Methods for biogeochemical studies of sea ice: The state of the art, caveats, and recommendations

Elementa

Volumn 3, Issue , 2015, Pages

  Miller, Lisa A ^a   Fripiat, Francois ^b,c   Else, Brent G T ^d,w   Bowman, Jeff S ^e   Brown, Kristina A ^f   Collins, R Eric ^g   Ewert, Marcela ^e   Fransson, Agneta ^h   Gosselin, Michel ⁱ   Lannuzel, Delphine ^j   Meiners, Klaus M ^k,l   Michel, Christine ^m   Nishioka, Jun ⁿ   Nomura, Daiki ⁿ   Papadimitriou, Stathys ^o   Russell, Lynn M ^p   Sørensen, Lise Lotte ^q   Thomas, David N ^o,q,r   Tison, Jean Louis ^b   Van Leeuwe, Maria A ^s   Vancoppenolle, Martin ^t,u   Wolff, Eric W ^b   Zhou, Jiayun ^v   more..

^a INSTITUTE OF OCEAN SCIENCES   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITÉ LIBRE DE BRUXELLES   (Belgium)

^c VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT BRUSSEL   (Belgium)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^e UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^g UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA FAIRBANKS   (United States)

^h NORWEGIAN POLAR INSTITUTE   (Norway)

ⁱ INSTITUT DES SCIENCES DE LA MER DE RIMOUSKI   (Canada)

^j UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA   (Australia)

^k AUSTRALIAN ANTARCTIC DIVISION   (Australia)

^l UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA   (Australia)

^m FISHERIES AND OCEANS CANADA   (Canada)

ⁿ HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^o BANGOR UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^p UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^q AARHUS UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

^r FINNISH ENVIRONMENT INSTITUTE   (Finland)

^s UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

^t UNIVERSITÉ PIERRE ET MARIE CURIE   (France)

^u Université de Liège ^*  (Germany)

^v UNIVERSITY OF LIÈGE   (Belgium)

^w UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84929162216     PISSN: None     EISSN: 23251026     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.12952/journal.elementa.000038     Document Type: Article

References (411)

1. Abbatt JPD, Thomas JL, Abrahamsson K, Boxe C, Granfors A, et al. 2012. Halogen activation via interactions with environmental ice and snow in the polar lower troposphere and other regions. Atmos Chem Phys 12: 6237-6271. doi:10.5194/acp-12-6237-2012.
2. Aguilar-Islas AM, Rember RD, Mordy CW, Wu J. 2008. Sea ice-derived dissolved iron and its potential influence on the spring algal bloom in the Bering Sea. Geophys Res Lett 35: L24601. doi:10.1029/2008GL035736.
3. Alou-Font E, Mundy C-J, Roy S, Gosselin M, Agustí S. 2013. Snow cover affects ice algal pigment composition in the coastal Arctic Ocean during spring. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 474: 89-104. doi:10.3354/meps10107.
4. Alvarez-Aviles L, Simpson WR, Douglas TA, Sturm M, Perovich D, et al. 2008. Frost flower chemical composition during growth and its implications for aerosol production and bromine activation. J Geophys Res 113: D21304. doi:10.1029/2008JD010277.
5. Anderson LG, Jones EP. 1985. Sea ice melt water, a source of alkalinity, calcium and sulfate? Results from the CESAR Ice Station. Rit Fiskideildar 9: 90-96.
6. Arar EJ, Collins GB. 1997. Method 445.0: In Vitro Determination of Chlorophyll a and Pheophytin a in Marine and Freshwater Algae by Fluorescence. Cincinnati: Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. #445.0.
7. Arrigo KR, Dieckmann G, Gosselin M, Robinson DH, Fritsen CH, et al. 1995. High resolution study of the platelet ice ecosystem in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica: Biomass, nutrient, and production profiles within a dense microalgal bloom. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 127: 255-268.
8. Arrigo KR, Mock T, Lizotte MP. 2010. Primary producers in sea ice, in Thomas DN, Dieckmann GS, eds., Sea Ice. 2nd ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 283-325.
9. Arrigo KR, Robinson DH, Dunbar RB, Leventer AR, Lizotte MP. 2003. Physical control of chlorophyll a, POC, and TPN distributions in the pack ice of the Ross Sea, Antarctica. J Geophys Res 108: 3316. doi:10.1029/2001JC001138.
10. Arrigo KR, Sullivan CW. 1992. The influence of salinity and temperature covariation on the photophysiological characteristics of Antarctic sea ice microalgae. J Phycol 28: 746-756.
11. Asher EC, Dacey JWH, Mills MM, Arrigo KR, Tortell PD. 2011. High concentrations and turnover rates of DMS, DMSP and DMSO in Antarctic sea ice. Geophys Res Lett 38: L23609. doi:10.1029/2011GL049712.
12. Aslam SN, Underwood GJC, Kaartokallio H, Norman L, Autio R, et al. 2012. Dissolved extracellular polymeric substances (dEPS) dynamics and bacterial growth during sea ice formation in an ice tank study. Polar Biol 35: 661-676. doi:10.1007/s00300-011-1112-0.
13. Assur A. 1958. Composition of sea ice and its tensile strength, in, Arctic Sea Ice. Easton, Maryland: National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council: pp. 106-138.
14. Atkinson HM, Huang R-J, Chance R, Roscoe HK, Hughes C, et al. 2012. Iodine emissions from the sea ice of the Weddell Sea. Atmos Chem Phys 12: 11229-11244. doi:10.5194/acp-12-11229-2012.
15. Ayers GP, Cainey JM. 2007. The CLAW hypothesis: A review of the major developments. Environ Chem 4: 366-374. doi:10.1071/EN07080.
16. Baldocchi DD. 2003. Assessing the eddy covariance technique for evaluating carbon dioxide exchange rates of ecosystems: Past, present and future. Glob Change Biol 9: 479-492.
17. Baldocchi DD, Hicks BB, Meyers TP. 1988. Measuring biosphere-Atmosphere exchanges of biologically related gases with micrometerological methods. Ecology 69(5): 1331-1340.
18. Barber DG, Ehn JK, Pućko M, Rysgaard S, Deming JW, et al. 2014. Frost flowers on young Arctic sea ice: The climatic, chemical and microbial significance of an emerging ice type. J Geophys Res-Atmos. doi:10.1002/2014JD021736.
19. Becquevort S, Dumont I, Tison J-L, Lannuzel D, Sauvée M-L, et al. 2009. Biogeochemistry and microbial community composition in sea ice and underlying seawater off East Antarctica during early spring. Polar Biol 32: 879-895doi:10.1007/s00300-009-0589-2.
20. Begoin M, Richter A, Weber M, Kaleschke L, Tian-Kunze X, et al. 2010. Satellite observations of long range transport of a large BrO plume in the Arctic. Atmos Chem Phys 10: 6515-6526. doi:10.5194/acp-10-6515-2010.
21. Beine HJ, Dominé F, Ianniello A, Nardino M, Allegrini I, et al. 2003. Fluxes of nitrates between snow surfaces and the atmosphere in the European high Arctic. Atmos Chem Phys 3: 335-346.
22. Belt ST, Brown TA, Ringrose AE, Cabedo-Sanz P, Mundy CJ, et al. 2013. Quantitative measurement of the sea ice diatom biomarker IP25 and sterols in Arctic sea ice and underlying sediments: Further considerations for palaeo sea ice reconstruction. Org Geochem 62: 33-45. doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2013.07.002.
23. Belzile C, Johannessen SC, Gosselin M, Demers S, Miller WL. 2000. Ultraviolet attenuation by dissolved and particulate constituents of first-year ice during late spring in an Arctic polynya. Limnol Oceanogr 45: 1265-1273.
24. Bender M, Grande K, Johnson K, Marra J, Williams PJL, et al. 1987. A comparison of four methods for determining planktonic community production. Limnol Oceanogr 32: 1085-1098.
25. Bennington KO. 1963. Some chemical composition studies on Arctic sea ice, in Kingery WD, ed, Ice and Snow: Properties, Processes, and Applications. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press: pp. 248-257.
26. Bidigare RR, Van Heukelem L, Trees CC. 2005. Analysis of algal pigments by high-performance liquid chromatography, in Andersen RA, ed, Algal Culturing Techniques. Burlington: Elsevier Academic Press: pp 327-345.
27. Bitter T, Muir HM. 1962. A modified uronic acid carbazole reaction. Anal Biochem 4: 330-334.
28. Bocquet F, Helmig D, Van Dam BA, Fairall CW. 2011. Evaluation of the flux gradient technique for measurement of ozone surface fluxes over snowpack at Summit, Greenland. Atmos Meas Tech 4: 2305-2321. doi:10.5194/amt-4-2305-2011.
29. 2 transport in a mountain forest snowpack. J Geophys Res 116: G04006. doi:10.1029/2011JG001722.
30. Bowman JS, Deming JW. 2010. Elevated bacterial abundance and exopolymers in saline frost flowers and implications for atmospheric chemistry and microbial dispersal. Geophys Res Lett 37: L13501. doi:10.1029/2010GL043020.
31. Bowman JS, Larose C, Vogel TM, Deming JW. 2013. Selective occurrence of Rhizobiales in frost flowers on the surface of young sea ice near Barrow, Alaska and distribution in the polar marine rare biosphere. Environ Microbiol Rep 5: 575-582. doi:10.1111/1758-2229.12047.
32. Bowman JS, Rasmussen S, Blom N, Deming JW, Rysgaard S, et al. 2012. Microbial community structure of Arctic multiyear sea ice and surface seawater by 454 sequencing of the 16S RNA gene. ISME J 6: 11-20. doi:10.1038/ismej.2011.76.
33. Boye M, van den Berg CMG, de Jong JTM, Leach H, Croot P, et al. 2001. Organic complexation of iron in the Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 48: 1477-1497.
34. Brabant F, El Amri S, Tison J-L. 2011. A robust approach for the determination of dimethylsulfoxide in sea ice. Limnol Oceanogr Methods 9: 261-274. doi:10:4319/lom.2011.9.261.
35. Brakstad OG, Nonstad I, Faksness L-G, Brandvik PJ. 2008. Responses of microbial communities in Arctic sea ice after contamination by crude petroleum oil. Microb Ecol 55: 540-552. doi:10.1007/s00248-007-9299-x.
36. Brinkmeyer R, Knittel K, Jürgens J, Weyland H, Amann R, et al. 2003. Diversity and structure of bacterial communities in Arctic versus Antarctic pack ice. Appl Environ Microb 69: 6610-6619. doi:10.1128/AEM.69.11.6610-6619.2003.
37. Bronk DA, Lomas MW, Glibert PM, Schukert KJ, Sanderson MP. 2000. Total dissolved nitrogen analysis: Comparisons between the persulfate, UV and high temperature oxidation methods. Mar Chem 69: 163-178.
38. Brown KA, Miller LA, Davelaar M, Francois R, Tortell PD. 2014. Over-determination of the carbonate system in natural sea ice brine and assessment of carbonic acid dissociation constants under low temperature, high salinity conditions. Mar Chem 165: 36-45. doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2014.07.005.
39. Brown MV, Bowman JP. 2001. A molecular phylogenetic survey of sea-ice microbial communities (SIMCO). FEMS Microbiol Ecol 35: 267-275.
40. Bruland KW, Rue EL. 2001. Analytical methods for the determination of concentrations and speciation of iron, in Turner DR, Hunter KA, eds., The Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.: pp 255-289.
41. 2 flux from open-path gas analyzers. Glob Change Biol 14: 1854-1876. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01606.x.
42. Burkholder PR, Mandelli EF. 1965. Productivity of microalgae in Antarctic sea ice. Science 149: 872-874.
43. Burt A, Wang F, Pućko M, Mundy C-J, Gosselin M, et al. 2013. Mercury uptake within an ice algal community during the spring bloom in first-year Arctic sea ice. J Geophys Res-Oceans 118: 4746-4754. doi:10.1002/jgrc.20380.
44. Businger JA. 1986. Evaluation of the accuracy with which dry deposition can be measured with current micrometeorological techniques. J Clim Appl Meteorol 25: 1100-1124.
45. Businger JA, Oncley SP. 1990. Flux measurement with conditional sampling. J Atmos Ocean Tech 7: 349-352.
46. Businger JA, Wyngaard JC, Isumi Y, Bradley EF. 1971. Flux-profile relationships in the atmospheric surface layer. J Atmos Sci 28: 181-189.
47. Campbell JA, Yeats PA. 1982. The distribution of manganese, iron, nickel, copper and cadmium in the waters of Baffin Bay and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Oceanol Acta 5(2): 161-168.
48. Cardinal D, Alleman LY, de Jong J, Ziegler K, André L. 2003. Isotopic composition of silicon measured by multicollector plasma source mass spectrometry in dry plasma mode. J Anal Atom Spectrom 18: 213-218. doi:10.1039/b210109b.
49. Chaulk A, Stern GA, Armstrong D, Barber DG, Wang F. 2011. Mercury distribution and transport across the ocean-sea-ice-Atmosphere interface in the Arctic Ocean. Environ Sci Technol 45: 1866-1872. doi:10.1021/es103434c.
50. Chu PC, Gascard GC, eds. 1991. Deep Convection and Deep Water Formation in the Oceans. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
51. Collins RE, Carpenter SD, Deming JW. 2008. Spatial heterogeneity and temporal dynamics of particles, bacteria, and pEPS in Arctic winter sea ice. J Marine Syst 74: 902-917. doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2007.09.005.
52. Collins RE, Rocap G, Deming JW. 2010. Persistence of bacterial and archaeal communities in sea ice through an Arctic winter. Environ Microbiol 12: 1828-1841. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02179.x.
53. Comiso JC. 2010. Variability and trends of the global sea ice cover, in Thomas DN, Dieckmann GS, eds., Sea Ice. 2nd ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell: pp. 205-246.
54. Conover RJ, Mumm N, Bruecker P, MacKenzie S. 1999. Sources of urea in arctic seas: Seasonal fast ice? Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 179: 55-69.
55. Cossa D, Heimbürger L-E, Lannuzel D, Rintoul SR, Butler ECV, et al. 2011. Mercury in the Southern Ocean. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 75: 4037-4052. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2011.05.001.
56. Cota GF, Anning JL, Harris LR, Harrison WG, Smith REH. 1990. Impact of ice algae on inorganic nutrients in seawater and sea ice in Barrow Strait, NWT, Canada, during spring. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 47: 1402-1415.
57. Cota GF, Prinsenberg SJ, Bennett EB, Loder JW, Lewis MR, et al. 1987. Nutrient fluxes during extended blooms of Arctic ice algae. J Geophys Res 92: 1951-1962.
58. Cottier F, Eicken H, Wadhams P. 1999. Linkages between salinity and brine channel distribution in young sea ice. J Geophys Res 104(C7): 15859-15871.
59. Cowie ROM. 2011. Bacterial Community Structure, Function and Diversity in Antarctic Sea Ice [Ph.D. thesis], Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington, Ecology and Biodiversity.
60. Cox GFN, Weeks WF. 1983. Equations for determining the gas and brine volumes in sea-ice samples. J Glaciol 29: 306-316.
61. Cozzi S. 2008. High-resolution trends of nutrients, DOM and nitrogen uptake in the annual sea ice at Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea. Antarct Sci 20: 441-454. doi:10.1017/S0954102008001247.
62. Craig H, Hayward T. 1987. Oxygen supersaturation in the ocean: Biological versus physical contributions. Science 235: 199-202.
63. Crosson ER. 2008. A cavity ring-down analyzer for measuring atmospheric levels of methane, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. Appl Phys B 92: 403-408. doi:10.1007/s00340-008-3135-y.
64. Curran MAJ, Jones GB. 2000. Dimethyl sulfide in the Southern Ocean: Seasonality and flux. J Geophys Res 105(D16): 20451-20459.
65. Cutter G, Andersson P, Codispoti L, Croot P, Francois R, et al. 2010. Sampling and Sample-handling Protocols for GEOTRACES Cruises.
66. de Jong J, Schoemann V, Maricq N, Mattielli N, Langhorne P, et al. 2013. Iron in land-fast sea ice of McMurdo Sound derived from sediment resuspension and wind-blown dust attributes to primary productivity in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Mar Chem 157: 24-40. doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2013.07.001.
67. 2 fluxes in the open and coastal waters of the Southern ocean [thesis], Liège: Université de Liège, Faculté des Sciences.
68. 2, O2, dimethylsulfide) dynamics in spring Antarctic fast ice. Limnol Oceanogr 52: 1367-1379.
69. Deming JW. 2010. Sea ice bacteria and viruses, in Thomas DN, Dieckmann GS, eds., Sea Ice. 2nd ed. Oxford: Wiley- Blackwell: pp. 247-282.
70. Detto M, Verfaillie J, Anderson F, Xu L, Baldocchi D. 2011. Comparing laser-based open-And closed-path gas analyzers to measure methane fluxes using the eddy covariance method. Agr Forest Meteorol 151: 1312-1324. doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.05.014.
71. Dickson AG. 1993. The measurement of sea water pH. Mar Chem 44: 131-142.
72. 2 Measurements. Sidney: North Pacific Marine Science Organization. PICES Special Publication 3.
73. Dieckmann GS, Arrigo K, Sullivan CW. 1992. A high-resolution sampler for nutrient and chlorophyll a profiles of the sea ice platelet layer and underlying water column below fast ice in polar oceans: Preliminary results. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 80: 291-300.
74. Dieckmann GS, Eicken H, Haas C, Garrison DL, Gleitz M, et al. 1998. A compilation of data on sea ice algal standing crop from the Bellingshausen, Amundsen and Weddell Seas from 1983 to 1994, in Lizotte MP, Arrigo KR, eds., Antarctic Sea Ice: Biological Processes, Interactions and Variability. Washington: American Geophysical Union: pp. 85-92.
75. Dieckmann GS, Lange MA, Ackley SF, Jennings Jr JC. 1991a. The nutrient status in sea ice of the Weddell Sea during winter: Effects of sea ice texture and algae. Polar Biol 11: 449-456.
76. Dieckmann GS, Nehrke G, Papadimitriou S, Göttlicher J, Steininger R, et al. 2008. Calcium carbonate as ikaite crystals in Antarctic sea ice. Geophys Res Lett 35: L08501. doi:10.1029/2008GL033540.
77. Dieckmann GS, Nehrke G, Uhlig C, Göttlicher J, Gerland S, et al. 2010. Ikaite (CaCO3·6H2O) discovered in Arctic sea ice. The Cryosphere 4: 227-230. doi:10.5194/tc-4-227-2010.
78. Dieckmann GS, Spindler M, Lange MA, Ackley SF, Eicken H. 1991b. Antarctic sea ice: A habitat for the foraminifer Neogloboquadrina pachyderma. J Foramineferal Res 21: 182-189.
79. Domine F, Sparapani R, Ianniello A, Beine HJ. 2004. The origin of sea salt in snow on Arctic sea ice and in coastal regions. Atmos Chem Phys 4: 2259-2271.
80. Douglas TA, Domine F, Barret M, Anastasio C, Beine HJ, et al. 2012. Frost flowers growing in the Arctic ocean-Atmosphere-sea ice-snow interface: 1. Chemical composition. J Geophys Res 117: D00R09. doi:10.1029/2011JD016460.
81. Douglas TA, Sturm M, Simpson WR, Blum JD, Alvarez-Aviles L, et al. 2008. Influence of snow and ice crystal formation and accumulation on mercury deposition to the Arctic. Environ Sci Technol 42: 1542-1551. doi:10.1021/es070502d.
82. Douglas TA, Sturm M, Simpson WR, Brooks S, Lindberg SE, et al. 2005. Elevated mercury measured in snow and frost flowers near Arctic sea ice leads. Geophys Res Lett 32: L04502. doi:10.1029/2004GL022132.
83. Dubois M, Gilles KA, Hamilton JK, Rebers PA, Smith F. 1956. Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal Chem 28: 350-356.
84. Ducklow H. 2000. Bacterial production and biomass in the oceans, in Kirchman DL, ed., Microbial Ecology of the Oceans. Toronto: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: pp. 85-120.
85. Dugdale RC, Goering JJ. 1967. Uptake of new and regenerated forms of nitrogen in primary productivity. Limnol Oceanogr 12: 196-206.
86. Dumont I, Schoemann V, Lannuzel D, Chou L, Tison J-L, et al. 2009. Distribution and characterization of dissolved and particulate organic matter in Antarctic pack ice. Polar Biol 32: 733-750. doi:10.1007/s00300-008-0577-y.
87. Edwards R, Sedwick P. 2001. Iron in East Antarctic snow: Implications for atmospheric iron deposition and algal production in Antarctic waters. Geophys Res Lett 28(20): 3907-3910.
88. Ehrhardt M, Koeve W. 1999. Determination of particulate organic carbon and nitrogen, in Grasshoff K, Kremling K, Ehrhardt M, eds., Methods of Seawater Analysis. Toronto: Wiley-VCH: pp. 437-444.
89. Eicken H. 1992. The role of sea ice in structuring Antarctic ecosystems. Polar Biol 12: 3-13.
90. Eicken H. 1998. Deriving modes and rates of ice growth in the Weddell Sea from microstructural, salinity and stable-isotope data, in Jeffries MO, ed., Antarctic Sea Ice: Physical Processes, Interactions and Variability. Washington: American Geophysical Union: pp. 89-122.
91. Eicken H. 2009. Chapter 3.3, Ice sampling and basic sea ice core analysis, in Eicken H, Gradinger R, Salganek M, Shirasawa K, Perovich D, Leppäranta M, eds., Field Techniques for Sea Ice Research. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press: pp. 117-140.
92. Eicken H, Gradinger R, Salganek M, Shirasawa K, Perovich D, et al. eds. 2009. Field Techniques for Sea Ice Research. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press.
93. Eicken H, Lange MA, Dieckmann GS. 1991. Spatial variability of sea-ice properties in the northwestern Weddell Sea. J Geophys Res 96(C6): 10603-10615.
94. 2 fluxes in an Arctic polynya using eddy covariance: Evidence for enhanced air-sea gas transfer during ice formation. J Geophys Res 116: C00G03. doi:10.1029/2010JC006760.
95. EPA. 2002. Method 1631, Revision E: Mercury in Water by Oxidation, Purge and Trap, and Cold Vapor Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry. Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency.
96. Ewert M, Carpenter SD, Colangelo-Lillis J, Deming JW. 2013. Bacterial and extracellular polysaccharide content of brine-wetted snow over Arctic winter first-year sea ice. J Geophys Res-Oceans 118: 726-735. doi:10.1002/jgrc.20055.
97. Ewert M, Deming JW. 2013. Sea ice microorganisms: Environmental constraints and extracellular responses. Biology 2(2): 603-628.
98. Falkowski PG, Raven JA. 2007. Photosynthesis and primary production in nature, in, Aquatic Photosynthesis. Princeton: Princeton University Press: pp. 319-363.
99. Finkelstein PL, Sims PF. 2001. Sampling error in eddy correlation flux measurements. J Geophys Res 106(D4): 3503-3509.
100. 2 [thesis], Bremen: Universität Bremen, Biologie/Chemie.
101. Fischer M, Thomas DN, Krell A, Nehrke G, Göttlicher J, et al. 2012. Quantification of ikaite in Antarctic sea ice. Antarct Sci. doi:10.1017/S0954102012001150.
102. Fortier M, Fortier L, Michel C, Legendre L. 2002. Climatic and biological forcing of the vertical flux of biogenic particles under seasonal Arctic sea ice. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 225: 1-16.
103. Fowler D, Coyle M, Flechard C, Hargreaves K, Nemitz E, et al. 2001. Advances in micrometeorological methods for the measurement and interpretation of gas and particle nitogen fluxes. Plant Soil 228: 117-129.
104. Frache R, Abelmoschi ML, Grotti M, Ianni C, Magi E, et al. 2001. Effects of ice melting on Cu, Cd and Pb profiles in Ross Sea waters (Antarctica). Int J Environ An Ch 79: 301-313.
105. Fransson A, Chierici M, Miller LA, Carnat G, Shadwick E, et al. 2013. Impact of sea-ice processes on the carbonate system and ocean acidification at the ice-water interface of the Amundsen Gulf, Arctic Ocean. J Geophys Res-Oceans 118: 7001-7023. doi:10.1002/2013JC009164.
106. Fransson A, Chierici M, Yager PL, Smith Jr WO. 2011. Antarctic sea ice carbon dioxide system and controls. J Geophys Res 116: C12035. doi:10.1029/2010JC006844.
107. Fripiat F, Cardinal D, Tison J-L, Worby A, André L. 2007. Diatom-induced silicon isotopic fractionation in Antarctic sea ice. J Geophys Res 112: G02001. doi:10.1029/2006JG000244.
108. Fripiat F, Corvaisier R, Navez J, Elskens M, Schoemann V, et al. 2009. Measuring production-dissolution rates of marine biogenic silica by 30Si-isotope dilution using a high-resolution sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Limnol Oceanogr Methods 7: 470-478.
109. Fripiat F, Sigman DM, Fawcett SE, Rafter PA, Weigand MA, et al. 2014a. New insights into sea ice nitrogen biogeochemical dynamics from the nitrogen isotopes. Glob Biogeochem Cy 28: 115-130. doi:10.1002/2013GB004729.
110. Fripiat F, Tison J-L, André L, Notz D, Delille B. 2014b. Biogenic silica recycling in sea ice inferred from Si-isotopes: Constraints from Arctic winter first-year sea ice. Biogeochemistry 119: 25-33. doi:10.1007/s10533-013-9911-8.
111. Fritsen CH, Memmott JC, Ross RM, Quetin LB, Vernet M, et al. 2011. The timing of sea ice formation and exposure to photosynthetically active radiation along the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Polar Biol 34: 683-692. doi:10.1007/s00300-010-0924-7.
112. Garbarino JR, Snyder-Conn E, Leiker TJ, Hoffman GL. 2002. Contaminants in Arctic snow collected over Northwest Alaskan sea ice. Water Air Soil Poll 139: 183-214.
113. Gardner WD. 2000. Sediment trap sampling in surface waters, in Hanson RB, Ducklow HW, Field JG, eds., The Changing Ocean Carbon Cycle: A Midterm Synthesis of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: pp. 240-281.
114. Garrison DL, Buck KR. 1986. Organism losses during ice melting: A serious bias in sea ice community studies. Polar Biol 6: 237-239.
115. Garrison DL, Jeffries MO, Gibson A, Coale SL, Neenan D, et al. 2003. Development of sea ice microbial communities during autumn ice formation in the Ross Sea. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 259: 1-15.
116. 2 to the atmosphere during young sea ice growth. J Geophys Res-Oceans 118: 244-255. doi:10.1029/2012JC007980.
117. 2 fluxes in the Arctic coastal zone (Amundsen Gulf, Beaufort Sea). J Geophys Res 117: C00G10. doi:10.1029/2011JC007118.
118. 2 within bulk sea ice. J Glaciol 58: 287-300. doi:10.3189/2012JoG11J071.
119. Geilfus N-X, Galley RJ, Crabeck O, Papakyriakou T, Landy J, et al. 2014a. Inorganic carbon dynamics of melt pond-covered first year sea ice in the Canadian Arctic. Biogeosciences Discuss 11: 7485-7519. doi:10.5194/bgd-11-7485-2014.
120. 2 fluxes during the Sea Ice Mass Balance in the Antarctic (SIMBA) experiment - Bellingshausen Sea, Antarctica. The Cryosphere 8: 2395-2407. doi:10.5194/tc-8-2395-2014.
121. Gerdes B, Brinkmeyer R, Dieckmann G, Helmke E. 2005. Influence of crude oil on changes of bacterial communities in Arctic sea-ice. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 53: 129-139. doi:10.1016/j.femsec.2004.11.010.
122. Giannelli V, Thomas DN, Haas C, Kattner G, Kennedy H, et al. 2001. Behaviour of dissolved organic matter and inorganic nutrients during experimental sea-ice formation. Ann Glaciol 33: 317-321.
123. Gibson JAE, Trull T, Nichols PD, Summons RE, McMinn A. 1999. Sedimentation of 13C-rich organic matter from Antarctic sea-ice algae: A potential indicator of past sea-ice extent. Geology 27: 331-334.
124. Gleitz M, Rutgers vd Loeff M, Thomas DN, Dieckmann GS, Millero FJ. 1995. Comparison of summer and winter inorganic carbon, oxygen and nutrient concentrations in Antarctic sea ice brine. Mar Chem 51: 81-91.
125. Glud RN, Rysgaard S, Kühl M. 2002. A laboratory study on O2 dynamics and photosynthesis in ice algal communities: quantification by microsensors, O2 exchange rates, 14C incubations and a PAM fluorometer. Aquat Microb Ecol 27: 301-311.
126. Golden KM, Ackley SF, Lytle VI. 1998. The percolation phase transition in sea ice. Science 282: 2238-2241.
127. Gosink T. 1978. The Arctic: A significant source-sink of carbon dioxide, in Gosink TA, Kelley JJ, eds., Gases in the Sea Ice. Fairbanks, AK: Institute of Marine Science, University of Alaska: pp. 79-91.
128. Gosink TA. 1980. Atmospheric trace gases in association with sea ice. Antarct J US 15: 82-83.
129. Gosink TA, Kelley JJ. 1979. Carbon monoxide evolution from Arctic surfaces during spring thaw. J Geophys Res 84: 7041.
130. Gosink T, Kelley JJ. 1985. Final Report: Carbon Dioxide in Arctic and Subarctic Regions. University of Alaska, 215 pp.
131. Gosselin M, Legendre L, Therriault J-C, Demers S, Rochet M. 1986. Physical control of the horizontal patchiness of sea-ice microalgae. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 29: 289-298.
132. Gosselin M, Levasseur M, Wheeler PA, Horner RA, Booth BC. 1997. New measurements of phytoplankton and ice algal production in the Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 44: 1623-1644.
133. Gradinger R. 1999. Vertical fine structure of the biomass and composition of algal communities in Arctic pack ice. Mar Biol 133: 745-754.
134. Gradinger R. 2009. Sea-ice algae: Major contributors to primary production and algal biomass in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas during May/June 2002. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 56: 1201-1212.
135. Gradinger R, Bluhm B, Iken K. 2010. Arctic sea-ice ridges - Safe heavens for sea-ice fauna during periods of extreme ice melt? Deep-Sea Res Pt II 57: 86-95. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.08.008.
136. Gradinger R, Ikävalko J. 1998. Organism incorporation into newly forming Arctic sea ice in the Greenland Sea. J Plankton Res 20: 871-886.
137. Granfors A, Andersson M, Chierici M, Fransson A, Gårdfeldt K, et al. 2013a. Biogenic halocarbons in young Arctic sea ice and frost flowers. Mar Chem 155: 124-134. doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2013.06.002.
138. Granfors A, Karlsson A, Mattsson E, Smith Jr. WO, Abrahamsson K. 2013b. Contribution of sea ice in the Southern Ocean to the cycling of volatile halogenated organic compounds. Geophys Res Lett 40: 3950-3955. doi:10.1002/grl.50777.
139. Granskog MA, Kaartokallio H. 2004. An estimation of the potential fluxes of nitrogen, phosphorus, cadmium and lead from sea ice and snow in the northern Baltic Sea. Water Air Soil Poll 154: 331-347.
140. Granskog MA, Kaartokallio H, Kuosa H, Thomas DN, Ehn J, et al. 2005a. Scales of horizontal patchiness in chlorophyll a, chemical and physical properties of landfast sea ice in the Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea). Polar Biol 28: 276-283. doi:10.1007/s00300-004-0690-5.
141. Granskog MA, Kaartokallio H, Shirasawa K. 2003. Nutrient status of Baltic Sea ice: Evidence for control by snow-ice formation, ice permeability, and ice algae. J Geophys Res 108(C8). doi:10.1029/2002JC001386.
142. Granskog MA, Kaartokallio H, Thomas DN, Kuosa H. 2005b. Influence of freshwater inflow on the inorganic nutrient and dissolved organic matter within coastal sea ice and underlying waters in the Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea). Estuar Coast Shelf S 65: 109-122. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2005.05.011.
143. Granskog MA, Nomura D, Müller S, Krell A, Toyota T, et al. 2015. Evidence for significant protein-like dissolved organic matter accumulation in Sea of Okhotsk sea ice. Ann Glaciol 56(69): 1-8. doi:10.3189/2015AoG69A002.
144. Granskog MA, Virkanen J. 2001. Observations on sea-ice and surface-water geochemistry - Implications for importance of sea ice in geochemical cycles in the northern Baltic Sea. Ann Glaciol 33: 311-316.
145. Granskog MA, Virkkunen K, Thomas DN, Ehn J, Kola H, et al. 2004. Chemical properties of brackish water ice in the Bothnian Bay, the Baltic Sea. J Glaciol 50: 292-302.
146. Grossi SM, Kottmeier ST, Moe RL, Taylor GT, Sullivan CW. 1987. Sea ice microbial communities. VI. Growth and primary production in bottom ice under graded snow cover. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 35: 153-164.
147. Grossmann S, Dieckmann GS. 1994. Bacterial standing stock, activity, and carbon production during formation and growth of sea ice in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Appl Environ Microbiol 60(8): 2746-2753.
148. Grotti M, Soggia F, Ianni C, Frache R. 2005. Trace metals distributions in coastal sea ice of Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea, Antarctica. Antarct Sci 17(2): 289-300. doi:10.1017/S0954102005002695.
149. Hansell DA, Carlson CA, Repeta DJ, Schlitzer R. 2009. Dissolved organic matter in the ocean: A controversy stimulates new insights. Oceanography 22: 202-211.
150. pHevolution in sea ice grown at an outdoor experimental facility. Mar Chem 154: 46-54. doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2013.04.007.
151. Harrison WG, Cota GF, Smith REH. 1990. Nitrogen utilization in ice algal communities of Barrow Strait, Northwest Territories, Canada. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 67: 275-283.
152. Hawes I, Lund-Hansen LC, Sorrell BK, Nielsen MH, Borzák R, et al. 2012. Photobiology of sea ice algae during initial spring growth in Kangerlussuaq, West Greenland: insights from imaging variable chlorophyll fluorescence of ice cores. Photosynth Res 112: 103-115. doi:10.1007/s11120-012-9736-7.
153. Helmke E, Weyland H. 1995. Bacteria in sea ice and underlying water of the eastern Weddell Sea in midwinter. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 117: 269-287.
154. Hendry KR, Meredith MP, Measures CI, Carson DS, Rickaby REM. 2010a. The role of sea ice formation in cycling of aluminium in northern Marguerite Bay, Antarctica. Estuar Coast Shelf S 87: 103-113. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2009.12.017.
155. Hendry KR, Rickaby REM, de Hoog JCM, Weston K, Rehkamper M. 2010b. The cadmium-phosphate relationship in brine: biological versus physical control over micronutrients in sea ice environments. Antarct Sci 22(1): 11-18. doi:10.1017/S0954102009990381.
156. Herborg L-M, Thomas DN, Kennedy H, Haas C, Dieckmann GS. 2001. Dissolved carbohydrates in Antarctic sea ice. Antarct Sci 13: 119-125.
157. Hicks BB, McMillen RT. 1984. A simulation of the eddy accumulation method for measuring pollutant fluxes. J Clim Appl Meteorol 23: 637-643.
158. Higaki S, Oya Y, Makide Y. 2006. Emission of methane from stainless steel surface investigated by using tritium as a radioactive tracer. Chem Lett 35: 292-293. doi:10.1246/cl.2006.292.
159. Hilmer T, Bate GC. 1989. Filter types, filtration and post-filtration treatment in phytoplankton production studies. J Plankton Res 11(1): 49-63.
160. Hobbie JE, Daley RJ, Jasper S. 1977. Use of Nuclepore filters for counting bacteria by fluorescence microscopy. Appl Environ Microbiol 33: 1225-1228.
161. Hölemann JA, Schirmacher M, Kassens H, Prange A. 1999. Geochemistry of surficial and ice-rafted sediments from the Laptev Sea (Siberia). Estuar Coast Shelf S 49: 45-59.
162. Holmes RM, Aminot A, Kérouel R, Hooker BA, Peterson BJ. 1999. A simple and precise method for measuring ammonium in marine and freshwater ecosystems. Can J Fish Aquat Sci. 56: 1801-1808.
163. Holter P. 1990. Sampling air from dung pats by silicone rubber diffusion chambers. Soil Biol Biochem 22: 995-997.
164. Horner R. 1985. History of ice algal investigations, in Horner RA ed., Sea Ice Biota. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 1-19.
165. Horner R, Ackley SF, Dieckmann GS, Gulliksen B, Hoshiai T, et al. 1992. Ecology of sea ice biota: 1. Habitat, terminology, and methodology. Polar Biol 12: 417-427.
166. Horner R, Schrader GC. 1982. Relative contributions of ice algae, phytoplankton, and benthic microalgae to primary production in nearshore regions of the Beaufort Sea. Arctic 35: 485-503.
167. Hunke EC, Notz D, Turner AK, Vancoppenolle M. 2011. The mulitphase physics of sea ice: A review for model developers. The Cryosphere 5: 989-1009. doi:10.5194/tc-5-989-2011.
168. Hydes DJ, Aoyama M, Aminot A, Bakker K, Becker S, et al. 2010. Determination of dissolved nutrients (N, P, Si) in seawater with high precision and inter-comparability using gas-segmented continuous flow analysers. The GO-SHIP Repeat Hydrography Manual: A Collection of Expert Reports and Guidelines.
169. Johnson KS, Barry JP, Coletti LJ, Fitzwater SE, Jannasch HW, et al. 2011. Nitrate and oxygen flux across the sediment-water interface observed by eddy correlation measurements on the open continental shelf. Limnol Oceanogr Methods 9: 543-553. doi:10.4319/lom.2011.9.543.
170. Juhl AR, Krembs C, Meiners KM. 2011. Seasonal development and differential retention of ice algae and other organic fractions in first-year Arctic sea ice. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 436: 1-16. doi:10.3354/meps09277.
171. Junge K, Eicken H, Deming JW. 2004. Bacterial activity at -2 to -20°C in Arctic wintertime sea ice. Appl Environ Microbiol 70(1): 550-557.
172. Junge K, Krembs C, Deming J, Stierle A, Eicken H. 2001. A microscopic approach to investigate bacteria under in situ conditions in sea-ice samples. Ann Glaciol 33: 304-310.
173. Juul-Pedersen T, Michel C, Gosselin M, Seuthe L. 2008. Seasonal changes in the sinking export of particulate material under first-year sea ice on the Mackenzie Shelf (western Canadian Arctic). Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 353: 13-25. doi:10.3354/meps07165.
174. Kaartokallio H. 2001. Evidence for active microbial nitrogen transformation in sea ice (Gulf of Bothnia, Baltic Sea) in midwinter. Polar Biol 24: 21-28.
175. Kaartokallio H. 2004. Food web components, and physical and chemical properties of Baltic Sea ice. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 273: 49-63.
176. Kaartokallio H, Søgaard DH, Norman L, Rysgaard S, Tison J-L, et al. 2013. Short-Term variability in bacterial abundance, cell properties, and incorporation of leucine and thymidine in subarctic sea ice. Aquat Microb Ecol 71: 57-73. doi:10.3354/ame01667.
177. Kaartokallio H, Tuomainen J, Kuosa H, Kuparinen J, Martikainen PJ, et al. 2008. Succession of sea-ice bacterial communities in the Baltic Sea fast ice. Polar Biol 31: 783-793. doi:10.1007/s00300-008-0416-1.
178. Kaimal JC, Wyngaard JC, Izumi Y, Coté OR. 1972. Spectral characteristics of surface-layer turbulence. Q J Roy Meteor Soc 98: 563-589.
179. 2 in air at well-defined depths in soils with varied water potential. Eur J Soil Sci 52: 297-303.
180. Kattner G. 1999. Storage of dissolved inorganic nutrients in seawater: poisoning with mercuric chloride. Mar Chem 67: 61-66.
181. Kelley JJ, Gosink TA. 1979. Gases in Sea Ice: 1975-1979. Fairbanks, Alaska: University of Alaska, Fairbanks. Final report to ONR N000 14-76C-0331.
182. Kelley JJ, Gosink TA. 1985. Sources and sinks of carbon dioxide in the Arctic regions, in Final Report: Carbon Dioxide in Arctic and Subarctic Regions. Fairbanks: University of Alaska: 131-165.
183. Kennedy H, Robertson J. 1995. Variations in the isotopic composition of particulate organic carbon in surface waters along an 88°W transect from 67°S to 54°S. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 42: 1109-1122.
184. Kennedy H, Thomas DN, Kattner G, Haas C, Dieckmann GS. 2002. Particulate organic matter in Antarctic summer sea ice: Concentration and stable isotopic composition. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 238: 1-13.
185. King MD, France JL, Fisher FN, Beine HJ. 2005. Measurement and modelling of UV radiation penetration and photolysis rates of nitrate and hydrogen peroxide in Antarctic sea ice: An estimate of the production rate of hydroxyl radicals in first-year sea ice. J Photochem Photobiol A 176: 39-49. doi:10.1016/j.jphotochem.2005.08.032.
186. Klánová J, Klán P, Heger D, Holoubek I. 2003. Comparison of the effects of UV, H2O2/UV and g-irradiation processes on frozen and liquid water solutions of monochlorophenols. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2: 1023-1031. doi:10.1039/b303483f.
187. Knefelkamp B, Carstens K, Wiltshire KH. 2007. Comparison of different filter types on chlorophyll-A retention and nutrient measurements. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 345: 61-70. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2007.01.008.
188. Knepp TN, Bottenheim J, Carlsen M, Carlson D, Donohoue D, et al. 2010. Development of an autonomous sea ice tethered buoy for the study of ocean-Atmosphere-sea ice-snow pack interactions: The O-buoy. Atmos Meas Tech 3: 249-261.
189. Koh EY, Atamna-Ismaeel N, Martin A, Cowie ROM, Beja O, et al. 2010. Proteorhodopsin-bearing bacteria in Antarctic sea ice. Appl Environ Microbiol 76: 5918-5925. doi:10.1128/AEM.00562-10.
190. Krembs C, Eicken H, Deming JW. 2011. Exopolymer alteration of physical properties of sea ice and implications for ice habitability and biogeochemistry in a warmer Arctic. Proc Natl Acad Sci 108: 3653-3658.
191. Krembs C, Eicken H, Junge K, Deming JW. 2002. High concentrations of exopolymeric substances in Arctic winter sea ice: implications for the polar ocean carbon cycle and cryoprotection of diatoms. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 49: 2163-2181.
192. Kristiansen S, Farbrot T, Kuosa H, Myklestad S, Quillfeldt CHv. 1998. Nitrogen uptake in the infiltration community, and ice algal community in Antarctic pack-ice. Polar Biol 19: 307-315.
193. Kristiansen S, Syvertsen EE, Farbrot T. 1992. Nitrogen uptake in the Weddell Sea during late winter and spring. Polar Biol 12: 245-251.
194. Kühl M, Glud RN, Borum J, Roberts R, Rysgaard S. 2001. Photosynthetic performance of surface-Associated algae below sea ice as measured with a pulse-Amplitude-modulated (PAM) fluorometer and O2 microsensors. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 223: 1-14.
195. Lannuzel D, Bowie AR, van der Merwe PC, Townsend AT, Schoemann V. 2011. Distribution of dissolved and particulate metals in Antarctic sea ice. Mar Chem 124: 134-146. doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2011.01.004.
196. Lannuzel D, de Jong J, Schoemann V, Trevena A, Tison J-L, et al. 2006. Development of a sampling and flow injection analysis technique for iron determination in the sea ice environment. Anal Chim Acta 556: 476-483. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2005.09.059.
197. Lannuzel D, Schoemann V, de Jong J, Chou L, Delille B, et al. 2008. Iron study during a time series in the western Weddell pack ice. Mar Chem 108(1-2): 85-95. doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2007.10.006.
198. Lannuzel D, Schoemann V, de Jong J, Pasquer B, van der Merwe P, et al. 2010. Distribution of dissolved iron in Antarctic sea ice: Spatial, seasonal, and inter-Annual variability. J Geophys Res. 115: G03022. doi:10.1029/2009JG001031.
199. Lannuzel D, Schoemann V, de Jong J, Tison J-L, Chou L. 2007. Distribution and biogeochemical behaviour of iron in the East Antarctic sea ice. Mar Chem 106: 18-32. doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2006.06.010.
200. Lannuzel D, van der Merwe PC, Townsend AT, Bowie AR. 2014. Size fractionation of iron, manganese and aluminium in Antarctic fast ice reveals a lithogenic origin and low iron solubility. Mar Chem 161: 47-56. doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2014.02.006.
201. Latasa M. 2007. Improving estimations of phytoplankton class abundances using CHEMTAX. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 329: 13-21.
202. Laws E, Sakshaug E, Babin M, Dandonneau Y, Falkowski P, et al. 2002. Photosynthesis and Primary Productivity in Marine Ecosystems: Practical Aspects and Application of Techniques. Bergen: Joint Global Ocean Flux Study. JGOFS Report No. 36.
203. Lee PA, de Mora SJ, Gosselin M, Levasseur M, Bouillon R-C, et al. 2001. Particulate dimethylsulfoxide in Arctic sea-ice algal communities: The cryoprotectant hypothesis revisited. J Phycol 37: 488-499.
204. Lee X, Massman W, Law B, eds. 2004. Handbook of Micrometeorology: A Guide for Surface Flux Measurement and Analysis. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
205. Leppäranta M, Manninen T. 1988. The Brine and Gas Content of Sea Ice with Attention to Low Salinities and High Temperatures. Helsinki: Finnish Institute of Marine Research.
206. 2 analysers. Bound-Lay Meteorol 59: 297-311.
207. Levasseur M, Gosselin M, Michaud S. 1994. A new source of dimethylsulfide (DMS) for the arctic atmosphere: Ice diatoms. Mar Biol 121: 381-387.
208. Liss PS, Hatton AD, Malin G, Nightingale PD, Turner SM. 1997. Marine sulphur emissions. Philos T Roy Soc B 352: 159-169.
209. Long MH, Koopmans D, Berg P, Rysgaard S, Glud RN, et al. 2012. Oxygen exchange and ice melt measured at the ice-water interface by eddy correlation. Biogeosciences 9: 1957-1967. doi:10.5194/bg-9-1957-2012.
210. Loose B, Miller LA, Elliott S, Papakyriakou T. 2011. Sea ice biogeochemistry and material transport across the frozen interface. Oceanography 24: 202-218. doi:10.5670/oceanog.2011.72.
211. Löscher BM, deBaar HJW, de Jong JTM, Veth C, Dehairs F. 1997. The distribution of Fe in the Antarctic Circumpolar current. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 44(1-2): 143-187.
212. Luo Y, Zhou X. 2006. Soil Respiration and the Environment. San Francisco: Academic Press.
213. Lyakhin YI. 1970. Saturation of water of the Sea of Okhotsk with calcium carbonate. Oceanology 10: 789-795.
214. Maas EW, Simpson AM, Martin A, Thompson S, Koh EY, et al. 2012. Phylogenetic analyses of bacteria in sea ice at Cape Hallett, Antarctica. New Zeal J Mar Fresh 46: 3-12.
215. Macdonald RW, Carmack EC, McLaughlin FA, Iseki K, Macdonald DM, et al. 1989. Composition and modification of water masses in the Mackenzie shelf estuary. J Geophys Res 94(C12): 18057-18070.
216. Macdonald RW, Carmack EC, Paton DW. 1999. Using the d18O composition in landfast ice as a record of arctic estuarine processes. Mar Chem 65: 3-24.
217. Manes SS, Gradinger R. 2009. Small scale vertical gradients of Arctic ice algal photophysiological properties. Photosynth Res 102: 53-66. doi:10.1007/s11120-009-9489-0.
218. Mantoura RFC, Wright SW, Jeffrey SW, Barlow RG, Cummings DE. 1997. Filtration and storage of pigments from microalgae, in Jeffrey SW, Mantoura RFC, Wright SW, eds., Phytoplankton Pigments in Oceanography. UNESCO Publishing: 283-305.
219. Martin A, Anderson MJ, Thorn C, Davy SK, Ryan KG. 2011. Response of sea-ice microbial communities to environmental disturbance: An in situ transplant experiment in the Antarctic. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 424: 25-37. doi:10.3354/meps08977.
220. Martiny AC, Vrugt JA, Primeau FW, Lomas MW. 2013. Regional variation in the particulate organic carbon to nitrogen ratio in the surface ocean. Glob Biogeochem Cy 27: 723-731. doi:10.1002/gbc.20061.
221. Massom RA, Eicken H, Haas C, Jeffries MO, Drinkwater MR, et al. 2001. Snow on Antarctic sea ice. Rev Geophys 39: 413-445. doi:10.1029/2000RG000085.
222. Massom RA, Stammerjohn SE. 2010. Antarctic sea ice change and variability - Physical and ecological implications. Polar Sci 4: 149-186. doi:10.1016/j.polar.2010.05.001.
223. Matsuo S, Miyake Y. 1966. Gas composition in ice samples from Antarctica. J Geophys Res 71: 5235-5241.
224. Mattson E, Karlsson A, Smith Jr. WO, Abrahamsson K. 2012. The relationship between biophysical variables and halocarbon distributions in the waters of the Amundsen and Ross Seas, Antarctica. Mar Chem 140-1: 1-9. doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2012.07.002.
225. McCorkle DC, Emerson SR, Quay PD. 1985. Stable carbon isotopes in marine porewaters. Earth Planet Sc Lett 74: 13-26.
226. McGinnis DF, Cherednichenko S, Sommer S, Berg P, Rovelli L, et al. 2011. Simple, robust eddy correlation amplifier for aquatic dissolved oxygen and hydrogen sulfide flux measurements. Limnol Oceanogr Methods 9: 340-347. doi:10.4319/lom.2011.9.340.
227. McLaughlin F, Proshutinsky A, Carmack EC, Shimada K, Brown K, et al. 2012. Physical, Chemical and Zooplankton Data from the Canada Basin and Canadian Arctic Archipelago, July 20 to September 14, 2006. Sidney: Institute of Ocean Sciences. Canadian Data Report of Hydrography and Ocean Sciences 186.
228. McMinn A, Ashworth C. 1998. The use of oxygen microelectrodes to determine the net production by an Arctic sea ice algal community. Antarct Sci 10: 39-44.
229. McMinn A, Ashworth C, Ryan KG. 2000. In situ net primary productivity of an Antarctic fast ice bottom algal community. Aquat Microb Ecol 21: 177-185.
230. McMinn A, Gradinger R, Nomura D. 2009. Chapter 3.8, Biogeochemical properties of sea ice, in Eicken H, Gradinger R, Salganek M, Shirasawa K, Perovich D, et al., eds., Field Techniques for Sea Ice Research. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press: pp. 259-82.
231. McMinn A, Hegseth EN. 2007. Sea ice primary productivity in the northern Barents Sea, spring 2004. Polar Biol 30: 289-294. doi:10.1007/s00300-006-0182-x.
232. McMinn A, Ryan K, Gademann R. 2003. Diurnal changes in photosynthesis of Antarctic fast ice algal communities determined by pulse amplitude modulation fluorometry. Mar Biol 143: 359-367. doi:10.1007/s00227-003-1052-5.
233. McMinn A, Ryan KG, Ralph PJ, Pankowski A. 2007. Spring sea ice photosynthesis, primary productivity and biomass distribution in eastern Antarctica, 2002-2004. Mar Biol 151: 985-995. doi:10.1007/s00227-006-0533-8.
234. Meiners K, Brinkmeyer R, Granskog MA, Lindfors A. 2004. Abundance, size distribution and bacterial colonization of exopolymer particles in Antarctic sea ice (Bellingshausen Sea). Aquat Microb Ecol 35: 283-296.
235. Meiners K, Gradinger R, Fehling J, Civitarese G, Spindler M. 2003. Vertical distribution of exopolymer particles in sea ice of the Fram Strait (Arctic) during autumn. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 248: 1-13.
236. Meiners K, Krembs C, Gradinger R. 2008. Exopolymer particles: microbial hotspots of enhanced bacterial activity in Arctic fast ice (Chukchi Sea). Aquat Microb Ecol 52: 195-207. doi:10.3354/ame01214.
237. Meiners KM, Papadimitriou S, Thomas DN, Norman L, Dieckmann GS. 2009. Biogeochemical conditions and ice algal photosynthetic parameters in Weddell Sea ice during early spring. Polar Biol 32: 1055-1065. doi:10.1007/s00300-009-0605-6.
238. Meiners KM, Vancoppenolle M, Thanassekos S, Dieckmann GS, Thomas DN, et al. 2012. Chlorophyll a in Antarctic sea ice from historical ice core data. Geophys Res Lett 39: L21602. doi:10.1029/2012GL053478.
239. Michel C, Legendre L, Ingram RG, Gosselin M, Levasseur M. 1996. Carbon budget of sea-ice algae in spring: Evidence of a significant transfer to zooplankton grazers. J Geophys Res 101(C8): 18345-18360.
240. Michel C, Nielsen TG, Nozais C, Gosselin M. 2002. Significance of sedimentation and grazing by ice micro-And meiofauna for carbon cycling in annual sea ice (northern Baffin Bay). Aquat Microb Ecol 30: 57-68.
241. Michel C, Niemi A. 2009. Field and laboratory methods for biogeochemical analyses of sea ice, seawater and particle interceptor trap samples. Winnipeg: Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences # 2852.
242. Mikkelsen DM, Witkowski A. 2010. Melting sea ice for taxonomic analysis: A comparison of four melting procedures. Polar Res 29: 451-454.
243. Miller LA, Carnat G, Else BGT, Sutherland N, Papakyriakou TN. 2011a. Carbonate system evolution at the Arctic Ocean surface during autumn freeze-up. J Geophys Res 116: C00G04. doi:10.1029/2011JC007143.
244. Miller LA, Papakyriakou TN, Collins RE, Deming JW, Ehn JK, et al. 2011b. Carbon dynamics in sea ice: A winter flux time series. J Geophys Res 116: C02028. doi:10.1029/2009JC006058.
245. pHin NaCl brines. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 73: 3109-3114. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2009.01.037.
246. Mock T. 2002. In situ primary production in young Antarctic sea ice. Hydrobiologia 470: 127-132.
247. Mock T, Dieckmann GS, Haas C, Krell A, Tison J-L, et al. 2002. Micro-optodes in sea ice: A new approach to investigate oxygen dynamics during sea ice formation. Aquat Microb Ecol 29: 297-306.
248. Mock T, Gradinger R. 1999. Determination of Arctic ice algal production with a new in situ incubation technique. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 177: 15-26.
249. Mock T, Kruse M, Dieckmann GS. 2003. A new microcosm to investigate oxygen dynamics at the sea ice water interface. Aquat Microb Ecol 30: 197-205.
250. Mock T, Meiners KM, Giesenhagen HC. 1997. Bacteria in sea ice and underlying brackish water at 54° 26′50″ N (Baltic Sea, Kiel Bight). Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 158: 23-40.
251. Moeseneder MM, Winter C, Herndl GJ. 2001. Horizontal and vertical complexity of attached and free-living bacteria of the eastern Mediterranean Sea, determined by 16S rDNA and 16S rRNA fingerprints. Limnol Oceanogr 46: 95-107.
252. Mosier AR. 1989. Chamber and isotope techniques, in Andreae MO, Schimel DS, eds., Exchange of Trace Gases between Terrestrial Ecosytems and the Atmosphere. Toronto: John Wiley & Sons: pp. 175-187.
253. Muller JBA, Dorsey JR, Flynn M, Gallagher MW, Percival CJ, et al. 2012. Energy and ozone fluxes over sea ice. Atmos Environ 47: 218-225. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.11.013.
254. Müller M, Graus M, Ruuskanen TM, Schnitzhofer R, Bamberger I, et al. 2010.First eddy covariance flux measurements by PTR-TOF. Atmos Meas Tech 3: 387-395.
255. Müller S, Vähätalo AV, Stedmon CA, Granskog MA, Norman L, et al. 2013. Selective incorporation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) during sea ice formation. Mar Chem 155: 148-157. doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2013.06.008.
256. Mundy CJ, Barber DG, Michel C. 2005. Variability of snow and ice thermal, physical and optical properties pertinent to sea ice algae biomass during spring. J Marine Syst 58: 107-120.
257. Mundy CJ, Ehn JK, Barber DG, Michel C. 2007. Influence of snow cover and algae on the spectral dependence of transmitted irradiance through Arctic landfast first-year sea ice. J Geophys Res 112: C03007. doi:10.1029/2006JC003683.
258. Mundy CJ, Gosselin M, Ehn JK, Belzile C, Poulin M, et al. 2011. Characteristics of two distinct high-light acclimated algal communities during advanced stages of sea ice melt. Polar Biol 34: 1869-1886. doi:10.1007/s00300-011-0998-x.
259. Munro DR, Dunbar RB, Mucciarone DA, Arrigo KR, Long MC. 2010. Stable isotope composition of dissolved inorganic carbon and particulate organic carbon in sea ice from the Ross Sea, Antarctica. J Geophys Res 115: C09005. doi:10.1029/2009JC005661.
260. Myklestad SM, Skånøy E, Hestmann S. 1997. A sensitive and rapid method for analysis of dissolved mono-And polysaccharides in seawater. Mar Chem. 56: 279-286.
261. Nedashkovskii AP. 2002. Cadmium and lead in the ice of Amur Bay (Sea of Japan). Oceanology 42: 344-349.
262. 2 exchange. Oceanology 49: 55-63. doi:10.1134/S000143700901007X.
263. Nedashkovsky AP, Shvetsova MG. 2010. Total inorganic carbon in sea ice. Oceanology 50: 861-868. doi:10.1134/S0001437010060056.
264. Nelson KH, Thompson TG. 1954. Deposition of salts from sea water by frigid concentration. J Mar Res 13: 166-182.
265. Nishi Y, Tabeta S. 2008. Relation of material exchange between sea ice and water to a coupled ice-ocean ecosystem at the Hokkaido coastal region of the Okhotsk Sea. J Geophys Res 113: C01003. doi:10.1029/2006JC004077.
266. Noble RT, Fuhrman JA. 1998. Use of SYBR Green I for rapid epifluorescence counts of marine viruses and bacteria. Aquat Microb Ecol 14: 113-118.
267. Nomura D, Assmy P, Nehrke G, Granskog MA, Fischer M, et al. 2013a. Characterization of ikaite (CaCO3·6H2O) crystals in first-year Arctic sea ice north of Svalbard. Ann Glaciol 54: 125-131. doi:10.3189/2013AoG62A034.
268. 2 flux in the seasonal landfast ice off Barrow, Alaska after onset of surface melt. Cont Shelf Res 30: 1998-2004. doi:10.1016/j.csr.2010.09.014.
269. 2 during periods of snowmelt and surface flooding. J Geophys Res-Oceans 118: 6511-6524. doi:10.1002/2013JC009048.
270. Nomura D, Koga S, Kasamatsu N, Shinagawa H, Simizu D, et al. 2012. Direct measurements of DMS flux from Antarctic fast sea ice to the atmosphere by a chamber technique. J Geophys Res 117: C04011. doi:10.1029/2010JC006755.
271. Nomura D, McMinn A, Hattori H, Aoki S, Fukuchi M. 2011. Incorporation of nitrogen compounds into sea ice from atmospheric deposition. Mar Chem 127: 90-99. doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2011.08.002.
272. Nomura D, Takatsuka T, Ishikawa M, Kawamura T, Shirasawa K, et al. 2009.Transport of chemical components in sea ice and under-ice water during melting in the seasonally ice-covered Saroma-ko Lagoon, Hokkaido, Japan. Estuar Coast Shelf S 81: 201-209. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2008.10.012.
273. 2 flux. J Glaciol 56: 262-270.
274. Norman L, Thomas DN, Stedmon CA, Granskog MA, Papadimitriou S, et al. 2011. The characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in Antarctic sea ice. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 58: 1075-1091. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.030.
275. 2 using high-frequency measurements. Bound-Lay Meteorol 144: 379-400. doi:10.1007/s10546-012-9730-9.
276. Not C, Brown K, Ghaleb B, Hillaire-Marcel C. 2012. Conservative behavior of uranium vs. salinity in Arctic sea ice and brine. Mar Chem 130-1: 33-39. doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2011.12.005.
277. Notz D, Wettlaufer JS, Worster MG. 2005. A non-destructive method for measuring the salinity and solid fraction of growing sea ice in situ. J Glaciol 51(172): 159-166.
278. Notz D, Worster MG. 2009. Desalination processes of sea ice revisited. J Geophys Res 114: C05006. doi:10.1029/2008JC004885.
279. Obbard RW, Roscoe HK, Wolff EW, Atkinson HM. 2009. Frost flower surface area and chemistry as a function of salinity and temperature. J Geophys Res 114: D20305doi:10.1029/2009JD012481.
280. 2 degassing during sea ice formation. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 68: 1749-1761. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2003.07.004.
281. Papadimitriou S, Kennedy H, Kennedy P, Thomas DN. 2013. Ikaite solubility in seawater-derived brines at 1 atm and sub-zero temperatures to 265 K. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 109: 241-253. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2013.01.044.
282. Papadimitriou S, Kennedy H, Kennedy P, Thomas DN. 2014. Kinetics of ikaite precipitation and dissolution in seawater-derived brines at sub-zero temperatures to 265 K. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 140: 199-211. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2014.05.031.
283. 2 degassing in the inorganic carbon cycle in sea ice in late winter-early spring in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. J Geophys Res 117: C08011. doi:10.1029/2012JC008058.
284. Papadimitriou S, Thomas DN, Kennedy H, Haas C, Kuosa H, et al. 2007. Biogeochemical composition of natural sea ice brines from the Weddell Sea during early austral summer. Limnol Oceanogr 52: 1809-1823.
285. Papadimitriou S, Thomas DN, Kennedy H, Kuosa H, Dieckmann GS. 2009. Inorganic carbon removal and isotopic enrichment in Antarctic sea ice gap layers during early austral summer. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 386: 15-27. doi:10.3354/meps08049.
286. 2 exchange over seasonal sea ice in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Ann Glaciol 52: 215-224.
287. Passow U. 2002. Transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) in aquatic environments. Prog Oceanogr 55: 287-333.
288. Paterson H, Laybourn-Parry J. 2012. Sea ice microbial dynamics over an annual ice cycle in Prydz Bay, Antarctica. Polar Biol 35: 993-1002. doi:10.1007/s00300-011-1146-3.
289. Perovich D. 2009. Chapter 3.6, Sea ice optics measurements, in Eicken H, Gradinger R, Salganek M, Shirasawa K, Perovich D, et al., eds., Field Techniques for Sea Ice Research. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press: pp. 215-229.
290. Perovich DK, Richter-Menge JA. 2009. Loss of sea ice in the Arctic. Annu Rev Mar Sci 1: 417-441. doi:10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163805.
291. Petrich C, Eicken H. 2010. Growth, structure and properties of sea ice, in Thomas DN, Dieckmann GS, eds., Sea Ice. 2nd ed., Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell: 23-77.
292. Pineault S, Tremblay J-É, Gosselin M, Thomas H, Shadwick E. 2013. The isotopic signature of particulate organic C and N in bottom ice: Key influencing factors and applications for tracing the fate of ice-Algae in the Arctic Ocean. J Geophys Res-Oceans 118: 287-300. doi:10.1029/2012JC008331.
293. Piwosz K, Wiktor JM, Niemi A, Tatarek A, Michel C. 2013. Mesoscale distribution and functional diversity of picoeukaryotes in the first-year sea ice of the Canadian Arctic. ISME J 7: 1461-1471. doi:10.1038/ismej.2013.39.
294. Porter KG, Feig YS. 1980. The use of DAPI for identifying and counting aquatic microflora. Limnol Oceanogr 25: 943-948.
295. Post E, Bhatt US, Bitz CM, Brodie JF, Fulton TL, et al. 2013. Ecological consequences of sea-ice decline. Science 341: 519-524. doi:10.1126/science.1235225.
296. Poulain AJ, Garcia E, Amyot M, Campbell PGC, Ariya PA. 2007. Mercury distribution, partitioning and speciation in coastal vs. inland high Arctic snow. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 71: 3419-3431. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2007.05.006.
297. Price NM, Harrison PJ. 1987. Comparison of methods for the analysis of dissolved urea in seawater. Mar Biol 94: 307-317.
298. 2 flux over the ocean: Development of a novel method. Geophys Res Lett 37: L03607. doi:10.1029/2009GL041482.
299. Pućko M, Stern GA, Barber DG, Macdonald RW, Rosenberg B. 2010a. The International Polar Year (IPY) Circumpolar Flaw Lead (CFL) System Study: The importance of brine processes for a-And g-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) accumulation or rejection in sea ice. Atmos Ocean 48: 244-262. doi:10.3137/OC318.2010.
300. Pućko M, Stern GA, Macdonald RW, Barber DG. 2010b. a-And g-hexachlorocyclohexane measurements in the brine fraction of sea ice in the Canadian high Arctic using a sump-hole technique. Environ Sci Technol 44: 9258-9264. doi:10.1021/es102275b.
301. Qian J, Mopper K. 1996. Automated high-performance, high-Temperature combustion total organic carbon analyzer. Anal Chem 68: 3090-3097.
302. Ragueneau O, Savoye N, Del Amo Y, Cotten J, Tardiveau B, et al. 2005. A new method for the measurement of biogenic silica in suspended matter of coastal waters: using Si:Al ratios to correct for the mineral interference. Cont Shelf Res 25: 697-710. doi:10.1016/j.csr.2004.09.017.
303. Rahm L, Håkansson B, Larsson P, Fogelqvist E, Bremle G, et al. 1995. Nutrient and persistent pollutant deposition on the Bothnian Bay ice and snow fields. Water Air Soil Poll 84: 187-201.
304. Ralph PJ, Gademann R. 2005. Rapid light curves: A powerful tool to assess photosynthetic activity. Aquat Bot 82: 222-237. doi:10.1016/j.aquabot.2005.02.006.
305. Ralph PJ, Ryan KG, Martin A, Fenton G. 2007. Melting out of sea ice causes greater photosynthetic stress in algae than freezing in. J Phycol 43: 948-956. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2007.00382.x.
306. Randall K, Scarratt M, Levasseur M, Michaud S, Xie H, et al. 2012. First measurements of nitrous oxide in Arctic sea ice. J Geophys Res 117: C00G15. doi:10.1029/2011JC007340.
307. Rau GH, Sullivan CW, Gordon LI. 1991. d13C and d15N variations in Weddell Sea particulate organic matter. Mar Chem 35: 355-369.
308. Raymond B, Meiners K, Fowler CW, Pasquer B, Williams GD, et al. 2009. Cumulative solar irradiance and potential large-scale sea ice algae distribution off East Antarctica (30°E-150°E). Polar Biol 32: 443-452. doi:10.1007/s00300-008-0538-5.
309. Renaud PE, Riedel A, Michel C, Morata N, Gosselin M, et al. 2007. Seasonal variation in benthic community oxygen demand: A response to an ice algal bloom in the Beaufort Sea, Canadian Arctic? J Marine Syst 67: 1-12. doi: 10.1016/j. jmarsys.2006.07.006.
310. Riedel A, Michel C, Gosselin M. 2006. Seasonal study of sea-ice exopolymeric substances on the Mackenzie shelf: Implications for transport of sea-ice bacteria and algae. Aquat Microb Ecol 45: 195-206.
311. Riedel A, Michel C, Gosselin M. 2007a. Grazing of large-sized bacteria by sea-ice heterotrophic protists on the Mackenzie Shelf during the winter-spring transition. Aquat Microb Ecol 50: 25-38. doi:10.3354/ame01155.
312. Riedel A, Michel C, Gosselin M, LeBlanc B. 2007b. Enrichment of nutrients, exopolymeric substances and microorganisms in newly formed sea ice on the Mackenzie shelf. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 342: 55-67.
313. Riedel A, Michel C, Gosselin M, LeBlanc B. 2008. Winter-spring dynamics in sea-ice carbon cycling in the coastal Arctic Ocean. J Marine Syst 74: 918-932. doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.01.003.
314. 2 exchange measurements by the closed chamber method and the eddy covariance technique and their dependence on atmospheric conditions. Atmos Meas Tech 7: 1057-1064. doi:10.5194/amt-7-1057-2014.
315. Ringer WE. 1928. Ueber die Veränderungen in der Zusammensetzung des Meereswassersalzes beim Ausfrieren. Copenhagen: Conseil Permanent International Pour L'Exploration de la Mer. Volume 47.
316. Rivkin RB, Legendre L. 2001. Biogenic carbon cycling in the upper ocean: Effects of microbial respiration. Science 291: 2398-2400.
317. Robinson DH, Arrigo KR, Kolber Z, Gosselin M, Sullivan CW. 1998. Photophysiological evidence of nutrient limitation of platelet ice algae in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. J Phycol 34: 788-797.
318. Roscoe HK, Brooks B, Jackson AV, Smith MH, Walker SJ, et al. 2011. Frost flowers in the laboratory: Growth, characteristics, aerosol, and the underlying sea ice. J Geophys Res 116: D12301. doi:10.1029/2010JD015144.
319. Roy S, Llewellyn CA, Egeland ES, Johnsen G. 2011. Phytoplankton Pigments: Characterization, Chemotaxonomy and Applications in Oceanography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
320. Rusch DB, Halpern AL, Sutton G, Heidelberg KB, Williamson S, et al. 2007. The Sorcerer II global ocean sampling expedition: Northwest Atlantic through eastern Tropical Pacific. PLoS Biology 5(3): E77. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050077.
321. Russell LM. 2014. Carbonaceous particles: Source-based characterization of their formation, composition, and structures, in Holland HD and Turekian KK, eds., Treatise on Geochemistry. Second ed. Oxford: Elsevier: pp. 291-316.
322. Ryan KG, McMinn A, Mitchell KA, Trenerry L. 2002. Mycosporine-like amino acids in Antarctic sea ice algae, and their response to UVB radiation. Z Naturforsch 54c: 471-477.
323. 2 exchange in the Arctic and Southern Oceans. Tellus B 63: 823-830. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2011.00571.x.
324. 2 uptake due to sea ice growth and decay in the Nordic Seas. J Geophys Res 114: C09011. doi:10.1029/2008JC005088.
325. Rysgaard S, Glud RN. 2004. Anaerobic N2 production in Arctic sea ice. Limnol Oceanogr 49: 86-94.
326. pHlevels in Arctic surface waters. The Cryosphere 6: 901-908. doi:10.5194/tc-6-901-2012.
327. Rysgaard S, Glud RN, Sejr MK, Bendtsen J, Christensen PB. 2007. Inorganic carbon transport during sea ice growth and decay: A carbon pump in polar seas. J Geophys Res 112: C03016. doi:10.1029/2006JC003572.
328. Rysgaard S, Glud RN, Sejr MK, Blicher ME, Stahl HJ. 2008. Denitrification activity and oxygen dynamics in Arctic sea ice. Polar Biol 31: 527-537. doi:10.1007/s00300-007-0384-x.
329. Rysgaard S, Kühl M, Glud RN, Hansen JW. 2001. Biomass, production and horizontal patchiness of sea ice algae in a high-Arctic fjord (Young Sound, NE Greenland). Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 223: 15-26.
330. 2 system dynamics. The Cryosphere 7: 707-718. doi:10.5194/tc-7-707-2013.
331. Satoh H, Watanabe K. 1988. Primary productivity in the fast ice area near Syowa Station, Antarctica, during spring and summer 1983/84. J Oceanogr Soc Japan 44: 287-292.
332. Schubert CJ, Calvert SE. 2001. Nitrogen and carbon isotopic composition of marine and terrestrial organic matter in Arctic Ocean sediments: implications for nutrient utilization and organic matter composition. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 48: 789-810.
333. Scully NM, Miller WL. 2000. Spatial and temporal dynamics of colored dissolved organic matter in the North Water Polynya. Geophys Res Lett 27: 1009-1011.
334. 2 in arctic coastal waters influenced by glacial melt water and sea ice. Tellus B 63: 815-822. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2011.00540.x.
335. 2 balance: The role of Arctic sea ice. Geophys Res Lett 31: L05121. doi:10.1029/2003GL017996.
336. Shaw MD, Carpenter LJ, Baeza-Romero MT, Jackson AV. 2011. Thermal evolution of diffusive transport of atmospheric halocarbons through artificial sea-ice. Atmos Environ 45: 6393-6402. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.08.023.
337. Sherman LS, Blum JD, Douglas TA, Steffen A. 2012. Frost flowers growing in the Arctic ocean-Atmosphere-sea ice-snow interface: 2. Mercury exchange between the atmosphere, snow, and frost flowers. J Geophys Res 117: D00R10. doi:10.1029/2011JD016186.
338. Sigman DM, Casciotti KL, Andreani M, Barford C, Galanter M, et al. 2001. A bacterial method for the nitrogen isotopic analysis of nitrate in seawater and freshwater. Anal Chem 73: 4145-4153.
339. Sime-Ngando T, Juniper SK, Demers S. 1997. Ice-brine and planktonic microheterotrophs from Saroma-ko Lagoon, Hokkaido (Japan): quantitative importance and trophodynamics. J Marine Syst 11: 149-161.
340. Simpson WR, Alvarez-Aviles L, Douglas TA, Sturm M, Domine F. 2005. Halogens in the coastal snow pack near Barrow, Alaska: Evidence for active bromine air-snow chemistry during springtime. Geophys Res Lett 32: L04811. doi:10.1029/2004GL021748.
341. Simpson WR, von Glasow R, Riedel K, Anderson P, Ariya P, et al. 2007. Halogens and their role in polar boundary-layer ozone depletion. Atmos Chem Phys 7: 4375-4418.
342. Smedsrud LH, Skogseth R. 2006. Field measurements of Arctic grease ice properties and processes. Cold Reg Sci Technol 44: 171-183. doi:10.1016/j.coldregions.2005.11.002.
343. Smith REH, Clement P. 1990. Heterotrophic activity and bacterial productivity in assemblages of microbes from sea ice in the high Arctic. Polar Biol 10: 351-357.
344. So A, Pel J, Rajan S, Marziali A. 2010. Efficient genomic DNA extraction from low target concentration bacterial cultures using SCODA DNA extraction technology. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2010: 1150-1153, 1185-1198. doi:10.1101/pdb.prot5506.
345. Søgaard DH, Kristensen M, Rysgaard S, Glud RN, Hansen PJ, et al. 2010. Autotrophic and heterotrophic activity in Arctic first-year sea ice: Seasonal study from Malene Bight, SW Greenland. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 419: 31-45. doi:10.3354/meps08845.
346. Søgaard DH, Thomas DN, Rysgaard S, Glud RN, Norman L, et al. 2013. The relative contributions of biological and abiotic processes to carbon dynamics in subarctic sea ice. Polar Biol 36: 1761-1777. doi:10.1007/s00300-013-1396-3.
347. Song G, Xie H, Aubry C, Zhang Y, Gosselin M, et al. 2011. Spatiotemporal variations of dissolved organic carbon and carbon monoxide in first-year sea ice in the western Canadian Arctic. J Geophys Res 116: C00G05. doi:10.1029/2010JC006867.
348. 2 over sea ice. The Cryosphere 8: 853-866. doi:10.5194/tc-8-853-2014.
349. 2 using spectral techniques. Bound-Layer Meteorol 136: 59-81. doi:10.1007/s10546-010-9499-7.
350. Sørensen LL, Pryor SC, de Leeuw G, Schulz M. 2005. Flux divergence of nitric acid in the marine atmospheric surface layer. J Geophys Res 110: D15306. doi:10.1029/2004JD005403.
351. Spindler M, Dieckmann GS. 1986. Distribution and abundance of the planktic foraminifer Neogloboquadrina pachyderma in sea ice of the Weddell Sea (Antarctica). Polar Biol 5: 185-191.
352. Spyres G, Nimmo M, Worsfold PJ, Achterberg EP, Miller AEJ. 2000. Determination of dissolved organic carbon in seawater using high temperature catalytic oxidation techniques. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 19(8): 498-506.
353. Stedmon CA, Thomas DN, Granskog M, Kaartokallio H, Papadimitriou S, et al. 2007. Characteristics of dissolved organic matter in Baltic coastal sea ice: Allochthonous or autochthonous origins? Environ Sci Technol 41: 7273-7279. doi:10.1021/es071210f.
354. Stedmon CA, Thomas DN, Papadimitriou S, Granskog MA, Dieckmann GS. 2011. Using fluorescence to characterize dissolved organic matter in Antarctic sea ice brines. J Geophys Res 116: G03027. doi:10.1029/2011JG001716.
355. Steele JH, Turekian KK, Thorpe SA, eds. 2001. Appendix 2, Useful Values, in, Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences. 2nd ed. Oxford: Academic Press: 376.
356. Stefels J, Carnat G, Dacey JWH, Goossens T, Elzenga JTM, et al. 2012. The analysis of dimethylsulfide and dimethylsulfoniopropionate in sea ice: Dry-crushing and melting using stable isotope additions. Mar Chem 128-129: 34-43. doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2011.09.007.
357. Steffens M, Granskog MA, Kaartokallio H, Kuosa H, Luodekari K, et al. 2006. Spatial variation of biogeochemical properties of landfast sea ice in the Gulf of Bothnia, Baltic Sea. Ann Glaciol 44: 80-87.
358. Sturges WT, Cota GF, Buckley PT. 1997. Vertical profiles of bromoform in snow, sea ice, and seawater in the Canadian Arctic. J Geophys Res 102(C11): 25073-25083.
359. Sturm M. 2009. Field techniques for snow observations on sea ice, in Eicken H, Gradinger R, Salganek M, Shirasawa K, Perovich D, et al., eds., Field Techniques for Sea Ice Research. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press: pp. 25-47.
360. Suggett DJ, Oxborough K, Baker NR, Macintyre HL, Kana TM, et al. 2003. Fast repetition rate and pulse amplitude modulation chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements for assessment of photosynthetic electron transport in marine phytoplankton. Eur J Phycol 38: 371-384. doi:10.1080/09670260310001612655.
361. Swadling KM, Gibson JAE, Ritz DA, Nichols PD. 1997. Horizontal patchiness in sympagic organisms of the Antarctic fast ice. Antarct Sci 9: 399-406.
362. Swinbank WC. 1951. The measurement of vertical transfer of heat and water vapor by eddies in the lower atmosphere. J Meteorol 8: 135-145.
363. Tebbe CC, Vahjen W. 1993. Interference of humic acids and DNA extracted directly from soil in detection and transformation of recombinant DNA from bacteria and a yeast. Appl Environ Microb 59: 2657-2665.
364. Thomas DN, Lara RJ, Eicken H, Kattner G, Skoog A. 1995. Dissolved organic matter in Arctic multi-year sea ice during winter: Major components and relationship to ice characteristics. Polar Biol 15: 477-483.
365. Thomas DN, Lara RJ, Haas C, Schnack-Schiel SB, Dieckmann GS, et al. 1998. Biological soup within decaying summer sea ice in the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica, in Lizotte MP, Arrigo KR, eds., Antarctic Sea Ice: Biological Processes, Interactions and Variability. Washington: American Geophysical Union: pp. 161-171.
366. Thomas DN, Kattner G, Engbrodt R, Giannelli V, Kennedy H, et al. 2001a. Dissolved organic matter in Antarctic sea ice. Ann Glaciol 33: 297-303.
367. Thomas DN, Kennedy H, Kattner G, Gerdes D, Gough C, et al. 2001b. Biogeochemistry of platelet ice: Its influence on particle flux under fast ice in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Polar Biol 24: 486-496.
368. Thomas DN, Papadimitriou S, Michel C. 2010. Biogeochemistry of sea ice, in Thomas DN, Dieckmann GS, eds., Sea Ice. 2nd ed., Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell: pp. 425-467.
369. Tison J-L, Brabant F, Dumont I, Stefels J. 2010. High-resolution dimethyl sulfide and dimethylsulfoniopropionate time series profiles in decaying summer first-year sea ice at Ice Station Polarstern, western Weddell Sea, Antarctica. J Geophys Res 115: G04044. doi:10.1029/2010JG001427.
370. Tison J-L, Haas C, Gowing MM, Sleewaegen S, Bernard A. 2002. Tank study of physico-chemical controls on gas content and composition during growth of young sea ice. J Glaciol 48: 177-191.
371. Tison J-L, Worby A, Delille B, Brabant F, Papdimitriou S, et al. 2008. Temporal evolution of decaying summer first-year sea ice in the Western Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 55: 975-987. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.12.021.
372. Tovar-Sánchez A, Duarte CM, Alonso JC, Lacorte S, Tauler R, et al. 2010. Impacts of metals and nutrients released from melting multiyear Arctic sea ice. J Geophys Res 115: C07003. doi:10.1029/2009JC005685.
373. Tremblay J-É, Michel C, Hobson KA, Gosselin M, Price NM. 2006. Bloom dynamics in early opening waters of the Arctic Ocean. Limnol Oceanogr 51(2): 900-912.
374. Trevena AJ, Jones GB. 2006. Dimethylsulphide and dimethylsulphoniopropionate in Antarctic sea ice and their release during sea ice melting. Mar Chem 98: 210-222. doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2005.09.005.
375. Trevena AJ, Jones GB, Wright SW, van den Enden RL. 2000. Profiles of DMSP, algal pigments, nutrients and salinity in pack ice from eastern Antarctica. J Sea Res 43: 265-273.
376. Tsurikov VL. 1965. Formation of the ionic composition and salinity of sea ice. Oceanology 5: 59-66.
377. Turner SM, Nightingale PD, Broadgate W, Liss PS. 1995. The distribution of dimethyl sulphide and dimethylsulphoniopropionate in Antarctic waters and sea ice. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 42: 1059-1080.
378. Tütken T, Eisenhauer A, Wiegand B, Hansen BT. 2002. Glacial-interglacial cycles in Sr and Nd isotopic composition of Arctic marine sediments triggered by the Svalbard/Barents Sea ice sheet. Mar Geol 182: 351-372.
379. Underwood GJC, Aslam SN, Michel C, Niemi A, Norman L, et al. 2013. Broad-scale predictability of carbohydrates and exopolymers in Antarctic and Arctic sea ice. P Natl Acad Sci 100(39): 15734-15739. doi:10.1073/pnas.1302870110.
380. Underwood GJC, Fietz S, Papadimitriou S, Thomas DN, Dieckmann GS. 2010. Distribution and composition of dissolved extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in Antarctic sea ice. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 404: 1-19. doi:10.3354/meps08557.
381. Uusikivi J, Vähätalo AV, Granskog MA, Sommaruga R. 2010. Contribution of mycosporine-like amino acids and colored dissolved and particulate matter to sea ice optical properties and ultraviolet attenuation. Limnol Oceanogr 55: 703-713.
382. van der Merwe P, Lannuzel D, Bowie AR, Mancuso Nichols CA, Meiners KM. 2011a. Iron fractionation in pack and fast ice in East Antarctica: Temporal decoupling between the release of dissolved and particulate iron during spring melt. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 58: 1222-1236. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.036.
383. van der Merwe P, Lannuzel D, Bowie AR, Meiners KM. 2011b. High temporal resolution observations of spring fast ice melt and seawater iron enrichment in East Antarctica. J Geophys Res 116: G03017. doi:10.1029/2010JG001628.
384. van der Merwe P, Lannuzel D, Mancuso Nichols CA, Meiners K, Heil P, et al. 2009. Biogeochemical observations during the winter-spring transition in East Antarctic sea ice: Evidence of iron and exopolysaccharide controls. Mar Chem 115: 163-175. doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2009.08.001.
385. Vancoppenolle M, Goosse H, de Montety A, Fichefet T, Tremblay B, et al. 2010. Modeling brine and nutrient dynamics in Antarctic sea ice: The case of dissolved silica. J Geophys Res 115: C02005. doi:10.1029/2009JC005369.
386. Vancoppenolle M, Meiners KM, Michel C, Bopp L, Brabant F, et al. 2013. Role of sea ice in global biogeochemical cycles: Emerging views and challenges. Quat Sci Rev 79: 207-230. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.04.011.
387. Vesala T, Kljun N, Rannik U, Rinne J, Sogachev A, et al. 2008. Flux and concentration footprint modelling: State of the art. Environ Pollut 152(3): 653-666. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.070.
388. Vihma T, Johansson MM, Launiainen J. 2009. Radiative and turbulent surface heat fluxes over sea ice in the western Weddell Sea in early summer. J Geophys Res 114: C04019. doi:10.1029/2008JC004995.
389. Wadhams P, Doble MJ. 2008. Digital terrain mapping of the underside of sea ice from a small AUV. Geophys Res Lett 35: L01501. doi:10.1029/2007GL031921.
390. Wang K, Liu C, Zheng X, Pihlatie M, Li B, et al. 2013. Comparison between eddy covariance and automatic chamber techniques for measuring net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide in cotton and wheat fields. Biogeosciences 10: 6865-6877. doi:10.5194/bg-10-6865-2013.
391. Wang Y, Hammes F, Boon N, Egli T. 2007. Quantification of the filterability of freshwater bacteria through 0.45, 0.22, and 0.1 μm pore size filters and shape-dependent enrichment of filterable bacterial communities. Environ Sci Technol 41: 7080-7086. doi:10.1021/es0707198.
392. Wangersky PJ. 1993. Dissolved organic carbon methods: A critical review. Mar Chem 41: 61-74.
393. Weissenberger J. 1992. The environmental conditions in the brine channels of Antarctic sea-ice. Ber Polarfosch 111: 1-159.
394. Welch HE, Bergmann MA, Jorgenson JK, Burton W. 1988. A subice suction corer for sampling epontic ice algae. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 45: 562-568.
395. Wells LE, Deming JW. 2006. Modelled and measured dynamics of viruses in Arctic winter sea-ice brines. Environ. Microbiol 8: 1115-1121. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00984.x.
396. Westerlund S, Öhman P. 1991. Iron in the water column of the Weddell Sea. Mar Chem 35: 199-217.
397. Wiese W. 1930. Zur Kenntnis der Salze des Meereises. Annalen der Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie 58: 282-286.
398. Williams GD, Maksym T, Kunz C, Kimball P, Singh H, et al. 2013. Beyond point measurements: Sea ice floes characterized in 3-D. EOS 94: 69-70. doi:10.1002/2013EO070002.
399. 2 transport through snow in a boreal forest, in Tonnessen KA, Williams MW, Tranter M, eds., Biogeochemistry of Seasonally Snow-Covered Catchments. Boulder: IAHS: pp. 61-70.
400. Winton VHL, Dunbar GB, Bertler NAN, Millet M-A, Delmonte B, et al. 2014. The contribution of aeolian sand and dust to iron fertilization of phytoplankton blooms in southwestern Ross Sea, Antarctica. Glob Biogeochem Cy 28: 423-436. doi:10.1002/2013GB004574.
401. pHat the air-ice interface. J Phys Chem C 116: 10171-10180. doi:10.1021/jp3021936.
402. Wright SW, Jeffrey SW. 2006. Pigment markers for phytoplankton production, in Volkman JK, ed., Marine Organic Matter: Biomarkers, Isotopes and DNA. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag: pp. 71-104.
403. Xie H, Gosselin M. 2005. Photoproduction of carbon monoxide in first-year sea ice in Franklin Bay, southeastern Beaufort Sea. Geophys Res Lett 32: L12606. doi: 10.1029/2005GL022803.
404. 2 flux chamber and the ambient air. J Geophys Res 111: C08S10. doi:10.1029/2005JD006435.
405. Yang X, Pyle JA, Cox RA. 2008. Sea salt aerosol production and bromine release: Role of snow on sea ice. Geophys Res Lett 35: L16815. doi:10.1029/2008GL034536.
406. 2 in Seawater: Equilibrium, Kinetics, Isotopes. San Francisco: Elsevier.
407. Zemmelink HJ, Dacey JWH, Houghton L, Hintsa EJ, Liss PS. 2008. Dimethylsulfide emissions over the multi-year ice of the western Weddell Sea. Geophys Res Lett 35: L06603. doi:10.1029/2007GL031847.
408. 2 deposition over the multi-year ice of the western Weddell Sea. Geophys Res Lett 33: L13606. doi:10.1029/2006GL026320.
409. Zhou J, Delille B, Brabant F, Tison J-L. 2014b. Insights into oxygen transport and net community production in sea ice from oxygen, nitrogen and argon concentrations. Biogeosciences 11: 5007-5020. doi:10.5194/bg-11-5007-2014.
410. Zhou J, Delille B, Eicken H, Van Coppenolle M, Brabant F, et al. 2013. Physical and biogeochemical properties in landfast sea ice (Barrow, Alaska): Insights on brine and gas dynamics across seasons. J Geophys Res-Oceans 118: 3172-3189. doi:10.1002/jgrc.20232.
411. Zhou J, Tison J-L, Carnat G, Geilfus N-X, Delille B. 2014a. Physical controls on the storage of methane in landfast sea ice. The Cryosphere 8: 1019-1029. doi:10.5194/tc-8-1-2014.