Recent progress of imaging agents for Parkinson’s disease

Current Neuropharmacology

Volumn 12, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 551-563

  Wu, Xiaoai ^a   Cai, Huawei ^a   Ge, Ran ^b   Li, Lin ^a   Jia, Zhiyun ^a  

^a SICHUAN UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b FUJIAN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Neurodegenerative; Parkinson s disease; Radiopharmaceuticals

Indexed keywords

[2 [[2 [[[3 (4 CHLOROPHENYL) 8 METHYL 8 AZABICYCLO [3.2.1] OCT 2 YL] METHYL] (2 MERCAPTOETHYL) AMINO] ETHYL] AMINO] ETHANETHIOLATO] OXOTECHNETIUM TC 99M; 2 BETA CARBOMETHOXY 3 BETA (4 CHLOROPHENYL) 8 (2 FLUOROETHYL) NORTROPANE F 18; 2 BETA CARBOMETHOXY 3BETA (4 CHLOROPHENYL)8 (2 [F 18]FLUOROETHYL) NORTROPANE; 6 FLUORODOPAMINE F 18; ALTROPANE; ALTROPANE I123; DESMETHOXYFALLYPRIDE F 18; DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER; EPIDEPRIDE I 124; EPIDEPRIDE I 131; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; HEXAMETHYLPROPYLENE AMINE OXIME TECHNETIUM TC 99M; IOFLUPANE I 123; IOLOPRIDE I 123; IOMETOPANE; N 2 CARBOMETHOXY 3 (4 FLUOROPHENYL) TROPANE C 11; N 2 CARBOMETHOXY 3 (4 IODOPHENYL) TROPANE C 11; N SEC BUTYL 1 (2 CHLOROPHENYL) N METHYL 3 ISOQUINOLINECARBOXAMIDE C 11; N [2 [4 (2 METHOXYPHENYL) 1 PIPERAZINYL] ETHYL] N (2 PYRIDYL) CYCLOHEXANECARBOXAMIDE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING AGENT; RACLOPRIDE C 11; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE DEHYDROGENASE (UBIQUINONE); UBIDECARENONE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VESICULAR MONOAMINE TRANSPORTER;

ARTICLE; DRUG STRUCTURE; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; HUMAN; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PARKINSON DISEASE; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; RECEPTOR BINDING; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY;

EID: 84924989716     PISSN: 1570159X     EISSN: 18756190     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666141204221238     Document Type: Article

References (166)

1. Jankovic, J. Parkinson's disease: clinical features and diagnosis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry., 2008, 79, 368-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2007.131045.
2. Braak, H., Del Tredici, K., Rüb, U., de Vos, R.A., Jansen, S.E.N., Braak, E. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol. Aging, 2003, 24, 197-211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0197-4580(02)00065-9.
3. Braak, H., Müller, C.M., Rüb, U., Ackermann, H., Bratzke, H., de Vos, R.A., Del Tredici, K. Pathology associated with sporadic Parkinson's disease--where does it end? J. Neural. Transm. Suppl., 2006, 70, 89-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-45295-0_15.
4. Dawson, T.M., Dawson, V.L. Rare genetic mutations shed light on the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease. J. Clin. Invest., 2003, 111, 145-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/jci200317575.
5. Tanner, C.M., Goldman, S.M. Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease. Neurol. Clin., 1996, 14, 317-335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8619(05)70259-0.
6. Gelb, D.J., Oliver, E., Gilman, S. Diagnostic criteria for Parkinson disease. Arch. Neurol., 1999, 56, 33-39. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.56.1.33.
7. Hughes, A.J., Daniel, S.E., Kilford, L., Lees, A.J. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease: a clinico-pathological study of 100 cases. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry., 1992, 55, 181-184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.55.3.181.
8. Agid, Y. Parkinson's disease: pathophysiology. Lancet, 1991, 337, 1321-1324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(91)92989-f.
9. Tai, Y.F., Piccini, P. Applications of positron emission tomography (PET) in neurology. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 2004, 75, 669-676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2003.028175.
10. Joers, v., Emborg, M.E. Modeling and imaging cardiac sympathetic neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease. Am. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2014 20, 4,125-159.
11. Nobili, F., Morbelli, S., Arnaldi, D., Ferrara, M., Campus, C., Brugnolo, A., Mazzei, D., Mehrdad, N., Sambuceti, G., Rodriguez, G. Radionuclide brain imaging correlates of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD). J. Neurol. Sci., 2011, 310, 31-35. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.06.053.
12. Hsiao, IT., Weng, Y.H., Hsieh, C.J., Lin, W.Y., Wey, S.P., Kung, M.P., Yen, T.C., Lu, C.S., Lin, K.J. Correlation of Parkinson Disease Severity and 18F-DTBZ Positron Emission Tomography. JAMA Neurol., 2014, 71, 758-66. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.290.
13. Mosconi, L. Brain glucose metabolism in the early and specific diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. FDG-PET studies in MCI and AD. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging., 2005, 32, 486-510.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00259-005-1762-7.
14. Phelps, M.E., Huang, S.C., Hoffman, E.J., Selin, C., Sokoloff, L, Kuhl, D.E. Tomographic measurement of local cerebral glucose metabolic rate in humans with (F-18)2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose: validation of method. Ann. Neurol., 1979, 6, 371-388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.410060502.
15. van Berkel, A., Rao, J.U., Kusters, B., Demir, T., Visser, E., Mensenkamp, A.R., van der Laak, J.A., Oosterwijk, E., Lenders, J.W., Sweep, F.C., Wevers, R.A., Hermus, A.R., Langenhuijsen, J.F., Kunst, D.P., Pacak, K., Gotthardt, M., Timmers, H.J. Correlation Between In Vivo 18F-FDG PET and Immuno-histochemical Markers of Glucose Uptake and Metabolism in Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma. J. Nucl. Med., 2014, 55, 1253-1259. http://dx.doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.114.137034.
16. Wienhard, K. Measurement of glucose consumption using [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose. Methods, 2002, 27, 218-225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1046-2023(02)00077-4.
17. Kalbe, E., Voges, J., Weber, T., Haarer, M., Baudrexel, S., Klein, J.C., Kessler, J., Sturm, V., Heiss, W.D., Hilker, R. Frontal FDG-PET activity correlates with cognitive outcome after STN-DBS in Parkinson disease. Neurology, 2009, 6, 42-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000338536.31388.f0.
18. Li, D., Zuo, C., Guan, Y., Zhao, Y., Shen, J., Zan, S., Sun, B. FDG-PET study of the bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation effects on the regional cerebral metabolism in advanced Parkinson disease. Acta Neurochir. Suppl., 2006, 99, 51-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-35205-2_10.
19. Zhao, Y.B., Sun, B.M., Li, D.Y., Wang, Q.S. Effects of bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation on resting-state cerebral glucose metabolism in advanced Parkinson's disease. Chin. Med. J. (Engl)., 2004, 117, 1304-1308. PubMed ID: 15377418.
20. Hellwig, S., Amtage, F., Kreft, A., Buchert, R., Winz, O.H., Vach, W., Spehl, T.S., Rijntjes, M., Hellwig, B., Weiller, C., Winkler, C., Weber, W.A., Tüscher, O., Meyer, P.T. [18F]FDG-PET is superior to [123I]IBZM-SPECT for the differential diagnosis of parkinsonism. Neurology, 2012, 25, 1314-1322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0b013e31826c1b0a.
21. Halpern, C.H., Rick, J.H., Danish, S.F., Grossman, M., Baltuch, G.H. Cognition following bilateral deep brain stimulation surgery of the subthalamic nucleus for Parkinson's disease. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 2009, 24, 443-451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.2149.
22. Juh, R., Kim, J., Moon, D., Choe, B., Suh, T. Different metabolic patterns analysis of Parkinsonism on the 18F-FDG PET. Eur. J. Radiol., 2004, 51, 223-233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0720-048x(03)00214-6.
23. Akdemir, Ü.Ö., Tokçaer, A.B., Karakuş, A., Kapucu, L.Ö. Brain 18F-FDG PET imaging in the differential diagnosis of parkinsonism. Clin. Nucl. Med., 2014, 39, 220-226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/rlu.0000000000000315.
24. del Olmo, M.F., Arias, P., Furio, M.C., Pozo, M.A., Cudeiro, J. Evaluation of the effect of training using auditory stimulation on rhythmic movement in Parkinsonian patients-a combined motor and [18F]-FDG PET study. Parkinsonism. Relat. D., 2006, 12(3),155-164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2005.11.002.
25. Haegelen, C., García-Lorenzo, D., Le Jeune, F., Péron, J., Gibaud, B., Riffaud, L., Brassier, G., Barillot, C., Vérin, M., Morandi, X. SPECT and PET analysis of subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: analysis using a manual segmentation. J. Neurol., 2010, 257, 375-382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00415-009-5327-8.
26. Garnett, E.S., Firnau, G., Nahmias, C. Dopamine visualized in the basal ganglia of living man. Nature, 1983, 305, 137-138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/305137a0.
27. Gjedde, A., Reith, J., Dyve, S., Léger, G., Guttman, M., Diksic, M., Evans, A., Kuwabara, H. Dopa decarboxylase activity of the living human brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1991, 88, 2721-2725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.88.7.2721.
28. Kumakura, Y., Cumming, P. PET studies of cerebral levodopa metabolism: a review of clinical findings and modeling approaches. Neuroscientist, 2009, 15, 635-650.
29. Martin, W.R., Palmer, M.R., Patlak, C.S., Calne, D.B. Nigrostriatal function in humans studied with positron emission tomography. Ann. Neurol., 1989, 26, 535-542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana. 410260407.
30. Sossi, V., Doudet, D.J., Holden, J.E. A reversible tracer analysis approach to the study of effective dopamine turnover. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 2001, 21, 469-476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004647-200104000-00015.
31. Walker, M.D., Dinelle, K., Kornelsen, R., Lee, A., Farrer, M.J., Stoessl, A.J., Sossi, V. Measuring dopaminergic function in the 6-OHDA-lesioned rat: a comparison of PET and microdialysis. EJNMMI. Res., 2013, 3, 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2191-219x-3-69.
32. Walker, M.D., Dinelle, K., Kornelsen, R., McCormick, S., Mah, C., Holden, J.E., Farrer, M.J., Stoessl, A.J., Sossi, V. In-vivo measurement of LDOPA uptake, dopamine reserve and turnover in the rat brain using [18F]FDOPA PET. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 2013, 33, 59-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2012.120.
33. Kyono, K., Takashima, T., Katayama, Y., Kawasaki, T., Zochi, R., Gouda, M., Kuwahara, Y., Takahashi, K., Wada, Y., Onoe, H., Watanabe, Y. Use of [18F]FDOPA-PET for in vivo evaluation of dopaminergic dysfunction in unilaterally 6-OHDAlesioned rats. EJNMMI. Res., 2011, 1, 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2191-219x-1-25.
34. Sharma, S.k., Ebadi, M. Distribution kinetics of 18F-DOTA in weaver mice. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res., 2005, 139, 23-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molbrainres.2005.05.018.
35. Ebadi, M., Sharma, S.K., Ghafourifar, P., Brown-Borg, H., El Refaey H. Peroxynitrite in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and the neuroprotective role of metallothioneins. Methods, Enzymol., 2005, 396, 276-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0076-6879(05)96024-2.
36. Sharma, S.K., Ebadi, M. SPECT neuroimaging in translational research of CNS disorders. Neurochem. Int., 2008, 52, 352-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2007.08.011.
37. Sharma, S.K., Ebadi, M. In-Vivo molecular imaging in Parkinson’s disease. In: Parkinson’s Disease(2nd Edition); Pfeiffer, R.F., Wszolek, Z.K., Ebadi, M., Eds.; CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, 2013; chapter 58, pp.787-802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b12948-66.
38. Sharma, S.K., El Refaey, H., Ebadi, M. Complex-1 activity and F-18-DOPA uptake in genetically engineered mouse model of Parkinson's disease and the neuroprotective role of coenzyme Q(10). Brain Res. Bull., 2006, 70, 22-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.11.019.
39. Pavese, N., Rivero-Bosch, M., Lewis, S.J., Whone, A.L., Brooks, D.J. Progression of monoaminergic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease:A longitudinal 18F-dopa PET study. NeuroImage., 2011, 56, 1463-1468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.03.012.
40. Nagano-Saito, A., Kato, T., Arahata, Y., Washimi, Y., Nakamura, A., Abe, Y., Yamada, T., Iwai, K., Hatano, K., Kawasumi, Y., Kachi, T., Dagher, A., Ito, K. Cognitive-and-motor-related regions in Parkinson’s disease: FDOPA and FDG PET studies. NeuroImage., 2004, 22, 553-561 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.01.030.
41. Goldstein, D.S., Sharabi, Y., Karp, B.I., Bentho, O., Saleem, A., Pacak, K., Eisenhofer, G. Cardiac sympathetic denervation in Parkinson disease. Cleve. Clin. J. Med., 2009, 76 Suppl 2, S47-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.76.s2.10.
42. Tipre, D.N., Goldstein, D.S. Cardiac and extracardiac sympathetic denervation in Parkinson’s disease with orthostatic hypotension and in pure autonomic failure. J. Nucl. Med., 2005, 46, 1775-1781. PubMed ID: 16269589.
43. Goldstein, D.S., Sharabi, Y., Karp, B.I., Bentho, O., Saleem, A., Pacak, K., Eisenhofer, G. Cardiac sympathetic denervation preceding motor signs in Parkinson disease. Clin. Auton. Res., 2009, 17, 118-121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10286-007-0396-1.
44. Li, S.T., Dendi, R., Holmes, C., Goldstein, D.S. Progressive loss of cardiac sympathetic innervation in Parkinson’s disease. Ann. Neurol., 2005, 52, 220-223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.10236.
45. Berding, G., Schrader, C.H., Peschel, T., van den Hoff, J., Kolbe, H, Meyer, G.J., Dengler, R., Knapp, W.H. [Nmethyl 11C]meta-Hydroxyephedrine positron emission tomography in Parkinson’s disease and multiple system atrophy. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging., 2003, 30, 127-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00259-002-1019-7.
46. Raffel, D.M., Koeppe, R.A., Little, R., Wang, C.N., Liu, S., Junck, L., Heumann, M., Gilman, S. PET measurement of cardiac and nigrostriatal denervation in Parkinsonian syndromes. J. Nucl. Med., 2006, 47, 1769-1777. PubMed ID: 17079809.
47. Takatsu, H., Nishida, H., Matsuo, H., Watanabe, S., Nagashima, K., Wada, H., Noda, T., Nishigaki, K., Fujiwara, H. Cardiac sympathetic denervation from the early stage of Parkinson’s disease: clinical and experimental studies with radiolabeled MIBG. J. Nucl. Med., 2000, 41, 71-77. PubMed ID: 10647607.
48. Braune, S., Reinhardt, M., Bathmann, J., Krause, T., Lehmann, M., Lücking, C.H. Impaired cardiac uptake of meta-[123I] iodobenzylguanidine in Parkinson’s disease with autonomic failure. Acta. Neurol. Scand., 1998, 97, 307-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1998.tb05958.x.
49. Orimo, S., Ozawa, E., Nakade, S., Sugimoto, T., Mizusawa, H. (123)I-metaiodobenzylguanidine myocardial scintigraphy in Parkinson’s disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 1999, 67, 189-194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.67.2.189.
50. King, A.E., Mintz, J., Royall, D.R. Meta-analysis of 123I-MIBG cardiac scintigraphy for the diagnosis of Lewy body-related disorders. Mov. Disord., 2010, 26, 1218-1224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.23659.
51. Suzuki, M., Urashima, M., Oka, H., Hashimoto, M., Taira, K. Cardiac sympathetic denervation denervation in bradykinesia-dominant Parkinson's disease. Neuroreport, 2007, 18, 1867-1870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnr.0b013e3282f1ab33.
52. Joers, V., Seneczko, K., Goecks, N.C., Kamp, T., Hacker, T.A., Brunner, K.G., Engle, J.W., Barnhart, T.E., Nickles, R.J., Holden, J.E., Emborg, M.E. Nonuniform Cardiac Denervation Observed by 11C-meta-Hydroxyephedrine PET in 6-OHDA-Treated Monkeys. PLOS. One, 2012, 7,e35371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0035371.
53. Schultz, W. Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. J. Neurophysiol., 1998, 80, 1-27. PubMed ID: 9658025.
54. Jones, S.R., Gainetdinov, R.R., Jaber, M., Giros, B., Wightan, R.M., Caron, M.G. Profound neuronal plasticity in response to inactivation of the dopamine transporter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 1998, 95, 4029-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.7.4029.
55. Jones, S.R., Gainetdinov, R.R., Wightman, R.M., Caron, M.G. Mechanisms of amphetamine action revealed in mice lacking the dopamine transporter. J. Neurosci., 1998, 18, 1979-1986. PubMed ID: 9482784.
56. Storch, A., Ludolph, A.C., Schwarz, J. Dopamine transporter: involvement in selective dopaminergic neurotoxicity and degeneration. J. Neural. Transm., 2004, 111, 1267-1286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00702-004-0203-2.
57. Rachakonda, V., Pan, T.H., LE, W.D. Biomarkers of neuro-degenerative disorders: how good are they? Cell. Res., 2004, 14, 347-358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.cr.7290235.
58. Vernier, P., Moret, F., Callier, S., Snapyan, M., Wersinger, C., Sidhu, A. The degeneration of dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease: insights from embryology and evolution of the mesostriatocortical system. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 2004, 1035, 231-249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1332.015.
59. Brooks, D.J. Positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography in central nervous system drug development. NeuroRx., 2005, 2, 226-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1602/neurorx.2.2.226.
60. Ravina, B., Eidelberg, D., Ahlskog, J.E., Albin, R.L., Brooks, D.J., Carbon, M., Dhawan, V., Feigin, A., Fahn, S., Guttman, M., Gwinn-Hardy, K., McFarland, H., Innis, R., Katz, R.G., Kieburtz, K., Kish, S.J., Lange, N., Langston, J.W., Marek, K., Morin, L., Moy, C., Murphy, D., Oertel, W.H., Oliver, G., Palesch, Y., Powers, W., Seibyl, J., Sethi, K.D., Shults, C.W., Sheehy, P., Stoessl, A.J., Holloway, R. The role of radiotracer imaging in Parkinson disease. Neurology, 2005, 64, 208-215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000149403.14458.7f.
61. Bajaj, N., Hauser, R.A., Grachev, I.D. Clinical utility of dopamine transporter single photon emission CT (DaT-SPECT) with (123I) ioflupane in diagnosis of parkinsonian syndromes. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 2013, 84, 1288-1295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2012-304436.
62. Olivares Romero, J., Arjona Padillo, A. Diagnostic accuracy of 123I-FP-CIT SPECT in diagnosing drug-induced parkinsonism: a prospective study. Neurologia, 2013, 5, 276-282 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nrleng.2012.05.007.
63. Ouyang, J., El Fakhri, G., Moore, S.C. Fast Monte Carlo based joint iterative reconstruction for simultaneous 99mTc/123I SPECT imaging. Med. Phys., 2007, 34, 3263-72. DOI: 10.1118/1.2756601.
64. Gleave, J.A, Farncombe, T.H., Saab, C., Doering, L.C. Correlative single photon emission computed tomography imaging of [123I]altropane binding in the rat model of Parkinson's. Nucl. Med. Biol., 2011, 380, 741-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2010.12.006.
65. Fischer, K., Sossi, V., von Ameln-Mayerhofer, A., Reischl, G., Pichler, B.J. In vivo quantification of dopamine transporters in mice with unilateral 6-OHDA lesions using [11C]methylphenidate and PET. Neuroimage, 2012, 59, 2413-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.08.109.
66. Honer, M., Hengerer, B., Blagoev, M., Hintermann, S., Waldmeier P., Schubiger PA, Ametamey SM. Author information Comparison of [18F]FDOPA, [18F]FMT and [18F]FECNT for imaging dopaminergic neurotransmission in mice. Nucl. Med. Biol., 2006, 33, 607-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2006.04.005.
67. Masilamoni, G., Votaw, J., Howell, L., Villalba, R.M., Goodman, M., Voll, R.J., Stehouwer, J., Wichmann, T., Smith, Y. (18)F-FECNT: validation as PET dopamine transporter ligand in parkinsonism. Exp. Neurol., 2010, 226, 265-273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.08.024.
68. Nye, J.A., Votaw, J.R., Bremner, J.D., Davis, M.R., Voll, R.J., Camp, V.M., Goodman, M.M. Quantification of dopamine transporter density with [18F]FECNT PET in healthy humans. Nucl. Med. Biol., 2014, 41, 217-222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2013.12.013.
69. Wu, H., Lou, C., Huang, Z., Shi, G. SPECT imaging of dopamine transporters with (99m)Tc-TRODAT-1 in major depression and Parkinson's disease. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 2011, 23, 63-7. DOI:10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2013.12.017.
70. Hsiao, I.T., Weng, Y.H., Lin, W.Y., Hsieh, C.J., Wey, S.P., Yen, T.C., Kung, M.P., Lu, C.S., Lin, K.J. Comparison of 99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT and 18F-AV-133 PET imaging in healthy controls and Parkinson's disease patients. Nucl. Med. Biol., 2014, 41, 322-329.
71. Sossi, V., Dinelle, K., Jivan, S., Fischer, K., Holden, J.E., Doudet, D. In vivo dopamine transporter imaging in a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine rat model of Parkinson disease using 11C-methylphenidate PET. J. Nucl. Med., 2012, 53, 813-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.111.101436.
72. Fischer, K., Sossi, V., von Ameln-Mayerhofer, A., Reischl, G., Pichler, B.J. In vivo quantification of dopamine transporters in mice with unilateral 6-OHDA lesions using [11C]methylphenidate and PET. J. Nucl. Med., 2012, 53, 813-22. DOI:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.08.109.
73. Felicio, A.C., Godeiro-Junior, C., Shih, M.C., Borges, V., Silva, S.M., Aguiar, PDEC., Hoexter, M.Q., Barsottini, O.G., Andrade, L.A., Bressan, R.A., Ferraz, H.B. Evaluation of patients with Clinically Unclear Parkinsonian Syndromes submitted to brain SPECT imaging using the technetium-99m labeled tracer TRODAT-1. J. Neurol. Sci., 2010, 291, 64-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2009.12.024.
74. Mo, S.J., Linder, J., Forsgren, L., Larsson, A., Johansson, L., Riklund, K. Pre-and postsynaptic dopamine SPECT in the early phase of idiopathic parkinsonism: a population-based study. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2010, 37, 2154-2164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00259-010-1520-3.
75. Palumbo, B., Fravolini, M.L., Nuvoli, S., Spanu, A., Paulus, K.S., Schillaci, O., Madeddu, G. Comparison of two neural network classifiers in the differential diagnosis of essential tremor and Parkinson’s disease by 123I-FP-CIT brain SPECT. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2010, 37, 2146-2153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00259-010-1481-6.
76. Ortega, L.S.J., Martínez Del Valle Torres, M.D., Jiménez-Hoyuela García, J.M., Gutiérrez Cardo, A.L., Campos Arillo, V. Diagnostic accuracy of FP-CIT SPECT in patients with Parkinsonism. Rev. Esp. Med. Nucl., 2007, 26, 277-285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1578-200x(07)70062-1.
77. Djaldetti, R., Treves, T.A., Ziv, I., Melamed, E., Lamp, lY., Lorberboym, M. Use of a single [123I]-FP-CIT SPECT to predict the severity of clinical symptoms of Parkinson disease. NeurolSci., 2009, 30, 301-305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-009-0100-4.
78. Panzacchi, A., Moresco, R.M., Garibotto, V., Antonini, A., Gobbo, C., Isaias, I.U., Goldwurm, S., Bonaldi, L., Carpinelli, A., Pezzoli, G., Fazio, F., Perani, D. A voxel-based PET study of dopamine transporters in Parkinson's disease:Relevance of age at onset. Neurobiol. Dis., 2008, 31, 102-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2008.03.012.
79. Davis, M.R., Votaw, J.R., Bremner, J.D., Byas-Smith, M.G., Faber, T.L., Voll, R.J., Hoffman, J.M., Grafton, S.T., Kilts, C.D., Goodman, M.M. 18F-FECNT: Validation as PET dopamine transporter ligand in parkinsonism. Exp. Neurol., 2010, 226, 265-273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.08.024.
80. de Win, M.M.L., Habraken, J.B.A., Reneman, L., van den Brink, W., den Heeten, G.J., Booij, J. Validation of [123I]b-CIT SPECT to assess serotonin transporters in vivo in humans: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover SPECT study with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram. Neuro-psychopharmacology., 2005, 30, 996-1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300683.
81. Kugaya, A., Seneca, N.M., Snyder, P.J., Williams, S.A, Malison, R.T., Baldwin, R.M., Seibyl, J.P., Innis, R.B. Changes in human in vivo serotonin and dopamine transporter availabilities during chronic antidepressant administration. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2003, 28, 413-420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300036.
82. Tauscher, J., Pirker, W., de Zwaan, M., Asenbaum, S., Brücke, T., Kasper, S. In vivo visualization of serotonin transporters in the human brain during fluoxetine treatment. Eur. Neuro-psychopharmacol., 1999, 177-179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-977x(98)00013-3.
83. Scheffel, U., Kim, S., Cline, E.J., Kuhar, M.J. Occupancy of the serotonin transporter by fluoxetine, paroxetine, and sertraline: in vivo studies with [125I]RTI-55. Synapse., 1994, 16, 263-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/syn.890160403.
84. Booij, J., de Jong, J., de Bruin, K., Knol, R., de Win, M.M., van Eck-Smit, B.L. Quantification of striatal dopamine transporters with 123I-FP-CIT SPECT is influenced by the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study in healthy control subjects. J. Nucl. Med., 2007, 48, 359-366. PubMed ID: 17332612.
85. Gerfen, C.R., Engber, T.M., Mahan, L.C., Susel, Z., Chase, T.N., Monsma Jr., F.J., Sibley, D.R. D1 and D2 dopamine receptor-regulated gene expression of striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons. Science., 1990, 250, 1429-1432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.2147780.
86. Ishida, Y., Kawai, K., Magata, Y., Abe, H., Yoshimoto, M., Takeda, R., Hashiguchi, H., Mukai, T., Saji, H. Alteration of striatal [11C]raclopride and 6-[18F]fluoro-L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine uptake precedes development of methamphetamine-induced rotation following unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of medial forebrain bundle in rats. Neurosci. Lett., 2005, 389, 30-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2005.06.060.
87. Kosaka, J., Takahashi, H., Ito, H., Takano, A., Fujimura, Y., Matsumoto, R., Nozaki, S., Yasuno, F., Okubo, Y., Kishimoto, T., Suhara, T. Decreased binding of [11C]NNC112 and [11C]SCH23390 in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Life. Sci., 2010, 86, 814-818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2010.03.018.
88. Pirker, S., Perju-Dumbrava, L., Kovacs, G.G., Traub-Weidinger, T., Asenbaum, S., Pirker, W. Dopamine D2 receptor SPECT in corticobasal syndrome and autopsy-confirmed corticobasal degeneration. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord., 2013, 19, 222-226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.10.010.
89. Schwarz, J., Tatsch, K., Gasser, T., Arnold, G., Pogarell, O., Künig, G., Oertel, W.H. 123I-IBZM binding compared with long-term clinical follow up in patients with de novo parkinsonism. Mov. Disord., 1998, 13, 16-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.870130107.
90. Eisensehr, I., Linke, R., Tatsch, K., Kharraz, B., Gildehaus, J.F., Wetter, C.T., Trenkwalder, C., Schwarz, J., Noachtar, S. Increased muscle activity during rapid eye movement sleep correlates with decrease of striatal presynaptic dopamine transporters. IPT and IBZM SPECT imaging in subclinical and clinically manifest idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder, Parkinson's disease, and controls. Sleep, 2003, 26, 507-512. PubMed ID: 12938802.
91. Larisch, R., Klimke, A. Clinical impact of cerebral dopamine-D2 receptor scintigraphy. Nuklearmedizin, 1998, 37, 245-250. PubMed ID: 9830615.
92. Schreckenberger, M., Hägele, S., Siessmeier, T., Buchholz, H.G., Armbrust-Henrich, H., Rösch, F., Gründer, G., Bartenstein, P., Vogt, T. The dopamine D2 receptor ligand 18F-desmethoxyfallypride: an appropriate fluorinated PET tracer for the differential diagnosis of parkinsonism. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2004, 31, 1128-1135. PubMed ID: 15042325.
93. Heinz, A., Siessmeier, T., Wrase, J., Buchholz, H.G., Gründer, G., Kumakura, Y., Cumming, P., Schreckenberger, M., Smolka, M.N., Rösch, F., Mann, K., Bartenstein, P. Correlation of alcohol craving with striatal dopamine synthesis capacity and D2/3 receptor availability: a combined [18F]DOPA and [18F]DMFP PET study in detoxified alcoholic patients. Am. J. Psychiatry., 2005, 162, 1515-1520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1515.
94. Kodaka, F., Ito, H., Kimura, Y., Fujie, S., Takano, H., Fujiwara, H., Sasaki, T., Nakayama, K., Halldin, C., Farde, L., Suhara, T. Test-retest reproducibility of dopamine D2/3 receptor binding in human brain measured by PET with [11C]MNPA and [11C]raclopride. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2013, 40, 574-579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00259-012-2312-8.
95. Tsukada, H., Ohba, H., Nishiyama, S., Kakiuchi, T. Differential effects of stress on [11C]raclopride and [11C]MNPA binding to striatal D2/D3 dopamine receptors: a PET study in conscious monkeys. Synapse, 2011, 65, 84-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/syn.20845.
96. Pirker, W., Asenbaum, S., Wenger, S., Kornhuber, J., Angelberger, P., Deecke, L., Podreka, I., Brücke, T. Iodine-123-epidepride-SPECT: studies in Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy and Huntington's disease. J. Nucl. Med., 1997, 38, 1711-1717. PubMed ID: 9374338.
97. De Herder, W.W., Reijs, A.E., Feelders, R.A., van Aken, M.O., Krenning, E.P., Tanghe, H.L., van der Lely, A.J., Kwekkeboom, D.J. Dopamine agonist therapy of clinically non-functioning pituitary macroadenomas. Is there a role for 123I-epidepride dopamine D2 receptor imaging?. Eur. J. Endocrinol., 2006, 155, 717-723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.1.02281.
98. Pinborg, L.H., Videbaek, C., Ziebell, M., Mackeprang, T., Friberg, L., Rasmussen, H., Knudsen, G.M., Glenthoj, B.Y. [123I]epidepride binding to cerebellar dopamine D2/D3 receptors is displaceable: implications for the use of cerebellum as a reference region. Neuroimage., 2007, 34, 1450-1453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.11.003.
99. Pandey, S., Venugopal, A., Kant, R., Coleman, R., Mukherjee, J. 124I-Epidepride: a PET radiotracer for extended imaging of dopamine D2/D3 receptors. Nucl. Med. Biol., 2014, 41, 426-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.01.011.
100. Boileau, I., Guttman, M., Rusjan, P., Adams, J.R., Houle, S., Tong, J., Hornykiewicz, O., Furukawa, Y., Wilson, A.A., Kapur, S., Kish, S.J. Decreased binding of the D3 dopamine receptor-preferring ligand [11C]-(+)-PHNO in drug-naive Parkinson's disease. Brain, 2009, 132, 1366-1375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awn337.
101. Caravaggio, F., Nakajima, S., Borlido, C., Remington, G., Gerretsen, P., Wilson, A., Houle, S., Menon, M., Mamo, D., Graff-Guerrero, A. Estimating endogenous dopamine levels at D2 and D3 receptors in humans using the agonist radiotracer [11C]-(+)-PHNO. Neuropsychopharmacology., 2014 May 30. doi:10.1038/npp.2014.125. [Epub ahead of print].
102. Rosa-Neto, P., Gjedde, A., Olsen, A.K., Jensen, S.B., Munk, O.L., Watanabe, H., Cumming, P. MDMA-evoked changes in [11C] raclopride and [11C]NMSP binding in living pig brain. Synapse, 2004, 53, 222-233.
103. Zhang, H., Zheng, X., Yang, X., Fang, S., Shen, G., Zhao, C., Tian, M. 11C-NMSP/18F-FDG microPET to monitor neural stem cell transplantation in a rat model of traumatic brain injury. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2008, 35, 1699-1708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00259-008-0835-9.
104. Finnema, S.J., Stepanov, V., Nakao, R. Sromek A.W., Zhang, T., Neumeyer J.L., George, S.R., Seeman, P., Stabin, M.G., Jonsson, C., Farde, L., Halldin, C. 18F-MCL-524, an 18F-Labeled Dopamine D2 and D3 Receptor Agonist Sensitive to Dopamine: A Preliminary PET Study. J. Nucl. Med., 2014, 55, 1-7. DOI:10.2967/jnumed.113.133876.
105. Verstappen, C.C., Bloem, B.R., Haaxma, C.A., Oyen, W.J., Horstink, M.W. Diagnostic value of asymmetric striatal D2 receptor upregulation in Parkinson’s disease:an [123I]IBZM and [123I]FP-CIT SPECT study. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging., 2007, 34, 502-507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00259-006-0258-4.
106. Politis, M., Piccini, P., Pavese, N., Koh, S.B., Brooks, D.J. Evidence of dopamine dysfunction in the hypothalamus of patients with Parkinson's disease: an in vivo 11C-raclopride PET study. Exp. Neurol., 2008, 214, 112-116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.07.021.
107. Van Laere, K., Clerinx, K., D'Hondt E, de Groot, T., Vandenberghe, W. Combined striatal binding and cerebral influx analysis of dynamic 11C-raclopride PET improves early differentiation between multiple-system atrophy and Parkinson disease. J. Nucl. Med., 2010, 51, 588-595. http://dx.doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.109.070144.
108. Van Laere, K., Clerinx, K., D'Hondt, E., de Groot, T., Vandenberghe, W. Combined striatal binding and cerebral influx analysis of dynamic 11C-raclopride PET improves early differentiation between multiple-system atrophy and Parkinson disease. J. Nucl. Med., 2010, 51, 588-595. http://dx.doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.109.070144.
109. Steeves, T.D., Miyasaki, J., Zurowski, M., Lang, A.E., Pellecchia, G., Van Eimeren, T., Rusjan, P., Houle, S., Strafella, A.P. Increased striatal dopamine release in Parkinsonian patients with pathological gambling: a [11C]raclopride PET study. Brain, 2009, 132, 1376-1385. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awp054.
110. Hwang, D.R., Kegeles, L.S., Laruelle, M. (2)-N-[11C]propyl-norapomorphine: a positron-labeled dopamine agonist for PET imaging of D2 receptors. Nucl. Med. Biol., 2000, 27, 533-539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-8051(00)00144-x.
111. Finnema, S.J., Seneca, N., Farde, L., Shchukin, E., Sóvágó, J., Gulyás, B., Wikström, H.V., Innis, R.B., Neumeyer, J.L., Halldin, C. A preliminary PET evaluation of the new dopamine D2 receptor agonist [11C]MNPA in cynomolgus monkey. Nucl. Med. Biol., 2005, 32, 353-360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2005.01.007.
112. Wilson, A.A., McCormick, P., Kapur, S., Willeit, M., Garcia, A., Hussey, D., Houle, S., Seeman, P., Ginovart, N. Radiosynthesis and evaluation of [11C]-(1)-4-propyl- 3,4,4a,5,6,10b-hexahydro- 2H-naphtho[1,2-b][1,4]oxazin- 9-ol as a potential radiotracer for in vivo imaging of the dopamine D2 high-affinity state with positron emission tomography. J. Med. Chem., 2005, 48, 4153-4160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm050155n.
113. Ishibashi, K., Ishii, K., Oda, K., Mizusawa, H., Ishiwata, K. Competition between 11C-raclopride and endogenous dopamine in Parkinson's disease. Nucl. Med. Commun., 2010, 31, 159-166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mnm.0b013e328333e3cb.
114. Wimalasena, K. Vesicular monoamine transporters: structure-function, pharmacology, and medicinal chemistry. Med. Res. Rev., 2011, 31, 483-519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/med.20187.
115. Koeppe, R.A., Gilman, S., Junck, L., Wernette, K., Frey, K.A. Differentiating Alzheimer’s disease fromdementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease with (+)-[11C]dihydrotetrabenazinepositron emission tomography. Alzheimers Dement., 2008, 4, S67-S76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2007.11.016.
116. Blesa, J., Juri, C., Collantes, M., Peñuelas, I., Prieto, E., Iglesias, E., Martí-Climent, J., Arbizu, J., Zubieta, J.L., Rodríguez-Oroz, M.C., García-García, D., Richter, J.A., Cavada, C., Obeso, J.A. Progression of dopaminergic depletion in a model of MPTP-induced Parkinsonism innon-human primates: An 18F-DOPA and 11C-DTBZ PET study. Neurobiol. Dis., 2010, 38, 456-463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2010.03.006.
117. Okamura, N., Villemagne, V.L., Drago, J., Pejoska, S., Dhamija, R.K., Mulligan, R.S., Ellis, J.R., Ackermann, U., O'Keefe, G., Jones, G., Kung, H.F., Pontecorvo, M.J., Skovronsky, D., Rowe, C.C. In Vivo Measurement of Vesicular Monoamine Transporter Type 2 Density in Parkinson Disease with 18F-AV-133. J. Nucl. Med., 2010, 51, 223-228. http://dx.doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.109.070094.
118. Guttman, M., Boileau, I., Warsh, J., Saint-Cyr, J.A., Ginovart, N., McCluskey, T., Houle, S., Wilson, A., Mundo, E., Rusjan, P., Meyer, J., Kish, S.J. Brain serotonin transporter binding in non-depressed patients with Parkinson's disease. Eur. J. Neurol., 2007, 14, 523-528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2007.01727.x.
119. Politis, M., Loane, C., Wu, K., Brooks, D.J., Piccini, P. Serotonergic mediated body mass index changes in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol. Dis., 2011, 43, 609-615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2011.05.009.
120. Bédard, C., Wallman, M.J., Pourcher, E., Gould, P.V., Parent, A., Parent, M. Serotonin and dopamine striatal innervation in Parkinson's disease and Huntington's chorea. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord., 2011, 17, 593-598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.05.012.
121. Sánchez, M.G., Morissette, M., Di, Paolo, T. Estradiol and brain serotonin reuptake transporter in long-term ovariectomized parkinsonian monkeys. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 2013, 45, 170-177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.05.012.
122. Huot, P., Fox, S.H. The serotonergic system in motor and non-motor manifestations of Parkinson's disease. Exp. Brain. Res., 2013, 230, 463-476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-013-3621-2.
123. Brooks, D.J., Piccini, P. Imaging in Parkinson's disease: the role of monoamines in behavior. Biol. Psychiatry, 2006, 59, 908-918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.12.017.
124. Doder, M., Rabiner, E.A., Turjanski, N., Lees, A.J., Brooks, D.J. Tremor in Parkinson's disease and serotonergic dysfunction: an 11C-WAY 100635 PET study. Neurology, 2003, 60, 601-605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000031424.51127.2b.
125. Pavese, N., Simpson, B.S., Metta, V., Ramlackhansingh, A., Chaudhuri, K.R., Brooks, D.J. [18F]FDOPA uptake in the raphe nuclei complex reflects serotonin transporter availability. A combined [18F]FDOPA and [11C]DASB PET study in Parkinson's disease. Neuroimage, 2012, 59, 1080-1084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.09.034.
126. Politis, M., Wu, K., Loane, C., Kiferle, L., Molloy, S., Brooks, D.J., Piccini P. Staging of serotonergic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: an in vivo 11C-DASB PET study. Neurobiol. Dis., 2010, 40, 216-221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2010.05.028.
127. Boileau, I., Warsh, J.J., Guttman, M., Saint-Cyr, J.A., McCluskey, T., Rusjan, P., Houle, S., Wilson, A.A., Meyer, J.H., Kish, S.J. Elevated serotonin transporter binding in depressed patients with Parkinson's disease: a preliminary PET study with [11C]DASB. Mov. Disord., 2008, 23, 1776-1780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.22212.
128. Huang, W.S., Ma, K.H., Cheng, C.Y., Chen, C.Y., Fu, Y.K., Chou, Y.H., Wey, S.P., Liu, J.C. Imaging serotonin transporters with 123I-ADAM brain SPECT in healthy non-human primates. Nucl. Med. Commun., 2004, 25, 515-519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006231-200405000-00014.
129. Frokjaer, V.G., Pinborg, L.H., Madsen, J., de Nijs, R., Svarer, C., Wagner, A., Knudsen, G.M. Evaluation of the Serotonin Transporter Ligand 123I-ADAM for SPECT Studies on Humans. J. Nucl. Med., 2008, 49, 247-254. http://dx.doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.107.046102.
130. Brust, P., Scheffel, U., Szabo, Z. Radioligands for the study of the 5-HT transporter in vivo. IDrugs, 1999, 2, 129-145. ISSN: 13697056.
131. McCann, U.D., Szabo, Z., Seckin, E., Rosenblatt, P., Mathews, W.B., Ravert, H.T., Dannals, R.F., Ricaurte, G.A. Quantitative PET studies of the serotonin transporter in MDMA users and controls using [11C]McN5652 and [11C]DASB. Neuropsychopharmacology., 2005, 30, 1741-1750. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300736.
132. Halldin, C., Lundberg, J., Sóvágó, J., Gulyás, B., Guilloteau, D., Vercouillie, J., Emond, P., Chalon, S., Tarkiainen, J., Hiltunen, J., Farde, L. [(11)C]MADAM, a new serotonin transporter radioligand characterized in the monkey brain by PET. Synapse, 2005, 58, 173-183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/syn.20189.
133. Jovanovic, H., Karlsson, P., Cerin, A., Halldin, C., Nordström, A.L. 5-HT(1A) receptor and 5-HTT binding during the menstrual cycle in healthy women examined with [(11)C] WAY100635 and [(11)C] MADAM PET. Psychiatry Res., 2009, 172, 31-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2008.07.002.
134. Jarkas, N., Votaw, J.R., Voll, R.J., Williams, L., Camp, V.M., Owens, M.J., Purselle, D.C., Bremner, J.D., Kilts, C.D., Nemeroff, C.B., Goodman, M.M. Carbon-11 HOMADAM: a novel PET radiotracer for imaging serotonin transporters. Nucl. Med. Biol., 2005, 32, 211-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2004.11.007.
135. Nye, J.A., Votaw, J.R., Jarkas, N., Purselle, D., Camp, V., Bremner, J.D., Kilts, C.D., Nemeroff, C.B., Goodman, M.M. Compartmental modeling of 11C-HOMADAM binding to the serotonin transporter in the healthy human brain. J. Nucl. Med., 2008, 49, 2018-2025. http://dx.doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.108.054262.
136. Suehiro, M., Greenberg, J.H., Shiue, C.Y., Gonzalez, C., Dembowski, B., Reivich, M. Radio synthesis and biodistribution of the S-[18F]fluoroethyl analog of McN5652. Nucl. Med. Biol., 1996, 23, 407-412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-8051(96)00013-3.
137. Zessin, J., Eskola, O., Brust, P., Bergman, J., Steinbach, J., Lehikoinen, P., Solin, O., Johannsen, B. Synthesis of S-([18F]fluoromethyl)-(+)-McN5652 as a potential PET radioligand for the serotonin transporter. Nucl. Med. Biol., 2001, 28, 857-863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-8051(01)00248-7.
138. Kretzschmar, M., Brust, P., Zessin, J., Cumming, P., Bergmann, R., Johannsen, B. Auto radio graphic imaging of the serotonin transporter in the brain of rats and pigs using S-([18F]fluoromethyl)-(+)-McN5652. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2003, 13, 387-397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-977x(03)00039-7.
139. Marjamäki, P., Zessin, J., Eskola, O., Grönroos, T., Haaparanta, M., Bergman, J., Lehikoinen, P., Forsback, S., Brust, P., Steinbach, J. S-[18F]fluoromethyl(+)McN5652, a PET tracer for the serotonin transporter: Evaluation in rats. Synapse, 2003, 47, 45-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/syn.10150.
140. Brust, P., Zessin, J., Kuwabara, H., Pawelke, B., Kretzschmar, M., Hinz, R., Bergman, J., Eskola, O., Solin, O., Steinbach, J. Positron emission tomography imaging of the serotonin transporter in the pig brain using[11C](+)-McN5652 and S([18F] fluoromethyl) (+)McN5652. Synapse., 2003, 47, 143-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/syn.10163.
141. Brust, P., Hinz, R., Kuwabara, H., Hesse, S., Zessin, J., Pawelke, B., Stephan, H., Bergmann, R., Steinbach, J., Sabri, O. In vivo Measurement of the Serotonin Transporter with(S)-([18F] fluoromethyl)-(+)-McN5652. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2003, 28, 2010-2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300281.
142. Oya, S., Choi, S.R., Coenen, H., Kung, H.F. New PET imaging agent for the serotonin141 transporter: [18F] ACF (2-[(2-amino-4-chloro-5- fluorophenyl)thio]- N,N-dimethyl-benzenmethanamine). J. Med. Chem., 2002, 45, 4716-4723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm020167y.
143. Huang, Y.Y., Huang, W.S., Chu, T.C., Shiue, C.Y. An improved synthesis of 4-[18F]-ADAM,a poten tserotonin transporter imaging agent. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 2009, 67, 1063-1067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2009.02.090.
144. Peng, C.J., Huang, Y.Y., Huang, W.S., Shiue, C.Y. An automated synthesis of N, N-dimethyl-2-(2-amino-4-[18F]fluorophenylthio) benzylamine(4-[18F]-ADAM) for imaging serotonin transporters. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 2008, 66, 625-631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2007.11.009.
145. Shiue, G.G., Fang, P., Shiue, C.Y. Synthesis of N,N-dimethyl-2-(2-amino-4-[18F]fluorophenylthio)benzylamine as a serotonin transporter imaging agent. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 2003, 58, 183-191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-8043(02)00271-3.
146. Fang, P., Shiue, G.G., Shimazu, T., Greenberg, J.H., Shiue, C.Y. Synthesis and evaluation of N,N-dimethyl-2-(2-amino-5-[18F]fluorophenylthio)benzylamine (5-[18F]- ADAM)as a serotonin transporter imaging agent. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 2004, 61, 1247-1254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2004.03.003.
147. Huang, Y., Hwang, D.R., Bae, S.A., Sudo, Y., Guo, N., Zhu, Z., Narendran, R., Laruelle, M. A new positron emission tomography imaging agent for the serotonin transporter: synthesis, pharmacological characterization, and kinetic analysis of [11C]2-[2-(dimethylaminomethyl)phenylthio]-5-fluoro-methylphenylamine ([11C]AFM). Nucl. Med. Biol., 2004, 31, 543-556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2003.11.008.
148. Garg, S., Thopate, S.R., Minton, R.C., Kimberly, W., Lynch, A.J.H., Garg, P.K. 3-Amino-4-(2-((4-[18F]fluorobenzyl) methylamino)methylphenylsulfanyl) benzonitrile, an F-18 fluoro benzyl analogue of DASB: synthesis, in vitro binding, and in vivo biodistribution studies. Bioconjug. Chem., 2007, 18, 1612-1618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc070112g.
149. Parhi, A.K., Wang, J.L., Oya, S., Choi, S.R., Kung, M.P., Kung, H.F. 2-(2′-((Dimethylamino)methyl)-4′-(fluoroalkoxy)-phenylthio) benzenamine derivatives as serotonin transporter imaging agents. J. Med. Chem., 2007, 50, 6673-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm070685e.
150. Hesse, S., Brust, P., Mäding, P., Becker, G.A., Patt, M., Seese, A., Sorger, D., Zessin, J., Meyer, P.M., Lobsien, D., Laudi, S., Habermann, B., Füchtner, F., Luthardt, J., Bresch, A., Steinbach, J., Sabri, O. Imaging of the brain serotonin transporters (SERT) with 18F-labelled fluoromethyl-McN5652 and PET in humans. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2012, 39, 1001-1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00259-012-2078-z.
151. Huang, Y.Y., Ma, K.H., Tseng, T.W., Chou, T.K., Ng, H., Mirsalis, J.C., Fu, Y.K., Chu, T.C., Huang, W.S., Shiue, C.Y. Biodistribution, toxicity and radiationdosi-metry studies of the serotonin transporter radioligand4-[18F]-ADAM in rats and monkeys. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2010, 37, 545-555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00259-009-1281-z.
152. Ma, K.H., Huang, W.S., Kuo, Y.Y., Peng, C.J., Liou, N.H., Liu, R.S., Hwang, J.J., Liu, J. C., Chen, H.J., Shiue, C.Y. Validationof4-[18F]-ADAM as a SERT imaging agent using micro-PET andauto radiography. Neuroimage, 2009, 45, 687-693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.12.060.
153. Huang, W.S., Huang, S.Y., Yeh, C.B., Ma, K.H., Wang, H.S., Peng, C.J., Shiue, C.Y. 18F-ADAM PET in healthy and drug-naïve depressant subjects. J. Nucl. Med., 2007, 48 Suppl 2, 261.
154. Huang, Y.Y., Huang, W.S., Ma, K.H., Chou, T.K., Kuo, Y.Y., Cheng, C.Y., Shiue, C.Y. Synthesis and comparison of 4-[18F]F-ADAM, 2-[18F]F-ADAM, N-Desmethyl-4-[18F]F-ADAM and [18F]F-AFM as serotonin transporter imaging agents. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 2012, 70, 2298-2307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2012.06.005.
155. Li, I.H., Huang, W.S., Yeh, C.B., Liao, M.H., Chen, C.C., Shen, L.H., Liu, J.C., Ma, K.H. Dual-isotope single-photon emission computed tomography for dopamine and serotonin transporters in normal and Parkinsonian monkey brains. Nucl. Med. Biol., 2009, 36, 605-611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2009.03.003.
156. Nobili, F., Morbelli, S., Arnaldi, D., Ferrara, M., Campus, C., Brugnolo, A., Mazzei, D., Mehrdad, N., Sambuceti, G., Rodriguez, G. Radionuclide brain imaging correlates of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD). J. Neurol. Sci., 2011, 310, 31-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2011.06.053.
157. Oishi, N., Hashikawa, K., Yoshida, H., Ishizu, K., Ueda, M., Kawashima, H., Saji, H., Fukuyama, H. Quantification of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in Parkinson's disease with (123)I-5IA SPECT. J. Neurol. Sci., 2007, 256, 52-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2007.02.014.
158. Bucerius, J., Manka, C., Schmaljohann, J., Mani, V., Gündisch, D., Rudd J.H., Bippus, R., Mottaghy, F.M., Wüllner, U., Fayad, Z.A., Biersack, H.J. Feasibility of [18F]-2-Fluoro-A85380-PET imaging of human vascular nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in vivo. J. A. C. C. Cardiovasc. Imaging, 2012, 5, 528-536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2011.11.024.
159. Colloby, S.J., Pakrasi, S., Firbank, M.J. In vivo SPECT imaging of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors using (R, R)123I-QNB in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease dementia. NeuroImage, 2006, 33, 423-429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.07.026.
160. Gerhard, A., Pavese, N., Hotton, G. In vivo imaging of microglial activation with [11C](R)-PK11195 PET in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol. Dis., 2006, 21, 404 -412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2005.08.002.
161. Shimada, H., Hirano, S., Shinotoh, H., Aotsuka, A., Sato, K., Tanaka N., Ota, T., Asahina, M., Fukushi, K., Kuwabara, S., Hattori, T., Suhara, T., Irie, T. Mapping of brain acetylcholinesterase alterations in Lewy body disease by PET. Neurology, 2009, 73, 273-278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181ab2b58.
162. Bohnen, N.I., Kaufer, D.I., Ivanco, L.S., Lopresti, B., Koeppe, R.A., Davis, J.G. Cortical cholinergic function is more severely affected in parkinsonian dementia than in Alzheimer disease: an in vivo positron emission tomographic study. Arch. Neurol., 2003, 60, 1745-1748. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.60.12.1745.
163. Ochudło, S., Opala, G., Jasińska-Myga, B., Siuda, J., Nowak, S. Inferior frontal region hypoperfusion in Parkinson disease with dementia. Neurol. Neurochi. Pol., 2003, 37 Suppl 5, 133-144.
164. Leenders, K.L. Significance of non-presynaptic SPECT tracer methods in Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord., 2003, 18, Suppl 7, 39-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.10577.
165. Wallin, A., Ekberg, S., Lind, K., Milos, V., Granérus, A.K., Granerus, G. Posterior cortical brain dysfunction in cognitively impaired patients with Parkinson's disease--a rCBF scintigraphy study. Acta Neurol. Scand., 2007, 116, 347-354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.2007.00887.x.
166. Ikawa, M., Okazawa, H., Kudo, T., Kuriyama, M., Fujibayashi, Y., Yoneda, M., Ikawa, M., Okazawa, H., Kudo, T. Evaluation of striatal oxidative stress in patients with Parkinson's disease using [62Cu]ATSM PET. Nucl. Med. Biol., 2011, 38, 945-951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2011.02.016.