Frost flowers on young Arctic sea ice: The climatic, chemical, and microbial significance of an emerging ice type

Journal of Geophysical Research

Volumn 119, Issue 20, 2014, Pages 11,593-11,612

  Barber, D G ^a   Ehn, J K ^a   Pucko M ^a   Rysgaard, S ^a,b,c   Deming, J W ^d   Bowman, J S ^d   Papakyriakou, T ^a   Galley, R J ^a   Sogaard D H ^b,c,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

^b GREENLAND INSTITUTE OF NATURAL RESOURCES   (Greenland)

^c AARHUS UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN DENMARK   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85018735670     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: 21562202     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/2014JD021736     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Alvarez-Aviles, L., W. R. Simpson, T. A. Douglas, M. Sturm, D. Perovich, and F. Domine (2008), Frost flower chemical composition during growth and its implications for aerosol production and bromine activation, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D21304, doi:10.1029/2008JD010277.
2. Andreas, E. L., P. S. Guest, P.-O. G. Persson, C. W. Fairall, T. W. Horst, R. E. Moritz, and S. R. Semmer (2002), Near-surface water vapour over polar sea ice is always near ice saturation, J. Geophys. Res., 107(C10), 8033, doi:10.1029/2000JC000411.
3. Aslam, S., G. Underwood, H. Kaartokallio, L. Norman, R. Autio, M. Fischer, H. Kuosa, G. S. Dieckmann, and D. N. Thomas (2012), Dissolved extracellular polymeric substances (dEPS) dynamics and bacterial growth during sea ice formation in an ice tank study, Polar Biol., 35, 661–676.
4. Assur, A. (1960), Composition of sea ice and its tensile strength, SIPRE Research Report, 44.
5. Barber, D. G., et al. (2012), Consequences of change and variability in sea ice on marine ecosystem and biogeochemical processes during the 2007–2009 Canadian International Polar Year Program, Clim. Change, 115, 135–159, doi:10.1007/s10584-012-0482-9.
6. Bowman, J. S., and J. W. Deming (2010), Elevated bacterial abundance and exopolymers in saline frost flowers and implications for atmospheric chemistry and microbial dispersal, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L13501, doi:10.1029/2010GL043020.
7. Bowman, J. S., S. Rasmussen, N. Blom, J. W. Deming, S. Rysgaard, and T. Scheritz-Ponten (2012), Microbial community structure of Arctic multiyear sea ice and surface seawater by 454 sequencing of the 16S RNA gene, ISME, 6, 11–20, doi:10.1038/ismej.2011.76.
8. Bowman, J. S., C. Larose, T. Vogel, and J. W. Deming (2013), Selective occurrence of Rhizobium spp., widely distributed bacterial members of the polar marine rare biosphere, in frost flowers on the surface of young sea ice near Barrow, Alaska, Environ. Microbiol., 5, 575–582, doi:10.1111/1758-2229.12047.
9. Bowman, J. S., C. T. Berthiaume, E. V. Armbrust, and J. W. Deming (2014), The genetic potential for key biogeochemical processes in Arctic frost flowers and young sea ice revealed by metagenomic analysis, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., doi:10.1111/1574-6941.12331.
10. Collins, R. E., and J. W. Deming (2011a), Abundant dissolved genetic material in Arctic sea ice, Part I: Extracellular DNA, Polar Biol., 34, 1819–1830, doi:10.1007/s00300-011-1041-y.
11. Collins, R. E., and J. W. Deming (2011b), Abundant dissolved genetic material in Arctic sea ice, Part II: Virus dynamics during autumn freeze-up, Polar Biol., 34, 1831–1841, doi:10.1007/s00300-011-1008-z.
12. Collins, R. E., S. D. Carpenter, and J. W. Deming (2008), Spatial heterogeneity and temporal dynamics of particles, bacteria, and pEPS in Arctic winter sea ice, J. Mar. Syst., 74, 902–917, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2007.09.005.
13. Cottrell, M. T., and D. L. Kirchman (2009), Photoheterotrophic microbes in the Arctic Ocean in summer and winter, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 75(15), 4958–4966.
14. Díez, B., B. Bergman, C. Pedrós-Alió, M. Antó, and P. Snoeijs (2012), High cyanobacterial nifH gene diversity in Arctic seawater and sea ice brine, Environ. Microbiol. Rep., 4, 360–366.
15. Domine, F., A. S. Taillandier, W. R. Simpson and K. Severin (2005), Specific surface area, density and microstructure of frost flowers, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L13502, doi:10.1029/2005GL023245.
16. Douglas, T. A., M. Sturm, W. R. Simpson, S. Brooks, S. E. Lindberg, and D. K. Perovich (2005), Elevated mercury measured in snow and frost flowers near Arctic sea ice leads, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L04502, doi:10.1029/2004GL022132.
17. Douglas, T. A., et al. (2012), Frost flowers growing in the Arctic ocean–atmosphere-sea ice- snow interface: 1. Chemical composition, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D00R09, doi:10.1029/2011JD016460.
18. Drinkwater, M. R., and G. B. Crocker (1988), Modelling changes in the dielectric and scattering properties of young snow-covered sea ice at GHz frequencies, J. Glaciol., 34, 274–282.
19. Ehn, J. K., B. J. Hwang, R. Galley, and D. G. Barber (2007), Investigations of newly formed sea ice in the Cape Bathurst polynya: 1. Structural, physical and optical properties, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C05002, doi:10.1029/2006JC003702.
20. 2 fluxes in an Arctic polynya using eddy covariance: Evidence for enhanced air-sea gas transfer during ice formation, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C00G03, doi:10.1029/2010JC006760.
21. Ewert, M., and J. W. Deming (2013), Sea ice microorganisms: Environmental constraints and extracellular responses, Biology, 2, 603–628, doi:10.3390/biology2020603.
22. Ewert, M., and J. W. Deming (2014), Bacterial responses to fluctuations and extremes in temperature and brine salinity at the surface of Arctic winter sea ice, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 89, 476–489, doi:10.1111/1574-6941.12363.
23. Ewert, M., S. D. Carpenter, J. Colangelo-Lillis, and J. W. Deming (2013), Bacterial and extracellular polysaccharide content of brine-wetted snow over Arctic winter first-year sea ice, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 118, 1–10, doi:10.1002/jgrc.20055.
24. Fofonff, P., and R. C. Millard Jr. (1983), Algorithms for computation of fundamental properties of seawater, Unesco Tech. Pap. Mar. Sci., 44, 53.
25. 2 to the atmosphere during sea ice growth, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 118, 244–255, doi:10.1029/2012J007980.
26. 2 O, Zeitschrift für Krystallographie, 163, 227–231.
27. Isleifson, D., R. J. Galley, D. G. Barber, J. C. Landy, A. S. Komarov, and L. Shafai (2013), A study on the C-band polarimetric scattering and physical characteristics of frost flowers on experimental sea ice, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 52(3), 1787–1798, doi:10.1109/TGRS.2013.2255060.
28. Junge, K., H. Eicken, and J. W. Deming (2004), Bacterial activity at 2 to 20 °C in Arctic wintertime sea ice, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 70, 550–557.
29. Krembs, C., J. W. Deming, K. Junge, and H. Eicken (2002), High concentrations of exopolymeric substances in wintertime sea ice: Implications for the polar ocean carbon cycle and cryoprotection of diatoms, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 49, 2163–2181.
30. Krembs, C., H. Eicken, and J. W. Deming (2011), Exopolymer alteration of physical properties of sea ice and implications for ice habitability and biogeochemistry in a warmer Arctic, US Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 108(9), 3653–3658.
31. 2 microsensors, Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., 223, 1–14.
32. Kwok, R. (2007), Near zero replenishment of the Arctic multiyear sea ice cover at the end of 2005 summer, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L05501, doi:10.1029/2006GL028737.
33. Macdonald, R. W., D. Paton, E. Carmack, and A. Omstedt (1995), The freshwater budget and under-ice spreading of Mackenzie River water in the Canadian Beaufort Sea based on salinity and 180/160 measurements in water and ice, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 895–919, doi:10.1029/94JC02700.
34. Martin, S., R. Drucker, and M. Fort (1995), A laboratory study of frost flower growth on the surface of young sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 7027–7036, doi:10.1029/94JC03243.
35. Martin, S., Y. Yu, and R. Drucker (1996), The temperature dependence of frost flower growth on laboratory sea ice and the effect of the flowers on infrared observations of the surface, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 12,111–12,125, doi:10.1029/96JC00208.
36. Marx, J. G., S. D. Carpenter, and J. W. Deming (2009), Production of cryoprotectant extracellular polysaccharide substances (EPS) by the marine psychrophilic bacterium Colwellia psychrerythraea strain 34H under extreme conditions, Can. J. Microbiol., 55, 63–72.
37. Maslanik, J. A., J. Stroeve, C. Fowler, and W. Emery (2011), Distribution and trends in Arctic sea ice age through spring 2011, Geophys. Res. Lett, 38, L13502, doi:10.1029/2011GL047735.
38. Maykut, C. A. (1986), The surface heat and mass balance, in The Geophysics of Sea Ice, edited by N. Untersteiner, pp. 395–463, Plenum Press, New York.
39. Nghiem, S. V. V., et al. (2012), Field and satellite observations of the formation and distribution of Arctic atmospheric bromine above a rejuvenated sea ice cover, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D00S05, doi:10.1029/2011JD016268.
40. Oksanen, J., F. G. Blanchet, R. Kindt, P. Legendre, P. R. Minchin, R. B. O’Hara, G. L. Simpson, P. Solymos, M. H. H. Stevens, and H. Wagne (2013), Vegan: Community Ecology Package, R package version 20–5.
41. Perovich, D. K., and J. A. Richter-Menge (1994), Surface characteristics of lead ice, J. Geophys. Res., 99(C8), 16,341–16,350, doi:10.1029/94JC01194.
42. Rankin, A. M., and E. W. Wolff (2003), A year-long record of size-segregated aerosol composition at Halley, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D24), 4775, doi:10.1029/2003JD003993.
43. Rankin, A. M., V. Auld, and E. W. Wolff (2000), Frost flowers as a source of fractionated sea salt aerosol in the polar regions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27(21), 3469–3472, doi:10.1029/2000GL011771.
44. Rankin, A. M., E. W. Wolff, and S. Martin (2002), Frost flowers: Implications for tropospheric chemistry and ice core interpretation, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D23), 4683, doi:10.1029/2002JD002492.
45. Roscoe, H. K., B. Brooks, A. V. Jackson, M. H. Smith, S. J. Walker, R. W. Obbard and E. W. Wolff (2011), Frost flowers in the laboratory: Growth, characteristics, aerosol and the underlying sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D12301, doi:10.1029/2010JD015144.
46. Rysgaard, S., and R. N. Glud (2007), Carbon cycling in Arctic marine ecosystems: Case study – Young Sound Medd Greenland, Bioscience, 58, 216.
47. 2 system dynamics, Cryosphere, 7, 707–718, doi:10.5194/tc-7-707-2013.
48. Schloss, P. D., et al. (2009), Introducing mothur: Open-source, platform-independent, community-supported software for describing and comparing microbial communities, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 75, 7537–7541.
49. Shaw, P. M., L. M. Russell, A. Jefferson, and P. K. Quinn (2010), Arctic organic aerosol measurements show particles from mixed combustion in spring haze and from frost flowers in winter, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L10803, doi:10.1029/2010GL042831.
50. Sherman, L. S., J. D. Blum, T. A. Douglas, and A. Steffen (2012), Frost flowers growing in the Arctic ocean–atmosphere-sea ice- snow interface: 2. Mercury exchange between the atmosphere, snow, and frost flowers, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D00R10, doi:10.1029/2011JD016186.
51. Style, R. W., and M. G. Worster (2009), Frost flower formation on sea ice and lake ice, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L11501, doi:10.1029/2009GL037304.
52. Thomas, D. N., S. Papdimitriou, and C. Michel (2010), Biogeochemistry of sea ice, in Sea Ice, 2nd ed., edited by D. N. Thomas and G. S. Dieckmann, pp. 425–467, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, U. K.
53. Underwood, G. J. C., S. N. Aslam, C. Michel, A. Niemi, L. Norman, K. M. Meiners, J. Laybourn-Parry, H. Paterson, and D. N. Thomas (2013), Broad-scale predictability of carbohydrate and exopolymers in Antarctic and Arctic sea ice, US Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 110(39), 15,734–15,739.
54. Versteegh, E. A. A., M. E. Blicher, J. Mortensen, S. Rysgaard, T. D. Als, and A. D. Wanamaker Jr. (2012), Oxygen isotope ratios in the shell of Mytilus edulis: Archives of glacier meltwater in Greenland?, Biogeosciences, 9, 5231–5241, doi:10.5194/bg-9-5231-2012.
55. Wagenbach, D., F. Ducroz, R. Mulvaney, L. Keck, A. Minikin, M. Legrand, J. S. Hall, and E. W. Wolff (1998), Seasalt aerosol in coastal Antarctic regions, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D9), 10,961–10,974, doi:10.1029/97JD01804.
56. Waleron, M., K. Waleron, W. F. Vincent, and A. Wilmotte (2007), Allochthonous inputs of riverine picocyanobacteria to coastal waters in the Arctic Ocean, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 59, 356–365.
57. Wells, L. E., and J. W. Deming (2006), Modeled and measured dynamics of viruses in Arctic winter sea-ice brines, Environ. Microbiol., 8(6), 1115–1121.
58. Wensnahan, M. R., T. C. Grenfell, D. P. Winebrenner, and G. A. Maykut (1993), Observations and theoretical studies of microwave emission from thin saline ice, J. Geophys. Res., 98(C5), 8531–8545, doi:10.1029/93JC00136.
59. Xu, L., L. M. Russell, R. C. Somerville, and P. K. Quinn (2013), Frost flower aerosol effects on Arctic wintertime longwave cloud radiative forcing, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 13,282–13,291, doi:10.1002/2013JD020554.