The contribution of aeolian sand and dust to iron fertilization of phytoplankton blooms in southwestern Ross Sea, Antarctica

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

Volumn 28, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 423-436

  Winton, V H L ^a,b,c   Dunbar, G B ^a   Bertler, N A N ^a,b   Millet, M A ^a,d   Delmonte, B ^e   Atkins, C B ^a   Chewings, J M ^a   Andersson, P ^f  

^a VICTORIA UNIVERSITY OF WELLINGTON   (New Zealand)

^b GNS SCIENCE   (New Zealand)

^c CURTIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^d DURHAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY OF MILANO BICOCCA   (Italy)

^f SWEDISH MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Antarctica; dissolved iron; dust; iron solubility; phytoplankton; Ross Sea

Indexed keywords

BIOMARKERS; DUST; PHYTOPLANKTON; SEA ICE; SOLUBILITY;

ANTARCTICA; DISSOLVED IRON; IRON FERTILIZATION; IRON SOLUBILITIES; MASS ACCUMULATION RATES; ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE; PHYTOPLANKTON BLOOM; ROSS SEA;

IRON;

CLIMATE CONDITIONS; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); DISSOLUTION; EOLIAN DEPOSIT; IRON; MELTING; PHYTOPLANKTON; POLYNYA; PRIMARY PRODUCTION; SOLUBILITY;

ANTARCTICA; EAST ANTARCTICA; MCMURDO SOUND; ROSS SEA; SOUTHERN OCEAN;

ALGAE;

EID: 84899037253     PISSN: 08866236     EISSN: 19449224     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/2013GB004574     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. Albani, S., B. Delmonte, V. Maggi, C. Baroni, J. R. Petit, B. Stenni, C. Mazzola, and, M. Frezzotti, (2012), Interpreting last glacial to Holocene dust changes at Talos Dome (East Antarctica): Implications for atmospheric variations from regional to hemispheric scales, Clim. Past Discuss., 8 (1), 145-168, doi: 10.5194/cpd-8-145-2012.
2. Aguilar-Islas, A. M., J. Wu, R. Rember, A. M. Johansen, and, L. M. Shank, (2010), Dissolution of aerosol-derived iron in seawater: Leach solution chemistry, aerosol type, and colloidal iron fraction, Mar. Chem., 120 (1), 25-33.
3. Arrigo, K. R., and, G. L. van Dijken, (2004), Annual changes in sea-ice, chlorophyll a, and primary production in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 51 (1-3), 117-138.
4. Arrigo, K. R., D. Worthen, A. Schnell, and, M. P. Lizotte, (1998), Primary production in Southern Ocean waters, J. Geophys. Res., 103 (C8), 15,587-15,600, doi: 10.1029/98jc00930.
5. 2 sink, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L21602, doi: 10.1029/2008gl035624.
6. Asper, V. L., and, W. O. Smith, (1999), Particle fluxes during austral spring and summer in the southern Ross Sea, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 104 (C3), 5345-5359, doi: 10.1029/1998JC900067.
7. Atkins, C. B., and, G. B. Dunbar, (2009), Aeolian sediment flux from sea ice into Southern McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, Global Planet. Change, 69 (3), 133-141.
8. Ayling, B. F., and, H. A. McGowan, (2006), Niveo-eolian sediment deposits in coastal South Victoria Land, Antarctica: Indicators of regional variability in weather and climate, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 38 (3), 313-324.
9. Baker, A. R., and, P. L. Croot, (2010), Atmospheric and marine controls on aerosol iron solubility in seawater, Mar. Chem., 120 (1-4), 4-13.
10. Barrett, P., A. Pyne, and, B. Ward, (1983), Modern sedimentation in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, edited by, R. L. Oliver, P. R. James, and, J. B. Jago, Rep., pp. 550-554, Australian Academy of Sciences, Canberra.
11. Basile, I., F. E. Grousset, M. Revel, J. R. Petit, P. E. Biscaye, and, N. I. Barkov, (1997), Patagonian origin of glacial dust deposited in East Antarctica (Vostok and Dome C) during glacial stages 2, 4 and 6, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 146 (3-4), 573-589.
12. Blank, H., A. Cooper, R. Wheeler, and, I. Willis, (1963), Geology of the Koettlitz-Blue Glacier Region, south Victoria Land, Antarctica, Trans. Roy. Soc. NZ, Geology, 2 (5), 79-100.
13. Bowie, A. R., M. T. Maldonado, R. D. Frew, P. L. Croot, E. P. Achterberg, R. F. C. Mantoura, P. J. Worsfold, C. S. Law, and, P. W. Boyd, (2001), The fate of added iron during a mesoscale fertilisation experiment in the Southern Ocean, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 48 (11-12), 2703-2743.
14. Boyd, P. W., and, C. S. Law, (2001), The Southern Ocean Iron Release Experiment (SOIREE)-Introduction and summary, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 48 (11-12), 2425-2438.
15. Boyd, P. W., and, D. S. Mackie, (2008), Comment on "The Southern Ocean biological response to aeolian iron deposition", Science, 319, 159.
16. Boyd, P. W., and, E. R. Abraham, (2001), Iron-mediated changes in phytoplankton photosynthetic competence during SOIREE, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 48 (11-12), 2529-2550.
17. Boyd, P. W., and, M. J. Ellwood, (2010), The biogeochemical cycle of iron in the ocean, Nat. Geosci., 3 (10), 675-682.
18. Boyd, P. W., et al. (2000), A mesoscale phytoplankton bloom in the polar Southern Ocean stimulated by iron fertilization, Nature, 407 (6805), 695-702.
19. Boyd, P. W., D. S. Mackie, and, K. A. Hunter, (2010), Aerosol iron deposition to the surface ocean-Modes of iron supply and biological responses, Mar. Chem., 120 (1-4), 128-143.
20. Boyd, P., J. LaRoche, M. Gall, R. Frew, and, R. M. L. McKay, (1999), Role of iron, light, and silicate in controlling algal biomass in subantarctic waters SE of New Zealand, J. Geophys. Res., 104 (C6), 13,395-13,408, doi: 10.1029/1999JC900009.
21. Broecker, W. S., and, G. M. Henderson, (1998), The sequence of events surrounding Termination II and their implications for the cause of glacial-interglacial CO2 changes, Paleoceanography, 13 (4), 352-364, doi: 10.1029/98pa00920.
22. Bruland, K. W., and, M. C. L. T. Lohan, (2004), The control of trace metals in seawater. Chap. 2 in The Oceans and Marine Geochemistry, in (Ed. Harry Elderfield) in Treatise on Geochemistry, vol. 6, edited by, H. D. Holland, and, K. K. Turekian, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
23. Cassar, N., M. L. Bender, B. A. Barnett, S. Fan, W. J. Moxim, H. Levy, and, B. Tilbrook, (2007), The Southern Ocean biological response to aeolian iron deposition, Science, 317 (5841), 1067-1070, doi: 10.1126/science.1144602.
24. Chewings, J. M., C. B. Atkins, G. B. Dunbar, and, N. R. Golledge, (2014), Aeolian sediment transport and deposition in a modern high latitude glacial marine environment, Sedimentology, doi: 10.1111/sed.12108.
25. Coale, K. H., et al. (1996), A massive phytoplankton bloom induced by an ecosystem-scale iron fertilization experiment in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, Nature, 383 (6600), 495-501.
26. Coale, K. H., X. Wang, S. J. Tanner, and, K. S. Johnson, (2003), Phytoplankton growth and biological response to iron and zinc addition in the Ross Sea and Antarctic Circumpolar Current along 170 W, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 50 (3), 635-653.
27. Coale, K. H., R. Michael Gordon, and, X. Wang, (2005), The distribution and behavior of dissolved and particulate iron and zinc in the Ross Sea and Antarctic circumpolar current along 170°W, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 52 (2), 295-318.
28. Collier, R., J. Dymond, S. Honjo, S. Manganini, R. Francois, and, R. Dunbar, (2000), The vertical flux of biogenic and lithogenic material in the Ross Sea: Moored sediment trap observations 1996-1998, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 47 (15-16), 3491-3520.
29. de Baar, H. J. W., J. T. M. de Jong, D. C. E. Bakker, B. M. Loscher, C. Veth, U. Bathmann, and, V. Smetacek, (1995), Importance of iron for plankton blooms and carbon dioxide drawdown in the Southern Ocean, Nature, 373 (6513), 412-415.
30. De Deckker, P., M. Norman, I. D. Goodwin, A. Wain, and, F. X. Gingele, (2010), Lead isotopic evidence for an Australian source of aeolian dust to Antarctica at times over the last 170,000 years, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 285 (3-4), 205-223.
31. de Jong, J. T. M., P. L. Croot, and, H. J. W. de Baar, (1999), Distribution of iron in the surface and deep waters of the Southern Ocean along 20°E, Eos Trans. AGU, 80 (49), 161.
32. Debenham, F., (1920), A new mode of transportation by ice: Raised marine muds, J. Geol. Soc. London, 75 (2), 51-76.
33. Delmonte, B., J. R. Petit, and, V. Maggi, (2002), Glacial to Holocene implications of the new 27000-year dust record from the EPICA Dome C (East Antarctica) ice core, Clim. Dyn., 18 (8), 647-660, doi: 10.1007/s00382-001-0193- 9.
34. Delmonte, B., I. Basile-Doelsch, J. R. Petit, V. Maggi, M. Revel-Rolland, A. Michard, E. Jagoutz, and, F. Grousset, (2004), Comparing the Epica and Vostok dust records during the last 220,000 years: Stratigraphical correlation and provenance in glacial periods, Earth Sci. Rev., 66 (1-2), 63-87.
35. Delmonte, B., J. R. Petit, G. Krinner, V. Maggi, J. Jouzel, and, R. Udisti, (2005), Ice core evidence for secular variability and 200-year dipolar oscillations in atmospheric circulation over East Antarctica during the Holocene, Clim. Dyn., 24 (6), 641-654, doi: 10.1007/s00382-005-0012-9.
36. Delmonte, B., P. S. Andersson, M. Hansson, H. Schöberg, J. R. Petit, I. Basile-Doelsch, and, V. Maggi, (2008), Aeolian dust in East Antarctica (EPICA-Dome C and Vostok): Provenance during glacial ages over the last 800 kyr, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L07703, doi: 10.1029/2008gl033382.
37. Delmonte, B., et al. (2010), Aeolian dust in the Talos Dome ice core (East Antarctica, Pacific/Ross Sea sector): Victoria Land versus remote sources over the last two climate cycles, J. Quat. Sci., 25 (8), 1327-1337, doi: 10.1002/jqs.1418.
38. Denton, G. H., and, D. R. Marchant, (2000), The geologic basis for a reconstruction of a grounded ice sheet in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, at the Last Glacial Maximum, Geogr. Ann. Ser. A. Phys. Geogr., 82 (2-3), 167-211, doi: 10.1111/j.0435-3676.2000.00121.x.
39. Duce, R. A., and, N. W. Tindale, (1991), The atmospheric transport of iron and its deposition in the ocean, Limnol. Oceanog., 36, 1715-1726.
40. Duce, R. A., et al. (1991), The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 5 (3), 193-259, doi: 10.1029/91gb01778.
41. Dunbar, G. B., N. A. N. Bertler, and, R. M. McKay, (2009), Sediment flux through the McMurdo Ice Shelf in Windless Bight, Antarctica, Global Planet. Change, 69 (3), 87-93.
42. Edwards, R., and, P. Sedwick, (2001), Iron in East Antarctic snow: Implications for atmospheric iron deposition and algal production in Antarctic waters, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28 (20), 3907-3910, doi: 10.1029/2001gl012867.
43. Edwards, R., P. Sedwick, V. Morgan, and, C. Boutron, (2006), Iron in ice cores from Law Dome: A record of atmospheric iron deposition for maritime East Antarctica during the Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 7, Q12Q01, doi: 10.1029/2006GC001307.
44. Elrod, V., W. Berelson, K. Coale, and, K. Johnson, (2004), The flux of iron from continental shelf sediments: A missing source for global budgets, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L12307, doi: 10.1029/2004GL020216.
45. Fan, S.-M., W. Moxim, and, H. Levy, (2006), Aeolian input of bioavailable iron to the ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L07602, doi: 10.1029/2005GL024852.
46. Fitzwater, S. E., K. S. Johnson, R. M. Gordon, K. H. Coale, and, W. O. Smith, (2000), Trace metal concentrations in the Ross Sea and their relationship with nutrients and phytoplankton growth, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 47 (15-16), 3159-3179.
47. Gaspari, V., C. Barbante, G. Cozzi, P. Cescon, C. F. Boutron, P. Gabrielli, G. Capodaglio, C. Ferrari, J. R. Petit, and, B. Delmonte, (2006), Atmospheric iron fluxes over the last deglaciation: Climatic implications, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L03704, doi: 10.1029/2005gl024352.
48. Gibbs, R., M. Mathews, and, D. Unk, (1971), The relationship between sphere size and settling velocity, J. Sedimentary Petrol., 41 (1), 7-18.
49. Goldich, S. S., S. B. Treves, N. H. Suhr, and, J. S. Stuckless, (1975), Geochemistry of the cenozoic volcanic rocks of Ross Island and vicinity, Antarctica, J. Geol., 83 (4), 415-435.
50. Grotti, M., F. Soggia, C. Ianni, and, R. Frache, (2005), Trace metals distribution in coastal sea ice of Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea, Antarctica, Antarct. Sci., 17 (2), 289-300.
51. Gunn, B., and, G. Warren, (1992), Geology of the Victoria Land between the Mawson and Mulock Glaciers, Antarctica, N. Z. Geol. Survey Bull., 71, 157.
52. Hutchins, D., P. Sedwick, G. DiTullio, P. Boyd, B. Queguiner, F. Griffiths, and, C. Crossley, (2001), Control of phytoplankton growth by iron and silicic acid availability in the subantarctic Southern Ocean: Experimental results from the SAZ Project, J. Geophys. Res., 106 (C12), 31,559-31,572, doi: 10.1029/2000JC000333.
53. Jacobs, S. S., A. F. Amos, and, P. M. Bruchhausen, (1970), Ross Sea oceanography and Antarctic bottom water formation, Deep Sea Res., Oceanogr. Abstr., 17 (6), 935-962.
54. Johnson, K. S., (2001), Iron supply and demand in the upper ocean: Is extraterrestrial dust a significant source of bioavailable iron?, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 15 (1), 61-63, doi: 10.1029/2000gb001295.
55. Kellogg, T. B., D. Kellogg, and, M. Stuiver, (1990), Late Quaternary history of the southwestern Ross Sea: Evidence from debris bands on the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica, Antarctic Res. Ser. (AGU), 50, 25-56.
56. Kyle, P., and, J. Cole, (1974), Structural control of volcanism in the McMurdo Volcanic Group, Antarctica, Bull. Volcanol., 38 (1), 16-25, doi: 10.1007/bf02597798.
57. Lancelot, C., A. de Montety, H. Goosse, S. Becquevort, V. Schoemann, B. Pasquer, and, M. Vancoppenolle, (2009), Spatial distribution of the iron supply to phytoplankton in the Southern Ocean: A model study, Biogeosciences, 6 (12), 2861-2878, doi: 10.5194/bg-6-2861-2009.
58. Lannuzel, D., J. de Jong, V. Schoemann, A. Trevena, J.-L. Tison, and, L. Chou, (2006), Development of a sampling and flow injection analysis technique for iron determination in the sea ice environment, Anal. Chim. Acta, 556 (2), 476-483.
59. Lannuzel, D., V. Schoemann, J. de Jong, J. Tison, and, L. Chou, (2007), Distribution and biogeochemical behaviour of iron in the East Antarctic sea ice, Mar. Chem., 106 (1-2), 18-32.
60. Lannuzel, D., V. Schoemann, J. de Jong, L. Chou, B. Delille, S. Becquevort, and, J. Tison, (2008), Iron study during a time series in the western Weddell pack ice, Mar. Chem., 108 (1-2), 85-95.
61. Lannuzel, D., V. Schoemann, J. de Jong, B. Pasquer, P. van der Merwe, F. Masson, J.-L. Tison, and, A. Bowie, (2010), Distribution of dissolved iron in Antarctic sea ice: Spatial, seasonal, and inter-annual variability, J. Geophys. Res., 115, G03022, doi: 10.1029/2009jg001031.
62. LeMasurier, W. E., and, J. Thomson, (1990), Volcanoes of the Antarctic plate and Southern Oceans, Antarct. Res. Ser., 48, 80-145.
63. Long, M. C., R. B. Dunbar, P. D. Tortell, W. O. Smith, D. A. Mucciarone, and, G. R. DiTullio, (2011), Vertical structure, seasonal drawdown, and net community production in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C10029, doi: 10.1029/2009JC005954.
64. Loscher, B., H. De Baar, J. De Jong, C. Veth, and, F. Dehairs, (1997), The distribution of Fe in the Antarctic circumpolar current, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 44 (1), 143-187.
65. Mahowald, N. M., A. R. Baker, G. Bergametti, N. Brooks, R. A. Duce, T. D. Jickells, N. Kubilay, J. M. Prospero, and, I. Tegen, (2005), Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 19, GB4025, doi: 10.1029/2004gb002402.
66. 2 change: The iron hypothesis, Paleoceanography, 5, 1-11, doi: 10.1029/PA005i001p00001.
67. Martin, J. H., R. M. Gordon, and, S. E. Fitzwater, (1990), Iron in Antarctic waters, Nature, 345 (6271), 156-158.
68. Martin, J. H., R. M. Gordon, and, S. E. Fitzwater, (1991), The case for iron, Limnol. Oceanogr., 36 (8), 1793-1802.
69. Martínez-García, A., D. M. Sigman, H. Ren, R. F. Anderson, M. Straub, D. A. Hodell, S. L. Jaccard, T. I. Eglinton, and, G. H. Haug, (2014), Iron fertilization of the Subantarctic Ocean during the last ice age, Science, 343 (6177), 1347-1350.
70. McCraw, J., (1962), Volcanic detritus in Taylor, Victoria Land, Antarctica, N.Z JI. Geol. Geophys., 5 (5), 30.
71. Measures, C. I., and, S. Vink, (2001), Dissolved Fe in the upper waters of the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 48 (19-20), 3913-3941.
72. Moore, J. K., and, O. Braucher, (2008), Sedimentary and mineral dust sources of dissolved iron to the world ocean, Biogeosciences, 5 (3), 631-656, doi: 10.5194/bg-5-631-2008.
73. Morel, F., and, N. Price, (2003), The biogeochemical cycles of trace metals in the oceans, Science, 300 (5621), 944-947.
74. Olson, R., H. Sosik, A. Chekalyuk, and, A. Shalapyonok, (2000), Effects of iron enrichment on phytoplankton in the Southern Ocean during late summer: Active fluorescence and flow cytometric analyses, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 47 (15), 3181-3200.
75. Özsoy, T., and, A. C. Saydam, (2001), Iron speciation in precipitation in the North-Eastern Mediterranean and its relationship with Sahara dust, J. Atmos. Chem., 40 (1), 41-76, doi: 10.1023/a:1010602026579.
76. Prospero, J. M., (1996), The Atmospheric Transport of Particles to the Ocean, in Particle Flux in the Ocean, John Wiley, Hoboken, N. J.
77. Raiswell, R., L. G. Benning, M. Tranter, and, S. Tulaczyk, (2008), Bioavailable iron in the Southern Ocean: The significance of the iceberg conveyor belt, Geochem. Trans., 9 (1), 7, doi: 10.1186/1467-4866-9-7.
78. Schroth, A. W., J. Crusius, E. R. Sholkovitz, and, B. C. Bostick, (2009), Iron solubility driven by speciation in dust sources to the ocean, Nat. Geosci., 2 (5), 337-340.
79. Sedwick, P. N., G. R. DiTullio, D. A. Hutchins, P. W. Boyd, F. B. Griffiths, A. C. Crossley, T. W. Trull, and, B. Quéguiner, (1999), Limitation of algal growth by iron deficiency in the Australian Subantarctic Region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26 (18), 2865-2868, doi: 10.1029/1998GL002284.
80. Sedwick, P. N., G. R. DiTullio, and, D. J. Mackey, (2000), Iron and manganese in the Ross Sea, Antarctica: Seasonal iron limitation in Antarctic shelf waters, J. Geophys. Res., 105 (C5), 11,321-11,336, doi: 10.1029/2000jc000256.
81. Sedwick, P. N., et al. (2011), Early season depletion of dissolved iron in the Ross Sea polynya: Implications for iron dynamics on the Antarctic continental shelf, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C12019, doi: 10.1029/2010jc006553.
82. Sedwick, P., S. Blain, B. Quéguiner, F. Griffiths, M. Fiala, E. Bucciarelli, and, M. Denis, (2002), Resource limitation of phytoplankton growth in the Crozet Basin, Subantarctic Southern Ocean, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 49 (16), 3327-3349.
83. Selby, M., J. Rains, and, R. Palmer, (1974), Eolian deposits of the ice free Victoria Valley, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica, N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys., 17, 543-562.
84. Sinclair, M., (1982), Weather observations in the Ross Sea Area, Antarctica, Tech. Note 253, 36 pp., New Zealand Meteorol. Serv., Wellington, N. Z.
85. Smetacek, V., et al. (2012), Deep carbon export from a Southern Ocean iron-fertilized diatom bloom, Nature, 487 (7407), 313-319.
86. Smith, K., B. H. Robison, J. J. Helly, R. S. Kaufmann, H. A. Ruhl, T. J. Shaw, B. S. Twining, and, M. Vernet, (2007), Free-drifting icebergs: Hot spots of chemical and biological enrichment in the Weddell Sea, Science, 317 (5837), 478-482, doi: 10.1126/science.1142834.
87. Smith, W., and, D. Nelson, (1986), Importance of ice edge phytoplankton production in the Southern Ocean, BioScience, 36 (4), 251-257.
88. Smith, W. O., and, L. I. Gordon, (1997), Hyperproductivity of the Ross Sea (Antarctica) polynya during austral spring, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24 (3), 233-236, doi: 10.1029/96GL03926.
89. 2 fluxes via variation in phytoplankton functional group and non-Redfield stoichiometry, J. Geophys. Res., 110, C03009, doi: 10.1029/2004jc002531.
90. Tagliabue, A., T. Mtshali, O. Aumont, A. Bowie, M. Klunder, A. Roychoudhury, and, S. Swart, (2012), A global compilation of dissolved iron measurements: Focus on distributions and processes in the Southern Ocean, Biogeosciences, 9 (6), 2333-2349.
91. Timmermans, K. R., B. van der Wagt, and, H. J. de Baar, (2004), Growth rates, half-saturation constants, and silicate, nitrate, and phosphate depletion in relation to iron availability of four large, open-ocean diatoms from the Southern Ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 49 (6), 2141-2151.
92. Twining, B. S., S. B. Baines, and, N. S. Fisher, (2004), Element stoichiometries of individual plankton cells collected during the Southern Ocean Iron Experiment (SOFeX), Limnol. Oceanogr., 49 (6), 2115-2128.
93. Vallelonga, P., et al. (2010), Lead isotopic compositions in the EPICA Dome C ice core and Southern Hemisphere potential source areas, Quat. Sci. Rev., 29 (1-2), 247-255.
94. Vallelonga, P., C. Barbante, G. Cozzi, J. Gabrieli, S. Schüpbach, A. Spolaor, and, C. Turetta, (2013), Iron fluxes to Talos Dome, Antarctica, over the past 200 kyr, Clim. Past, 9 (2), 597-604.
95. van der Merwe, P., D. Lannuzel, C. A. M. Nichols, K. Meiners, P. Heil, L. Norman, D. N. Thomas, and, A. R. Bowie, (2009), Biogeochemical observations during the winter-spring transition in East Antarctic sea ice: Evidence of iron and exopolysaccharide controls, Mar. Chem., 115 (3-4), 163-175.
96. van der Merwe, P., D. Lannuzel, A. R. Bowie, C. A. Mancuso Nichols, and, K. M. Meiners, (2011a), Iron fractionation in pack and fast ice in East Antarctica: Temporal decoupling between the release of dissolved and particulate iron during spring melt, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 58 (9-10), 1222-1236.
97. van der Merwe, P., D. Lannuzel, A. R. Bowie, and, K. M. Meiners, (2011b), High temporal resolution observations of spring fast ice melt and seawater iron enrichment in East Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 116, G03017, doi: 10.1029/2010JG001628.
98. Wagener, T., C. Guieu, R. Losno, S. Bonnet, and, N. Mahowald, (2008), Revisiting atmospheric dust export to the Southern Hemisphere ocean: Biogeochemical implications, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 22, GB2006, doi: 10.1029/2007gb002984.
99. 2, Nature, 407 (6805), 730-733.
100. Westerlund, S., and, P. Öhman, (1991), Iron in the water column of the Weddell Sea, Mar. Chem., 35 (1), 199-217.