Improving water use efficiency of vineyards in semi-arid regions. A review

Agronomy for Sustainable Development

Volumn 35, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 499-517

  Medrano, Hipólito ^a   Tomás, Magdalena ^a   Martorell, Sebastiá ^a   Escalona, José Mariano ^a   Pou, Alicia ^b   Fuentes, Sigfredo ^c   Flexas, Jaume ^a   Bota, Josefina ^a  

^a UNIVERSITAT DE LES ILLES BALEARS   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITÉ CATHOLIQUE DE LOUVAIN   (Belgium)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Carbon balance; Drought; Genotypes; Irrigation; Soil water availability; Water economy; ^{13< sup>C}

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE; AGRONOMY; GENOTYPE; IRRIGATION SYSTEM; SEMIARID REGION; SOIL WATER; SUSTAINABILITY; VINEYARD; VITICULTURE; WATER AVAILABILITY; WATER ECONOMICS; WATER USE EFFICIENCY;

VITACEAE; VITIS;

EID: 84925759401     PISSN: 17740746     EISSN: 17730155     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s13593-014-0280-z     Document Type: Review

References (207)

1. Acevedo-Opazo C, Ortega-Farias S, Fuentes S (2010) Effects of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) water status on water consumption, vegetative growth and grape quality: an irrigation scheduling application to achieve regulated deficit irrigation. Agric Water Manag 97:956–964. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2010.01.025
2. Agnew RH, Mundy DC, Spiers TM (2002) Mulch for sustainable production. Booklet produced for Marlborough District Council, Christchurch
3. Agnew RH, Mundy DC, Spiers TM, Greven MM (2005) Waste stream utilization for sustainable viticulture. Water Sci Technol 51:1–8
4. Alsina MM, De Herralde F, Aranda X, Save R, Biel C (2007) Water relations and vulnerability to embolism are not related: experiments with eight grapevine cultivars. Vitis 46:1–6
5. Alsina MM, Smart DR, Bauerle T, De Herralde F, Biel C, Stockert C, Save R (2011) Seasonal changes of whole root system conductance by a drought-tolerant grape root system. J Exp Bot 62:99–109. doi:10.1093/jxb/erq247
6. Bassinger AR, Hellman EW (2007) Evaluation of regulated deficit irrigation on grape in Texas and implications for acclimation and cold hardiness. Int J Fru Sci 6:3–22. doi:10.1300/J492v06n02_02
7. Bassoi LH, Dantas BF, Lima Filho JMP, Lima MAC, Leao PCS, Silva DJ, Ramos MM (2005) Preliminary results of a long-term experiment about RDI and PRD irrigation strategies in winegrapes in São Francisco Valley, Brazil. In: International Workshop on Advances in Grapevine and Wine Research 754, pp 275–282
8. Bavaresco L, Fregoni M, Perino A (1995) Physiological aspects of lime-induced chlorosis in some Vitis species. II. Genotype response to stress conditions. Vitis 34:233–234
9. Bindon K, Dry P, Loveys B (2008) Influence of partial rootzone drying on the composition and accumulation of anthocyanins in grape berries (Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon). Aust J Grape Wine Res 14:91–103. doi:10.1111/j.1755-0238.2008.00009.x
10. Bota J, Flexas J, Medrano H (2001) Genetic variability of photosynthesis and water use in Balearic grapevine cultivars. Ann Appl Biol 138:353–365
11. Bouquet A (2011) Grapevines and viticulture. In: Adam-Blondon AF, Martinez-Zapater JM, Kole C (eds) Genetics, genomics, and breeding of grapes. Science Publishers, Jersey, pp 1–29
12. Bravdo BA (2004) Physiological mechanisms involved in the production of non-hydraulic root signals by partial rootzone drying—a review. In: VII International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology 689, pp 267–276
13. Bravdo BA, Hepner Y, Loinger C, Cohen S, Tabacman H (1985) Effect of irrigation and crop level on growth, yield and wine quality of cabernet sauvignon. Am J Enol Viticult 36:132–139
14. Buckerfield J, Webster K (2001) Responses to mulch continue: results from five years of field trials. Aust NZ Grapegrow Winemak 453:71–78
15. Buckley TN, Martorell S, Diaz-Espejo A, Tomàs M, Medrano H (2014) Is stomatal conductance optimized over both time and space in plant crowns? A field test in grapevine (Vitis vinifera). Plant Cell Environ. doi:10.1111/pce.12343
16. Cançado GMA, Ribeiro AP, Pineros MA, Miyata LY, Alvarenga AA, Villa F, Pasqual M, Purgatto E (2009) Evaluation of aluminium tolerance in grapevine rootstocks. Vitis 48:167–173
17. Carbonneau A (1980) Recherche sur les systèmes de conduite de la vigne: essai de maîtrise du microclimat et de la plante entière pour produire économiquement du raisin de qualité. Dissertation, Université du Bordeaux II
18. Celette F, Wery J, Chantelot E, Celette J, Gary C (2005) Belowground interactions in a vine (Vitis vinifera L.)-tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Shreb.) intercropping system: water relations and growth. Plant Soil 276:205–217. doi:10.1007/s11104-005-4415-5
19. Celette F, Gaudin R, Gary C (2008) Spatial and temporal changes to the water regime of a Mediterranean vineyard due to the adoption of cover cropping. Eur J Agron 29:153–162. doi:10.1016/j.eja.2008.04.007
20. Centeno A, Pilar Baeza P, Lissarrague JR (2010) Relationship between soil and plant water status in wine grapes under various water deficit regimes. Hortictechnol 20:585–593
21. Chalmers DJ, Mitchell PD, Van Heek L (1981) Control of peach tree growth and productivity by regulated water supply, tree density and summer pruning. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 106:307–312
22. Chaves MM, Maroco JP, Pereira JS (2003) Understanding plant responses to drought. From genes to the whole plant. Funct Plant Biol 30:239–264. doi:10.1071/FP02076
23. Chaves MM, Santos TP, Souza CR, Ortuño MF, Rodrigues ML, Lopes CM, Maroco JP, Pereira JS (2007) Deficit irrigation in grapevine improves water-use efficiency while controlling vigour and production quality. Ann Appl Biol 150:237–252. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.2006.00123.x
24. Chaves MM, Zarrouk O, Francisco R, Costa JM, Santos T, Regalado AP, Rodrigues ML, Lopes CM (2010) Grapevine under deficit irrigation: hints from physiological and molecular data. Ann Bot 105:661–676. doi:10.1093/aob/mcq030
25. Cifre J, Bota J, Escalona JM, Medrano H, Flexas J (2005) Physiological tools for irrigation scheduling in grapevines: an open gate to improve water use efficiency? Agric Ecosyst Environ 106:159–170
26. Clark A (2007) Managing cover crops profitably, 3rd edn. Sustainable Agriculture Network, Beltsville
27. Collins MJ, Fuentes S, Edward Barlow E (2010) Partial rootzone drying and deficit irrigation increase stomatal sensitivity to vapour pressure deficit in anisohydric grapevines. Funct Plant Biol 37:128–138. doi:10.1071/FP09175
28. Coombe BG, Hale CR (1973) The hormone content of ripening grape berries and the effects of growth substance treatments. Plant Physiol 51:629–634
29. Correia MJ, Chaves MM, Pereira JS (1990) Afternoon depression in photosynthesis in grapevine leaves—evidence for a high light stress effect. J Exp Bot 41:417–426. doi:10.1093/jxb/41.4.417
30. Correia MJ, Pereira JS, Chaves MM, Rodrigues ML, Pacheco CA (1995) ABA xylem concentrations determine maximum daily leaf conductance of field-grown Vitis vinifera L. plants. Plant Cell Environ 18:511–521. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.1995.tb00551.x
31. Costa JM, Ortuño MF, Chaves MM (2007) Deficit irrigation as strategy to save water: physiology and potential application to horticulture. J Integr Plant Biol 49:1421–1434. doi:10.1111/j.1672-9072.2007.00556.x
32. Costa JM, Ortuño MF, Lopes CM, Chaves MM (2012) Grapevine varieties exhibiting differences in stomatal response to water deficit. Funct Plant Biol 39:179–189. doi:10.1071/FP11156
33. Davies WJ, Wilkinson S, Loveys B (2002) Stomatal control by chemical signaling and the exploitation of this mechanism to increase the water use efficiency in agriculture. New Phytol 153:449–460
34. Davies WJ, Zhang J, Yang J, Dodd IC (2011) Novel crop science to improve yield and resource use efficiency in water-limited agriculture. J Agric Sci 149:123–131. doi:10.1017/S0021859610001115
35. De la Hera ML, Romero P, Gómez-Plaza E, Martínez A (2007) Is partial root-zone drying an effective irrigation technique to improve water use efficiency and fruit quality in field-grown wine grapes under semiarid conditions? Agric Water Manag 87:261–274. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2006.08.001
36. De Souza CR, Maroco JP, dos Santos TP, Rodrigues ML, Lopes CM, Pereira JS, Chaves MM (2003) Partial rootzone drying: regulation of stomatal aperture and carbon assimilation in field-grown grapevines (Vitis vinifera cv. Moscatel). Funct Plant Biol 30:653–662. doi:10.1071/FP02115
37. De Souza CR, Maroco JP, dos Santos TP, Rodrigues ML, Lopes CM, Pereira JS, Chaves MM (2005) Impact of deficit irrigation on water use efficiency and carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of field-grown grapevines under Mediterranean climate. J Exp Bot 56:2163–2172. doi:10.1093/jxb/eri216
38. Deng XP, Shan L, Zhang H, Turner NC (2006) Improving agricultural water use efficiency in arid and semiarid areas of China. Agric Water Manag 80:23–40. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2005.07.021
39. Dobrowsky SZ, Pushnik JC, Zarco-Tejada PJ, Ustin SL (2005) Simple reflectance indices track heat and water stress-induced changes in steady-state chlorophyll fluorescence at canopy scale. Remote Sens Environ 97:403–414. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2005.05.006
40. Dokoozlian NK, Kliewer WM (1996) Influence of light on grape berry growth and composition varies during fruit development. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 121:869–874
41. Dos Santos T, Lopes CM, Rodrigues ML, Souza CR, Maroco J, Pereira JS, Silva JR, Chaves MM (2003) Partial rootzone drying: effects on growth and fruit quality of field-grown grapevines (Vitis vinifera). Funct Plant Biol 30:663–671. doi:10.1071/FP02180
42. Dos Santos T, Lopes CM, Rodrigues ML, Souza CR, Maroco J, Pereira JS, Silva JR, Chaves MM (2007) Effects of deficit irrigation strategies on cluster microclimate for improving fruit composition of ‘Moscatel’ field-grown grapevines. Sci Hortic 112:321–330. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2007.01.006
43. Downton WJS, Grant WJR, Loveys BR (1987) Diurnal changes in the photosynthesis of field grown grape vines. New Phytol 105:71–80. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1987.tb00111.x
44. Dry PR, Loveys BR (1998) Factors influencing grapevine vigour and the potential for control with partial rootzone drying. Austr J Grape Wine Res 4:140–148. doi:10.1111/j.1755-0238.1998.tb00143.x
45. Dry PR, Loveys BR (1999) Grapevine shoot growth and stomatal conductance are reduced when part of the root system is dried. Vitis 38:151–156
46. Dry PR, Loveys BR, During H (2000a) Partial drying of rootzone of grape. I. Transient changes in shoot growth and gas exchange. Vitis 39:3–7
47. Dry PR, Loveys BR, Stoll M, Steward D, McCarthy MG (2000b) Partial root zone drying—an update. Aust NZ Grapegrow Winemak. Annual technical Issue 35–39
48. Dry PR, Loveys BR, McCarthy MG, Stoll M (2001) Strategic irrigation management in Australian vineyards 1. Int Sci Vigne Vin 35:129–139
49. Du toit PG, Dry PR, Loveys BR (2003) A preliminary investigation on partial rootzone drying (PRD) effects on grapevine performance, nitrogen assimilation and berry composition. S Afr J Enol Vitic 24:43–54
50. Du T, Kang S, Zhang JB, Li F, Yan B (2008) Water use efficiency and fruit quality of table grape under alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation. Agric Water Manag 95:659–668. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2008.01.017
51. Düring H, Alleweldt G, Koch R (1978) Studies on hormonal control of ripening in berries of grape vines. Acta Hortic 80:397–405
52. Edwards EJ, Clingeleffer PR (2013) Inter-seasonal effects of regulated deficit irrigation on growth, yield, water use, berry composition and wine attributes of Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines. Aust J Grape Wine Res 19:261–276. doi:10.1111/ajgw.12027
53. Elmore CL, Donaldson DR, Smith RJ (1998) Weed management. In: Ingels CA (ed) Cover cropping in vineyards. Univ. California, Div Agr. Natural Resources, Publ. 3338, pp 107–112
54. Escalona JM, Flexas J, Medrano H (1999) Stomatal and non-stomatal limitations of photosynthesis under water stress in field-grown grapevines. Aust J Plant Physiol 26:421–433. doi:10.1071/PP99019
55. Escalona JM, Flexas J, Bota J, Medrano H (2003) Distribution of leaf photosynthesis and transpiration within grapevine canopies under different drought conditions. Vitis 42:57–64
56. Esteban MA, Villanueva MJ, Lissarrague JR (2001) Effect of irrigation on changes in the anthocyanin composition of the skin of cv Tempranillo (Vitis vinifera L) grape berries during ripening. J Sci Food Agric 81:409–420. doi:10.1002/1097-0010(200103)81:4<409::AID-JSFA830>3.0.CO;2-H
57. Facelli JM, Pickett STA (1991) Plant litter: light interception and effects on an old-field plant community. Ecol 72:1024–1031. doi:10.2307/1940602
58. FAO (2014) Building a common vision for sustainable food and agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Roma
59. Fernandes de Oliveira A, Mameli MG, de Pau L, Satta D, Nieddu G (2013) Deficit irrigation strategies in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cannonau under Mediterranean climate. Part I-physiological responses, growth, yield and berry composition. S Afr J Enol Vitic 34:170–183
60. Flexas J, Escalona JM, Medrano H (1999) Water stress induces different levels of photosynthesis and electron transport rate regulation in grapevines. Plant Cell Environ 22:39–48. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00371.x
61. Flexas J, Bota J, Escalona JM, Sampol B, Medrano H (2002) Effects of drought on photosynthesis in grapevines under field conditions: an evaluation of stomatal and mesophyll limitations. Funct Plant Biol 29:461–471. doi:10.1071/PP01119
62. Flexas J, Ribas-Carbó M, Díaz-Espejo A, Galmés J, Medrano H (2008) Mesophyll conductance to CO2: current knowledge and future prospects. Plant Cell Environ 31:602–621. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01757.x
63. Flexas J, Galmés J, Gallé A, Gulias J, Pou A, Ribas-Carbo M, Tomàs M, Medrano H (2010) Improving water use efficiency in grapevines: potential physiological targets for biotechnologicalimprovement. Aust J Grape Wine Res 16:106–121
64. Flexas J, Barbour MM, Brendel O, Cabrera HM, Carriqui M, Díaz-Espejo A, Douthe C, Dreyer E, Ferrio JP, Gago J, Gallé A, Galmés J, Kodama N, Medrano H, Niinemets U, Pequero-Pina JJ, Pou A, Ribas-Carbó M, Tomás M, Tosens T, Warren CR (2012) Mesophyll diffusion conductance to CO2: an unappreciated central player in photosynthesis. Plant Sci 193:70–84. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.05.009
65. Folorunso OA, Rolston DE, Prichard PT, Louie DT (1992a) Cover crops lower soil surface strength, may improve soil permeability. Calif Agric 46:26–27
66. Folorunso OA, Rolston DE, Prichard PT, Loui DT (1992b) Soil surface strength and infiltration rate as affected by winter cover crops. Soil Technol 5:189–197. doi:10.1016/0933-3630(92)90021-R
67. Fouquet R (2005) Les aquaporines de vigne: identification, études d’expression en conditions de contraintes abiotiques et approches de caractérisation fonctionnelle, Dissertation, University of Bordeaux I
68. Fourie JC (2011) Soil management in the Breede River Valley wine grape region, South Africa. 3. Grapevine performance. S Afr J Enol Vitic 32:60–70
69. Fourie JC, Louw PJE, Agenbag GA (2006) Cover crop management in a chardonnay/99 Richter vineyard in the coastal wine grape region, South Africa. 1. effect of two management practices on selected grass and broadleaf species. S Afric J Enol Vitic 27:167–177
70. Frederikson L, Skinkis PA, Peachey E (2011) Cover crop and floor management affect weed coverage and density in an establishing Oregon vineyard. Horttechnol 21:208–216
71. Fuentes S, De Bei R, Collins MJ, Escalona JM, Medrano H, Tyerman S (2014) Night-time responses to water supply in grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) under deficit irrigation and partial root-zone drying. Agric Water Manag 138:1–9. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2014.02.015
72. Gambetta GA, Fei J, Rost TL, Knipfer T, Matthews MA, Shackel KA, McElrone AJ (2013) Water uptake along the length of grapevine fine roots: developmental anatomy, tissue-specific aquaporin expression, and pathways of water transport. Plant Physiol 163:1254–1265. doi:10.1104/pp. 113.221283
73. Gaudillère JP, Van Leeuwen C, Ollat N (2002) Carbon isotope composition of sugars in grapevine, and integrated indicator of vineyard water status. J Exp Bot 53:757–763. doi:10.1093/jexbot/53.369.757
74. Geerts S, Raes N (2009) Deficit irrigation as an on-farm strategy to maximize crop water productivity in dry areas. Agric Water Manag 96:1275–1284. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2009.04.009
75. Ghaderi N, Talaie AR, Ebadi A, Lessani H (2011) The physiological response of three Iranian grape cultivars to progressive drought stress. J Agric Sci Technol 13:601–610
76. Gibberd MR, Walker RR, Blackmore DH, Condon AG (2001) Transpiration efficiency and carbon-isotope discrimination of grapevines grown under well-watered conditions in either glasshouse or vineyard. Aust J Grape Wine Res 7:110–117. doi:10.1111/j.1755-0238.2001.tb00197.x
77. Girona J, Mata M, del Campo J, Arbone’s A, Bartra E, Marsal J (2006) The use of midday leaf water potential for scheduling deficit irrigation in vineyards. Irrigation Sci 24:115–127. doi:10.1007/s00271-005-0015-7
78. Göblyös J, Zanathy G, Donkó Á, Varga T, Bisztray G (2011) Comparison of three soil management methods in the Tokaj wine region. Mitt Klosterneuburg 61:187–195
79. Gómez-Alonso S, García-Romero E (2010) Effect of irrigation and variety on oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) stable isotope composition of grapes cultivated in a warm climate. Aust J Grape Wine Res 16:283–289. doi:10.1111/j.1755-0238.2009.00089.x
80. Gómez-del-Campo M, Ruiz C, Lissarrague JR (2002) Effect of water stress on leaf area development, photosynthesi, and productivity in Chardonnay and Airen grapevines. Am J Enol Viticult 53:138–143
81. Gómez-del-Campo M, Baeza P, Ruiz C, Lissarrague JR (2004) Water-stress induced physiological changes in leaves of four container-grown grapevine cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.). Vitis 43:99–105
82. Gómez-del-Campo M, Baeza P, Ruiz C, Sotes V, Lissarrague JR (2007) Effect of previous water conditions on vine response to rewatering. Vitis 46:51–55
83. Gregory PJ (2004) Agronomic approaches to increasing water use efficiency. In: Bacon MA (ed) Water use efficiency in plant biology. Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Oxford, pp 142–167
84. Greven M, Green S, Neal S, Clothier B, Neal M, Dryden G, Davidson P (2005) Regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) to save water and improve Sauvignon Blanc quality? Water Sci Technol 51:9–17
85. Gu S, Guoqiang D, Zoldoske D, Hakim A, Cochran R, Fugelsang K, Jorgensen G (2004) Effects of irrigation amount on water relations, vegetative growth, yield and fruit composition of Sauvignon blanc grapevines under partial root-zone drying and conventional irrigation in the San Joaquin Valley of California, USA. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 79:26–33
86. Guerra B, Steenwerth K (2012) Influence of floor management technique on grapevine growth, disease pressure, and juice and wine composition: a review. Am J Enol Viticult 63:149–164. doi:10.5344/ajev.2011.10001
87. Gulick SH, Grimes DW, Goldhamer DA, Munk DS (1994) Cover-crop-enhanced water infiltration of a slowly permeable fine sandy loam. Soil Sci Soc 58:1539–1546. doi:10.2136/sssaj1994.03615995005800050038x
88. Hartwig NL, Ammon HU (2002) Cover crops and living mulches. Weed Sci 50:688–699. doi:10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050%5B0688:AIACCA%5D2.0.CO;2
89. Hartwig NL, Hoffman LD (1975) Suppression of perennial legume and grass cover crops for notillage corn. Proc Northeast. Weed Sci Soc 29:82–88
90. Hatfield JL, Sauer TJ, Prueger JH (2001) Managing soils to achieve greater water use efficiency. Agron J 93:271–280. doi:10.2134/agronj2001.932271x
91. Himelrick DG (1991) Growth and nutritional responses of nine grape cultivars tolow soil pH. HortSci 26:269–271
92. Huber L, Porten M, Eisenbeis G, Rühl EH (2003) The influence of organically managed vineyard-soils on the phylloxera-populations and the vigor of grapevines. Acta Hortic 617:55–59
93. Ingels CA, Scow KM, Whisson DA, Drenovsky RE (2005) Effects of cover crops on grapevines, yield, juice composition, soil microbial ecology, and gopher activity. Am J Enol Viticult 56:19–29
94. Intrigliolo DS, Castel JR (2009) Response of Vitis vinifera cv. ‘Tempranillo’ to partial rootzone drying in the field: Water relations, growth, yield and fruit and wine quality. Agric Water Manag 96:282–292. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2008.08.001
95. Intrigliolo DS, Castel JR (2010) Response of grapevine cv. ‘Tempranillo’ to timing and amount of irrigation: water relations, vine growth, yield and berry and wine composition. Irrigation Sci 28:113–125. doi:10.1007/s00271-009-0164-1
96. Intrigliolo DS, Lakso AN (2011) Effects of light interception and canopy orientation on grapevine water status and canopy gas exchange. Acta Hortic 889:99–104
97. IPCC 2013, Stocker TF, Dahe Q, Plattner GK, Tignor M, Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM (2013) Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Working group I contribution to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York
98. Jacobs SD (2014) Effect of rootstocks and water stress on gas exchange, water relations, and water use efficiency in petite Sirah grapevines. Dissertation, California State University
99. Jalota SK, Khera R, Chahal SS (2001) Straw management and tillage effects on soil water storage under field conditions. Soil Use Manag 17:282–287. doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2001.tb00039.x
100. Jeong ST, Goto-Yamamoto N, Kobayashi S, Esaka M (2004) Effects of plant hormones and shading on the accumulation of anthocyanins and the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in grape berry skins. Plant Sci 167:247–252. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2004.03.021
101. Jones HG (2004) Irrigation scheduling: advantages and pitfalls of plant-based methods. J Exp Bot 55:2427–2436. doi:10.1093/jxb/erh213
102. Jones HG, Vaughan RA (2010) Remote sensing of vegetation: principles, techniques, and applications. Oxford University Press, Oxford
103. Kaldenhoff R, Kolling A, Richter G (1993) A novel blue light-inducible and abscisic acid-inducible gene of Arabidopsis thaliana encoding an intrinsic membrane-protein. Plant Mol Biol 23:1187–1198. doi:10.1007/BF00042352
104. Kaldenhoff R, Ribas-Carbo M, Flexas J, Lovisolo C, Heckwolf M, Uehlein N (2008) Aquaporins and plant water balance. Plant Cell Environ 31:658–666. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01792.x
105. Kang S, Zhang J (2004) Controlled alternate partial root-zone irrigation: its physiological consequences and impact on water use efficiency. J Exp Bot 55:2437–2446. doi:10.1093/jxb/erh249
106. Katerji N, Mastrorilli M, Ranab G (2008) Water use efficiency of crops cultivated in the Mediterranean region: review and analysis. Eur J Agron 28:493–507. doi:10.1016/j.eja.2007.12.003
107. Koundouras S, Tsialtas LT, Zioziou E, Nikolaou N (2008) Rootstock effects on the adaptive strategies of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) under contrasting water status: leaf physiological and structural responses. Agric Ecosyst Environ 128:86–96. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2008.05.006
108. Koyama K, Sadamatsu K, Goto-Yamamoto N (2010) Abscisic acid stimulated ripening and gene expression in berry skins of the Cabernet Sauvignon grape. Funct Integr Genomics 10:367–381. doi:10.1007/s10142-009-0145-8
109. Kriedemann PE, Goodwin I (2003) Regulated deficit irrigation and partial rootzone drying. Land & Water Australia, Canberra
110. Lopes CM, Monteiro A, Rückert FE, Gruber B, Steinberg B, Schultz HR (2004) Transpiration of grapevines and co-habitating cover crop and weed species in a vineyard. A “snapshot” at diurnal trends.Vitis 43:111-117
111. Lopes CM, Santos TP, Monteiro A, Rodrigues M, Costa JM, Chaves MM (2011) Combining cover cropping with deficit irrigation in a Mediterranean low vigor vineyard. Sci Hortic 129:603–612. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2011.04.033
112. Loveys BR, Stoll M, Davies WJ (2004) Physiological approaches to enhance water use efficiency in agriculture: exploiting plant signaling in novel irrigation practice. In: Bacon M (ed) Water use efficiency in plant biology. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, pp 113–141
113. Lovisolo C, Perrone I, Hartung W, Schubert A (2008) An abscisic acid‐related reduced transpiration promotes gradual embolism repair when grapevines are rehydrated after drought. New Phytol 180:642–651. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02592.x
114. Lovisolo C, Perrone I, Carra A, Ferrandino A, Flexas J, Medrano H, Schubert A (2010) Drought-induced changes in development and function of grapevine (Vitis spp.) organs and in their hydraulic and non-hydraulic interactions at the whole-plant level: a physiological and molecular update. Funct Plant Biol 37:98–116. doi:10.1071/FP09191
115. Marguerit E, Brendel O, Lebon E, Van Leeuwen C, Ollat N (2012) Rootstock control of scion transpiration and its acclimation to water deficit are controlled by different genes. New Phytol 194:416–429. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04059.x
116. Maroco JP, Rodrígues ML, Lopes C, Chaves MM (2002) Limitations to leaf photosynthesis in field-grown grapevine under drought—metabolic and modelling approaches. Funct Plant Biol 29:451–459. doi:10.1071/PP01040
117. Marsal J, Mata M, Del Campo J, Arbones A, Vallverdú X, Girona J, Olivo N (2008) Evaluation of partial root-zone drying for potential field use as a deficit irrigation technique in commercial vineyards according to two different pipeline layouts. Irrigation Sci 26:347–356. doi:10.1007/s00271-007-0098-4
118. Matthews MA, Ishii R, Anderson MM, O’Mahony M (1990) Dependence of wine sensory attributes on vine water status. J Sci Food Agric 51:321–335. doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740510305
119. McCarthy MG (1997) The effect of transient water deficit on berry development of cv. Shiraz (Vitis vinifera L.). Austr J Grape Wine Res 3:2–8. doi:10.1111/j.1755-0238.1997.tb00128.x
120. McCarthy MG, Loveys BR, Dry PR (2002) Regulated deficit irrigation and partial rootzone drying as irrigation management techniques for grapevines. In: FAO (ed) Deficit irrigation practices. Water reports publication n. 22. FAO, Rome, pp 79–87
121. Medrano H, Escalona JM, Cifre J, Bota J, Flexas J (2003) A ten-year study on the physiology of two Spanish grapevine cultivars under field conditions: effects of water availability from leaf photosynthesis to grape yield and quality. Funct Plant Biol 30:607–619. doi:10.1071/FP02110
122. Medrano H, Pou A, Tomás M, Martorell S, Escalona JM, Flexas J, Galmés J, Ribas-Carbó M, Gulías J (2010) Water use efficiency improvement in grapevines under Mediterranean conditions. Asp Appl Biol 105:47–55
123. Medrano H, Pou A, Tomás M, Martorell S, Gulias J, Flexas J, Escalona JM (2012) Average daily light interception determines leaf water use efficiency among different canopy locations in grapevine. Agric Water Manag 114:4–10. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2012.06.025
124. Monteiro A, Lopes CM (2007) Influence of cover crop on water use and performance of vineyard in Mediterranean Portugal. Agric Ecosyst Environ 121:336–342. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2006.11.016
125. Monteiro A, Lopes CM, Machado JP, Fernandes N, Araújo A, Moreira I (2008) Cover cropping in a sloping, non-irrigated vineyard: I—Effects on weed composition and dynamics. Ciência Téc Vitiv 23:29–36
126. Mori K, Saito H, Goto-Yamamoto N, Kitayama M, Kobayashi S, Sugaya S, Gemma H, Hashizume K (2005a) Effect of abscísic acid treatment and night temperatures on anthocyanin composition in pinot noir grapes. Vitis 44:161–165
127. Mori K, Saito H, Goto-Yamamoto N, Kitayama M, Kobayashi S, Sugaya S, Gemma H, Hashizume K (2005b) Effect of abscísic acid treatment and night temperatures on anthocyanin composition in Pinot noir grapes. Vitis 44:161–165
128. Morison JIL, Baker NR, Mullineaux PM, Davies WJ (2008) Improving water use in crop production. Phil Trans R Soc B 363:639–658. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2175
129. Morlat R (1987) Effects of different soil cultivation practices on the water consumption of grapevine and agronomic consequences. Agronomie 7:183–191
130. Moutinho-Pereira JM, Correia CM, Gonçalves BM, Bacelar EA, Torres-Pereira JM (2004) Leaf gas exchange and water relations of grapevines grown in three different conditions. Photosynthetica 42:81–86. doi:10.1023/B:PHOT.0000040573.09614.1d
131. Myburgh PA (2003) Responses of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sultanina to water deficits during various pre- and post-harvest phases under semi-arid conditions. S Afr J Enol Vitic 24:25–33
132. Naor A, Wample RL (1994) Gas exchange and water relations of field grown concord (Vitis Labruscana Bailey) grapevines. Am J Enol Viticult 45:333–337
133. Némethy L (2004) Alternative soil management for sandy vineyards. Acta Hortic 640:119–125
134. Nguyen TT, Fuentes S, Marschener P (2013) Effect of incorporated or mulched compost on leaf nutrient concentrations and performance for Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 13:485–497. doi:10.4067/S0718-95162013005000038
135. Nicholls CI, Parrella M, Altieri MA (2001) The effect of a vegetational corridor on the abundance and dispersal of insect biodiversity within a northern California organic vineyard. Landscape Ecol 16:133–146. doi:10.1023/A:1011128222867
136. OIV (2009) Description des cépages du monde. OIV Ed., París
137. Padgett-Johnson M, Williams LE, Walker MA (2000) The influence of Vitis riparia rootstock on water relations and gas exchange of Vitis vinifera cv. Carignane scion under non-irrigated conditions. Am J Enol Viticult 51:137–143
138. Padgett-Johnson M, Williams LE, Walker MA (2003) Vine water relations, gas exchange, and vegetative growth of seventeen Vitis species grown under irrigated and nonirrigated conditions in California. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 128:269–276
139. Patakas A, Kofidis G, Bosabalidis AM (2003a) The relationship between CO2 transfer mesophyll resistance and photosynthetic efficiency in grapevine cultivars. Sci Hortic 97:255–263. doi:10.1016/S0304-4238(02)00201-7
140. Patakas A, Stavrakas D, Fisarakis I (2003b) Relationship between CO2 assimilation and leaf anatomical characteristics in two grapevine cultivars. Agronomie 23:293–296. doi:10.1051/agro:2003002
141. Patakas A, Noitsakis B, Chouzouri A (2005) Optimization of irrigation water use in grapevines using the relationship between transpiration and plant water status. Agric Ecosyst Environ 106:253–259. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2004.10.013
142. Peppi MC, Fidelibus MW, Dokoozlian NK (2007) Application timing and concentration of abscisic acid affect the quality of ‘Redglobe’ grapes. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 82:304–310
143. Pinamonti F (1998) Compost mulch effects on soil fertility, nutritional status and performance of grapevine. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 51:239–248. doi:10.1023/A:1009701323580
144. Pongrácz DP, Beukman EF (1970) Comparative root anatomy of Vitis rootstocks. Agroplantae 2:83–94
145. Poni S, Lakso AN, Turner JR, Melious RE (1993) The effects of pre- and post- veraison water stress on growth and physiology of potted pinot noir grapevines at varying crop levels. Vitis 32:207–214
146. Poni S, Bernizzoni F, Civardi S, Gatti M, PorroD CF (2009) Performance and water-use efficiency (single-leaf vs. whole-canopy) of well-watered and half-stressed split-root Lambrusco grapevines grown in Po Valley (Italy). Agric Ecosyst Environ 129:97–106. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2008.07.009
147. Pou A, Flexas J, Alsina MM, Bota J, Carambula C, De Herralde F, Galmés J, Lovisolo C, Jiménez M, Ribas-Carbo M, Rusjan D, Secchi F, Tomàs M, Zsófi Z, Medrano H (2008) Adjustments of water-use efficiency by stomatal regulation during drought and recovery in the drought-adapted Vitis hybrid Richter-110 (V. berlandieri x V. rupestris). Physiol Plant 134:313–323. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.2008.01138.x
148. Pou A, Gulías J, Moreno MM, Tomás M, Medrano H, Cifre J (2011) Cover cropping in” Vitis vinifera” L. cv. Manto negro vineyards under Mediterranean conditions: effects on plant vigour, yield and grape quality. J Int Sci Vigne Vin 45:223–234
149. Pou A, Medrano H, Tomás M, Martorell S, Ribas-Carbó M, Flexas J (2012) An anisohydric grapevine variety performs better under moderate water stress and recovery than isohydric varieties. Plant Soil 359:335–349. doi:10.1007/s11104-012-1206-7
150. Prieto JA (2011) Simulation of photosynthesis and transpiration within grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) canopies on a 3D architectural model application to training system evaluation. Dissertation, Université Montpellier
151. Prieto JA, Lebon E, Ojeda H (2010) Stomatal behavior of different grapevine cultivars in response to soil water status and air water vapour pressure deficit. J Int Sci Vigne Vin 44:9–20
152. Quick WP, Chaves MM, Wendler R, David M, Rodrigues ML, Passaharinho JA, Pereira JS, Adcock MD, Leegood RC, Stitt M (1992) The effect of water stress on photosynthetic carbon metabolism in 4 species grown under field conditions. Plant Cell Environ 15:25–35. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.1992.tb01455.x
153. Ripoche A, Metay A, Celette F, Gary C (2011) Changing the soil surface management in vineyards: immediate and delayed effects on the growth and yield of grapevine. Plant Soil 339:259–271. doi:10.1007/s11104-010-0573-1
154. Rodrigues ML, Chaves MM, Wendler R, David MM, Quick WP, Leegood RC, Stitt M, Pereira JS (1993) Osmotic adjustment in water stressed grapevine leaves in relation to carbon assimilation. Aust J Plant Physiol 20:309–321. doi:10.1071/PP9930309
155. Rodrigues ML, Santos TP, Rodrigues AP, de Souza CR, Lopes CM, Maroco JP, Chaves MM (2008) Hydraulic and chemical signalling in the regulation of stomatal conductance and plant water use in field grapevines growing under deficit irrigation. Funct Plant Biol 35:565–579. doi:10.1071/FP08004
156. Rogiers SY, Greer DH, Hutton RJ, Landsberg JJ (2009) Does night-time transpiration contribute to anisohydric behaviour in a Vitis vinifera cultivar? J Exp Bot 60:3751–3763. doi:10.1093/jxb/erp217
157. Rogiers S, Greer DH, Hutton RJ, Clarke SJ (2011) Transpiration efficiency of the grapevine cv. Semillon is tied to VPD in warm climates. Ann Appl Biol 158:106–114. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.2010.00446.x
158. Romero P, Fernández-Fernández JI, Cutillas A (2010) Physiological thresholds for efficient regulated deficit-irrigation management in winegrapes grown under semiarid conditions. Am J Enol Viticult 61:300–312
159. Romero P, Dodd IC, Martínez-Cutillas A (2012) Contrasting physiological effects of partial root zone drying in field-grown grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Monastrell) according to total soil water availability. J Exp Bot 63:4071–4083. doi:10.1093/jxb/ers088
160. Romero P, Muñoz R, Del Amor F, Valdes E, Fernández JI, Martinez-Cutillas A (2013) Regulated deficit irrigation based upon optimum water status improves phenolic composition in Monastrell grapes in wines. Agric Water Manag 121:85–101. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2013.01.007
161. Romero P, Pérez-Pérez JG, del Amor FM, Martinez-Cutillas A, Dodd IC, Botía P (2014) Partial root zone drying exerts different physiological responses on field-grown grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Monastrell) in comparison to regulated deficit irrigation. Funct Plant Biol. doi:10.1071/FP13276
162. Ross OC (2010) Reflective mulch effects on the grapevine environment, Pinot noir vine performance, and juice and wine characteristics. Dissertation, Lincoln University
163. Sadras VO (2009) Does partial root-zone drying improve irrigation water productivity in the field? A meta-analysis. Irrigation Sci 27:183–190. doi:10.1007/s00271-008-0141-0
164. Santesteban LG, Miranda C, Royo JB (2009) Effect of water deficit and rewatering on leaf gas exchange and transpiration decline of excised leaves of four grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars. Sci Hortic 121:434–439. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2009.03.008
165. Santesteban LG, Miranda C, Royo JB (2011) Regulated deficit irrigation effects on growth, yield, grape quality and individual anthocyanin composition in Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Tempranillo’. Agric Water Manag 98:1171–1179. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2011.02.011
166. Santos TP, Lopes CM, Rodrigues MC, de Souza CR, Maroco JP, Pereira JS, Silva JR, Chaves MM (2003) Partial root-zone drying: effects on growth and fruit quality of field-grown grapevines (Vitis vinifera). Funct Plant Biol 30:663–671. doi:10.1071/FP02180
167. Santos TP, Lopes CM, Rodrigues ML, de Souza CR, Ricardo-da-Silva JM, Maroco JP, Pereira JS, Chaves MM (2005) Effects of partial root-zone drying irrigation on cluster microclimate and fruit composition of field-grown Castelão grapevines. Vitis 44:117–125
168. Satisha J, Prakash GS, Venugopalan R (2006) Statistical modeling of the effect of physio-biochemical parameters on water use efficiency of grape varieties, rootstocks and their stionic combinations under moisture stress conditions. Turk J Agric For 30:261–271
169. Schultz HR (2003) Differences in hydraulic architecture account for near-isohydric and anisohydric behaviour of two field-grown Vitis viniferaL. cultivars during drought. Plant Cell Environ 26:1393–1405. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3040.2003.01064.x
170. Schultz HR, Stoll M (2010) Some critical issues in environmental physiology of grapevines: future challenges and current limitations. Aust J Grape Wine Res 16:4–24. doi:10.1111/j.1755-0238.2009.00074.x
171. Serra I, Strever A, Myburgh PA, Deloire A (2014) Review: the interaction between rootstocks and cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) to enhance drought tolerance in grapevine. Aust J Grape Wine Res 20:1–14. doi:10.1111/ajgw.12054
172. Shanks LW, Moore DE, Sanders CE (1998) Soil erosion. In: Ingels CA, Bugg RL, McGourty GT, Christensen LP (eds) Cover cropping in vineyards. A Grower’s handbook. Publication 3338. University of California, Oakland, pp 80–85
173. Shaw DA, Pittenger DR, McMaster M (2005) Water Retention and evaporative properties of landscape mulches. Proc.26th Annl. Irrigation Show, Phoenix, AZ, Nov. 6–8, 2005, pp 134–144
174. Sivilotti P, Bonetto C, Paladin M, Peterlunger E (2005) Effect of soil moisture availability on Merlot: from leaf water potential to grape composition. Am J Enol Viticult 56:9–18
175. Smart RE (1974) Photosynthesis by grapevine canopies. J App Ecol 11:997–1006. doi:10.2307/2401759
176. Soar CJ, Speirs J, Maffei SM, Loveys BR (2004) Gradients in stomatal conductance, xylem sap ABA and bulk leaf ABA along canes of Vitis vinifera cv. Shiraz: molecular and physiological studies investigating their source. Funct Plant Biol 31:659–669. doi:10.1071/FP03238
177. Sofo A, Nuzzo V, Tataranni G, Manfra M, De Nisco M, Scopa A (2012) Berry morphology and composition in irrigated and non-irrigated grapevine (Vitis viniferaL.). J Plant Physiol 169:1023–1031. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2012.03.007
178. Souza CR, Maroco JP, dos Santos TP, Rodrigues ML, Lopes C, Pereira JS, Chaves MM (2005) Control of stomatal aperture and carbon uptake by deficit irrigation in two grapevine cultivars. Agric Ecosyst Environ 106:261–274. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2004.10.014
179. Speirs J, Binney A, Collins M, Edwards E, Loveys B (2013) Expression of ABA synthesis and metabolism genes under different irrigation strategies and atmospheric VPDs is associated with stomatal conductance in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv Cabernet Sauvignon). J Exp Bot 64:1907–1916. doi:10.1093/jxb/ert052
180. Steinmaus S, Elmore CL, Smith RJ, Donaldson D, Weber EA, Roncoroni JA, Miller PRM (2008) Mulched cover crops as an alternative to conventional weed management systems in vineyards. Weed Res 48:273–28. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3180.2008.00626.x
181. Stoll M, Loveys B, Dry P (2000) Hormonal changes induced by partial rootzone drying of irrigated grapevines. J Exp Bot 51:1627–1634. doi:10.1093/jexbot/51.350.1627
182. Tarara JM, Perez-Peña JE, Schreiner RP, Keller M, Smithyman P (2011) Net carbon exchange in grapevine canopies responds rapidly to timing and extent of regulated deficit irrigation. Funct Plant Biol 38:386–400. doi:10.1071/FP10221
183. Teasdale JR (1996) Contribution of cover crops to weed management in sustainable agricultural systems. J Prod Agric 9:475–479. doi:10.2134/jpa1996.0475
184. Terry DB, Kurtural SK (2011) Achieving vine balance of syrah with mechanical canopy management and regulated deficit irrigation. Am J Enol Viticult 62(4):426–437
185. This P, Lacombe T, Thomas MR (2006) Historical origins and genetic diversity of wine grapes. Trends Genet 22:511–519. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2006.07.008
186. Thompson AJ, Andrews J, Mulholland BJ, McKee JMT, Hilton HW, Horridge JS, Farquhar GD, Smeeton RC, Smillie IRA, Black CR, Taylor IB (2007) Overproduction of abscisic acid in tomato increases transpiration efficiency and root hydraulic conductivity and influences leaf expansion. Plant Physiol 143:1905–1917. doi:10.1104/pp. 106.093559
187. Thomson LJ, Hoffmann AA (2007) Effects of ground cover (straw and compost) on the abundance of natural enemies and soil macro invertebrates in vineyards. Agric For Entomol 9:173–179. doi:10.1111/j.1461-9563.2007.00322.x
188. Tomás M, Medrano H, Pou A, Escalona JM, Martorell S, Ribas-Carbó M, Flexas J (2012) Water use efficiency in grapevine cultivars grown under controlled conditions: effects of water stress at the leaf and whole plant level. Aust J Grape Wine Res 18:164–172. doi:10.1111/j.1755-0238.2012.00184.x
189. Tomás M, Flexas J, Copolovici L, Galmés J, Hallik L, Medrano H, Niinemets Ü (2013) Importance of leaf anatomy in determining mesophyll diffusion conductance to CO2 across species: quantitative limitations and scaling up by models. J Exp Bot 64:2269–2281. doi:10.1093/jxb/ert086
190. Tomás M, Medrano H, Brugnoli E, Escalona JM, Martorell S, Pou A, Ribas-Carbó M, Flexas J (2014a) Variability of mesophyll conductance in grapevine cultivars under water stress conditions in relation to leaf anatomy and water use efficiency. Aust J Grape Wine Res 20:272–280. doi:10.1111/ajgw.12069
191. Tomás M, Medrano H, Escalona JM, Martorell S, Pou A, Ribas-Carbó M, Flexas J (2014b) Genetic variability in water use efficiency in grapevines. Environ Exp Bot 103:148–157. doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2013.09.003
192. Tramontini S, Vitali M, Centioni L, Schubert A, Lovisolo C (2013) Rootstock control of scion response to water stress in grapevine. Environ Exp Bot 93:20–26. doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2013.04.001
193. Tyerman SD, Niemietz CM, Bramley H (2002) Plant aquaporins: multifunctional water and solute channels with expanding roles. Plant Cell Environ 25:173–194. doi:10.1046/j.0016-8025.2001.00791.x
194. Vandeleur RK, Mayo G, Shelden MC, Gilliham M, Kaiser BN, Tyerman SD (2009) The role of plasma membrane intrinsic protein aquaporins in water transport through roots: diurnal and drought stress responses reveal different strategies between isohydric and anisohydric cultivars of grapevine. Plant Physiol 149:445–460. doi:10.1104/pp.108.128645
195. Vicente-Serrano SM, Lopez-Moreno JI, Beguería S, Lorenzo-Lacruz J, Sanchez-Lorenzo A, García-Ruiz JM, Azorin-Molina C, Morán-Tejeda E, Revuelto J, Trigo R, Coelho F, Espejo F (2014) Evidence of increasing drought severity caused by temperature rise in Southern Europe. Environ Res Lett 9:044001. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/4/044001
196. Webb LB, Clingeleffer PR, Tyerman SD (2011) The genetic envelope of winegrape vines: potential for adaptation to future climate challenges. In: Yadav SS, Redden RJ, Hatfield JL, Lotze-Campen H, Hall AE (eds) Crop adaptation to climate change. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, pp 464–481
197. Wheeler SJ, Black AS, Pickering GJ (2005) Vineyard floor management improves wine quality in highly vigorous Vitis vinifera ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ in New Zealand. N Z J Crop Hortic Sci 33:317–328. doi:10.1080/01140671.2005.9514365
198. Wheeler S, Loveys B, Ford C, Davies C (2009) The relationship between the expression of abscisic acid biosynthesis genes, accumulation of abscisic acid and the promotion of Vitis vinífera L. berry ripening by abscisic acid. Aust J Grape Wine Res 15:195–204. doi:10.1111/j.1755-0238.2008.00045.x
199. Williams LE, Ayars JE (2005) Grapevine water use and the crop coefficient are linear functions of the shaded area measured beneath the canopy. Agric For Meteorol 132:201–211. doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.07.010
200. Williams LE, Matthews MA (1990) Grapevine. In: Stewart BJ, Nielsen DR (eds) Irrigation of agricultural crops. Agronomy monographs no. 30. ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Madison, pp 1019–1055
201. Williams LE, Grimes DW, Phene CJ (2010) The effects of applied water at various fractions of measured evapotranspiration on reproductive growth and water productivity of Thompson seedless grapevines. Irrigation Sci 28:233–243. doi:10.1007/s00271-009-0173-0
202. Winkel T, Rambal S (1993) Influence of water stress on grapevines growing in the field from leaf to whole plant response. Aust J Grape Wine Res 20:143–157. doi:10.1071/PP9930143
203. Winkler AJ, Cook JA, Kliewer WM, Lider LA (1974) General viticulture. University of California Press, Berkeley
204. Zhang J, Schurr U, Davies WJ (1987) Control of stomatal behaviour by abscisic acid which apparently originates in roots. J Exp Bot 38:1174–1181. doi:10.1093/jxb/38.7.1174
205. Zhang G, Wang S, Li L, Inoue M, Xiang J, Qiu G, Jin W (2014) Effects of mulching and sub-surface irrigation on vine growth, berry sugar content and water use of grapevines. Agric Water Manag 143:1–8. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2014.05.015
206. Zsófi Z, Gál L, Szilágy Z, Szücs E, Marschall M, Nagy Z, Bálo B (2009) Use of stomatal conductance and pre-dawn water potential to classify terroir for the grape variety Kékfrankos. Aust J Grape Wine Res 15:36–47. doi:10.1111/j.1755-0238.2008.00036.x
207. Zufferey V, Murisier F, Schultz HR (2000) A model analysis of the photosynthetic response of Vitis vinifera L. cvs. Riesling and chasselas leaves in the field: I. Interaction of age, light and temperature. Vitis 39:19–26