Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from retail shrimps in Malaysia

Frontiers in Microbiology

Volumn 6, Issue JAN, 2015, Pages

  Letchumanan, Vengadesh ^a,b   Yin, Wai Fong ^a   Lee, Learn Han ^b   Chan, Kok Gan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA   (Malaysia)

^b MONASH UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA   (Malaysia)

Author keywords

Antimicrobial; Food borne; MAR index; Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Virulence factors

Indexed keywords

AMIKACIN; CEFOTAXIME; CEFTAZIDIME; CHLORAMPHENICOL; COTRIMOXAZOLE; GENTAMICIN; HEMOLYSIN; IMIPENEM; KANAMYCIN; LEVOFLOXACIN; NALIDIXIC ACID; OXYTETRACYCLINE; SULTAMICILLIN; TETRACYCLINE; THERMOSTABLE DIRECT HEMOLYSIN; THERMOSTABLE DIRECT HEMOLYSIN RELATED HEMOLYSIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BACTERIUM ISOLATION; DNA EXTRACTION; FOOD POISONING; GENETIC ANALYSIS; NONHUMAN; PARASITE PREVALENCE; PENAEUS INDICUS; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; SHRIMP; SOLENOCERA SUBNUDA; VIBRIO PARAHAEMOLYTICUS; VIBRIO PARAHAEMOLYTICUS INFECTION;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); VIBRIO PARAHAEMOLYTICUS;

EID: 84927135633     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1664302X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00033     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Abdul-Rahim, M., Jamal, K. H., and Son, R. (2007). Joint Food Safety and Quality Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia/National Food Safety Research Center, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University Putra Malaysia Expert Consultation on Risk Assessment of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Black Tiger Prawn (Penaeus monodon).
2. Alam, M. J., Tomochika, K. I., Miyoshi, S. I., and Shinoda, S. (2002). Environmental investigation of potentially pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the Seto-Inland Sea, Japan. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 208, 83-87. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11064.x.
3. Al-Othrubi, S. M., Alfizah, H., Son, R., Humin, N., and Rahaman, J. (2011). Rapid detection and E-test antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from seafood and environmental sources in Malaysia. Saudi Medic. J. 32, 400-406.
4. Al-Othrubi, S. M., Kqueen, C. Y., Mirhosseini, H., Hadi, Y. A., and Radu, S. (2014). Antibiotic resistance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated from cockles and shrimp sea food marketed in Selangor, Malaysia. Clin. Microbiol. 3, 148-154. doi: 10.4172/2327-5073.1000148.
5. Bej, A. K., Patterson, D. P., Brasher, C. W., Vickery, M. C., Jones, D. D., and Kaysner, C. A. (1999). Detection of total and hemolysin-producing Vibrio parahaemolyticus in shell fish using multiplex PCR amplification of tl, tdh and trh. J. Microbiol. Meth. 36, 215-225. doi: 10.1016/S0167-7012(99)00037-8.
6. Beneduce, L., Vernile, A., Spano, G., Massa, S., Lamacchia, F., and Oliver, J, D. (2010). Occurrence of Vibrio vulnificus in mussel farms from the Varano lagoon environment. Lett. Appl. Microb. 51, 443-449. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2010.02917.x.
7. Broberg, C. A., Calder, T. J., and Orth, K. (2011). Vibrio parahaemolyticus cell biology and pathogenicity determinants. Microbes Infect. 13, 992-1001. doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.06.013.
8. Cabello, F. C., Godfrey, H. P., Tomova, A., Ivanova, L., Dölz, H., Millanao, A., et al. (2013). Antimicrobial use in aquaculture re-examined: its relevance to antimicrobial resistance and to animal and human health. Appl. Eviron. Microbiol. 15, 1917-1942. doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.12134.
9. Canizalez-Roman, A., Flores-Villasenor, H., Zazueta-Beltran, J., Muro-Amador, S., and Leon-Sicairos, N. (2011). Comparative evaluation of a chromogenic agar medium-PCR protocol with a conventional method for isolation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains from environmental and clinical samples. Can. J. Microbiol. 57, 136-142. doi: 10.1139/W10-108.
10. Ceccarelli, D., Hasan, N. A., Hug, A., and Colwell, R. R. (2013). Distribution and dynamics of epidemic and pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus virulence factors. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 3:97. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00097.
11. Chao, G., Jiao, X., Zhou, X., Wang, F., Yang, Z., Huang, J., et al. (2010). Distribution of genes encoding four pathogenicity islands (VPaIs), T6SS, biofilm, and type I pilus in food and clinical strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in China. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 7, 649-658 doi: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0441.
12. Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI). (2010). Methods for Antimicrobial Dilution and Disk Susceptibility Testing of Infrequently Isolated or Fastidious Bacteria, Approved Guideline, 2nd Edn. Wayne, PA: Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute.
13. Dang, H. Y., Ren, J., Song, L. S., Sun, S., and An, L. G. (2008). Dominant chloramphenicol-resistant bacteria and resistance genes in coastal marine waters of Jiazhou Bay, China. World J. Microbiol. Biotech. 24, 209-217. doi: 10.1007/s11274-007-9458-8.
14. Dang, H. Y., Zhang, X. X., Song, L. S., Chang, Y. Q., and Yang, G. P. (2007). Molecular determination of oxytetracycline-resistant bacteria and their resistance genes from mariculture environments of China. J. Appl. Microbiol. 103, 2580-2592. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03494.x.
15. Daniels, N. A., MacKinnon, L., Bishop, R., Altekruse, S., Ray, B., Hammond, R. M., et al. (2000). Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection in the United States, 1973-1998. J. Infect. Dis. 181, 1661-1666. doi: 10.1086/315459.
16. Deepanjali, A., Kumar, H. S., Karunasagar, I., and Karunasagar, I. (2005). Seasonal variation in abundance of total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus bacteria in oysters along the southwest coast of India. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71, 3575-3580. doi: 10.1128/AEM.71.7.3575-3580.2005.
17. DePaola, A., Kaysner, C. A., Bowers, J., and Cook, D. W. (2000). Environmental investigations of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters after outbreaks in Washington, Texas, and NewYork (1997 and 1998). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66, 4649-4654. doi: 10.1128/AEM.66.11.4649-4654.2000.
18. Devi, R., Surendran, P. K., and Chakraborty, K. (2009). Antibiotic resistance and plasmid profiling of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from shrimp farms along the coast of India. World J. Microbiol. Biotech. 25, 2005-2012. doi: 10.1007/s11274-009-0101-8.
19. Elhadi, N., Radu, S., Chen, C. H., and Nishibuchi, M. (2004). Prevalence of potentially pathogenic Vibrio species in the seafood marketed in Malaysia. J. Food Protect. 67, 1469-1475.
20. García, K., Torres, R., Uribe, P., Hernández, C., Rioseco, M., Romero, J., et al. (2009). Dynamics of clinical and environmental Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains during seafood-related summer diarrheaoutbreaks in Southern Chile. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75, 7482-7487. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01662-09.
21. Gode-Potratz, C. J., Kustusch, R. J., Breheny, P. J., Weiss, D. S., and McCarter, L. L. (2011). Surface sensing in Vibrio parahaemolyticus triggers a programme of gene expression that promotes colonization and virulence. Mol. Microbiol. 79, 240-263. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07445.x.
22. Grant, M. A., Hu, J., and Jinneman, K. C. (2006). Multiplex real-time PCR detection of heatlabile and heat-stable toxin genes in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. J. Food Protect. 69, 412-416.
23. Gutierrez West, C. K., Klein, S. L., and Lovell, C. R. (2013). High frequency of virulence factor genes tdh, trh, and tlh in Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated from a pristine estuary. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 79, 2247-2252. doi: 10.1128/AEM.03792-12.
24. Gwendelynne, B. T., Son, R., Nishibuchi, M., Raha, A. R., Suhaimi, N., Lesley, M., et al. (2005). Characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from coastal seawater in Peninsular Malaysia. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Pub. Health 36, 940-945.
25. Haley, B. J., Kokashvili, T., Tskshvediani, A., Janelidze, N., Mitaishvili, N., Grim, C. J., et al. (2014). Molecular diversity and predictability of Vibrio parahaemolyticus along the Georgian coastal zone of the Black Sea. Front. Microbiol. 5:45. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00045.
26. Han, F., Walker, R. D., Janes, M. E., Prinyawinwatkul, W., and Ge, B. (2007). Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus isolates from Louisiana Gulf and retail raw oysters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73, 7096-7098. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01116-07.
27. Harth, E., Matsuda, L., Hernández, C., Rioseco, M., Romero, J., González-Escalona, N., et al. (2009). Epidemiology of Vibrio parahaemolyticus outbreaks Southern Chile. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 15, 163-168. doi: 10.3201/eid1502.071269.
28. Hervio-Heath, D., Colwell, R. R., Derrien, J. M., Robert-Pillot, A., Fournier, J. M., and Pommepuy, M. (2002). Occurrence of pathogenic vibrios in coastal areas of France. J. Appl. Microbiol. 92, 1123-1135. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01663.x.
29. Johnson, C. N., Flowers, A. R., Young, V. C., Gonzalez-Escalona, N., DePaola, A., Norie, N. F. III, et al. (2008). Genetic relatedness among tdh+ and trh+ Vibrio parahamolyticus cultured from Gulf of Mexico oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and surrounding water and sediment. Microb. Ecol. 57, 437-443. doi: 10.1007/s00248-008-9418-3.
30. Jun, J. W., Kim, J. H., Choresca, C. H., Shin, S. P., Han, J. E., Han, S. Y., et al. (2012). Isolation, molecular characterization and antibiotic susceptibility of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Korean seafood. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 9, 224-231. doi: 10.1089/fpd.2011.1018.
31. Khan, A. W., Hossain, S. J., and Uddin, S. N. (2007). Isolation, identification and determination of antibiotics susceptibility of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from shrimps at Khulna Region of Bangladesh. Res. J. Microbiol. 2, 216-227. doi: 10.3923/jm.2007.216.227.
32. Kim, M., Kwon, T. H., Jung, S. M., Cho, S. H., Jin, S. Y., Park, N. H., et al. (2013). Antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from the internal organs of edible snow crabs. PLoS ONE 8:70887. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070887.
33. Kim, S. R., Nonaka, L., and Suzuki, S. (2004). Occurrence of tetracycline resistance genes tet(M) and tet(S) in bacteria from marine aquaculture sites. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 237, 147-156. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09690.x.
34. Kim, Y. B., Okuda, J., Matsumoto, C., Takahashi, N., Hashimoto, S., and Nishibuchi, M. (1999). Identification of Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains at the species level by PCR targeted to the toxR gene. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37, 1173-1177.
35. Lesley, M. B., Velnetti, L., Cheah, Y. K., Son, R., Kasing, A., Samuel, L., et al. (2011). Antibiotic resistance and plasmid profiling of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from cockles (Anadara granosa) at Tanjung Karang, Kuala Selangor. Int. Food Res. J. 18, 1183-1188.
36. Letchumanan, V., Chan, K., and Lee, L. (2014). Vibrio parahaemolyticus: a review on the pathogenesis, prevalence and advance molecular identification techniques. Front. Microbiol. 5:705. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00705.
37. Liu, M., Wong, M. H. Y., and Chen, S. (2013). Molecular characterisation of a multidrug resistance conjugative plasmid from Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 42, 575-579. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.08.014.
38. Liu, X., Wang, D., Wang, H., Feng, E., Zhu, L., and Wang, H. (2012). Curing of plasmid pX01 from Bacillus anthracis using plasmid incompatibility. PLoS ONE 7:e29875. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029875.
39. Macauley, J. J., Adams, C. D., and Mormile, M. R. (2007). Diversity of tet resistance genes in tetracycline resistant bacteria isolated from a swine lagoon with low antibiotic impact. Can. J. Microbiol. 53, 1307-1315. doi: 10.1139/W07-104.
40. Mala, E., Oberoi, A., and Alexander, V. S. (2014). Vibrio isolates from cases of acute diarrhea and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in a tertiary care hospital. Int. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 3, 35-37.
41. Malcolm, T. T. H., Cheah, Y. K., Radzi, C. W. J. W. M., Kasim, F. A., Kantilal, H. K., John, T. Y. H., et al. (2015). Detection and quantification of pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in shellfish by using multiplex PCR and loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay. Food Control 47, 664-671. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.08.010.
42. Manjusha, S., and Sarita, G. B. (2011). Plasmid associated antibiotic resistance in Vibrio isolated from coastal waters of Kerala. Int. Food Res. J. 18, 1171-1181.
43. Martinez-Urtaza, J., Huapaya, B., Gavilan, R. G., Blanc-Abad, V., Ansede-Bermejo, J., Cadarso-Suarez, C., et al. (2008). Emergence of Asiatic Vibrio disease in South America in phase with El Nino. Epidemiology 19, 829-837. doi: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181883d43.
44. Molina-Aja, A., Garcia-Gasca, A., Abreu-Grobois, A., Bolan-Mejia, C., Roque, A., and Gomez-Gil, B. (2002). Plasmid profiling and antibiotic resistance of Vibrio strains isolated from cultured penaeid shrimp. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 213, 7-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11278.x.
45. Nelapati, S., Nelapati, K., and Chinnam, B. K. (2012). Vibrio parahaemolyticus-an emerging foodborne pathogen-α Review. Vet. World. 5, 48-62. doi: 10.5455/vetworld.2012.48-63.
46. Nishibuchi, M. (2006). The biology of vibrios: molecular identification. ASM 4, 44-64.
47. Noorlis, A., Ghazali, F. M., Cheah, Y. K., Tuan Zainazor, T. C., Ponniah, J., Tunung, R., et al. (2011). Prevalence and quantification of Vibrio species and V. parahaemolyticus in freshwater fish at hypermarket level. Int. Food Res. J. 18, 673-679.
48. Okamoto, A. S., Andreatti Filho, R. L., Rocha, T. S., Menconi, A., and Marietto-Goncalves, G. A. (2009). Detection and transfer of antimicrobial resistance gene integron in Salmonella Enteritidis derived from avian material. Rev. Brasil. Ciên. Avíc. 11, 195-201. doi: 10.1590/S1516-635X200900030009.
49. Okuda, J., Ishibashi, M., Hayakawa, E., Nishino, T., Takeda, Y., Mukhopadhyay, A. K., et al. (1997). Emergence of a unique O3:K6 clone of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Calcutta, India and isolation of strains from the same clonal group from Southeast Asian travelers arriving in Japan. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35, 3150-3155.
50. Panicker, G., Myers, M. L., and Bej, A. K. (2004). Rapid detection of Vibrio vulnificus in shellfish and Gulf of Mexico water by real-time PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70, 498-507. doi: 10.1128/AEM.70.1.498-507.2004.
51. Paydar, M., Teh, C. S. J., and Thong, K. L. (2013). Prevalence and characterisation of potentially virulent Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood in Malaysia using conventional methods, PCR and REP-PCR. Food Control 32, 13-18. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.11.034.
52. Pazhani, G. P., Bhowmik, S. K., Ghosh, S., Guin, S., Dutta, S., Rajendran, K., et al. (2014). Trends in the epidemiology of pandemic and non-pandemic strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from diarrheal patients in Kolkata, India. PLoS ONE 8:2815. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002815.
53. Peng, F. M., Jiang, D. Y., Ruan, H. H., Liu, H. Q., and Zhou, L. P. (2010). Pathogenic investigation on a food poisoning induced by Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Prev. Med. Trib. 16, 746-747.
54. Qing, Y., Cao, K. Y., Fang, Z. L., Huang, Y. M., Zhang, X. F., Tian, G. B., et al. (2014). Outbreak of PER-1 and diversity of β-lactamases among ceftazidime-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates. J. Med. Microbiol. 63, 386-392. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.069427-0.
55. Rico, A., Satapornvanit, K., Haque, M. M., Min, J., Nguyen, P. T., Telfer, T., et al. (2012). Use of chemicals and biological products in Asian aquaculture and their potential environmental risks: a critical review. Rev. Aquac. 4, 75-93. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-5131.2012.01062.x.
56. Sahilah, A. M., Laila, R. A., Sallehuddin, H. M., Osman, H., Aminah, A., and Ahmah Azuhairi, A. (2014). Antibiotic resistance and molecular typing among cockle (Anadara granosa) strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based analysis. World J. Microbiol. Biotech. 30, 649-659. doi: 10.1007/s11274-013-1494-y.
57. Sani, N. A., Ariyawansa, S., Babji, A. S., and Hashim, J. K. (2013). The risk assessment of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in cooked black tiger shrimps (Penaeus monodon) in Malaysia. Food Control 31, 546-552. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.10.018.
58. Shaw, K. S., Rosenberg Goldstein, R. E., He, X., Jacobs, J. M., Crump, B. C., and Sapkota, A. R. (2014). Antimicrobial susceptibility of Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus recovered from recreational and commercial areas of Cheaspeake Bay and Maryland coastal bay. PLoS ONE 9:e89616. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089616.
59. Srinivasan, V., Nam, H. M., Nguyen, L. T., Tamilselvam, B., Murinda, S. E., and Oliver, S. P. (2005). Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes in Listeria monocytogenes isolated from dairy farms. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 2, 201-211. doi: 10.1089/fpd.2005.2.201.
60. Son, R., Elhadi, N., Hassan, Z., Rusul, G., Lihan, S., Fifadara, N., et al. (1998). Characterization of Vibrio vulnificus isolated from cockles (Anadara granosa): antimicrobial resistance, plasmid profiles and random amplification of polymorphic DNA analysis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 165, 139-143. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb13138.x.
61. Su, C. Y., and Liu, C. (2007). Vibrio parahaemolyticus: a concern of seafood safety. Food Microbiol. 24, 549-558. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2007.01.005.
62. Sudha, S., Mridula, C., Silvester, R., and Hatha, A. A. M. (2014). Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of pathogenic Vibrios in shellfishes from Cochin market. Indian J. Mar. Sci. 43, 815-824.
63. Suzita, R., Abu Bakar, F., Son, R., and Abdul Amir, A. S. (2010). Detection of Vibrio cholerae in raw cockles (Anadara granosa) by polymerase chain reaction. Int. Food Res. J. 3, 675-680.
64. Tang, H. J., Chang, M. C., Ko, W. C., Huang, K. Y., Lee, C. L., and Chuang, Y. C. (2002) In vitro and in vivo activities of newer fluoroquinolones against Vibrio vulnificus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46, 3580-3584. doi: 10.1128/AAC.46.11.3580-3584.2002.
65. Tendencia, E. A., and de la Peña, L. D. (2001). Antibiotic resistance of bacteria from shrimp ponds. Aquaculture 195, 193-204. doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00570-6.
66. Tunung, R., Jeyaletchumi, P., Noorlis, A., Tang, Y. H., Sandra, A., Ghazali, F. M., et al. (2012). Biosafety of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from vegetables based on antimicrobial sensitivity and RAPD profiling. Int. Food Res. J. 19, 467-474.
67. Tunung, R., Margaret, S. P., Jeyaletchumi, P., Chai, L. C., Zainazor, T. C., Ghazali, F. M., et al. (2010). Prevalence and quantification of Vibrio in raw salad vegetables at retail level. J. Microbiol. Biotech. 20, 391-396.
68. Velazquez-Roman, J., León-Sicairos, N., de Jesus Hernández-Díaz, L., and Canizalez-Roman, A. (2014). Pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 on the American continent. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 3:110. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00110.
69. Velazquez-Roman, J., Leon-Sicairos, N., Flores-Villasenor, H., Villafana-Rauda, S., and Canizalez-Roman, A. (2012). Association of pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3: K6 present in the coastal environment of Northwest Mexico with cases of recurrent diarrhea between 2004 and 2010. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78, 1794-1803. doi: 10.1128/AEM.06953-11.
70. Vengadesh, L., Son, R., and Yoke-Kqueen, C. (2012). Molecular quantitation and characterization of Vibrio cholera from different seafood obtained from wetmarket and supermarket. Int. Food Res. J. 19, 45-50.
71. Vuddhakul, V., Chowdhury, A., Laohaprertthisan, V., Pungrasamee, P., Patararungrong, N., and Thianmontri, P. (2000). Isolation of a pandemic O3:K6 clone of a Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain from environmental and clinical sources in Thailand. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66, 2685-2689. doi: 10.1128/AEM.66.6.2685-2689.2000.
72. Wilson, B. A., and Salyers, A. A. (2003). Is the evolution of bacterial pathogens an out-of-body experience? Trends Microbiol. 11, 347-350. doi: 10.1016/S0966-842X(03)00179-3.
73. Wong, H. C., Liu, S. H., Ku, L. W., Lee, I. Y., Wang, T. K., Lee, Y. S., et al. (2000). Characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates obtained from foodborne illness outbreaks during 1992 through 1995 in Taiwan. J. Food Protect. 63, 900-906.
74. Wong, M. H., Liu, M., Wan, H. Y., and Chen, S. (2012). Characterization of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56, 4026-4028. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00385-12.
75. Wu, Y., Wen, J., Ma, Y., Ma, X., and Chen, Y. (2014). Epidemiology of foodborne disease outbreaks caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus, China, 2003-2008. Food Control 46, 197-202. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.05.023.
76. Xu, X., Wu, Q., Zhang, J., Cheng, J., Zhang, S., and Wu, K. (2014). Prevalence, pathogenicity, and serotypes of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in shrimp from Chinese retail markets. Food Control 46, 81-85. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.04.042.
77. Yamamoto, A., Iwahori, J., Vuddhakul, V., Charernjiratrag, W., Vose, D., Osaka, K., et al. (2008). Quantitative modeling for risk assessment of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in bloody clams in southern Thailand. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 124, 70-78. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.02.021.
78. Yang, Z., Jiao, X., Zhou, X., Cao, G., Fang, W., and Gu, R. (2008). Isolation and molecular characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from fresh, low-temperature preserved, dried and salted seafood products in two coastal areas of eastern China. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 125, 279-285. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.04.007.
79. Yano, Y., Hamano, K., Satomi, M., Tsutsui, I., Ban, M., and Aue-umneoy, D. (2014). Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Vibrio species related to food safety isolated from shrimp cultured at inland ponds in Thailand. Food Control 38, 30-45. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.09.019.
80. Zarei, M., Borujeni, M. P., Jamnejad, A., and Khezrzadeh, M. (2012). Seasonal prevalence of Vibrio species in retail shrimps with an emphasis on Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Food Control 25, 107-109. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.10.024.
81. Zhang, L., and Orth, K. (2013). Virulence determinants for Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 16, 70-77. doi: 10.1016/j.mib.2013.02.002.
82. Zhang, X. X., Zhang, T., and Fang, H. H. P. (2009). Antibiotic resistance genes in water environment. Appl. Microbiol. Biotech. 82, 397-414. doi: 10.1007/s00253-008-1829-z.
83. Zhang, Z., Xiao, L., Lou, Y., Jin, M., Liao, C., Malakar, P. K., et al. (2014). Development of a multiplex real-time PCR method for simultaneous detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. in raw shrimp. Food Cont. 51, 31-36. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.11.007.
84. Zulkifli, Y., Alitheen, N. B., Raha, A. R., Yeap, S. K., Marlina, Son, R., et al. (2009). Antibiotic resistance and plasmid profiling of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from cockles in Padang, Indonesia. Int. Food Res. J. 16, 53-58.