M.F. GABA-ergic interneurons of the striatum express the Shaw-like potassium channel Kv3.1. Synapse 1994, 18:55-66.
159. Lera G., Bhatia K., Marsden C.D. Dystonia as the major manifestation of Leigh's syndrome. Mov. Disord. 1994, 9:642-649.
160. Liang C.C., Tanabe L.M., Jou S., Chi F., Dauer W.T. TorsinA hypofunction causes abnormal twisting movements and sensorimotor circuit neurodegeneration. J. Clin. Invest. 2014, 124:3080-3092.
161. Liu Z., Otsu Y., Vasuta C., Nawa H., Murphy T.H. Action-potential-independent GABAergic tone mediated by nicotinic stimulation of immature striatal miniature synaptic transmission. J. Neurophysiol. 2007, 98:581-593.
162. Lozano A.M., Kumar R., Gross R.E., Giladi N., Hutchison W.D., Dostrovsky J.O., Lang A.E. Globus pallidus internus pallidotomy for generalized dystonia. Mov. Disord. 1997, 12:865-870.
163. Maltese M., Martella G., Madeo G., Fagiolo I., Tassone A., Ponterio G., Sciamanna G., Burbaud P., Conn P.J., Bonsi P., Pisani A. Anticholinergic drugs rescue synaptic plasticity in DYT1 dystonia: role of M1 muscarinic receptors. Mov. Disord. 2014, 29:1655-1665.
164. Manto M.U. The wide spectrum of spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs). Cerebellum 2005, 4:2-6.
165. Marchi M., Sanguineti P., Raiteri M. Muscarinic receptors mediate direct inhibition of GABA release from rat striatal nerve terminals. Neurosci. Lett. 1990, 116:347-351.
166. Marchi M., Risso F., Viola C., Cavazzani P., Raiteri M. Direct evidence that release-stimulating alpha7* nicotinic cholinergic receptors are localized on human and rat brain glutamatergic axon terminals. J. Neurochem. 2002, 80:1071-1078.
167. Martella G., Maltese M., Nistico R., Schirinzi T., Madeo G., Sciamanna G., Ponterio G., Tassone A., Mandolesi G., Vanni V., Pignatelli M., Bonsi P., Pisani A. Regional specificity of synaptic plasticity deficits in a knock-in mouse model of DYT1 dystonia. Neurobiol. Dis. 2014, 65:124-132.
168. Martella G., Tassone A., Sciamanna G., Platania P., Cuomo D., Viscomi M.T., Bonsi P., Cacci E., Biagioni S., Usiello A., Bernardi G., Sharma N., Standaert D.G., Pisani A. Impairment of bidirectional synaptic plasticity in the striatum of a mouse model of DYT1 dystonia: role of endogenous acetylcholine. Brain 2009, 132:2336-2349.
169. Martone M.E., Armstrong D.M., Young S.J., Groves P.M. Ultrastructural examination of enkephalin and substance P input to cholinergic neurons within the rat neostriatum. Brain Res. 1992, 594:253-262.
170. Matamales M., Bertran-Gonzalez J., Salomon L., Degos B., Deniau J.M., Valjent E., Herve D., Girault J.A. Striatal medium-sized spiny neurons: identification by nuclear staining and study of neuronal subpopulations in BAC transgenic mice. PLoS ONE 2009, 4:e4770.
171. Mathai A., Smith Y. The corticostriatal and corticosubthalamic pathways: two entries, one target. So what?. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 2011, 5:64.
172. Matsumoto N., Minamimoto T., Graybiel A.M., Kimura M. Neurons in the thalamic CM-Pf complex supply striatal neurons with information about behaviorally significant sensory events. J. Neurophysiol. 2001, 85:960-976.
173. McGeorge A.J., Faull R.L. The organization of the projection from the cerebral cortex to the striatum in the rat. Neuroscience 1989, 29:503-537.
174. Meredith G.E., Wouterlood F.G. Hippocampal and midline thalamic fibers and terminals in relation to the choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive neurons in nucleus accumbens of the rat: a light and electron microscopic study. J. Comp. Neurol. 1990, 296:204-221.
175. Mink J.W. The basal ganglia and involuntary movements: impaired inhibition of competing motor patterns. Arch. Neurol. 2003, 60:1365-1368.
176. Mitchell I.J., Luquin R., Boyce S., Clarke C.E., Robertson R.G., Sambrook M.A., Crossman A.R. Neural mechanisms of dystonia: evidence from a 2-deoxyglucose uptake study in a primate model of dopamine agonist-induced dystonia. Mov. Disord. 1990, 5:49-54.
177. Miura M., Saino-Saito S., Masuda M., Kobayashi K., Aosaki T. Compartment-specific modulation of GABAergic synaptic transmission by mu-opioid receptor in the mouse striatum with green fluorescent protein-expressing dopamine islands. J. Neurosci. 2007, 27:9721-9728.
178. Moss J., Bolam J.P. A dopaminergic axon lattice in the striatum and its relationship with cortical and thalamic terminals. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:11221-11230.
179. Muenter M.D., Sharpless N.S., Tyce G.M., Darley F.L. Patterns of dystonia ("I-D-I" and "D-I-D-") in response to l-DOPA therapy for Parkinson's disease. Mayo Clin. Proc. 1977, 52:163-174.
180. Nanda B., Galvan A., Smith Y., Wichmann T. Effects of stimulation of the centromedian nucleus of the thalamus on the activity of striatal cells in awake rhesus monkeys. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:588-598.
181. Naudon L., Delfs J.M., Clavel N., Lorden J.F., Chesselet M.F. Differential expression of glutamate decarboxylase messenger RNA in cerebellar Purkinje cells and deep cerebellar nuclei of the genetically dystonic rat. Neuroscience 1998, 82:1087-1094.
182. 123I] beta-CIT. Mov. Disord. 1998, 13:319-323.
183. Nelson A.B., Hammack N., Yang C.F., Shah N.M., Seal R.P., Kreitzer A.C. Striatal cholinergic interneurons drive GABA release from dopamine terminals. Neuron 2014, 82:63-70.
184. Neychev V.K., Fan X., Mitev V.I., Hess E.J., Jinnah H.A. The basal ganglia and cerebellum interact in the expression of dystonic movement. Brain 2008, 131:2499-2509.
185. Niethammer M., Carbon M., Argyelan M., Eidelberg D. Hereditary dystonia as a neurodevelopmental circuit disorder: evidence from neuroimaging. Neurobiol. Dis. 2011, 42:202-209.
186. Niittykoski M., Ruotsalainen S., Haapalinna A., Larson J., Sirvio J. Activation of muscarinic M3-like receptors and beta-adrenoceptors, but not M2-like muscarinic receptors or alpha-adrenoceptors, directly modulates corticostriatal neurotransmission in vitro. Neuroscience 1999, 90:95-105.
187. O'Donnell P., Grace A.A. Synaptic interactions among excitatory afferents to nucleus accumbens neurons: hippocampal gating of prefrontal cortical input. J. Neurosci. 1995, 15:3622-3639.
188. O'Neill H.C., Laverty D.C., Patzlaff N.E., Cohen B.N., Fonck C., McKinney S., McIntosh J.M., Lindstrom J.M., Lester H.A., Grady S.R., Marks M.J. Mice expressing the ADNFLE valine 287 leucine mutation of the Beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit display increased sensitivity to acute nicotine administration and altered presynaptic nicotinic receptor function. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2013, 103:603-621.
189. Oberlin S.R., Konakova M., Pulst S., Chesselet M.F. Development and anatomic localization of torsinA. Adv. Neurol. 2004, 94:61-65.
190. Oleas J., Yokoi F., Deandrade M.P., Pisani A., Li Y. Engineering animal models of dystonia. Mov. Disord. 2013, 28:990-1000.
191. Olson L., Seiger A., Fuxe K. Heterogeneity of striatal and limbic dopamine innervation: highly fluorescent islands in developing and adult rats. Brain Res. 1972, 44:283-288.
192. Ondo W.G., Desaloms J.M., Jankovic J., Grossman R.G. Pallidotomy for generalized dystonia. Mov. Disord. 1998, 13:693-698.
193. Ostrem J.L., Starr P.A. Treatment of dystonia with deep brain stimulation. Neurotherapeutics 2008, 5:320-330.
194. Page M.E., Bao L., Andre P., Pelta-Heller J., Sluzas E., Gonzalez-Alegre P., Bogush A., Khan L.E., Iacovitti L., Rice M.E., Ehrlich M.E. Cell-autonomous alteration of dopaminergic transmission by wild type and mutant (DeltaE) torsinA in transgenic mice. Neurobiol. Dis. 2010, 39:318-326.
195. Pan W.X., Mao T., Dudman J.T. Inputs to the dorsal striatum of the mouse reflect the parallel circuit architecture of the forebrain. Front. Neuroanat. 2010, 4:147.
196. Pancani T., Bolarinwa C., Smith Y., Lindsley C.W., Conn P.J., Xiang Z. M4 mAChR-mediated modulation of glutamatergic transmission at corticostriatal synapses. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 2014, 5:318-324.
197. Paquet M., Smith Y. Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors in the monkey striatum: subsynaptic association with glutamatergic and dopaminergic afferents. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:7659-7669.
198. Parent A., Hazrati L.N. Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia I. The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 1995, 20:91-127.
199. Parent M., Parent A. Single-axon tracing and three-dimensional reconstruction of centre median-parafascicular thalamic neurons in primates. J. Comp. Neurol. 2005, 481:127-144.
200. Pawlak V., Kerr J.N. Dopamine receptor activation is required for corticostriatal spike-timing-dependent plasticity. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:2435-2446.
201. Pazos A., Probst A., Palacios J.M. Beta-adrenoceptor subtypes in the human brain: autoradiographic localization. Brain Res. 1985, 358:324-328.
202. Peller M., Zeuner K.E., Munchau A., Quartarone A., Weiss M., Knutzen A., Hallett M., Deuschl G., Siebner H.R. The basal ganglia are hyperactive during the discrimination of tactile stimuli in writer's cramp. Brain 2006, 129:2697-2708.
203. Perlmutter J.S., Mink J.W. Dysfunction of dopaminergic pathways in dystonia. Adv. Neurol. 2004, 94:163-170.
204. Perlmutter J.S., Tempel L.W., Black K.J., Parkinson D., Todd R.D. MPTP induces dystonia and parkinsonism. Clues to the pathophysiology of dystonia. Neurology 1997, 49:1432-1438.
205. Peterson D.A., Sejnowski T.J., Poizner H. Convergent evidence for abnormal striatal synaptic plasticity in dystonia. Neurobiol. Dis. 2010, 37:558-573.
206. Pettigrew L.C., Jankovic J. Hemidystonia: a report of 22 patients and a review of the literature. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1985, 48:650-657.
207. Picconi B., Centonze D., Hakansson K., Bernardi G., Greengard P., Fisone G., Cenci M.A., Calabresi P. Loss of bidirectional striatal synaptic plasticity in l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Nat. Neurosci. 2003, 6:501-506.
208. Pisani A., Bernardi G., Ding J., Surmeier D.J. Re-emergence of striatal cholinergic interneurons in movement disorders. Trends Neurosci. 2007, 30:545-553.
209. Pisani A., Martella G., Tscherter A., Bonsi P., Sharma N., Bernardi G., Standaert D.G. Altered responses to dopaminergic D2 receptor activation and N-type calcium currents in striatal cholinergic interneurons in a mouse model of DYT1 dystonia. Neurobiol. Dis. 2006, 24:318-325.
210. Pisani A., Bonsi P., Centonze D., Martorana A., Fusco F., Sancesario G., De Persis C., Bernardi G., Calabresi P. Activation of beta1-adrenoceptors excites striatal cholinergic interneurons through a cAMP-dependent, protein kinase-independent pathway. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:5272-5282.
211. Poewe W.H., Lees A.J., Stern G.M. Dystonia in Parkinson's disease: clinical and pharmacological features. Ann. Neurol. 1988, 23:73-78.
212. Preston R.J., Bishop G.A., Kitai S.T. Medium spiny neuron projection from the rat striatum: an intracellular horseradish peroxidase study. Brain Res. 1980, 183:253-263.
213. Prudente C.N., Pardo C.A., Xiao J., Hanfelt J., Hess E.J., Ledoux M.S., Jinnah H.A. Neuropathology of cervical dystonia. Exp. Neurol. 2013, 241:95-104.
214. Puttfarcken P.S., Jacobs I., Faltynek C.R. Characterization of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated [(3)H]-dopamine release from rat cortex and striatum. Neuropharmacology 2000, 39:2673-2680.
215. Quartarone A., Hallett M. Emerging concepts in the physiological basis of dystonia. Mov. Disord. 2013, 28:958-967.
216. Quartarone A., Morgante F., Sant'angelo A., Rizzo V., Bagnato S., Terranova C., Siebner H.R., Berardelli A., Girlanda P. Abnormal plasticity of sensorimotor circuits extends beyond the affected body part in focal dystonia. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2008, 79:985-990.
217. Raike R.S., Jinnah H.A., Hess E.J. Animal models of generalized dystonia. NeuroRx 2005, 2:504-512.
218. Raike R.S., Pizoli C.E., Weisz C., van den Maagdenberg A.M., Jinnah H.A., Hess E.J. Limited regional cerebellar dysfunction induces focal dystonia in mice. Neurobiol. Dis. 2012, 49C:200-210.
219. Raiteri M., Marchi M., Paudice P., Pittaluga A. Muscarinic receptors mediating inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid release in rat corpus striatum and their pharmacological characterization. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1990, 254:496-501.
220. Raju D.V., Shah D.J., Wright T.M., Hall R.A., Smith Y. Differential synaptology of vGluT2-containing thalamostriatal afferents between the patch and matrix compartments in rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 2006, 499:231-243.
221. Raju D.V., Ahern T.H., Shah D.J., Wright T.M., Standaert D.G., Hall R.A., Smith Y. Differential synaptic plasticity of the corticostriatal and thalamostriatal systems in an MPTP-treated monkey model of parkinsonism. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2008, 27:1647-1658.
222. Rapier C., Lunt G.G., Wonnacott S. Stereoselective nicotine-induced release of dopamine from striatal synaptosomes: concentration dependence and repetitive stimulation. J. Neurochem. 1988, 50:1123-1130.
223. Reiner A., Jiao Y., Del Mar N., Laverghetta A.V., Lei W.L. Differential morphology of pyramidal tract-type and intratelencephalically projecting-type corticostriatal neurons and their intrastriatal terminals in rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 2003, 457:420-440.
224. Reynolds J.N., Hyland B.I., Wickens J.R. A cellular mechanism of reward-related learning. Nature 2001, 413:67-70.
225. Reynolds J.N., Hyland B.I., Wickens J.R. Modulation of an afterhyperpolarization by the substantia nigra induces pauses in the tonic firing of striatal cholinergic interneurons. J. Neurosci. 2004, 24:9870-9877.
226. Ribak C.E., Vaughn J.E., Roberts E. The GABA neurons and their axon terminals in rat corpus striatum as demonstrated by GAD immunocytochemistry. J. Comp. Neurol. 1979, 187:261-283.
227. Rice M.E., Cragg S.J. Dopamine spillover after quantal release: rethinking dopamine transmission in the nigrostriatal pathway. Brain Res. Rev. 2008, 58:303-313.
228. Rivera A., Alberti I., Martin A.B., Narvaez J.A., de la Calle A., Moratalla R. Molecular phenotype of rat striatal neurons expressing the dopamine D5 receptor subtype. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2002, 16:2049-2058.
229. Rudkin T.M., Sadikot A.F. Thalamic input to parvalbumin-immunoreactive GABAergic interneurons: organization in normal striatum and effect of neonatal decortication. Neuroscience 1999, 88:1165-1175.
230. Sadikot A.F., Parent A., Francois C. Efferent connections of the centromedian and parafascicular thalamic nuclei in the squirrel monkey: a PHA-L study of subcortical projections. J. Comp. Neurol. 1992, 315:137-159.
231. Sadikot A.F., Parent A., Smith Y., Bolam J.P. Efferent connections of the centromedian and parafascicular thalamic nuclei in the squirrel monkey: a light and electron microscopic study of the thalamostriatal projection in relation to striatal heterogeneity. J. Comp. Neurol. 1992, 320:228-242.
232. Sanberg P.R., Shytle R.D., Silver A.A. Treatment of Tourette's syndrome with mecamylamine. Lancet 1998, 352:705-706.
233. Sato K., Sumi-Ichinose C., Kaji R., Ikemoto K., Nomura T., Nagatsu I., Ichinose H., Ito M., Sako W., Nagahiro S., Graybiel A.M., Goto S. Differential involvement of striosome and matrix dopamine systems in a transgenic model of DOPA-responsive dystonia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2008, 105:12551-12556.
234. Sciamanna G., Tassone A., Martella G., Mandolesi G., Puglisi F., Cuomo D., Madeo G., Ponterio G., Standaert D.G., Bonsi P., Pisani A. Developmental profile of the aberrant dopamine D2 receptor response in striatal cholinergic interneurons in DYT1 dystonia. PLoS ONE 2011, 6:e24261.
235. Sciamanna G., Hollis R., Ball C., Martella G., Tassone A., Marshall A., Parsons D., Li X., Yokoi F., Zhang L., Li Y., Pisani A., Standaert D.G. Cholinergic dysregulation produced by selective inactivation of the dystonia-associated protein torsinA. Neurobiol. Dis. 2012, 47:416-427.
236. Segawa M., Hosaka A., Miyagawa F., Nomura Y., Imai H. Hereditary progressive dystonia with marked diurnal fluctuation. Adv. Neurol. 1976, 14:215-233.
237. Shafrir Y., Levy Y., Beharab A., Nitzam M., Steinherz R. Acute dystonic reaction to bethanechol - a direct acetylcholine receptor agonist. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 1986, 28:646-648.
238. Sharma N., Baxter M.G., Petravicz J., Bragg D.C., Schienda A., Standaert D.G., Breakefield X.O. Impaired motor learning in mice expressing torsinA with the DYT1 dystonia mutation. J. Neurosci. 2005, 25:5351-5355.
239. Shashidharan P., Sandu D., Potla U., Armata I.A., Walker R.H., McNaught K.S., Weisz D., Sreenath T., Brin M.F., Olanow C.W. Transgenic mouse model of early-onset DYT1 dystonia. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2005, 14:125-133.
240. Shen W., Hamilton S.E., Nathanson N.M., Surmeier D.J. Cholinergic suppression of KCNQ channel currents enhances excitability of striatal medium spiny neurons. J. Neurosci. 2005, 25:7449-7458.
241. Shen W., Tian X., Day M., Ulrich S., Tkatch T., Nathanson N.M., Surmeier D.J. Cholinergic modulation of Kir2 channels selectively elevates dendritic excitability in striatopallidal neurons. Nat. Neurosci. 2007, 10:1458-1466.
242. Shepherd G.M. Corticostriatal connectivity and its role in disease. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2013, 14:278-291.
243. Sidibe M., Smith Y. Differential synaptic innervation of striatofugal neurons projecting to the internal or external segments of the globus pallidus by thalamic afferents in the squirrel monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 1996, 365:445-465.
244. Sidibe M., Smith Y. Thalamic inputs to striatal interneurons in monkeys: synaptic organization and co-localization of calcium binding proteins. Neuroscience 1999, 89:1189-1208.
245. Silver A.A., Shytle R.D., Sanberg P.R. Mecamylamine in Tourette's syndrome: a two-year retrospective case study. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol. 2000, 10:59-68.
246. Smith A.D., Bolam J.P. The neural network of the basal ganglia as revealed by the study of synaptic connections of identified neurons. Trends Neurosci. 1990, 13:259-265.
247. Smith Y., Villalba R. Striatal and extrastriatal dopamine in the basal ganglia: an overview of its anatomical organization in normal and parkinsonian brains. Mov. Disord. 2008, 23(Suppl. 3):S534-S547.
248. Smith Y., Surmeier D.J., Redgrave P., Kimura M. Thalamic contributions to basal ganglia-related behavioral switching and reinforcement. J. Neurosci. 2011, 31:16102-16106.
249. Smith Y., Bennett B.D., Bolam J.P., Parent A., Sadikot A.F. Synaptic relationships between dopaminergic afferents and cortical or thalamic input in the sensorimotor territory of the striatum in monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 1994, 344:1-19.
250. Smith Y., Galvan A., Ellender T.J., Doig N., Villalba R.M., Huerta-Ocampo I., Wichmann T., Bolam J.P. The thalamostriatal system in normal and diseased states. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 2014, 8:5.
251. Somogyi P., Bolam J.P., Smith A.D. Monosynaptic cortical input and local axon collaterals of identified striatonigral neurons. A light and electron microscopic study using the Golgi-peroxidase transport-degeneration procedure. J. Comp. Neurol. 1981, 195:567-584.
252. Song C.H., Bernhard D., Hess E.J., Jinnah H.A. Subtle microstructural changes of the cerebellum in a knock-in mouse model of DYT1 dystonia. Neurobiol. Dis. 2014, 62:372-380.
253. Song C.H., Fan X., Exeter C.J., Hess E.J., Jinnah H.A. Functional analysis of dopaminergic systems in a DYT1 knock-in mouse model of dystonia. Neurobiol. Dis. 2012, 48:66-78.
254. Song C.H., Bernhard D., Bolarinwa C., Hess E.J., Smith Y., Jinnah H.A. Subtle microstructural changes of the striatum in a DYT1 knock-in mouse model of dystonia. Neurobiol. Dis. 2013, 54:362-371.
255. Standaert D.G. Update on the pathology of dystonia. Neurobiol. Dis. 2011, 42:148-151.
256. Stephens B., Mueller A.J., Shering A.F., Hood S.H., Taggart P., Arbuthnott G.W., Bell J.E., Kilford L., Kingsbury A.E., Daniel S.E., Ingham C.A. Evidence of a breakdown of corticostriatal connections in Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2005, 132:741-754.
257. Surmeier D.J., Ding J., Day M., Wang Z., Shen W. D1 and D2 dopamine-receptor modulation of striatal glutamatergic signaling in striatal medium spiny neurons. Trends Neurosci. 2007, 30:228-235.
258. Suzuki T., Miura M., Nishimura K., Aosaki T. Dopamine-dependent synaptic plasticity in the striatal cholinergic interneurons. J. Neurosci. 2001, 21:6492-6501.
259. Tabbal S.D., Mink J.W., Antenor J.A., Carl J.L., Moerlein S.M., Perlmutter J.S. 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced acute transient dystonia in monkeys associated with low striatal dopamine. Neuroscience 2006, 141:1281-1287.
260. Tanabe L.M., Kim C.E., Alagem N., Dauer W.T. Primary dystonia: molecules and mechanisms. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 2009, 5:598-609.
261. Tashiro Y., Sugimoto T., Hattori T., Uemura Y., Nagatsu I., Kikuchi H., Mizuno N. Tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive neurons in the striatum of the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 1989, 97:6-10.
262. Tassone A., Sciamanna G., Bonsi P., Martella G., Pisani A. Experimental models of dystonia. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 2011, 98:551-572.
263. Teper Y., et al. Nicotine-induced dystonic arousal complex in a mouse line harboring a human autosomal-dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy mutation. J. Neurosci. 2007, 27:10128-10142.
264. Tepper J.M., Tecuapetla F., Koos T., Ibanez-Sandoval O. Heterogeneity and diversity of striatal GABAergic interneurons. Front. Neuroanat. 2010, 4:150.
265. Thomas T.M., Smith Y., Levey A.I., Hersch S.M. Cortical inputs to m2-immunoreactive striatal interneurons in rat and monkey. Synapse 2000, 37:252-261.
266. Threlfell S., Lalic T., Platt N.J., Jennings K.A., Deisseroth K., Cragg S.J. Striatal dopamine release is triggered by synchronized activity in cholinergic interneurons. Neuron 2012, 75:58-64.
267. Threlfell S., Clements M.A., Khodai T., Pienaar I.S., Exley R., Wess J., Cragg S.J. Striatal muscarinic receptors promote activity dependence of dopamine transmission via distinct receptor subtypes on cholinergic interneurons in ventral versus dorsal striatum. J. Neurosci. 2010, 30:3398-3408.
268. Toth E., Sershen H., Hashim A., Vizi E.S., Lajtha A. Effect of nicotine on extracellular levels of neurotransmitters assessed by microdialysis in various brain regions: role of glutamic acid. Neurochem. Res. 1992, 17:265-271.
269. Tsui J.K., Eisen A., Stoessl A.J., Calne S., Calne D.B. Double-blind study of botulinum toxin in spasmodic torticollis. Lancet 1986, 2:245-247.
270. Uca A.U., Kozak H.H., Uguz F. Varenicline-induced acute dystonic reaction: a case report. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry 2014, 36(361):e361-e362.
271. Ulug A.M., Vo A., Argyelan M., Tanabe L., Schiffer W.K., Dewey S., Dauer W.T., Eidelberg D. Cerebellothalamocortical pathway abnormalities in torsinA DYT1 knock-in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2011, 108:6638-6643.
272. Valjent E., Bertran-Gonzalez J., Herve D., Fisone G., Girault J.A. Looking BAC at striatal signaling: cell-specific analysis in new transgenic mice. Trends Neurosci. 2009, 32:538-547.
273. van Vulpen E.H., van der Kooy D. Striatal cholinergic interneurons: birthdates predict compartmental localization. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 1998, 109:51-58.
274. Vandermaelen C.P., Kitai S.T. Intracellular analysis of synaptic potentials in rat neostriatum following stimulation of the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and substantia nigra. Brain Res. Bull. 1980, 5:725-733.
275. Villalba R.M., Smith Y. Striatal spine plasticity in Parkinson's disease. Front. Neuroanat. 2010, 4:133.
276. Villalba R.M., Lee H., Smith Y. Dopaminergic denervation and spine loss in the striatum of MPTP-treated monkeys. Exp. Neurol. 2009, 215:220-227.
277. Vo A., Sako W., Niethammer M., Carbon M., Bressman S.B., Ulug A.M., Eidelberg D. Thalamocortical connectivity correlates with phenotypic variability in dystonia. Cereb. Cortex 2014, (in press).
278. Wang F., Gerzanich V., Wells G.B., Anand R., Peng X., Keyser K., Lindstrom J. Assembly of human neuronal nicotinic receptor alpha5 subunits with alpha3, beta2, and beta4 subunits. J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271:17656-17665.
279. Wang Z., Kai L., Day M., Ronesi J., Yin H.H., Ding J., Tkatch T., Lovinger D.M., Surmeier D.J. Dopaminergic control of corticostriatal long-term synaptic depression in medium spiny neurons is mediated by cholinergic interneurons. Neuron 2006, 50:443-452.
280. Wichmann T. Commentary: dopaminergic dysfunction in DYT1 dystonia. Exp. Neurol. 2008, 212:242-246.
281. Wichmann T., DeLong M.R. Functional and pathophysiological models of the basal ganglia. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 1996, 6:751-758.
282. Wickens J.R. Synaptic plasticity in the basal ganglia. Behav. Brain Res. 2009, 199:119-128.
283. Wilson B.K., Hess E.J. Animal models for dystonia. Mov. Disord. 2013, 28:982-989.
284. Wilson C.J., Goldberg J.A. Origin of the slow afterhyperpolarization and slow rhythmic bursting in striatal cholinergic interneurons. J. Neurophysiol. 2006, 95:196-204.
285. Wilson C.J., Chang H.T., Kitai S.T. Firing patterns and synaptic potentials of identified giant aspiny interneurons in the rat neostriatum. J. Neurosci. 1990, 10:508-519.
286. Wu Y., Parent A. Striatal interneurons expressing calretinin, parvalbumin or NADPH-diaphorase: a comparative study in the rat, monkey and human. Brain Res. 2000, 863:182-191.
287. Xu M., Mizobe F., Yamamoto T., Kato T. Differential effects of M1- and M2-muscarinic drugs on striatal dopamine release and metabolism in freely moving rats. Brain Res. 1989, 495:232-242.
288. 2+ currents in rat neostriatal cholinergic interneurons through a membrane-delimited, protein-kinase-C-insensitive pathway. J. Neurophysiol. 1997, 77:1003-1015.
289. Yan Z., Flores-Hernandez J., Surmeier D.J. Coordinated expression of muscarinic receptor messenger RNAs in striatal medium spiny neurons. Neuroscience 2001, 103:1017-1024.
290. Yokoi F., Dang M.T., Zhou T., Li Y. Abnormal nuclear envelopes in the striatum and motor deficits in DYT11 myoclonus-dystonia mouse models. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2012, 21:916-925.
291. Yokoi F., Dang M.T., Mitsui S., Li J., Li Y. Motor deficits and hyperactivity in cerebral cortex-specific Dyt1 conditional knockout mice. J. Biochem. 2008, 143:39-47.
292. Yokoi F., Dang M.T., Li J., Standaert D.G., Li Y. Motor deficits and decreased striatal dopamine receptor 2 binding activity in the striatum-specific Dyt1 conditional knockout mice. PLoS ONE 2011, 6:e24539.
293. Yoshor D., Hamilton W.J., Ondo W., Jankovic J., Grossman R.G. Comparison of thalamotomy and pallidotomy for the treatment of dystonia. Neurosurgery 2001, 48:818-824. discussion 824-826.
294. Zackheim J., Abercrombie E.D. Thalamic regulation of striatal acetylcholine efflux is both direct and indirect and qualitatively altered in the dopamine-depleted striatum. Neuroscience 2005, 131:423-436.
295. Zaja-Milatovic S., Milatovic D., Schantz A.M., Zhang J., Montine K.S., Samii A., Deutch A.Y., Montine T.J. Dendritic degeneration in neostriatal medium spiny neurons in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2005, 64:545-547.
296. Zhang L., Yokoi F., Parsons D.S., Standaert D.G., Li Y. Alteration of striatal dopaminergic neurotransmission in a mouse model of DYT11 myoclonus-dystonia. PLoS ONE 2012, 7:e33669.
297. Zhang W., Yamada M., Gomeza J., Basile A.S., Wess J. Multiple muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes modulate striatal dopamine release, as studied with M1-M5 muscarinic receptor knock-out mice. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22:6347-6352.
298. Zhao Y., DeCuypere M., LeDoux M.S. Abnormal motor function and dopamine neurotransmission in DYT1 DeltaGAG transgenic mice. Exp. Neurol. 2008, 210:719-730.
299. Zhou F.M., Wilson C.J., Dani J.A. Cholinergic interneuron characteristics and nicotinic properties in the striatum. J. Neurobiol. 2002, 53:590-605.
300. Zoli M., Moretti M., Zanardi A., McIntosh J.M., Clementi F., Gotti C. Identification of the nicotinic receptor subtypes expressed on dopaminergic terminals in the rat striatum. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22:8785-8789.