Some critical issues in environmental physiology of grapevines: Future challenges and current limitations

Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research

Volumn 16, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2010, Pages 4-24

  Schultz, Hans R ^a,b   Stoll, M ^a  

^a Forschungsanstalt Geisenheim   (Germany)

^b RHEINMAIN UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES   (Germany)

Author keywords

Aquaporins; Cover crops; Efficient water use; Elevated CO2; Environmental stress; Irrigation scheduling; Isotopic signatures; Mesophyll conductance; Night time water use; Remote sensing; Respiration; Stomatal conductance; Stomatal patchiness; Structural functional models; Temperature; Thermal imagery; Vapour pressure deficit; Varietal differences; Water status and its measurements

Indexed keywords

VITACEAE; VITIS;

EID: 78650495890     PISSN: 13227130     EISSN: 17550238     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0238.2009.00074.x     Document Type: Article

References (208)

1. Agati, G., Meyer, S., Matteini, P. and Cerovic, Z.G. (2007) Assessment of anthocyanins in grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berries using a noninvasive chlorophyll fluorescence method. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 55, 1053-1061.
2. 2]: mechanisms and environmental interactions. Plant, Cell and Environment 30, 258-270.
3. Allen, M.T., Prusinkiewicz, P. and De Jong, T.M. (2005) Using L-Systems for modelling source sink interactions, architecture and physiology of growing trees. The L-Peach model. New Phytologist 166, 869-880.
4. 2 enhances temperature response of photosynthesis in wheat. Physiologia Plantarum 135, 109-120.
5. 2 concentrations though not warmer temperatures enhance wheat photosynthesis temperature responses. Physiologia Plantarum 132, 102-112.
6. Alsina, M.M., Herralde, F.D., Aranda, X., Savé, R. and Biel, C. (2007) Water relations and vulnerability to embolism are not related: experiments with eight grapevine cultivars. Vitis 46, 1-6.
7. Aphalo, P.J. and Jarvis, P.G. (1993) An analysis of Ball's empirical model of stomatal conductance. Annals of Botany 72, 321-327.
8. Atkin, O.K. and Macherel, D. (2009) The crucial role of plant mitochondria in orchestrating drought tolerance. Annals of Botany 103, 581-597.
9. Atkin, O.K., Atkinson, J.L., Fisher, R.A., Campbells, C.E., Zaragoza-Castells, J., Pitchford, H.A., Woodward, F.I. and Hurry, V. (2008) Using temperature-dependent changes in leaf scaling relationships to quantitatively account for thermal acclimation of respiration in a coupled global climate-vegetation model. Global Change Biology 14, 2709-2726.
10. Bacon, M.A. (2004) Water use efficiency in plant biology. In: Water use efficiency in plant biology. Eds. M.A. Bacon (Blackwell Publishing: Oxford) pp. 1-22.
11. Badeck, F., Tcherkez, G., Nogués, S., Piel, C. and Ghashghaie, J. (2005) Post-photosynthetic fractionation of stable carbon isotopes between plant organs - a widespread phenomenon. Rapid Communication in Mass Spectrometry: RCM 19, 1381-1291.
12. 2 above and within a temperate broad-leaved forest canopy on hourly to seasonal time scales. Plant, Cell and Environment 26, 231-244.
13. Ball, J.T., Woodrow, I.E. and Berry, J.A. (1987) A model predicting stomatal conductance and its contribution to the control of photosynthesis under different environmental conditions. In: Progress in photosynthesis research. Ed. J. Biggins (Martinus Nijhoff: Dordrecht) pp. 221-224.
14. Bernacchi, C.J., Portis, A.R., Nakano, H., von Caemmerer, S. and Long, S.P. (2002) Temperature response of mesophyll conductance. Implications for the determination of rubisco enzyme kinetics and for limitations to photosynthesis in vivo. Plant Physiology 130, 1992-1998.
15. Beyschlag, W. and Eckstein, J. (1998) Stomatal patchiness. In: Progress in botany. Eds. K. Behnke, K. Esser, J.W. Kadereit, U. Lüttge and M. Runge (Springer-Verlag: Berlin) pp. 293-298.
16. 2 in determining transpiration-photosynthesis relationships of cotton leaves. Journal of Agricultural Meteorology 2, 259-270.
17. Bindi, M., Fibbi, L., Gozzini, B., Orlandini, S. and Miglietta, F. (1995) Experiments on the effects of increased temperature and/or elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide on crops. Mini Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experiments on grapevine. In: Climate change and agriculture in Europe: assessment of impacts and adaptations. Eds. P.A. Harrison, R.E. Butterfield and T.E. Downing (Research Report No. 9, Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford: Oxford) pp. 125-137.
18. 2 enrichment. European Journal of Agronomy 14, 135-143.
19. 2 concentrations. European Journal of Agronomy 14, 145-155.
20. Bota, J., Flexas, J. and Medrano, H. (2001) Genetic variability of photosynthesis and water use in Balearic grapevine cultivars. Annals of Applied Biology 138, 353-361.
21. Boucher, O., Jones, A. and Betts, R.A. (2009) Climate response to the physiological impact of carbon dioxide on plants in the Met Office Unified Model HadCM3. Climate Dynamics 32, 237-249.
22. Bramley, R.G.V. and Hamilton, R.P. (2004) Understanding variability in wine grape production systems. I. Within vineyard variation in yield over several vintages. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 10, 32-45.
23. Bravdo, B. and Naor, A. (1996) Effect of water regime on productivity and quality of fruit and wine. Acta Horticulturae 427, 15-26.
24. Bucci, S.J., Scholz, F.G., Goldstein, G., Meinzer, F.C., Hinojoso, J.A., Hoffman, W.A. and Franco, A.C. (2004) Processes preventing nocturnal equilibration between leaf and soil water potential in tropical savannah woody species. Tree Physiology 24, 1119-1127.
25. 4 plants. Plant Physiology 143, 4-10.
26. Carbonneau, A. and Cargnello, G. (2003) Architecture de la vigne et systèmes de conduites (Dunod Ed: Paris) p. 123.
27. Cerovic, Z.G., Ounis, A., Cartelat, A., Latouche, G., Goulas, Y., Meyer, S. and Moya, I. (2002) The use of chlorophyll fluorescence excitation spectra for the non-destructive in situ assessment of UV-absorbing compounds in leaves. Plant, Cell and Environment 25, 1663-1676.
28. Chaves, M., Santos, P.T., Souza, C.R., Ortuño, M.F., Rodrigues, M.L., Lopes, C.M., Maroco, J.P. and Pereira, J.S. (2007) Deficit irrigation in grapevine improves water-use efficiency while controlling vigour and production quality. Annals of Applied Biology 150, 237-252.
29. Chaves, M.M. and Oliveira, M.M. (2004) Mechanisms underlying plant resilience to water deficits: prospects for water-saving agriculture. Journal of Experimental Botany 55, 2365-2384.
30. Chaves, M.M., Harley, P.C., Tenhunen, J.D. and Lange, O.L. (1987) Gas exchange studies in two Portuguese grapevine culti-vars. Physiologia Plantarum 70, 639-647.
31. Choné, X., van Leeuwen, C., Dubourdieu, D. and Gaudillères, J.-P. (2001) Stem water potential is a sensitive indicator of grapevine water status. Annals of Botany 87, 477-483.
32. Chouzouri, A. and Schultz, H.R. (2005) Hydraulic anatomy, cavitation susceptibility and gas-exchange of several grapevine cultivars of different geographical origin. Acta Horticulturae 689, 325-331.
33. Chu, C.R., Hsieh, C.-I., Wu, S.-A. and Phillips, N.G. (2009) Transient response of sap flow to wind speed. Journal of Experimental Botany 60, 249-255.
34. Cifre, J., Bota, J., Escalona, J.M., Medrano, H. and Flexas, J. (2005) Physiological tools for irrigation scheduling in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.): an open gate to improve water-use efficiency? Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 106, 159-170.
35. Cochard, H., Venisse, J.-S., Barigah, T.S., Brunel, N., Herbette, S., Guillot, A., Tyree, M.T. and Sakr, S. (2007) Putative role of aquaporins in variable hydraulic conductance of leaves in response to light. Plant Physiology 143, 122-143.
36. Condon, A.G., Richards, R.A., Rebetzke, G.J. and Farquhar, G.D. (2004) Breeding for high water-use efficiency. Journal of Experimental Botany 55, 2447-2460.
37. Conejero, W., Alarcón, J.J., García-Orellana, Y., Nicolás, E. and Torrecillas, A. (2007) Evaluation of sap flow and trunk diameter sensors for irrigation scheduling in early maturing peach trees. Tree Physiology 27, 1753-1759.
38. Cowan, I.R. (1977) Stomatal behaviour and environment. Advances in Botanical Research 4, 117-228.
39. Domec, J.-C., Scholz, F.G., Bucci, S.J., Meinzer, F.C., Goldstein, G. and Villalobos-Vega, R. (2006) Diurnal and seasonal variation in root xylem embolism in neotropical savannah woody species: impact on stomatal control of plant water status. Plant, Cell and Environment 29, 26-35.
40. Donovan, L.A., Richards, J.H. and Linton, M.J. (2003) Magnitude and mechanisms of disequilibrium between predawn plant and soil water potentials. Ecology 84, 463-470.
41. Downey, M.O., Harvey, J.S. and Robinson, S.P. (2004) The effect of bunch shading on berry development and flavonoid accumulations in Shiraz grapes. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 10, 55-73.
42. Downton, W.J.S., Loveys, B.R. and Grant, W.J.R. (1988) Non-uniform stomatal closure induced by water stress causes putative non-stomatal inhibition of photosynthesis. New Phytologist 110, 503-509.
43. Downton, W.J.S., Loveys, B.R. and Grant, W.J.R. (1990) Salinity effects on the stomatal behaviour of grapevine. New Phytologist 116, 499-503.
44. Dry, P.R., Loveys, B.R., Botting, D. and Düring, H. (1996) Effects of partial root zone drying on grapevine vigour, yield composition of fruit and use of water. Proceedings of 9th Australian Wine Industry Technical Conference, Adelaide, Australia (Winetitles: Adelaide) pp. 126-131.
45. Düring, H. (1987) Stomatal responses to alterations of soil and air humidity in grapevines. Vitis 26, 9-18.
46. Düring, H. (1992) Low air humidity causes non-uniform stomatal closure in heterobaric leaves of Vitis species. Vitis 31, 1-7.
47. Düring, H. and Loveys, B.R. (1982) Diurnal changes in water relations and abscisic acid in field-grown Vitis vinifera cvs. I. Leaf water potential components and leaf conductance under humid temperate and semiarid conditions. Vitis 21, 223-232.
48. Düring, H. and Loveys, B.R. (1996) Stomatal patchiness of field-grown Sultana leaves: diurnal changes and light effects. Vitis 35, 7-10.
49. rd International Symposium on Grapevine Breeding (University of California: Davis, USA) pp. 179-190.
50. Eibach, R. and Alleweldt, G. (1984) Einfluss der Wasserversorgung auf Wachstum, Gaswechsel und Substanzproduktion trauben-tragender Reben. II. Der Gaswechsel. Vitis 23, 11-20.
51. Escalona, J.M., Flexas, J. and Medrano, H. (1999) Stomatal and non-stomatal limitations of photosynthesis under water stress in grapevines. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 26, 421-433.
52. Farquhar, G.D. and Richards, R.A. (1984) Isotopic composition of plant carbon correlates with water use efficiency of wheat genotypes. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 10, 205-226.
53. 3-species. Planta 149, 78-90.
54. Farquhar, G.D., Cernusak, L.A. and Barnes, B. (2007) Heavy water fractionation during transpiration. Plant Physiology 143, 11-18.
55. Farquhar, G.D., Ehleringer, J.R. and Hubick, K.T. (1989) Carbon isotope discrimination and photosynthesis. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 40, 503-537.
56. Farquhar, G.D., O'Leary, M.H. and Berry, J.A. (1982) On the relationship between carbon isotope discrimination and intercellular carbon dioxide concentration in leaves. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 9, 121-137.
57. Fereres, E. and Soriano, M.A. (2007) Deficit irrigation for reducing agricultural water use. Journal of Experimental Botany 58, 147-159.
58. Flexas, J., Bota, J., Cifre, J., Escalona, J.M., Galmés, J., Lefi, E., Martínez-Cañellas, S.F., Moreno, M.T., Ribas-Carbó, M., Riera, D., Sampol, B. and Medrano, H. (2004) Understanding down-regulation of photosynthesis under water stress: future prospects and searching for physiological tools for irrigation management. Annals of Applied Biology 144, 273-283.
59. Flexas, J., Bota, J., Escalona, J.M., Sampol, B. and Medrano, H. (2002) Effects of drought on photosynthesis in grapevines under field conditions: an evaluation of stomatal and mesophyll limitations. Functional Plant Biology 29, 461-471.
60. Flexas, J., Bota, J., Galmés, J., Medrano, H. and Ribas-Carbó, M. (2006) Keeping a positive carbon balance under adverse conditions: responses of photosynthesis and respiration to water stress. Physiologia Plantarum 127, 343-352.
61. 2 concentrations around leaves. Plant, Cell and Environment 30, 1284-1298.
62. Flexas, J., Escalona, J.M. and Medrano, H. (1998) Down-regulation of photosynthesis by drought under field conditions in grapevine leaves. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 25, 893-900.
63. Flexas, J., Galmes, J., Ribas-Carbó, M. and Medrano, H. (2005) The effects of water stress on plant respiration. In: Plant respiration. Eds. H. Lambers and M. Ribas-Carbó (Springer-Verlag: Berlin) pp. 85-94.
64. 2: current knowledge and future prospects. Plant, Cell and Environment 31, 602-621.
65. Fouquet, R., Léon, C., Ollat, N. and Barrieu, F. (2008) Identification of grapevine aquaporins and expression analysis in developing berries. Plant Cell Reports 27, 1541-1550.
66. Fournier, C. and Andrieu, B. (1999) ADEL-maize: An L-system based model for the integration of growth processes from the organ to the canopy. Application to the regulation of growth by light availability. Agronomie 19, 313-325.
67. Franks, P.J., Drake, P.L. and Froend, R.H. (2007) Anisohydric but isohydrodynamic: seasonally constant plant water potential gradient explained by a stomatal control mechanism incorporating variable plant hydraulic conductance. Plant, Cell and Environment 30, 19-30.
68. Fuchs, M. (1990) Infrared measurement of canopy temperature and detection of plant water stress. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 42, 253-261.
69. Galmés, J., Pou, A., Alsina, M.M., Toma s, M., Medrano, H. and Flexas, J. (2007) Aquaporin expression in response to different water stress intensities and recovery in Richter-110 (Vitis sp.): relationship with ecophysiological status. Planta 226, 671-681.
70. Gates, D.M. (1964) Leaf temperature and transpiration. Agronomy Journal 56, 273-277.
71. Gaudillère, J.P., van Leeuwen, C. and Ollat, N. (2002) Carbon isotope composition of sugars in grapevines, an integrated indicator of vineyard water status. Journal of Experimental Botany 369, 757-763.
72. 2 concentration ameliorates effects of NaCl salinity on photosynthesis and leaf structure of Aster tripolium L. Journal of Experimental Botany 60, 137-151.
73. Gibberd, M.R., Walker, R.R., Blackmore, D.H. and Condon, A.G. (2001) Transpiration efficiency and carbon-isotope discrimination of grapevines grown under well-watered conditions in either glasshouse or vineyard. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 7, 110-117.
74. Ginestar, C., Eastham, J., Gray, S. and Iland, P. (1998) Use of sap-flow sensors to schedule vineyard irrigation. I. Effects of post-veraison water deficits on water relations, vine growth, and yield of Shiraz grapevines. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 49, 413-420.
75. Girona, J., Mata, M., del Campo, J., Arbonés, A., Bartra, E. and Marsal, J. (2006) The use of midday leaf water potential for scheduling deficit irrigation in vineyards. Irrigation Science 24, 115-127.
76. Gladstone, E.A. and Dokoozlian, N.K. (2003) Influence of leaf area density and trellis/training system on the light microclimate within grapevine canopies. Vitis 42, 124-131.
77. Goldhamer, D.A. and Fereres, E. (2004) Irrigation scheduling of almond trees with trunk diameter sensors. Irrigation Science 23, 11-19.
78. 2 on grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.): volatile composition, phenolic content, and in vitro antioxidant activity of red wine. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 57, 265-273.
79. Goodwin, J. and Jerie, P. (1992) Regulated deficit irrigation: from concept to practice. Advances in vineyard irrigation. Australian and New Zealand Wine Industry Journal 7, 258-261.
80. Grant, O.M., Tronina, L., Jones, H.G. and Chaves, M.M. (2007) Exploring thermal imaging variables for the detection of stress responses in grapevine under different irrigation systems. Journal of Experimental Botany 58, 815-825.
81. Green, S.R., McNaughton, K.G. and Clothier, B.E. (1989) Observations of night-time water use in kiwi-fruit vines and apple trees. Agriculture and Forest Meteorology 48, 251-261.
82. Gruber, B.R. and Schultz, H.R. (2009) Comparison of physiological parameters for scheduling low-frequency irrigation on steep slopes in a cool climate grape (Vitis vinifera L.) growing region. Irrigation Science (in press).
83. Gómez del Campo, M., Baeza, P., Ruiz, C. and Lissarrague, J.R. (2004) Water-stress induced physiological changes in leaves of four container-grown grapevine cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.). Vitis 43, 99-105.
84. Hall, A., Lamb, D.W., Holzapfel, B. and Louis, J. (2002) Optical remote sensing applications in viticulture - a review. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 8, 36-47.
85. Harley, P.C. and Tenhunen, J.D. (1991) Modeling the photosyn-thetic response of C3 leaves to environmental factors. In: Modeling crop photosynthesis: from biochemistry to canopy. Eds. K.J. Boote and R.S. Loomis (Special Publication of the Crop Science Society of America, Madison, WI) pp. 17-39.
86. 4 grasses. Functional Plant Biology 29, 435-442.
87. Helliker, B.R. and Ehleringer, J.R. (2002b) Grass blades as tree rings: environmentally induced changes in the oxygen isotope ratio of cellulose along the length of grass blades. New Phytologist 155, 417-424.
88. Hermann, A. and Voerkelius, S. (2008) Meteorological impact on oxygen isotope ratios of German wines. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 59, 194-199.
89. IPCC (2008) Climate change and water. In: IPCC Tech. Paper VI (Eds. B.C. Bates, Z.W. Kundzewicz, S. Wu, J.P. Palutikof) (IPCC Secretariat, Geneva).
90. Idso, S.B. (1982) Non-water-stressed baselines: a key to measuring and interpreting plant water stress. Agriculture and Forest Meteorology 27, 59-70.
91. Idso, S.B., Jackson, R.D., Pinter, P.J., Reginato, R.H. and Hatfield, J.L. (1981) Normalising the stress degree-day parameter for environmental variability. Agriculture and Forest Meteorology 24, 45-55.
92. Jifon, J.L. and Syvertsen, J.P. (2003) Moderate shade can increase net gas exchange and reduce photo-inhibition in citrus leaves. Tree Physiology 23, 119-127.
93. Johanson, U., Karlsson, M., Johansson, I., Gustavsson, S., Sjovall, S., Fraysse, L., Weig, A.R. and Kjellbom, P. (2001) The complete set of genes encoding major intrinsic proteins in Arabidopsis provides a framework for a new nomenclature for major intrinsic proteins in plants. Plant Physiology 126, 1358-1369.
94. Johnson, L.F., Lobitz, B., Armstrong, R., Baldy, R., Weber, E., de Benedictis, J. and Bosch, D.F. (1996) Airborne imaging for vineyard canopy evaluation. California Agriculture 50, 14-18.
95. Johnson, L.F. (2001) Nitrogen influence on fresh-leaf NIR spectra. Remote Sensing of Environment 78, 314-320.
96. Johnson, L.F., Bosch, D.F., Williams, D.C. and Lobitz, B.M. (2001) Remote sensing of vineyard management zones: Implication for wine quality. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 17, 557-560.
97. Jones, G.V. (2007a) Climate change: observations, projections and general implications for viticulture and wine production. In: Work Paper No 7, Economics department Whitman College. Eds. E. Essick, P. Griffin, B. Keefer, S. Miller and K. Storchmann (Whitman College: Walla Walla, USA) pp. 1-15.
98. Jones, H.G. (2007b) Monitoring plant and soil water status: established and novel methods revisited and their relevance to studies of drought tolerance. Journal of Experimental Botany 58, 119-130.
99. Jones, G.V., Duchène, E., Tomasi, D., Yuste, J., Bratislavska, O., Schultz, H.R., Martinez, C., Boso, S., Langellier, F., Perruchot, C. and Guimberteau, G. (2005b) Changes in European winegrape phenology and relationships with climate. Proceedings XIV GESCO Symposium, Geisenheim, Germany, Vol. I (Forschungsanstalt: Geisenheim) pp. 55-61.
100. Jones, G.V., White, M.A., Cooper, O.R. and Storchmann, K. (2005a) Climate change and global wine quality. Climate Change 73, 319-343.
101. Jones, H.G. (1992) Plants and microclimate, 2nd edn (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge) p. 428.
102. Jones, H.G. (1999) Use of infrared thermometry for estimation of stomatal conductance as a possible aid to irrigation scheduling. Agriculture and Forest Meteorology 95, 139-149.
103. Jones, H.G., Stoll, M., Santos, T., Sousa, C. and Chaves, M.M. (2002) Use of infrared thermometry for monitoring stomatal closure in the field: application to grapevine. Journal of Experimental Botany 53, 2249-2260.
104. 2 from measured conductance: a synthesis of approaches. Plant, Cell and Environment 23, 1313-1328.
105. Keller, M. (2005) Deficit irrigation and vine mineral nutrition. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 56, 267-283.
106. Koundouras, S., Tisialtas, I.T., Zioziou, E. and Nikolaou, N. (2008) Rootstock effects on the adaptive strategies of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) under contrasting water status: leaf physiological and structural responses. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 128, 86-96.
107. Kramer, P.J. and Boyer, J.S. (1995) Water relations of plants and soils (Academic Press: San Diego).
108. Kriedemann, P.E., Sward, R.J. and Downton, W.J.S. (1976) Vine response to carbon dioxide enrichment during heat therapy. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 3, 605-618.
109. Laisk, A. (1983) Calculation of leaf photosynthetic parameters considering the statistical distribution of stomatal apertures. Journal of Experimental Botany 34, 1627-1635.
110. 2 and humidity: control by transpiration rate and abscisic acid. New Phytologist 179, 591-628.
111. Lamb, D.W., Weedon, M.M. and Bramley, R.G.V. (2004) Using remote sensing to predict grape phenolics and colour at harvest in a Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard: Timing observations against vine phenology and optimising image resolution. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 10, 45-54.
112. Lawlor, D.W. and Tezera, W. (2009) Review: causes of decreased photosynthetic rate and metabolic capacity in water-deficient leaf cells: a critical evaluation of mechanisms and integration of processes. Annals of Botany 103, 561-579.
113. Litton, C.M. and Giardina, C.P. (2008) Below-ground carbon flux and partitioning: global patterns and response to temperature. Functional Ecology 22, 947-945.
114. Lloyd, J., Grace, J., Miranda, A.C., Meir, P., Wong, S.C., Miranda, H.S., Wright, I.R., Gash, J.H.C. and McIntyre, J. (1995) A simple calibrated model of Amazon rainforest productivity based on leaf biochemical properties. Plant, Cell and Environment 18, 1127-1145.
115. Long, S.P., Ainsworth, E.A., Rogers, A. and Ort, D.R. (2004) Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide: plants FACE the future. Annual Review of Plant Biology 55, 591-628.
116. Lopes, C., Monteiro, A., Rückert, F.E., Gruber, B.R., Steinberg, B. and Schultz, H.R. (2004) Transpiration of grapevines and co-habitating cover crop and weed species in a vineyard. A 'snapshot' at diurnal trends. Vitis 43, 111-117.
117. Louarn, G., Lebon, E. and Lecoeur, J. (2005) «Top-vine», a topiary approach based architectural model to simulate vine canopy structure. Proceedings XIV GESCO Symposium, Geisenheim, Germany, Vol. II (Forschungsanstalt: Geisenheim) pp. 464-470.
118. Louarn, G., Lecoeur, J. and Lebon, E. (2008) A three-dimensional statistical reconstruction model of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) simulating canopy structure variability within and between cultivar/training system pairs. Annals of Botany 101, 1167-1184.
119. Loveys, B.R. (1984a) Abscisic acid transport and metabolism in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). New Phytologist 98, 575-582.
120. Loveys, B.R. (1984b) Diurnal changes in water relations and absci-sic acid in field-grown Vitis vinifera cultivars: III. The influence of xylem-derived abscisic acid on leaf gas exchange. New Phytologist 98, 563-573.
121. Loveys, B.R., Stoll, M. and Davies, W.J. (2004) Physiological approaches to enhance water use efficiency in agriculture: exploiting plant signalling in novel irrigation practice. In: Water use efficiency in plant biology. Eds. M.A. Bacon (Blackwell Publishing: Oxford) pp. 113-141.
122. Lovisolo, C. and Schubert, A. (2006) Mercury hinders recovery of shoot hydraulic conductivity during grapevine rehydration: evidence from a whole-plant approach. New Phytologist 172, 469-478.
123. Lovisolo, C., Hartung, W. and Schubert, A. (2002) Whole-plant hydraulic conductance and root-to-shoot flow of abscisic acid are independently affected by water stress in grapevines. Functional Plant Biology 29, 1349-1356.
124. Lovisolo, C., Perrone, I. Hartung, W. and Schubert, A. (2008a) An abscisic acid-related reduced transpiration promotes gradual embolism repair when grapevines are rehydrated after drought. New Phytologist 180, 1-10.
125. Lovisolo, C., Tramantini, S., Flexas, J. and Schubert, A. (2008b) Mercurial inhibition of root hydraulic conductance in Vitis spp. rootstocks under water stress. Environmental and Experimental Botany 63, 178-182.
126. Luu, D.T. and Maurel, C. (2005) Aquaporins in a challenging environment: molecular gears for adjusting plant water status. Plant, Cell and Environment 28, 85-96.
127. Mabrouk, H. and Sinoquet, H. (1998) Indices of light microclimate and canopy structure of grapevines determined by 3D digitising and image analyses, and their relationship to grape quality. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 4, 2-13.
128. Mabrouk, H., Carbonneau, A. and Sinoquet, H. (1997) Canopy structure and radiation regime in grapevine. I. Spatial and angular distribution of leaf area in two canopy systems. Vitis 36, 119-123.
129. Maherali, H., Moura, C.F., Caldeira, M.C., Willson, C.J. and Jackson, R.B. (2006) Functional coordination between leaf gas exchange and vulnerability to xylem cavitation in temperate forest trees. Plant, Cell and Environment 29, 571-583.
130. Martin, P., Zarco-Tejada, P.J., Gonzalez, M.R. and Berjon, A. (2007) Using hyperspectral remote sensing to map grape quality in 'Tempranillo' vineyards affected by iron deficiency chlorosis. Vitis 46, 7-14.
131. Masle, J., Gilmore, S.R. and Farquhar, G.D. (2005) The ERECTA gene regulates plant transpiration efficiency in Arabidopsis. Nature 436, 866-870.
132. Matthews, M.A., Anderson, M.M. and Schultz, H.R. (1987) Phenolic and growth responses to seasonal water deficits in Cabernet Franc. Vitis 26, 147-160.
133. Maurel, C., Verdoucq, L., Luu, D.T. and Santoni, V. (2008) Plant Aquaporins: membrane channels with multiple integrated functions. Annual Review of Plant Biology 59, 595-624.
134. McCarthy, M.G., Loveys, B.R., Dry, P.R. and Stoll, M. (2002) Water reports. FAO Publication number 22, Rome, pp. 79-87.
135. Medrano, H., Bota, H., Escalona, J.M., Ribas-Carbó, M. and Flexas, J. (2005) Variability of intrinsic water use efficiency in Mediterranean grapevines. Proceedings XIV GESCO Symposium, Geisenheim, Germany, Vol. II (Forschungsanstalt: Geisenheim) pp. 513-520.
136. Mo, X., Chen, J.M., Ju, W. and Black, T.A. (2008) Optimization of ecosystem model parameters through assimilating eddy covariance flux data with an ensemble Kalman filter. Ecological Modelling 217, 157-173.
137. Morgan, P.B., Mies, T.A., Bollero, G.A., Nelson, R.L. and Long, S.P. (2006) Seasonal-long elevation of ozone concentration to projected 2050 levels under fully open-air conditions substantially decreases the growth and production of soybean. New Phytologist 170, 333-343.
138. Morlat, R., Penavayre, M., Jacquet, A., Asselin, C. and Lemaitre, C. (1992) Influence des terroirs sur le fonctionnement hydrique et al photosynthèse de la vigne en millésime exceptionnellement sec (1990). Conséquence sur la maturation du raisin. International Journal of Vine and Wine Sciences 26, 197-218.
139. Mott, K.A. and Buckley, T.N. (1998) Stomatal heterogeneity. Journal of Experimental Botany 49, 407-417.
140. Mott, K.A. and Peak, D. (2007) Stomatal patchiness and task-performing networks. Annals of Botany 99, 219-226.
141. Musil, C.F., Schmiedel, V. and Midgley, C.F. (2005) Lethal effects of experimental warming approximating a future climate scenario on southern African quartz-field succulents: a pilot study. New Phytologist 165, 537-547.
142. Möller, M., Alchanatis, V., Cohen, Y., Meron, M., Tsipris, J., Naor, A., Ostrovsky, V., Sprintsin, M. and Cohen, S. (2007) Use of thermal and visible imagery for estimating crop water status of irrigated grapevine. Journal of Experimental Botany 58, 827-838.
143. Naor, A. (1998) Relations between leaf and stem water potentials and stomatal conductance in three field grown woody species. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 73, 431-436.
144. Naor, A. and Bravdo, B. (2000) Irrigation and water relations interactions in grapevines. Acta Horticulturae 526, 109-113.
145. Naor, A., Bravdo, B. and Gelobter, J. (1994) Gas exchange and water relations in field-grown Sauvignon blanc grapevines. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 45, 423-427.
146. Neil, S., Desikan, R. and Hancock, J. (2003) Nitric oxide signalling in plants. New Phytologist 159, 11-31.
147. Nilson, S.E. and Assmann, S.M. (2007) The control of transpiration. Insights from Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology 143, 19-27.
148. Olivo, N., Girona, J. and Marsal, J. (2009) Seasonal sensitivity of stem water potential to vapour pressure deficit in grapevine. Irrigation Science 27, 175-182.
149. Olmstead, M.A., Wample, R.L., Greene, S.L. and Tarara, J.M. (2001) Evaluation of potential cover crops for inland Pacific Northwest vineyards. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 52, 292-303.
150. Ortuño, M.F., García-Orellana, Y., Conejero, W., Ruiz-Sánchez, M.C., Alarcón, J.J. and Torrecillas, A. (2006) Stem and leaf water potentials, gas exchange, sap flow, and trunk diameter fluctuations for detecting water stress in lemon trees. Trees 20, 1-8.
151. Osmond, C.B., Björkman, O. and Anderson, D.J. (1980) Physiological processes in plant ecology (Springer-Verlag: Berlin).
152. O'Leary, M.H. (1981) Carbon isotope fractionation in plants. Phytochemistry 20, 553-567.
153. Palliotti, A., Cartechini, A., Nasini, L., Silvestroni, O., Mattio, S. and Meri, D. (2004) Seasonal carbon balance of 'Sangiovese' grapevines in two different central Italy environments. Acta Horticulturae 652, 183-190.
154. Patakas, A. and Zotos, A. (2005) Possible role of nitric oxide production in drought stress signalling in grapevines. Proceedings XIV GESCO Symposium, Geisenheim, Germany, Vol. II, (Forschungsanstalt: Geisenheim) pp. 535-558.
155. Patakas, A., Noitsakis, B. and Chouzouri, A. (2005) Optimization of irrigation water use in grapevines using the relationship between transpiration and plant water status. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 106, 253-259.
156. Peguy, C.P. (1970) Précis de Climatologie (Masson, Paris) p. 468.
157. Pellegrino, A. (2003) Elaboration d'un outil de diagnostic du stress hydrique utilisable sur la vigne en parcelle agricole par couplage d'un modèle de bilan hydrique et d'indicateurs de fonctionnement de la plante. Thèse: Diplôme de Doctorat, ENSA, Montpellier.
158. Pellegrino, A., Lebon, E., Simmoneau, T. and Wery, J. (2005) Towards a simple indicator of water stress in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) based on the differential sensitivities of vegetative growth components. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 11, 306-315.
159. Poni, S., Bernizzoni, F., Civardi, S., Gatti, M., Porro, D. and Comin, F. (2009) Performance and water-use efficiency (single-leaf vs. whole-canopy) of well-watered and half-stressed split-root Lambrusco grapevines grown in Po Valley (Italy). Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 129, 97-106.
160. Pou, A., Flexas, J., Alsina, M., Bota, J., Carambula, C., Herralde, F., Galmés, J., Lovisolo, C., Jiminéz, M., Ribas-Carbó, M., Rusjan, D., Secchi, F., Tomàs, M., Zsófi, Z. and Medrano, H. (2008) Adjustments of water use efficiency by stomatal regulation during drought and recovery in the drought-adapted Vitis hybrid Richter-110 (V. berlandieri x V. rupestris). Physiologia Plantarum 134, 313-323.
161. Quan, L.-J., Zhang, B., Shi, W.-W. and Li, H.-Y. (2008) Hydrogen peroxide in plants: a versatile molecule of the reactive oxygen species network. Journal of International Plant Biology 50, 2-18.
162. Rascher, U. and Pieruschka, R. (2008) Spatiotemporal variations of photosynthesis: the potential of optical remote sensing to better understand and scale light use efficiency and stresses of plant ecosystems. Precision Agriculture 9, 355-366.
163. Reynolds, A.G. and Wardle, D.A. (1989) Influence of fruit microclimate on monoterpene levels of Gewürztraminer. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 40, 149-154.
164. Rodrigues, M.L., Santos, T.P., Rodrigues, A.P., Souza, C.R., Lopes, C.M., Maroco, J.P., Pereira, J.S. and Chaves, M.M. (2008) Hydraulic and chemical signalling in the regulation of stomatal conductance and plant water use in field grapevines growing under deficit irrigation. Functional Plant Biology 35, 565-579.
165. Sade, N., Vinocur, B.J., Dibes, A., Shatil, A., Ronen, G., Nissan, H., Wallach, R., Karchi, H. and Moshelion, M. (2009) Improving plant stress tolerance and yield production: is the tonoplast aquaporin SITIP2;2 a key to isohydric to anisohydric conversion? New Phytologist 181, 651-661.
166. Sadras, V. (2009) Does partial root-zone drying improve irrigation water productivity in the field? A meta-analysis. Irrigation Science 27, 183-190.
167. Sang, J., Jiang, M., Lin, F., Xu, S., Zhang, A. and Tan, M. (2008) Nitric oxide reduces hydrogen peroxide accumulation involved in water stress-induced subcellular anti-oxidant defense in maize plants. Journal of International Plant Biology 50, 231-243.
168. Santos, T.P., Lopes, C.M., Rodrigues, M.L., de Souza, C.R., Ricardo-da Silva, J.M., Maroco, J.P. and Chaves, M.M. (2005) Effects of partial root-zone drying irrigation on cluster microclimate and fruit composition of field grown Castelão grapevines. Vitis 44, 117-125.
169. Schmid, J. (1997) Xylemflussmessungen an Reben. Geisenheimer Berichte, Band 33.
170. Schultz, H.R. (1995) Grape canopy structure, light microclimate and photosynthesis. I. A two-dimensional model of spatial distribution of surface area densities and leaf ages in two canopy systems. Vitis 34, 211-215.
171. Schultz, H.R. (1991) Seasonal and nocturnal changes in leaf age dependent dark respiration of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) sun and shade leaves: modelling the temperature effect. Viticultural and Enological Sciences 46, 129-140.
172. Schultz, H.R. (1996) Water relations and photosynthetic responses of two grapevine cultivars of different geographical origin during water stress. Acta Horticulturae 427, 251-266.
173. Schultz, H.R. (2003a) Differences in hydraulic architecture account for near-isohydric and anisohydric behaviour of two field-grown Vitis vinifera L. cultivars during drought. Plant, Cell and Environment 26, 1393-1405.
174. Schultz, H.R. (2003b) Extension of a Farquhar model for grapevines (cvs. Riesling and Zinfandel) for light environment, phenology and leaf age induced limitations of photosynthesis. Functional Plant Biology 30, 673-687.
175. Schultz, H.R. and Jones, G.V. (2008) Sozio-ökonomische Aspekte des Klimawandels: Gewinner und Verlierer. Veränderungen in der Landwirtschaft am Beispiel des Weinbaus. In: Warnsignal Klima. Eds. J.L. Lozán, H. Graßl, G. Jendritzky, L. Karbe, K. Reise (GEO Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen: Hamburg) pp. 268-273.
176. Schultz, H.R., Lebon, E. and Rousseau, C. (1999) Suitability of the 'Ball, Woodrow, Berry'-model for the description of stomatal coupling to photosynthesis of different Vitis species and Vitis vinifera cultivars in different climatic regions at various levels of water deficit. Acta Horticulturae 493, 17-30.
177. Schultz, H.R., Pieri, P., Poni, S. and Lebon, E. (2001) Modelling water use and carbon assimilation of vineyards with different canopy structures and varietal strategies during water deficit. Proceedings of the 12th International Congress on Photosynthesis (CSIRO Publishing: Brisbane, Australia).
178. 2 assimilation rates of plants in contrasting environments. In: Encylopedia of plant physiology, physiological plant ecology II. Water relations and carbon assimilation, Vol. 12B. Eds. O.L. Lange, P.S. Nobel, C.B. Osmond, H. Ziegler (Springer: Berlin) pp. 181-230.
179. Seelig, H.-D., Adams, W., Hoehn, A., Stodieck, L., Klaus, D. and Emery, W. (2008) Extraneous variables and their influence on reflectance-based measurements of leaf water content. Irrigation Science 26, 407-414.
180. Seibt, V., Rajabi, A., Griffith, H. and Berry, J.A. (2008) Carbon isotopes and water use efficiency: sense and sensitivity. Oecologia 155, 441-454.
181. Smart, D.R. (2004) Exposure to elevated carbon dioxide concentration in the dark lowers the respiration quotient of Vitis cane wood. Tree Physiology 24, 115-120.
182. Smart, R.E., Schaulis, N.J. and Lemon, R.E. (1982) The effect of Concord vineyard microclimate on yield. I. The effect of pruning, training und shoot positioning on radiation microclimate. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 33, 99-108.
183. 4 species: do plants lose water at night? Journal of Experimental Botany 54, 861-865.
184. Soar, C.J. and Loveys, B.R. (2007) The effect of changing patterns in soil-moisture availability on grapevine root distribution, and viticultural implications for converting full-cover irrigations into a point source irrigation system. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 13, 2-13.
185. Soar, C.J., Collins, M.J. and Sadras, V.O. (2009) Irrigated Shiraz vines (Vitris vinifera) up-regulate gas-exchange and maintain berry growth in response to short spells of high maximum temperatures in the field. Functional Plant Biology 36, 801-804.
186. Soar, C.J., Dry, P.R. and Loveys, B.R. (2006b) Scion photosynthesis and leaf gas exchange in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz: Mediation of rootstock effect via xylem sap ABA. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 12, 82-96.
187. Soar, C.J., Speirs, J., Maffei, S.M., Penrose, A.B., McCarthy, M.G. and Loveys, B.R. (2006a) Grape vine varieties Shiraz and Grenache differ in their stomatal response to VPD: apparent links with ABA physiology and gene expression in leaf tissue. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 12, 2-12.
188. Souza, C.R., Maroco, J.P., Dos Santos, T.P., Rodrigues, M.L., Lopes, C.M., Pereira, J.S. and Chaves, M.M. (2005b) Control of stomatal aperture and carbon uptake by deficit irrigation in two grapevine cultivars. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 106, 261-274.
189. 13C) of field-grown grapevines under Mediterranean climate. Journal of Experimental Botany 56, 2163-2172.
190. Stocker, O. (1956) Die Abhängigkeit der Transpiration von den Umweltfaktoren. In: Encyclopedia of plant physiology, Vol. 3. Eds. W. Ruhland (Springer-Verlag: Berlin) pp. 436-488.
191. Stoll, M. and Jones, H.G. (2007) Thermal imaging as a viable tool for monitoring plant stress. Journal International de Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin 41, 77-84.
192. Stoll, M., Loveys, B.R. and Dry, P.R. (2000) Hormonal changes induced by partial rootzone drying of irrigated grapevine. Journal of Experimental Botany 51, 1627-1634.
193. Tanner, C.B. (1963) Plant temperatures. Agronomy Journal 55, 210-211.
194. Tardaguila, J., Bertamini, M., Reniero, F. and Versini, G. (1997) Oxygen isotope composition of must-water in grapevine: effects of water deficit and rootstock. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 3, 84-89.
195. Tenhunen, J.D., Sala Serra, A., Harley, P.C., Dougherty, R.L. and Reynolds, J.F. (1990) Factors influencing carbon fixation and water use by Mediterranean sclerophyll shrubs during summer drought. Oecologia 82, 381-393.
196. Tonietto, J. and Carbonneau, A. (2004) A multicriteria climatic classification system for grape-growing regions worldwide. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 124, 81-97.
197. Turner, N.C., Schulze, E.-D. and Gollan, T. (1984) The response of stomata and leaf gas exchange to vapour pressure deficits and soil water content: I. Species comparisons at high soil water contents. Oecologia 63, 338-342.
198. 12C. L'intérêt de sa mesure sur les sucres du moût à maturité. Journal International de Sciences de Vigne et du Vin 35, 195-105.
199. Van Leeuwen, C. and Seguin, G. (1994) Incidences de l'alimentation en eau de la vigne, appreciée per l'etat hydrique du feuillage, sur le developpement de l'appareil végétatif et la maturation du raisin. Journal of Vine and Wine Sciences 28, 81-110.
200. Vandeleur, R.K., Mayo, G., Shelden, M.C., Gilliham, M., Kaiser, B.N. and Tyerman, S.D. (2009) The role of PIP aquaporins in water transport through roots: diurnal and drought stress responses reveal different strategies between isohydric and aniso-hydric cultivars of grapevine. Plant Physiology 149, 445-460.
201. Wang, Y.P., Baldochi, D., Leuning, R., Falge, E. and Vesal, T. (2007) Estimating parameters in a land-surface model by applying nonlinear inversion to eddy covariance flux measurements from eight FLUXNET sites. Global Change Biology 13, 652-670.
202. Webb, L.B., Whetton, P.H. and Barlow, E.W. (2008) Climate change and wine grape quality in Australia. Climate Research 36, 99-111.
203. Webb, L.B., Whetton, P.H. and Barlow, E.W.R. (2007) Modelled impact of future climate change on the phenology of gapevines in Australia. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 13, 165-175.
204. Williams, L.E. and Araujo, F.J. (2002) Correlations among predawn leaf, midday leaf, and midday stem water potential and their correlations with other measures of soil and plant water status in Vitis vinifera. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 127, 448-454.
205. Williams, L.E. and Matthews, M.A. (1990) Grapevine. In: Irrigation of Agricultural Crops-Agronomy (Monograph nor. 30, ASA-CSSA-SSSA), pp. 1019-1055.
206. Woodward, F.I. (2007) An inconvenient truth. New Phytologist 174, 470-473.
207. Zarco-Tejada, P.J., Berjon, A., Lopez-Lozano, R., Miller, J.R., Martin, P., Cachorro, V., Gonzalez, M.R. and de Frutos, A. (2005) Assessing vineyard condition with hyperspectral indices: leaf and canopy reflectance simulation in a row-structured discontinuous canopy. Remote Sensing of Environment 99, 271-287.
208. Zsófi, Z., Gál, L., Szilágy, Z., Szücs, E., Marschall, M., Nagy, Z. and Bálo, B. (2009) Use of stomatal conductance and pre-dawn water potential to classify terroir for the variety Kékfrankos. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 15, 36-47.