Circadian clocks and the interaction between stress axis and adipose function

International Journal of Endocrinology

Volumn 2015, Issue , 2015, Pages

  Kolbe, Isa ^a   Dumbell, Rebecca ^a   Oster, Henrik ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LÜBECK   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADIPONECTIN; CORTICOTROPIN; CYTOKINE; GLUCOCORTICOID; GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; LEPTIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR CLOCK;

ACUTE STRESS; ADIPOSE TISSUE; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; CYTOKINE RELEASE; DISEASE ACTIVITY; ENERGY METABOLISM; HORMONE ACTION; HORMONE RELEASE; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS SYSTEM; NEUROMODULATION; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; STRESS; WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE;

EID: 84929358922     PISSN: 16878337     EISSN: 16878345     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2015/693204     Document Type: Review

References (169)

1. S. Panda, J. B. Hogenesch, and S. A. Kay, "Circadian rhythms from fies to human", Nature, vol. 417, no. 6886, pp. 329-335, 2002.
2. C. Dibner, U. Schibler, and U. Albrecht, "The mammalian circadian timing system: organization and coordination of central and peripheral clocks", Annual Review of Physiology, vol. 72, pp. 517-549, 2010.
3. A. Balsalobre, S. A. Brown, L. Marcacci et al., "Resetting of circadian time in peripheral tissues by glucocorticoid signaling", Science, vol. 289, no. 5488, pp. 2344-2347, 2000.
4. A. Y.-L. So, T. U. Bernal, M. L. Pillsbury, K. R. Yamamoto, and B. J. Feldman, "Glucocorticoid regulation of the circadian clock modulates glucose homeostasis", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 106, no. 41, pp. 17582-17587, 2009.
5. K. A. Lamia, S. J. Papp, R. T. Yu et al., "Cryptochromes mediate rhythmic repression of the glucocorticoid receptor", Nature, vol. 480, no. 7378, pp. 552-556, 2011.
6. E. E. Zhang and S. A. Kay, "Clocks not winding down: unravelling circadian networks", Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 764-776, 2010.
7. S. A. Brown, E. Kowalska, and R. Dallmann", (Re) inventing the circadian feedback loop", Developmental Cell, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 477-487, 2012.
8. S. Dimitrov, C. Benedict, D. Heutling, J. Westermann, J. Born, and T. Lange, "Cortisol and epinephrine control opposing circadian rhythms in T cell subsets", Blood, vol. 113, no. 21, pp. 5134-5143, 2009.
9. C. Liston, J. M. Cichon, F. Jeanneteau, Z. Jia, M. V. Chao, and W.-B. Gan, "Circadian glucocorticoid oscillations promote learning-dependent synapse formation and maintenance", Nature Neuroscience, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 698-705, 2013.
10. U. Wagner and J. Born, "Memory consolidation during sleep: interactive effects of sleep stages and HPA regulation", Stress, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 28-41, 2008.
11. R. Rosmond, "Role of stress in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome", Psychoneuroendocrinology, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 1-10, 2005.
12. C. Simon, L. Weibel, and G. Brandenberger, "Twenty-fourhour rhythms of plasma glucose and insulin secretion rate in regular night workers", The American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 278, no. 3, pp. E413-E420, 2000.
13. J. Lund, J. Arendt, S. M. Hampton, J. English, and L. M. Morgan, "Postprandial hormone and metabolic responses amongst shif workers in Antarctica", Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 171, no. 3, pp. 557-564, 2001.
14. A. Pan, E. S. Schernhammer, Q. Sun, and F. B. Hu, "Rotating night shif work and risk of type 2 diabetes: two prospective cohort studies in women", PLoS Medicine, vol. 8, no. 12, Article ID e1001141, 2011.
15. B. R. Walker, S. Soderberg, B. Lindahl, and T. Olsson, "Independent effects of obesity and cortisol in predicting cardiovascular risk factors in men and women", Journal of Internal Medicine, vol. 247, no. 2, pp. 198-204, 2000.
16. T. Ljung, G. Holm, P. Friberg et al., "The activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system in relation to waist/hip circumference ratio in men", Obesity Research, vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 487-495, 2000.
17. R. Rosmond, M. F. Dallman, and P. Björntorp, "Stress-related cortisol secretion in men: relationships with abdominal obesity and endocrine, metabolic and hemodynamic abnormalities", Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 83, no. 6, pp. 1853-1859, 1998.
18. R. Pasquali, V. Vicennati, M. Cacciari, and U. Pagotto, "The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in obesity and the metabolic syndrome", Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1083, pp. 111-128, 2006.
19. R. M. Buijs, A. Kalsbeek, T. P. Van Der Woude, J. J. Van Heerikhuize, and S. Shinn, "Suprachiasmatic nucleus lesion increases corticosterone secretion", The American Journal of Physiology, vol. 264, no. 6, pp. R1186-R1192, 1993.
20. Y. M. Ulrich-Lai and J. P. Herman, "Neural regulation of endocrine and autonomic stress responses", Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 397-409, 2009.
21. T. Dickmeis, B. D. Weger, and M. Weger, "The circadian clock and glucocorticoids-interactions across many time scales", Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, vol. 380, no. 1-2, pp. 2-15, 2013.
22. D. B. Boivin and C. A. Czeisler, "Resetting of circadian melatonin and cortisol rhythms in humans by ordinary room light", NeuroReport, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 779-782, 1998.
23. D. B. Boivin, "Influence of sleep-wake and circadian rhythm disturbances in psychiatric disorders", Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 446-458, 2000.
24. E. B. Klerman, H. B. Gershengorn, J. F. Dufy, and R. E. Kronauer, "Comparisons of the variability of three markers of the human circadian pacemaker", Journal of Biological Rhythms, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 181-193, 2002.
25. S. L. Lightman and B. L. Conway-Campbell, "The crucial role of pulsatile activity of the HPA axis for continuous dynamic equilibration", Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol. 11, no. 10, pp. 710-718, 2010.
26. F. K. Stephan and I. Zucker, "Circadian rhythms in drinking behavior and locomotor activity of rats are eliminated by hypothalamic lesions", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 69, no. 6, pp. 1583-1586, 1972.
27. R. Y. Moore and V. B. Eichler, "Loss of a circadian adrenal corticosterone rhythm following suprachiasmatic lesions in the rat", Brain Research, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 201-206, 1972.
28. E. J. Waite, M. Mckenna, Y. Kershaw et al., "Ultradian corticosterone secretion is maintained in the absence of circadian cues", European Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 36, no. 8, pp. 3142-3150, 2012.
29. D. Engler, T. Pham, J.-P. Liu, M. J. Fullerton, I. J. Clarke, and J. W. Funder, "Studies of the regulation of the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis in sheep with hypothalamic-pituitary disconnection. II. Evidence for in vivo ultradian hypersecretion of proopiomelanocortin peptides by the isolated anterior and intermediate pituitary", Endocrinology, vol. 127, no. 4, pp. 1956-1966, 1990.
30. J. J. Walker, F. Spiga, E. Waite et al., "The origin of glucocorticoid hormone oscillations", PLoS Biology, vol. 10, no. 6, Article ID e1001341, 2012.
31. E. R. De Kloet, M. Jöels, and F. Holsboer, "Stress and the brain: from adaptation to disease", Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 463-475, 2005.
32. J. M. H. M. Reul and E. R. De Kloet, "Two receptor systems for corticosterone in rat brain: microdistribution and differential occupation", Endocrinology, vol. 117, no. 6, pp. 2505-2511, 1985.
33. M. Caprio, B. Fève, A. Claës, S. Viengchareun, M. Lombès, and M.-C. Zennaro, "Pivotal role of the mineralocorticoid receptor in corticosteroid-induced adipogenesis", The FASEB Journal, vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 2185-2194, 2007.
34. M. Doi, Y. Takahashi, R. Komatsu et al., "Salt-sensitive hypertension in circadian clock-defficient Cry-null mice involves dysregulated adrenal Hsd3b6", Nature Medicine, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 67-74, 2010.
35. L. K. Wolfe, R. D. Gordon, D. P. Island, and G. W. Liddle, "An analysis of factors determining the circadian pattern of aldosterone excretion.", Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 26, no. 11, pp. 1261-1266, 1966.
36. A. M. Curtis, Y. Cheng, S. Kapoor, D. Reilly, T. S. Price, and G. A. Fitz Gerald, "Circadian variation of blood pressure and the vascular response to asynchronous stress", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 104, no. 9, pp. 3450-3455, 2007.
37. D. E. Henley, J. A. Leendertz, G. M. Russell et al., "Development of an automated blood sampling system for use in humans", Journal of Medical Engineering and Technology, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 199-208, 2009.
38. A. G. Watts, S. Tanimura, and G. Sanchez-Watts, "Corticotropin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin gene transcription in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of unstressed rats: daily rhythms and their interactions with corticosterone", Endocrinology, vol. 145, no. 2, pp. 529-540, 2004.
39. M. Girotti, M. S. Weinberg, and R. L. Spencer, "Diurnal expression of functional and clock-related genes throughout the rat HPA axis: system-wide shifs in response to a restricted feeding schedule", The American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 296, no. 4, pp. E888-E897, 2009.
40. T. R. Lilley, C. Wotus, D. Taylor, J. M. Lee, and H. O. De La Iglesia, "Circadian regulation of cortisol release in behaviorally split golden hamsters", Endocrinology, vol. 153, no. 2, pp. 732-738, 2012.
41. L. J. Muglia, L. Jacobson, S. C. Weninger et al., "Impaired diurnal adrenal rhythmicity restored by constant infusion of corticotropin-releasing hormone in corticotropin-releasing hormone-defficient mice", The Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 99, no. 12, pp. 2923-2929, 1997.
42. J. M. Yoder, M. Brandeland, and W. C. Engeland, "Phasedependent resetting of the adrenal clock by ACTH in vitro", The American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology, vol. 306, no. 6, pp. R387-R393, 2014.
43. C. Campino, F. J. Valenzuela, C. Torres-Farfan et al., "Melatonin exerts direct inhibitory actions on ACTH responses in the human adrenal gland", Hormone and Metabolic Research, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 337-342, 2011.
44. R. M. Buijs, J. Wortel, J. J. Van Heerikhuize et al., "Anatomical and functional demonstration of a multisynaptic suprachiasmatic nucleus adrenal (cortex) pathway", European Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 11, pp. 1535-1544, 1999.
45. A. H. Meier, "Daily variation in concentration of plasma corticosteroid in hypophysectomized rats", Endocrinology, vol. 98, no. 6, pp. 1475-1479, 1976.
46. J. E. Ottenweller and A. H. Meier, "Adrenal innervation may be an extrapituitary mechanism able to regulate adrenocortical rhythmicity in rats", Endocrinology, vol. 111, no. 4, pp. 1334-1338, 1982.
47. C. Wotus, T. R. Lilley, A. S. Neal et al., "Forced desynchrony reveals independent contributions of suprachiasmatic oscillators to the daily plasma corticosterone rhythm in male rats", PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 7, Article ID e68793, 2013.
48. Y. M. Ulrich-Lai, M. M. Arnhold, and W. C. Engeland, "Adrenal splanchnic innervation contributes to the diurnal rhythm of plasma corticosterone in rats by modulating adrenal sensitivity to ACTH", The American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology, vol. 290, no. 4, pp. R1128-R1135, 2006.
49. W. C. Engeland, "Sensitization of endocrine organs to anterior pituitary hormones by the autonomic nervous system", Handbook of Clinical Neurology, vol. 117, pp. 37-44, 2013.
50. R. V. Andrews and G. Edgar Folk Jr., "Circadian metabolic patterns in cultured hamster adrenal glands", Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 393-409, 1964.
51. E. L. Bittman, L. Doherty, L. Huang, and A. Paroskie, "Period gene expression in mouse endocrine tissues", American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology, vol. 285, no. 3, pp. R561-R569, 2003.
52. D. R. Lemos, J. L. Downs, and H. F. Urbanski, "Twenty-fourhour rhythmic gene expression in the rhesus macaque adrenal gland", Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 1164-1176, 2006.
53. H. Oster, D. Abraham, and M. Leitges, "Expression of the protein kinase D (PKD) family during mouse embryogenesis", Gene Expression Patterns, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 400-408, 2006.
54. H. Oster, S. Damerow, R. A. Hut, and G. Eichele, "Transcriptional profling in the adrenal gland reveals circadian regulation of hormone biosynthesis genes and nucleosome assembly genes", Journal of Biological Rhythms, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 350-361, 2006.
55. J. Fahrenkrug, J. Hannibal, and B. Georg, "Diurnal rhythmicity of the canonical clock genes Per1, Per2 and Bmal1 in the rat adrenal gland is unaltered afer hypophysectomy", Journal of Neuroendocrinology, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 323-329, 2008.
56. F. J. Valenzuela, C. Torres-Farfan, H. G. Richter et al., "Clock gene expression in adult primate suprachiasmatic nuclei and adrenal: is the adrenal a peripheral clock responsive to melatoniň" Endocrinology, vol. 149, no. 4, pp. 1454-1461, 2008.
57. J. L. Barclay, A. Shostak, A. Leliavski et al., "High-fat dietinduced hyperinsulinemia and tissue-specific insulin resistance in Cry-defficient mice", The American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 304, no. 10, pp. E1053-E1063, 2013.
58. A. Leliavski, A. Shostak, J. Husse, and H. Oster, "Impaired glucocorticoid production and response to stress in Arntl-defficient male mice", Endocrinology, vol. 155, no. 1, pp. 133-142, 2014.
59. F. W. Turek, C. Joshu, A. Kohsaka et al., "Obesity and metabolic syndrome in circadian Clock mutant mice", Science, vol. 308, no. 5724, pp. 1043-1045, 2005.
60. G. H. Son, S. Chung, H. K. Choe et al., "Adrenal peripheral clock controls the autonomous circadian rhythm of glucocorticoid by causing rhythmic steroid production", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 105, no. 52, pp. 20970-20975, 2008.
61. H. Oster, S. Damerow, S. Kiessling et al., "The circadian rhythm of glucocorticoids is regulated by a gating mechanism residing in the adrenal cortical clock", Cell Metabolism, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 163-173, 2006.
62. C. Torres-Farfan, L. Abarzua-Catalan, F. J. Valenzuela et al., "Cryptochrome 2 expression level is critical for adrenocorticotropin stimulation of cortisol production in the capuchin monkey adrenal", Endocrinology, vol. 150, no. 6, pp. 2717-2722, 2009.
63. M. Stratmann and U. Schibler, "Properties, entrainment, and physiological functions of mammalian peripheral oscillators", Journal of Biological Rhythms, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 494-506, 2006.
64. N. Nader, G. P. Chrousos, and T. Kino, "Interactions of the circadian CLOCK system and the HPA axis", Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 277-286, 2010.
65. D. Ratman, W. Vanden Berghe, L. Dejager et al., "How glucocorticoid receptors modulate the activity of other transcription factors: a scope beyond tethering", Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, vol. 380, no. 1-2, pp. 41-54, 2013.
66. T. Yamamoto, Y. Nakahata, M. Tanaka et al., "Acute physical stress elevates mouse Period1 mRNA expression in mouse peripheral tissues via a glucocorticoid-responsive element", The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 280, no. 51, pp. 42036-42043, 2005.
67. L. A. Segall, A. Milet, F. Tronche, and S. Amir, "Brain glucocorticoid receptors are necessary for the rhythmic expression of the clock protein, PERIOD2, in the central extended amygdala in mice", Neuroscience Letters, vol. 457, no. 1, pp. 58-60, 2009.
68. P. Gómez-Abellán, A. Díez-Noguera, J. A. Madrid, J. A. Luján, J. M. Ordovás, and M. Garaulet, "Glucocorticoids afect 24 h clock genes expression in human adipose tissue explant cultures", PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 12, Article ID e50435, 2012.
69. N. Nader, G. P. Chrousos, and T. Kino, "Circadian rhythm transcription factor CLOCK regulates the transcriptional activity of the glucocorticoid receptor by acetylating its hinge region lysine cluster: potential physiological implications", The FASEB Journal, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 1572-1583, 2009.
70. F. Damiola, N. Le Minli, N. Preitner, B. Kornmann, F. Fleury-Olela, and U. Schibler, "Restricted feeding uncouples circadian oscillators in peripheral tissues from the central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus", Genes and Development, vol. 14, no. 23, pp. 2950-2961, 2000.
71. N. Le Minh, F. Damiola, F. Tronche, G. Schütz, and U. Schibler, "Glucocorticoid hormones inhibit food-induced phase-shifing of peripheral circadian oscillators", EMBO Journal, vol. 20, no. 24, pp. 7128-7136, 2002.
72. A. Kohsaka, A. D. Laposky, K. M. Ramsey et al., "High-fat diet disrupts behavioral and molecular circadian rhythms in mice", Cell Metabolism, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 414-421, 2007.
73. R. S. Ahima, D. Prabakaran, and J. S. Flier, "Postnatal leptin surge and regulation of circadian rhythm of leptin by feeding. Implications for energy homeostasis and neuroendocrine function", Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 101, no. 5, pp. 1020-1027, 1998.
74. C.-D. Walker, K. A. Scribner, J. S. Stern, and M. F. Dallman, "Obese Zucker fa/fa rats exhibit normal target sensitivity to corticosterone and increased drive to adrenocorticotropin during the diurnal trough", Endocrinology, vol. 131, no. 6, pp. 2629-2637, 1992.
75. R. J. Martin, P. J. Wangsness, and J. H. Gahagan, "Diurnal changes in serum metabolites and hormones in lean and obese Zucker rats", Hormone and Metabolic Research, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 187-192, 1978.
76. M. D. García-Prieto, F. J. Tébar, F. Nicolás, E. Larqué, S. Zamora, and M. Garaulet, "Cortisol secretary pattern and glucocorticoid feedback sensitivity in women from a Mediterranean area: relationship with anthropometric characteristics, dietary intake and plasma fatty acid profle", Clinical Endocrinology, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 185-191, 2007.
77. C. A. Dudley, C. Erbel-Sieler, S. J. Estill et al., "Altered patterns of sleep and behavioral adaptability in NPAS2-defficient mice", Science, vol. 301, no. 5631, pp. 379-383, 2003.
78. R. Dallmann, C. Touma, R. Palme, U. Albrecht, and S. Steinlechner, "Impaired daily glucocorticoid rhythm in Per1Brd mice", Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology, vol. 192, no. 7, pp. 769-775, 2006.
79. G. Griebel, C. Ravinet-Trillou, S. Beeské, P. Avenet, and P. Pichat, "Mice defficient in cryptochrome 1 (Cry1-/-) exhibit resistance to obesity induced by a high-fat diet", Frontiers in Endocrinology, vol. 5, article 49, 2014.
80. A. Cook and C. Cowan, "Adipose", in StemBook, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Mass, USA, 2008.
81. A. R. G. Proença, R. A. L. Sertié, A. C. Oliveira et al., "New concepts in white adipose tissue physiology", Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 192-205, 2014.
82. G. D. Divertie, M. D. Jensen, and J. M. Miles, "Stimulation of lipolysis in humans by physiological hypercortisolemia", Diabetes, vol. 40, no. 10, pp. 1228-1232, 1991.
83. A. Shostak, J. Husse, and H. Oster, "Circadian regulation of adipose function", Adipocyte, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 201-206, 2014.
84. R. Dallmann, A. U. Viola, L. Tarokh, C. Cajochen, and S. A. Brown, "The human circadian metabolome", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 109, no. 7, pp. 2625-2629, 2012.
85. G. Rey, F. Cesbron, J. Rougemont, H. Reinke, M. Brunner, and F. Naef, "Genome-wide and phase-specific DNA-binding rhythms of BMAL1 control circadian output functions in mouse liver", PLoS Biology, vol. 9, no. 2, Article ID e1000595, 2011.
86. S. Zvonic, A. A. Ptitsyn, S. A. Conrad et al., "Characterization of peripheral circadian clocks in adipose tissues", Diabetes, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 962-970, 2006.
87. B. Grimaldi, M. M. Bellet, S. Katada et al., "PER2 controls lipid metabolism by direct regulation of PPARγ", Cell Metabolism, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 509-520, 2010.
88. R. Van Der Spek, F. Kreier, E. Fliers, and A. Kalsbeek, "Circadian rhythms in white adipose tissue", Progress in Brain Research, vol. 199, pp. 183-201, 2012.
89. P. J. Havel, "Control of energy homeostasis and insulin action by adipocyte hormones: leptin, acylation stimulating protein, and adiponectin", Current Opinion in Lipidology, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 51-59, 2002.
90. D. K. Lee, J. H. Jeong, S. K. Chun, S. Chua Jr., and Y. H. Jo, "Interplay between glucose and leptin signalling determines the strength of GABAergic synapses at POMC neurons", Nature Communications, vol. 6, p. 6618, 2015.
91. A. H. Tsang, I. Kolbe, J. Seemann, and H. Oster, "Interaction of circadian and stress systems in the regulation of adipose physiology", Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 103-115, 2014.
92. R. Ramachandran, K. S. Gravenstein, E. J. Metter, J. M. Egan, L. Ferrucci, and C. W. Chia, "Selective contribution of regional adiposity, skeletal muscle, and adipokines to glucose disposal in older adults", Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 707-712, 2012.
93. Y. Minokoshi, T. Alquier, H. Furukawa et al., "AMP-kinase regulates food intake by responding to hormonal and nutrient signals in the hypothalamus", Nature, vol. 428, no. 6982, pp. 569-574, 2004.
94. R. V. Considine, M. K. Sinha, M. L. Heiman et al., "Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans", The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 334, no. 5, pp. 292-295, 1996.
95. D. A. Schoeller, L. K. Cella, M. K. Sinha, and J. F. Caro, "Entrainment of the diurnal rhythm of plasma leptin to meal timing", The Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 100, no. 7, pp. 1882-1887, 1997.
96. G. S. Birketvedt, J. Sundsford, and J. R. Florholmen, "Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the night eating syndrome", American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 282, no. 2, pp. E366-E369, 2002.
97. R. C. Boston, P. J. Moate, K. C. Allison, J. D. Lundgren, and A. J. Stunkard, "Modeling circadian rhythms of food intake by means of parametric deconvolution: results from studies of the night eating syndrome", The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 87, no. 6, pp. 1672-1677, 2008.
98. B. O. Yildiz, M. A. Suchard, M.-L. Wong, S. M. McCann, and J. Licinio, "Alterations in the dynamics of circulating ghrelin, adiponectin, and leptin in human obesity", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 101, no. 28, pp. 10434-10439, 2004.
99. M. C. Chu, P. Cosper, F. Orio, E. Carmina, and R. A. Lobo, "Insulin resistance in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome and the measurements of adiponectin, leptin, resistin, and ghrelin", American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 194, no. 1, pp. 100-104, 2006.
100. J. V. Silha, M. Krsek, J. V. Skrha, P. Sucharda, B. L. G. Nyomba, and L. J. Murphy, "Plasma resistin, adiponectin and leptin levels in lean and obese subjects: correlations with insulin resistance", European Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 149, no. 4, pp. 331-335, 2003.
101. S. Sukumaran, B. Xue, W. J. Jusko, D. C. Dubois, and R. R. Almon, "Circadian variations in gene expression in rat abdominal adipose tissue and relationship to physiology", Physiological Genomics, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 141-152, 2010.
102. S. Chung, G. H. Son, and K. Kim, "Circadian rhythm of adrenal glucocorticoid: its regulation and clinical implications", Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-Molecular Basis of Disease, vol. 1812, no. 5, pp. 581-591, 2011.
103. E. Rask, T. Olsson, S. Söderberg et al., "This sue-specific dysregulation of cortisol metabolism in human obesity", Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 86, no. 3, pp. 1418-1421, 2001.
104. J. Burén, S.-A. Bergström, E. Loh, I. Söderström, T. Olsson, and C. Mattsson, "Hippocampal 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 messenger ribonucleic acid expression has a diurnal variability that is lost in the obese Zucker rat", Endocrinology, vol. 148, no. 6, pp. 2716-2722, 2007.
105. H. J. Harris, Y. Kotelevtsev, J. J. Mullins, J. R. Seckl, and M. C. Holmes, "Intracellular regeneration of glucocorticoids by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD)-1 plays a key role in regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: analysis of 11β-HSD-1-defficient mice", Endocrinology, vol. 142, no. 1, pp. 114-120, 2001.
106. R. M. De Guia, A. J. Rose, and S. Herzig, "Glucocorticoid hormones and energy homeostasis", Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 117-128, 2014.
107. P. Zhang, L. O'Loughlin, D. N. Brindley, and K. Reue, "Regulation of lipin-1 gene expression by glucocorticoids during adipogenesis", The Journal of Lipid Research, vol. 49, no. 7, pp. 1519-1528, 2008.
108. M. Asada, A. Rauch, H. Shimizu et al., "DNA bindingdependent glucocorticoid receptor activity promotes adipogenesis via Krüppel-like factor 15 gene expression", Laboratory Investigation, vol. 91, no. 2, pp. 203-215, 2011.
109. S. R. Bornstein, A. Schuppenies, M.-L. Wong, and J. Licinio, "Approaching the shared biology of obesity and depression: the stress axis as the locus of gene-environment interactions", Molecular Psychiatry, vol. 11, no. 10, pp. 892-902, 2006.
110. S. Branth, G. Ronquist, M. Stridsberg et al., "Development of abdominal fat and incipient metabolic syndrome in young healthy men exposed to long-term stress", Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 427-435, 2007.
111. E. A. Lucassen and G. Cizza, "The hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis, obesity, and chronic stress exposure: sleep and the hpa axis in obesity", Current Obesity Reports, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 208-215, 2012.
112. T. Murakami, M. Iida, and K. Shima, "Dexamethasone regulates obese expression in isolated rat adipocytes", Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 214, no. 3, pp. 1260-1267, 1995.
113. L. J. Slieker, K. W. Sloop, P. L. Surface et al., "Regulation of expression of ob mRNA and protein by glucocorticoids and cAMP", The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 271, no. 10, pp. 5301-5304, 1996.
114. M. Wabitsch, P. B. Jensen, W. F. Blum et al., "Insulin and cortisol promote leptin production in cultured human fat cells", Diabetes, vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 1435-1438, 1996.
115. L. J. Hardie, N. Guilhot, and P. Trayhurn, "Regulation of leptin production in cultured mature white adipocytes", Hormone and Metabolic Research, vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 685-689, 1996.
116. P. De Vos, R. Saladin, J. Auwerx, and B. Staels, "Induction of ob gene expression by corticosteroids is accompanied by body weight loss and reduced food intake", The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 270, no. 27, pp. 15958-15961, 1995.
117. K. E. Zakrzewska, I. Cusin, A. Stricker-Krongrad et al., "Induction of obesity and hyperleptinemia by central glucocorticoid infusion in the rat", Diabetes, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 365-370, 1999.
118. H. Larsson and B. Ahrén, "Short-term dexamethasone treatment increases plasma leptin independently of changes in insulin sensitivity in healthy women", Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 81, no. 12, pp. 4428-4432, 1996.
119. K. Berneis, S. Vosmeer, and U. Keller, "Efects of glucocorticoids and of growth hormone on serum leptin concentrations in man", European Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 135, no. 6, pp. 663-665, 1996.
120. J. P. Miell, P. Englaro, and W. F. Blum, "Dexamethasone induces an acute and sustained rise in circulating leptin levels in normal human subjects", Hormone and Metabolic Research, vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 704-707, 1996.
121. W. Kiess, P. Englaro, S. Hanitsch, W. Rascher, A. Attanasio, and W. F. Blum, "High leptin concentrations in serum of very obese children are further stimulated by dexamethasone", Hormone and Metabolic Research, vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 708-710, 1996.
122. S. Papaspyrou-Rao, S. H. Schneider, R. N. Petersen, and S. K. Fried, "Dexamethasone increases leptin expression in humans in vivo", Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 82, no. 5, pp. 1635-1637, 1997.
123. S. Dagogo-Jack, G. Selke, A. K. Melson, and J. W. Newcomer, "Robust leptin secretory responses to dexamethasone in obese subjects", Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 82, no. 10, pp. 3230-3233, 1997.
124. J. W. Kolaczynski, B. J. Goldstein, and R. V. Considine, "Dexamethasone, OB gene, and leptin in humans; Efect of exogenous hyperinsulinemia", Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 82, no. 11, pp. 3895-3897, 1997.
125. J. M. Friedman and J. L. Halaas, "Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals", Nature, vol. 395, no. 6704, pp. 763-770, 1998.
126. H. Masuzaki, Y. Ogawa, K. Hosoda et al., "Glucocorticoid regulation of leptin synthesis and secretion in humans: elevated plasma leptin levels in Cushing's syndrome", The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 82, no. 8, pp. 2542-2547, 1997.
127. A. Widjaja, T. H. Schürmeyer, A. Von Zur Mühlen, and G. Brabant, "Determinants of serum leptin levels in Cushing's syndrome", Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 83, no. 2, pp. 600-603, 1998.
128. K. E. Zakrzewska, I. Cusin, A. Sainsbury, F. Rohner-Jeanrenaud, and B. Jeanrenaud, "Glucocorticoids as counterregulatory hormones of leptin: toward an understanding of leptin resistance", Diabetes, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 717-719, 1997.
129. M.-J. Lee, P. Pramyothin, K. Karastergiou, and S. K. Fried, "Deconstructing the roles of glucocorticoids in adipose tissue biology and the development of central obesity", Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-Molecular Basis of Disease, vol. 1842, no. 3, pp. 473-481, 2014.
130. M. Saito and G. A. Bray, "Diurnal rhythm for corticosterone in obese (ob/ob) diabetes (db/db) and gold-thioglucose-induced obesity in mice", Endocrinology, vol. 113, no. 6, pp. 2181-2185, 1983.
131. R. S. Ahlma, D. Prabakaran, C. Mantzoros et al., "Role of leptin in the neuroendocrine response to fasting", Nature, vol. 382, no. 6588, pp. 250-252, 1996.
132. T. W. Stephens, M. Basinski, P. K. Bristow et al., "The role of neuropeptide Y in the antiobesity action of the obese gene product", Nature, vol. 377, no. 6549, pp. 530-532, 1995.
133. M. Wauters, R. V. Considine, and L. F. Van Gaal, "Human leptin: from an adipocyte hormone to an endocrine mediator", European Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 143, no. 3, pp. 293-311, 2000.
134. M. L. Heiman, R. S. Ahima, L. S. Craf, B. Schoner, T. W. Stephens, and J. S. Flier, "Leptin inhibition of the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis in response to stress", Endocrinology, vol. 138, no. 9, pp. 3859-3863, 1997.
135. A. Y. Kargi and G. Iacobellis, "Adipose tissue and adrenal glands: Novel pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical applications", International Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 2014, Article ID 614074, 8 pages, 2014.
136. A. Glasow, A. Haidan, U. Hilbers et al., "Expression of Ob receptor in normal human adrenals: differential regulation of adrenocortical and adrenomedullary function by leptin", Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 83, no. 12, pp. 4459-4466, 1998.
137. K. Takekoshi, M. Motooka, K. Isobe et al., "Leptin directly stimulates catecholamine secretion and synthesis in cultured porcine adrenal medullary chromafn cells", Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 261, no. 2, pp. 426-431, 1999.
138. F. P. Pralong, R. Roduit, G. Waeber et al., "Leptin inhibits directly glucocorticoid secretion by normal human and rat adrenal gland", Endocrinology, vol. 139, no. 10, pp. 4264-4268, 1998.
139. S. R. Bornstein, K. Uhlmann, A. Haidan, M. Ehrhart-Bornstein, and W. A. Scherbaum, "Evidence for a novel peripheral action of leptin as a metabolic signal to the adrenal gland: leptin inhibits cortisol release directly", Diabetes, vol. 46, no. 7, pp. 1235-1238, 1997.
140. M. Degawa-Yamauchi, K. A. Moss, J. E. Bovenkerk et al., "Regulation of adiponectin expression in human adipocytes: effects of adiposity, glucocorticoids, and tumor necrosis factor α", Obesity Research, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 662-669, 2005.
141. K. A. H. Iwen, O. Senyaman, A. Schwartz et al., "Melanocortin crosstalk with adipose functions: ACTH directly induces insulin resistance, promotes a pro-infammatory adipokine profle and stimulates UCP-1 in adipocytes", Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 196, no. 3, pp. 465-472, 2008.
142. G. P. Rossi, D. Sticchi, L. Giuliani et al., "Adiponectin receptor expression in the human adrenal cortex and aldosteroneproducing adenomas", International Journal of Molecular Medicine, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 975-980, 2006.
143. P. Li, F. Sun, H.-M. Cao et al., "Expression of adiponectin receptors in mouse adrenal glands and the adrenocortical Y-1 cell line: adiponectin regulates steroidogenesis", Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 390, no. 4, pp. 1208-1213, 2009.
144. L. Paschke, T. Zemleduch, M. Rucinski, A. Ziolkowska, M. Szyszka, and L. K. Malendowicz, "Adiponectin and adiponectin receptor system in the rat adrenal gland: ontogenetic and physiologic regulation, and its involvement in regulating adrenocortical growth and steroidogenesis", Peptides, vol. 31, no. 9, pp. 1715-1724, 2010.
145. C. De Oliveira, C. Iwanaga-Carvalho, J. F. Mota, L. M. Oyama, E. B. Ribeiro, and C. M. Oller Do Nascimento, "Efects of adrenal hormones on the expression of adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in adipose tissue, muscle and liver", Steroids, vol. 76, no. 12, pp. 1260-1267, 2011.
146. Z. Guan, A. N. Vgontzas, T. Omori, X. Peng, E. O. Bixler, and J. Fang, "Interleukin-6 levels fuctuate with the light-dark cycle in the brain and peripheral tissues in rats", Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 526-529, 2005.
147. P. Cano, D. P. Cardinali, M. J. Ríos-Lugo, M. P. Fernández-Mateos, C. F. Reyes Toso, and A. I. Esquifno, "Efect of a highfat diet on 24-hour pattern of circulating adipocytokines in rats", Obesity, vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 1866-1871, 2009.
148. S. D. Parlee, M. C. Ernst, S. Muruganandan, C. J. Sinal, and K. B. Goralski, "Serum chemerin levels vary with time of day and are modified by obesity and tumor necrosis factor-α", Endocrinology, vol. 151, no. 6, pp. 2590-2602, 2010.
149. A. N. Vgontzas, E. O. Bixler, H.-M. Lin, P. Prolo, G. Trakada, and G. P. Chrousos, "IL-6 and its circadian secretion in humans", NeuroImmunoModulation, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 131-140, 2005.
150. J. Hoppmann, N. Perwitz, B. Meier et al., "The balance between gluco- and mineralo-corticoid action critically determines infammatory adipocyte responses", Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 204, no. 2, pp. 153-164, 2010.
151. H. Cao, "Adipocytokines in obesity and metabolic disease", Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 220, no. 2, pp. T47-T59, 2014.
152. U. Albrecht, "Circadian clocks and mood-related behaviors", in Circadian Clocks, vol. 217 of Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, pp. 227-239, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2013.
153. C. Hryhorczuk, S. Sharma, and S. E. Fulton, "Metabolic disturbances connecting obesity and depression", Frontiers in Neuroscience, no. 7, article 177, 2013.
154. M. Wauters, R. V. Considine, and L. F. Van Gaal, "Human leptin: from an adipocyte hormone to an endocrine mediator", European Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 143, no. 3, pp. 293-311, 2000.
155. E. Gremese, B. Tolusso, M. R. Gigante, and G. Ferraccioli, "Obesity as a risk and severity factor in rheumatic diseases (autoimmune chronic infammatory diseases)", Frontiers in Immunology, vol. 5, article 576, 2014.
156. G. Wick, Y. Hu, S. Schwarz, and G. Kroemer, "Immunoendocrine communication via the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in autoimmune diseases", Endocrine Reviews, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 539-563, 1993.
157. H. Xu, G. T. Barnes, Q. Yang et al., "Chronic infammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance", Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 112, no. 12, pp. 1821-1830, 2003.
158. P. Trayhurn, "Adipose tissue in obesity-an infammatory issue", Endocrinology, vol. 146, no. 3, pp. 1003-1005, 2005.
159. M. N. Silverman and E. M. Sternberg, "Matching therapy to body rhythms: an endocrine approach to treating rheumatoid arthritis", The Journal of Rheumatology, vol. 37, no. 10, pp. 1981-1982, 2010.
160. E. London, M. Lodish, M. Keil et al., "Not all glucocorticoidinduced obesity is the same: diferences in adiposity among various diagnostic groups of Cushing syndrome", Hormone and Metabolic Research, vol. 46, no. 12, pp. 897-903, 2014.
161. E. S. Husebye, B. Allolio, W. Arlt et al., "Consensus statement on the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients with primary adrenal insuficiency", Journal of Internal Medicine, vol. 275, no. 2, pp. 104-115, 2014.
162. D. Huscher, K. Tiele, E. Gromnica-Ihle et al., "Dose-related patterns of glucocorticoid-induced side effects", Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol. 68, no. 7, pp. 1119-1124, 2009.
163. K. Løvås, C. G. Gjesdal, M. Christensen et al., "Glucocorticoid replacement therapy and pharmacogenetics in Addison's disease: effects on bone", European Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 160, no. 6, pp. 993-1002, 2009.
164. S. Kwon and K. L. Hermayer, "Glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia", The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, vol. 345, no. 4, pp. 274-277, 2013.
165. K. Løvås and E. S. Husebye, "Continuous subcutaneous hydrocortisone infusion in Addison's disease", European Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 157, no. 1, pp. 109-112, 2007.
166. G. Johannsson, R. Bergthorsdottir, A. G. Nilsson, H. Lennernas, T. Hedner, and S. Skrtic, "Improving glucocorticoid replacement therapy using a novel modified-release hydrocortisone tablet: a pharmacokinetic study", European Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 161, no. 1, pp. 119-130, 2009.
167. G. Johannsson, A. G. Nilsson, R. Bergthorsdottir et al., "Improved cortisol exposure-time profle and outcome in patients with adrenal insuficiency: a prospective randomized trial of a novel hydrocortisone dual-release formulation", The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 97, no. 2, pp. 473-481, 2012.
168. F. Buttgereit, G. Doering, A. Schaeffer et al., "Eficacy of modified-release versus standard prednisone to reduce duration of morning stifness of the joints in rheumatoid arthritis (CAPRA-1): a double-blind, randomised controlled trial", The Lancet, vol. 371, no. 9608, pp. 205-214, 2008.
169. S. Kiessling, G. Eichele, and H. Oster, "Adrenal glucocorticoids have a key role in circadian resynchronization in a mouse model of jet lag", The Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 120, no. 7, pp. 2600-2609, 2010.