Interfering with immunity: Detrimental role of type i IFNs during infection

Journal of Immunology

Volumn 194, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 2455-2465

  Stifter, Sebastian A ^a   Feng, Carl G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BETA INTERFERON; GAMMA INTERFERON; GAMMA INTERFERON RECEPTOR; GAMMA INTERFERON RECEPTOR 1; INTERFERON; INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTOR 3; INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTOR 7; INTERLEUKIN 10 RECEPTOR; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 17; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; JANUS KINASE 1; LISTERIOLYSIN O; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; MYELOID DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR 88; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; PROTEIN KINASE TYK2; STAT PROTEIN; STAT1 PROTEIN; STAT2 PROTEIN; SUPPRESSOR OF CYTOKINE SIGNALING 1; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 3; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4; ALPHA BETA INTERFERON RECEPTOR; CYTOKINE;

BACTERIAL IMMUNITY; BACTERIAL INFECTION; CANDIDIASIS; CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS; CHLAMYDIASIS; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; CYTOKINE RELEASE; DOWN REGULATION; ENDOSOME; FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS; HOST RESISTANCE; HOST SUSCEPTIBILITY; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNE EVASION; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; IMMUNOREGULATION; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; LEISHMANIA BRAZILIENSIS; LEISHMANIASIS; LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES; LISTERIOSIS; LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; SALMONELLA ENTERICA; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS INFECTION; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA; TULAREMIA; TYPHOID FEVER; DISEASE RESISTANCE; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; HUMAN; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOLOGY; INFECTION; METABOLISM; MICROBIOLOGY; PARASITOLOGY;

CYTOKINES; DISEASE RESISTANCE; HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS; HUMANS; IMMUNITY; INFECTION; INTERFERON TYPE I; RECEPTOR, INTERFERON ALPHA-BETA; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 84924589133     PISSN: 00221767     EISSN: 15506606     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402794     Document Type: Review

References (207)

1. Isaacs, A., and J. Lindenmann. 1957. Virus interference. I. The interferon. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 147: 258-267.
2. Pestka, S., C. D. Krause, and M. R. Walter. 2004. Interferons, interferon-like cytokines, and their receptors. Immunol. Rev. 202: 8-32.
3. de Weerd, N. A., and T. Nguyen. 2012. The interferons and their receptors-distribution and regulation. Immunol. Cell Biol. 90: 483-491.
4. Hwang, S. Y., P. J. Hertzog, K. A. Holland, S. H. Sumarsono, M. J. Tymms, J. A. Hamilton, G. Whitty, I. Bertoncello, and I. Kola. 1995. A null mutation in the gene encoding a type I interferon receptor component eliminates antiproliferative and antiviral responses to interferons alpha and beta and alters macrophage responses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 11284-11288.
5. Müller, U., U. Steinhoff, L. F. Reis, S. Hemmi, J. Pavlovic, R. M. Zinkernagel, and M. Aguet. 1994. Functional role of type I and type II interferons in antiviral defense. Science 264: 1918-1921.
6. Seo, S. U., H. J. Kwon, H. J. Ko, Y. H. Byun, B. L. Seong, S. Uematsu, S. Akira, and M. N. Kweon. 2011. Type I interferon signaling regulates Ly6C(hi) monocytes and neutrophils during acute viral pneumonia in mice. PLoS Pathog. 7: e1001304.
7. Schilte, C., M. R. Buckwalter, M. E. Laird, M. S. Diamond, O. Schwartz, and M. L. Albert. 2012. Cutting edge: independent roles for IRF-3 and IRF-7 in hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells during host response to Chikungunya infection. J. Immunol. 188: 2967-2971.
8. Lazear, H. M., A. Lancaster, C. Wilkins, M. S. Suthar, A. Huang, S. C. Vick, L. Clepper, L. Thackray, M. M. Brassil, H. W. Virgin, et al. 2013. IRF-3, IRF-5, and IRF-7 coordinately regulate the type I IFN response in myeloid dendritic cells downstream of MAVS signaling. PLoS Pathog. 9: e1003118.
9. Schroder, K., P. J. Hertzog, T. Ravasi, and D. A. Hume. 2004. Interferon-gamma: an overview of signals, mechanisms and functions. J. Leukoc. Biol. 75: 163-189.
10. Cooper, A. M., D. K. Dalton, T. A. Stewart, J. P. Griffin, D. G. Russell, and I. M. Orme. 1993. Disseminated tuberculosis in interferon gamma gene-disrupted mice. J. Exp. Med. 178: 2243-2247.
11. Harty, J. T., and M. J. Bevan. 1995. Specific immunity to Listeria monocytogenes in the absence of IFN gamma. Immunity 3: 109-117.
12. Taylor, A. P., and H. W. Murray. 1997. Intracellular antimicrobial activity in the absence of interferon-gamma: effect of interleukin-12 in experimental visceral leishmaniasis in interferon-gamma gene-disrupted mice. J. Exp. Med. 185: 1231-1239.
13. de Jong, R., F. Altare, I. A. Haagen, D. G. Elferink, T. Boer, P. J. van Breda Vriesman, P. J. Kabel, J. M. Draaisma, J. T. van Dissel, F. P. Kroon, et al. 1998. Severe mycobacterial and Salmonella infections in interleukin-12 receptor-deficient patients. Science 280: 1435-1438.
14. Altare, F., A. Durandy, D. Lammas, J. F. Emile, S. Lamhamedi, F. Le Deist, P. Drysdale, E. Jouanguy, R. Döffinger, F. Bernaudin, et al. 1998. Impairment of mycobacterial immunity in human interleukin-12 receptor deficiency. Science 280: 1432-1435.
15. Jouanguy, E., F. Altare, S. Lamhamedi, P. Revy, J. F. Emile, M. Newport, M. Levin, S. Blanche, E. Seboun, A. Fischer, and J. L. Casanova. 1996. Interferongamma-receptor deficiency in an infant with fatal bacille Calmette-Guérin infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 335: 1956-1961.
16. Newport, M. J., C. M. Huxley, S. Huston, C. M. Hawrylowicz, B. A. Oostra, R.Williamson, and M. Levin. 1996. A mutation in the interferon-gamma-receptor gene and susceptibility to mycobacterial infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 335: 1941-1949.
17. Kotenko, S. V., G. Gallagher, V. V. Baurin, A. Lewis-Antes, M. Shen, N. K. Shah, J. A. Langer, F. Sheikh, H. Dickensheets, and R. P. Donnelly. 2003. IFN-lambdas mediate antiviral protection through a distinct class II cytokine receptor complex. Nat. Immunol. 4: 69-77.
18. Sheppard, P., W. Kindsvogel, W. Xu, K. Henderson, S. Schlutsmeyer, T. E. Whitmore, R. Kuestner, U. Garrigues, C. Birks, J. Roraback, et al. 2003. IL-28, IL-29 and their class II cytokine receptor IL-28R. Nat. Immunol. 4: 63-68.
19. Kotenko, S. V. 2011. IFN-ls. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 23: 583-590.
20. Sommereyns, C., S. Paul, P. Staeheli, and T. Michiels. 2008. IFN-lambda (IFNlambda) is expressed in a tissue-dependent fashion and primarily acts on epithelial cells in vivo. PLoS Pathog. 4: e1000017.
21. Stark, G. R., I. M. Kerr, B. R. Williams, R. H. Silverman, and R. D. Schreiber. 1998. How cells respond to interferons. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 67: 227-264.
22. Hervas-Stubbs, S., J. L. Perez-Gracia, A. Rouzaut, M. F. Sanmamed, A. Le Bon, and I. Melero. 2011. Direct effects of type I interferons on cells of the immune system. Clin. Cancer Res. 17: 2619-2627.
23. Kawai, T., and S. Akira. 2010. The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors. Nat. Immunol. 11: 373-384.
24. Yoneyama, M., and T. Fujita. 2007. Function of RIG-I-like receptors in antiviral innate immunity. J. Biol. Chem. 282: 15315-15318.
25. Sun, L., J. Wu, F. Du, X. Chen, and Z. J. Chen. 2013. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase is a cytosolic DNA sensor that activates the type I interferon pathway. Science 339: 786-791.
26. Takaoka, A., Z. Wang, M. K. Choi, H. Yanai, H. Negishi, T. Ban, Y. Lu, M. Miyagishi, T. Kodama, K. Honda, et al. 2007. DAI (DLM-1/ZBP1) is a cytosolic DNA sensor and an activator of innate immune response. Nature 448: 501-505.
27. Unterholzner, L., S. E. Keating, M. Baran, K. A. Horan, S. B. Jensen, S. Sharma, C. M. Sirois, T. Jin, E. Latz, T. S. Xiao, et al. 2010. IFI16 is an innate immune sensor for intracellular DNA. Nat. Immunol. 11: 997-1004.
28. Ablasser, A., M. Goldeck, T. Cavlar, T. Deimling, G. Witte, I. Röhl, K. P. Hopfner, J. Ludwig, and V. Hornung. 2013. cGAS produces a 29-59-linked cyclic dinucleotide second messenger that activates STING. Nature 498: 380-384.
29. Ishikawa, H., Z. Ma, and G. N. Barber. 2009. STING regulates intracellular DNA-mediated, type I interferon-dependent innate immunity. Nature 461: 788-792.
30. Kawai, T., and S. Akira. 2011. Toll-like receptors and their crosstalk with other innate receptors in infection and immunity. Immunity 34: 637-650.
31. Honda, K., and T. Taniguchi. 2006. IRFs: master regulators of signalling by Tolllike receptors and cytosolic pattern-recognition receptors. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 6: 644-658.
32. Ishikawa, H., and G. N. Barber. 2008. STING is an endoplasmic reticulum adaptor that facilitates innate immune signalling. Nature 455: 674-678.
33. Ivashkiv, L. B., and L. T. Donlin. 2014. Regulation of type I interferon responses. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 14: 36-49.
34. Schindler, C., D. E. Levy, and T. Decker. 2007. JAK-STAT signaling: from interferons to cytokines. J. Biol. Chem. 282: 20059-20063.
35. Fu, X. Y., D. S. Kessler, S. A. Veals, D. E. Levy, and J. E. Darnell, Jr. 1990. ISGF3, the transcriptional activator induced by interferon alpha, consists of multiple interacting polypeptide chains. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 8555-8559.
36. Platanias, L. C. 2005. Mechanisms of type-I-and type-II-interferon-mediated signalling. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 5: 375-386.
37. van Boxel-Dezaire, A. H., M. R. Rani, and G. R. Stark. 2006. Complex modulation of cell type-specific signaling in response to type I interferons. Immunity 25: 361-372.
38. de Veer, M. J., M. Holko, M. Frevel, E. Walker, S. Der, J. M. Paranjape, R. H. Silverman, and B. R. Williams. 2001. Functional classification of interferonstimulated genes identified using microarrays. J. Leukoc. Biol. 69: 912-920.
39. Schoggins, J. W., S. J. Wilson, M. Panis, M. Y. Murphy, C. T. Jones, P. Bieniasz, and C. M. Rice. 2011. A diverse range of gene products are effectors of the type I interferon antiviral response. Nature 472: 481-485.
40. Rusinova, I., S. Forster, S. Yu, A. Kannan, M. Masse, H. Cumming, R. Chapman, and P. J. Hertzog. 2013. Interferome v2.0: an updated database of annotated interferon-regulated genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 41: D1040-D1046.
41. Levy, D. E., and A. Garcýa-Sastre. 2001. The virus battles: IFN induction of the antiviral state and mechanisms of viral evasion. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 12: 143-156.
42. Sadler, A. J., and B. R. Williams. 2008. Interferon-inducible antiviral effectors. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 8: 559-568.
43. Haller, O., and G. Kochs. 2002. Interferon-induced mx proteins: dynamin-like GTPases with antiviral activity. Traffic 3: 710-717.
44. Meurs, E. F., Y. Watanabe, S. Kadereit, G. N. Barber, M. G. Katze, K. Chong, B. R. Williams, and A. G. Hovanessian. 1992. Constitutive expression of human double-stranded RNA-activated p68 kinase in murine cells mediates phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 and partial resistance to encephalomyocarditis virus growth. J. Virol. 66: 5805-5814.
45. Rebouillat, D., and A. G. Hovanessian. 1999. The human 29,59-oligoadenylate synthetase family: interferon-induced proteins with unique enzymatic properties. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 19: 295-308.
46. Decker, T., M. Müller, and S. Stockinger. 2005. The yin and yang of type I interferon activity in bacterial infection. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 5: 675-687.
47. Trinchieri, G. 2010. Type I interferon: friend or foe? J. Exp. Med. 207: 2053-2063.
48. Parker, D., and A. Prince. 2011. Type I interferon response to extracellular bacteria in the airway epithelium. Trends Immunol. 32: 582-588.
49. D. Parker, ed. 2014. Bacterial Activation of Type I Interferons. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland.
50. Vivant, A. L., D. Garmyn, and P. Piveteau. 2013. Listeria monocytogenes, a downto-earth pathogen. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 3: 87.
51. McCaffrey, R. L., P. Fawcett, M. O'Riordan, K. D. Lee, E. A. Havell, P. O. Brown, and D. A. Portnoy. 2004. A specific gene expression program triggered by Gram-positive bacteria in the cytosol. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101: 11386-11391.
52. Stockinger, S., R. Kastner, E. Kernbauer, A. Pilz, S. Westermayer, B. Reutterer, D. Soulat, G. Stengl, C. Vogl, T. Frenz, et al. 2009. Characterization of the interferon-producing cell in mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes. PLoS Pathog. 5: e1000355.
53. O'Connell, R. M., S. K. Saha, S. A. Vaidya, K. W. Bruhn, G. A. Miranda, B. Zarnegar, A. K. Perry, B. O. Nguyen, T. F. Lane, T. Taniguchi, et al. 2004. Type I interferon production enhances susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes infection. J. Exp. Med. 200: 437-445.
54. Woodward, J. J., A. T. Iavarone, and D. A. Portnoy. 2010. c-di-AMP secreted by intracellular Listeria monocytogenes activates a host type I interferon response. Science 328: 1703-1705.
55. Hansen, K., T. Prabakaran, A. Laustsen, S. E. Jørgensen, S. H. Rahbæk, S. B. Jensen, R. Nielsen, J. H. Leber, T. Decker, K. A. Horan, et al. 2014. Listeria monocytogenes induces IFNb expression through an IFI16-, cGAS-and STINGdependent pathway. EMBO J. 33: 1654-1666.
56. Conlon, J., D. L. Burdette, S. Sharma, N. Bhat, M. Thompson, Z. Jiang, V. A. Rathinam, B. Monks, T. Jin, T. S. Xiao, et al. 2013. Mouse, but not human STING, binds and signals in response to the vascular disrupting agent 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid. J. Immunol. 190: 5216-5225.
57. Havell, E. A. 1986. Augmented induction of interferons during Listeria monocytogenes infection. J. Infect. Dis. 153: 960-969.
58. Auerbuch, V., D. G. Brockstedt, N. Meyer-Morse, M. O'Riordan, and D. A. Portnoy. 2004. Mice lacking the type I interferon receptor are resistant to Listeria monocytogenes. J. Exp. Med. 200: 527-533.
59. Carrero, J. A., B. Calderon, and E. R. Unanue. 2004. Type I interferon sensitizes lymphocytes to apoptosis and reduces resistance to Listeria infection. J. Exp. Med. 200: 535-540.
60. Carrero, J. A., B. Calderon, and E. R. Unanue. 2006. Lymphocytes are detrimental during the early innate immune response against Listeria monocytogenes. J. Exp. Med. 203: 933-940.
61. Stockinger, S., T. Materna, D. Stoiber, L. Bayr, R. Steinborn, T. Kolbe, H. Unger, T. Chakraborty, D. E. Levy, M. Müller, and T. Decker. 2002. Production of type I IFN sensitizes macrophages to cell death induced by Listeria monocytogenes. J. Immunol. 169: 6522-6529.
62. Zwaferink, H., S. Stockinger, P. Hazemi, R. Lemmens-Gruber, and T. Decker. 2008. IFN-beta increases listeriolysin O-induced membrane permeabilization and death of macrophages. J. Immunol. 180: 4116-4123.
63. Rayamajhi, M., J. Humann, K. Penheiter, K. Andreasen, and L. L. Lenz. 2010. Induction of IFN-alphabeta enables Listeria monocytogenes to suppress macrophage activation by IFN-gamma. J. Exp. Med. 207: 327-337.
64. Brzoza-Lewis, K. L., J. J. Hoth, and E. M. Hiltbold. 2012. Type I interferon signaling regulates the composition of inflammatory infiltrates upon infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Cell. Immunol. 273: 41-51.
65. Reboldi, A., E. V. Dang, J. G. McDonald, G. Liang, D. W. Russell, and J. G. Cyster. 2014. Inflammation. 25-Hydroxycholesterol suppresses interleukin-1-driven inflammation downstream of type I interferon. Science 345: 679-684.
66. World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Report 2014. Available at: http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global-report/en/. Accessed: October 22, 2014.
67. North, R. J., and Y. J. Jung. 2004. Immunity to tuberculosis. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 22: 599-623.
68. Novikov, A., M. Cardone, R. Thompson, K. Shenderov, K. D. Kirschman, K. D. Mayer-Barber, T. G. Myers, R. L. Rabin, G. Trinchieri, A. Sher, and C. G. Feng. 2011. Mycobacterium tuberculosis triggers host type I IFN signaling to regulate IL-1b production in human macrophages. J. Immunol. 187: 2540-2547.
69. Stanley, S. A., J. E. Johndrow, P. Manzanillo, and J. S. Cox. 2007. The Type I IFN response to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis requires ESX-1-mediated secretion and contributes to pathogenesis. J. Immunol. 178: 3143-3152.
70. Mahairas, G. G., P. J. Sabo, M. J. Hickey, D. C. Singh, and C. K. Stover. 1996. Molecular analysis of genetic differences between Mycobacterium bovis BCG and virulent M. bovis. J. Bacteriol. 178: 1274-1282.
71. Manzanillo, P. S., M. U. Shiloh, D. A. Portnoy, and J. S. Cox. 2012. Mycobacterium tuberculosis activates the DNA-dependent cytosolic surveillance pathway within macrophages. Cell Host Microbe 11: 469-480.
72. Simeone, R., A. Bobard, J. Lippmann, W. Bitter, L. Majlessi, R. Brosch, and J. Enninga. 2012. Phagosomal rupture by Mycobacterium tuberculosis results in toxicity and host cell death. PLoS Pathog. 8: e1002507.
73. Ottenhoff, T. H., R. H. Dass, N. Yang, M. M. Zhang, H. E. Wong, E. Sahiratmadja, C. C. Khor, B. Alisjahbana, R. van Crevel, S. Marzuki, et al. 2012. Genome-wide expression profiling identifies type 1 interferon response pathways in active tuberculosis. PLoS ONE 7: e45839.
74. Wu, K., D. Dong, H. Fang, F. Levillain, W. Jin, J. Mei, B. Gicquel, Y. Du, K. Wang, Q. Gao, et al. 2012. An interferon-related signature in the transcriptional core response of human macrophages to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. PLoS ONE 7: e38367.
75. Wang, J., X. Zhou, B. Pan, H. Wang, F. Shi, W. Gan, L. Yang, X. Yin, B. Xu, and D. Zhao. 2013. Expression pattern of interferon-inducible transcriptional genes in neutrophils during bovine tuberculosis infection. DNA Cell Biol. 32: 480-486.
76. Berry, M. P., C. M. Graham, F. W. McNab, Z. Xu, S. A. Bloch, T. Oni, K. A. Wilkinson, R. Banchereau, J. Skinner, R. J. Wilkinson, et al. 2010. An interferon-inducible neutrophil-driven blood transcriptional signature in human tuberculosis. Nature 466: 973-977.
77. Koh, G. C., M. F. Schreiber, R. Bautista, R. R. Maude, S. Dunachie, D. Limmathurotsakul, N. P. Day, G. Dougan, and S. J. Peacock. 2013. Host responses to melioidosis and tuberculosis are both dominated by interferonmediated signaling. PLoS ONE 8: e54961.
78. Maertzdorf, J., J. Weiner, III, H. J. Mollenkopf, T. Bauer, A. Prasse, J. Müller-Quernheim, S. H. Kaufmann, and S. H. Kaufmann, TBornotTB Network. 2012. Common patterns and disease-related signatures in tuberculosis and sarcoidosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109: 7853-7858.
79. Ordway, D., M. Henao-Tamayo, M. Harton, G. Palanisamy, J. Troudt, C. Shanley, R. J. Basaraba, and I. M. Orme. 2007. The hypervirulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain HN878 induces a potent TH1 response followed by rapid down-regulation. J. Immunol. 179: 522-531.
80. Manca, C., L. Tsenova, A. Bergtold, S. Freeman, M. Tovey, J. M. Musser, C. E. Barry, III, V. H. Freedman, and G. Kaplan. 2001. Virulence of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolate in mice is determined by failure to induce Th1 type immunity and is associated with induction of IFN-alpha /beta. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 5752-5757.
81. Manca, C., L. Tsenova, S. Freeman, A. K. Barczak, M. Tovey, P. J. Murray, C. Barry, and G. Kaplan. 2005. Hypervirulent M. tuberculosis W/Beijing strains upregulate type I IFNs and increase expression of negative regulators of the Jak-Stat pathway. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 25: 694-701.
82. Antonelli, L. R., A. Gigliotti Rothfuchs, R. Gonçalves, E. Roffê, A. W. Cheever, A. Bafica, A. M. Salazar, C. G. Feng, and A. Sher. 2010. Intranasal Poly-IC treatment exacerbates tuberculosis in mice through the pulmonary recruitment of a pathogen-permissive monocyte/macrophage population. J. Clin. Invest. 120: 1674-1682.
83. Mayer-Barber, K. D., B. B. Andrade, D. L. Barber, S. Hieny, C. G. Feng, P. Caspar, S. Oland, S. Gordon, and A. Sher. 2011. Innate and adaptive interferons suppress IL-1a and IL-1b production by distinct pulmonary myeloid subsets during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Immunity 35: 1023-1034.
84. Redford, P. S., P. J. Murray, and A. O'Garra. 2011. The role of IL-10 in immune regulation during M. tuberculosis infection. Mucosal Immunol. 4: 261-270.
85. Redford, P. S., A. Boonstra, S. Read, J. Pitt, C. Graham, E. Stavropoulos, G. J. Bancroft, and A. O'Garra. 2010. Enhanced protection to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in IL-10-deficient mice is accompanied by early and enhanced Th1 responses in the lung. Eur. J. Immunol. 40: 2200-2210.
86. McNab, F. W., J. Ewbank, A. Howes, L. Moreira-Teixeira, A. Martirosyan, N. Ghilardi, M. Saraiva, and A. O'Garra. 2014. Type I IFN induces IL-10 production in an IL-27-independent manner and blocks responsiveness to IFN-g for production of IL-12 and bacterial killing in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages. J. Immunol. 193: 3600-3612.
87. Beamer, G. L., D. K. Flaherty, B. D. Assogba, P. Stromberg, M. Gonzalez-Juarrero, R. de Waal Malefyt, B. Vesosky, and J. Turner. 2008. Interleukin-10 promotes Mycobacterium tuberculosis disease progression in CBA/J mice. J. Immunol. 181: 5545-5550.
88. Mayer-Barber, K. D., B. B. Andrade, S. D. Oland, E. P. Amaral, D. L. Barber, J. Gonzales, S. C. Derrick, R. Shi, N. P. Kumar, W. Wei, et al. 2014. Hostdirected therapy of tuberculosis based on interleukin-1 and type I interferon crosstalk. Nature 511: 99-103.
89. Kearney, S. J., C. Delgado, E. M. Eshleman, K. K. Hill, B. P. O'Connor, and L. L. Lenz. 2013. Type I IFNs downregulate myeloid cell IFN-g receptor by inducing recruitment of an early growth response 3/NGFI-A binding protein 1 complex that silences ifngr1 transcription. J. Immunol. 191: 3384-3392.
90. Desvignes, L., A. J. Wolf, and J. D. Ernst. 2012. Dynamic roles of type I and type II IFNs in early infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Immunol. 188: 6205-6215.
91. Carow, B., Xq. Ye, D. Gavier-Widén, S. Bhuju, W. Oehlmann, M. Singh, M. Sköld, L. Ignatowicz, A. Yoshimura, H. Wigzell, and M. E. Rottenberg. 2011. Silencing suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS1) in macrophages improves Mycobacterium tuberculosis control in an interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-dependent manner. J. Biol. Chem. 286: 26873-26887.
92. Almeida, A. S., P. M. Lago, N. Boechat, R. C. Huard, L. C. Lazzarini, A. R. Santos, M. Nociari, H. Zhu, B. M. Perez-Sweeney, H. Bang, et al. 2009. Tuberculosis is associated with a down-modulatory lung immune response that impairs Th1-type immunity. J. Immunol. 183: 718-731.
93. Masood, K. I., M. E. Rottenberg, N. Salahuddin, M. Irfan, N. Rao, B. Carow, M. Islam, R. Hussain, and Z. Hasan. 2013. Expression of M. tuberculosis-induced suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 1, SOCS3, FoxP3 and secretion of IL-6 associates with differing clinical severity of tuberculosis. BMC Infect. Dis. 13: 13.
94. Teles, R. M., T. G. Graeber, S. R. Krutzik, D. Montoya, M. Schenk, D. J. Lee, E. Komisopoulou, K. Kelly-Scumpia, R. Chun, S. S. Iyer, et al. 2013. Type I interferon suppresses type II interferon-triggered human anti-mycobacterial responses. Science 339: 1448-1453.
95. Pechous, R. D., T. R. McCarthy, and T. C. Zahrt. 2009. Working toward the future: insights into Francisella tularensis pathogenesis and vaccine development. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 73: 684-711.
96. Dennis, D. T., T. V. Inglesby, D. A. Henderson, J. G. Bartlett, M. S. Ascher, E. Eitzen, A. D. Fine, A. M. Friedlander, J. Hauer, M. Layton, et al; Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. 2001. Tularemia as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA 285: 2763-2773.
97. Elkins, K. L., S. C. Cowley, and C. M. Bosio. 2003. Innate and adaptive immune responses to an intracellular bacterium, Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain. Microbes Infect. 5: 135-142.
98. Sjöstedt, A. 2006. Intracellular survival mechanisms of Francisella tularensis, a stealth pathogen. Microbes Infect. 8: 561-567.
99. Checroun, C., T. D. Wehrly, E. R. Fischer, S. F. Hayes, and J. Celli. 2006. Autophagy-mediated reentry of Francisella tularensis into the endocytic compartment after cytoplasmic replication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103: 14578-14583.
100. Clemens, D. L., B. Y. Lee, and M. A. Horwitz. 2004. Virulent and avirulent strains of Francisella tularensis prevent acidification and maturation of their phagosomes and escape into the cytoplasm in human macrophages. Infect. Immun. 72: 3204-3217.
101. Golovliov, I., V. Baranov, Z. Krocova, H. Kovarova, and A. Sjöstedt. 2003. An attenuated strain of the facultative intracellular bacterium Francisella tularensis can escape the phagosome of monocytic cells. Infect. Immun. 71: 5940-5950.
102. Henry, T., A. Brotcke, D. S. Weiss, L. J. Thompson, and D. M. Monack. 2007. Type I interferon signaling is required for activation of the inflammasome during Francisella infection. J. Exp. Med. 204: 987-994.
103. Fernandes-Alnemri, T., J. W. Yu, C. Juliana, L. Solorzano, S. Kang, J. Wu, P. Datta, M. McCormick, L. Huang, E. McDermott, et al. 2010. The AIM2 inflammasome is critical for innate immunity to Francisella tularensis. Nat. Immunol. 11: 385-393.
104. Jones, J. W., N. Kayagaki, P. Broz, T. Henry, K. Newton, K. O'Rourke, S. Chan, J. Dong, Y. Qu, M. Roose-Girma, et al. 2010. Absent in melanoma 2 is required for innate immune recognition of Francisella tularensis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107: 9771-9776.
105. Broz, P., and D. M. Monack. 2013. Newly described pattern recognition receptors team up against intracellular pathogens. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 13: 551-565.
106. Gavrilin, M. A., I. J. Bouakl, N. L. Knatz, M. D. Duncan, M. W. Hall, J. S. Gunn, and M. D. Wewers. 2006. Internalization and phagosome escape required for Francisella to induce human monocyte IL-1beta processing and release. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103: 141-146.
107. Mariathasan, S., D. S. Weiss, V. M. Dixit, and D. M. Monack. 2005. Innate immunity against Francisella tularensis is dependent on the ASC/caspase-1 axis. J. Exp. Med. 202: 1043-1049.
108. Henry, T., G. S. Kirimanjeswara, T. Ruby, J.W. Jones, K. Peng, M. Perret, L. Ho, J. D. Sauer, Y. Iwakura, D. W. Metzger, and D. M. Monack. 2010. Type I IFN signaling constrains IL-17A/F secretion by gammadelta T cells during bacterial infections. J. Immunol. 184: 3755-3767.
109. Furuya, Y., D. Steiner, and D. W. Metzger. 2014. Does Type I Interferon Limit Protective Neutrophil Responses during Pulmonary Francisella tularensis Infection? Front. Immunol. 5: 355.
110. Metzger, D. W., C. S. Bakshi, and G. Kirimanjeswara. 2007. Mucosal immunopathogenesis of Francisella tularensis. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1105: 266-283.
111. de Jong, H. K., C. M. Parry, T. van der Poll, and W. J. Wiersinga. 2012. Hostpathogen interaction in invasive Salmonellosis. PLoS Pathog. 8: e1002933.
112. Yamamoto, M., S. Sato, H. Hemmi, K. Hoshino, T. Kaisho, H. Sanjo, O. Takeuchi, M. Sugiyama, M. Okabe, K. Takeda, and S. Akira. 2003. Role of adaptor TRIF in the MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Science 301: 640-643.
113. Schmolke, M., J. R. Patel, E. de Castro, M. T. Sánchez-Aparicio, M. B. Uccellini, J. C. Miller, B. Manicassamy, T. Satoh, T. Kawai, S. Akira, et al. 2014. RIG-I detects mRNA of intracellular Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium during bacterial infection. MBio 5: e01006-e01014.
114. Robinson, N., S. McComb, R. Mulligan, R. Dudani, L. Krishnan, and S. Sad. 2012. Type I interferon induces necroptosis in macrophages during infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Nat. Immunol. 13: 954-962.
115. McComb, S., E. Cessford, N. A. Alturki, J. Joseph, B. Shutinoski, J. B. Startek, A. M. Gamero, K. L. Mossman, and S. Sad. 2014. Type-I interferon signaling through ISGF3 complex is required for sustained Rip3 activation and necroptosis in macrophages. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111: E3206-E3213.
116. Rottenberg, M. E., A. Gigliotti-Rothfuchs, and H. Wigzell. 2002. The role of IFN-gamma in the outcome of chlamydial infection. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 14: 444-451.
117. Derbigny, W. A., R. M. Johnson, K. S. Toomey, S. Ofner, and K. Jayarapu. 2010. The Chlamydia muridarum-induced IFN-b response is TLR3-dependent in murine oviduct epithelial cells. J. Immunol. 185: 6689-6697.
118. Derbigny, W. A., S. C. Hong, M. S. Kerr, M. Temkit, and R. M. Johnson. 2007. Chlamydia muridarum infection elicits a beta interferon response in murine oviduct epithelial cells dependent on interferon regulatory factor 3 and TRIF. Infect. Immun. 75: 1280-1290.
119. Prantner, D., T. Darville, and U. M. Nagarajan. 2010. Stimulator of IFN gene is critical for induction of IFN-beta during Chlamydia muridarum infection. J. Immunol. 184: 2551-2560.
120. Zhang, Y., L. Yeruva, A. Marinov, D. Prantner, P. B. Wyrick, V. Lupashin, and U. M. Nagarajan. 2014. The DNA sensor, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase, is essential for induction of IFN-b during Chlamydia trachomatis infection. J. Immunol. 193: 2394-2404.
121. Barker, J. R., B. J. Koestler, V. K. Carpenter, D. L. Burdette, C. M. Waters, R. E. Vance, and R. H. Valdivia. 2013. STING-dependent recognition of cyclic di-AMP mediates type I interferon responses during Chlamydia trachomatis infection. MBio 4: 00018-13.
122. Nagarajan, U. M., D. Prantner, J. D. Sikes, C. W. Andrews, Jr., A. M. Goodwin, S. Nagarajan, and T. Darville. 2008. Type I interferon signaling exacerbates Chlamydia muridarum genital infection in a murine model. Infect. Immun. 76: 4642-4648.
123. Qiu, H., Y. Fan, A. G. Joyee, S. Wang, X. Han, H. Bai, L. Jiao, N. Van Rooijen, and X. Yang. 2008. Type I IFNs enhance susceptibility to Chlamydia muridarum lung infection by enhancing apoptosis of local macrophages. J. Immunol. 181: 2092-2102.
124. Fung, K. Y., N. E. Mangan, H. Cumming, J. C. Horvat, J. R. Mayall, S. A. Stifter, N. De Weerd, L. C. Roisman, J. Rossjohn, S. A. Robertson, et al. 2013. Interferon protects the female reproductive tract from viral and bacterial infection. Science 339: 1088-1092.
125. Klevens, R. M., M. A. Morrison, J. Nadle, S. Petit, K. Gershman, S. Ray, L. H. Harrison, R. Lynfield, G. Dumyati, J. M. Townes, et al; Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs) MRSA Investigators. 2007. Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States. JAMA 298: 1763-1771.
126. Fournier, B., and D. J. Philpott. 2005. Recognition of Staphylococcus aureus by the innate immune system. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 18: 521-540.
127. Rigby, K. M., and F. R. DeLeo. 2012. Neutrophils in innate host defense against Staphylococcus aureus infections. Semin. Immunopathol. 34: 237-259.
128. Martin, F. J., M. I. Gomez, D. M. Wetzel, G. Memmi, M. O'Seaghdha, G. Soong, C. Schindler, and A. Prince. 2009. Staphylococcus aureus activates type I IFN signaling in mice and humans through the Xr repeated sequences of protein A. J. Clin. Invest. 119: 1931-1939.
129. Parker, D., and A. Prince. 2012. Staphylococcus aureus induces type I IFN signaling in dendritic cells via TLR9. J. Immunol. 189: 4040-4046.
130. Parker, D., P. J. Planet, G. Soong, A. Narechania, and A. Prince. 2014. Induction of type I interferon signaling determines the relative pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus strains. PLoS Pathog. 10: e1003951.
131. Sudbery, P. E. 2011. Growth of Candida albicans hyphae. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 9: 737-748.
132. Lionakis, M. S., and M. G. Netea. 2013. Candida and host determinants of susceptibility to invasive candidiasis. PLoS Pathog. 9: e1003079.
133. Bourgeois, C., O. Majer, I. E. Frohner, I. Lesiak-Markowicz, K. S. Hildering, W. Glaser, S. Stockinger, T. Decker, S. Akira, M. Müller, and K. Kuchler. 2011. Conventional dendritic cells mount a type I IFN response against Candida spp. requiring novel phagosomal TLR7-mediated IFN-b signaling. J. Immunol. 186: 3104-3112.
134. Jensen, J., A. Vazquez-Torres, and E. Balish. 1992. Poly(I.C)-induced interferons enhance susceptibility of SCID mice to systemic candidiasis. Infect. Immun. 60: 4549-4557.
135. Majer, O., C. Bourgeois, F. Zwolanek, C. Lassnig, D. Kerjaschki, M. Mack, M. Müller, and K. Kuchler. 2012. Type I interferons promote fatal immunopathology by regulating inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils during Candida infections. PLoS Pathog. 8: e1002811.
136. Worthington, M., and H. F. Hasenclever. 1972. Effect of an interferon stimulator, polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid, on experimental fungus infections. Infect. Immun. 5: 199-202.
137. Guarda, G., M. Braun, F. Staehli, A. Tardivel, C. Mattmann, I. Förster, M. Farlik, T. Decker, R. A. Du Pasquier, P. Romero, and J. Tschopp. 2011. Type I interferon inhibits interleukin-1 production and inflammasome activation. Immunity 34: 213-223.
138. Brener, Z., and R. T. Gazzinelli. 1997. Immunological control of Trypanosoma cruzi infection and pathogenesis of Chagas' disease. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 114: 103-110.
139. Tálas, M., and E. T. Gláz. 1979. Type I interferon induced in mice by infection with Trypanosoma equiperdum. J. Infect. Dis. 139: 595-598.
140. Vaena de Avalos, S., I. J. Blader, M. Fisher, J. C. Boothroyd, and B. A. Burleigh. 2002. Immediate/early response to Trypanosoma cruzi infection involves minimal modulation of host cell transcription. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 639-644.
141. Koga, R., S. Hamano, H. Kuwata, K. Atarashi, M. Ogawa, H. Hisaeda, M. Yamamoto, S. Akira, K. Himeno, M. Matsumoto, and K. Takeda. 2006. TLRdependent induction of IFN-beta mediates host defense against Trypanosoma cruzi. J. Immunol. 177: 7059-7066.
142. Chessler, A. D., M. Unnikrishnan, A. K. Bei, J. P. Daily, and B. A. Burleigh. 2009. Trypanosoma cruzi triggers an early type I IFN response in vivo at the site of intradermal infection. J. Immunol. 182: 2288-2296.
143. Chessler, A. D., K. L. Caradonna, A. Da'dara, and B. A. Burleigh. 2011. Type I interferons increase host susceptibility to Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Infect. Immun. 79: 2112-2119.
144. Lopez, R., K. P. Demick, J. M. Mansfield, and D. M. Paulnock. 2008. Type I IFNs play a role in early resistance, but subsequent susceptibility, to the African trypanosomes. J. Immunol. 181: 4908-4917.
145. Kaye, P., and P. Scott. 2011. Leishmaniasis: complexity at the host-pathogen interface. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 9: 604-615.
146. Sacks, D., and N. Noben-Trauth. 2002. The immunology of susceptibility and resistance to Leishmania major in mice. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2: 845-858.
147. Diefenbach, A., H. Schindler, N. Donhauser, E. Lorenz, T. Laskay, J. MacMicking, M. Röllinghoff, I. Gresser, and C. Bogdan. 1998. Type 1 interferon (IFNalpha/beta) and type 2 nitric oxide synthase regulate the innate immune response to a protozoan parasite. Immunity 8: 77-87.
148. Mattner, J., A. Wandersee-Steinhäuser, A. Pahl, M. Röllinghoff, G. R. Majeau, P. S. Hochman, and C. Bogdan. 2004. Protection against progressive leishmaniasis by IFN-beta. J. Immunol. 172: 7574-7582.
149. Favila, M. A., N. S. Geraci, E. Zeng, B. Harker, D. Condon, R. N. Cotton, A. Jayakumar, V. Tripathi, and M. A. McDowell. 2014. Human dendritic cells exhibit a pronounced type I IFN signature following Leishmania major infection that is required for IL-12 induction. J. Immunol. 192: 5863-5872.
150. Khouri, R., A. Bafica, Mda. P. Silva, A. Noronha, J. P. Kolb, J. Wietzerbin, A. Barral, M. Barral-Netto, and J. Van Weyenbergh. 2009. IFN-beta impairs superoxide-dependent parasite killing in human macrophages: evidence for a deleterious role of SOD1 in cutaneous leishmaniasis. J. Immunol. 182: 2525-2531.
151. Pereira, R. M., K. L. Teixeira, V. Barreto-de-Souza, T. C. Calegari-Silva, L. D. De-Melo, D. C. Soares, D. C. Bou-Habib, A. M. Silva, E. M. Saraiva, and U. G. Lopes. 2010. Novel role for the double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase PKR: modulation of macrophage infection by the protozoan parasite Leishmania. FASEB J. 24: 617-626.
152. Xin, L., D. A. Vargas-Inchaustegui, S. S. Raimer, B. C. Kelly, J. Hu, L. Zhu, J. Sun, and L. Soong. 2010. Type I IFN receptor regulates neutrophil functions and innate immunity to Leishmania parasites. J. Immunol. 184: 7047-7056.
153. Guilbride, L., P. J. Myler, and K. Stuart. 1992. Distribution and sequence divergence of LRV1 viruses among different Leishmania species. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 54: 101-104.
154. Salinas, G., M. Zamora, K. Stuart, and N. Saravia. 1996. Leishmania RNA viruses in Leishmania of the Viannia subgenus. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 54: 425-429.
155. Widmer, G., and S. Dooley. 1995. Phylogenetic analysis of Leishmania RNA virus and Leishmania suggests ancient virus-parasite association. Nucleic Acids Res. 23: 2300-2304.
156. Ives, A., C. Ronet, F. Prevel, G. Ruzzante, S. Fuertes-Marraco, F. Schutz, H. Zangger, M. Revaz-Breton, L. F. Lye, S. M. Hickerson, et al. 2011. Leishmania RNA virus controls the severity of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Science 331: 775-778.
157. Scheffter, S. M., Y. T. Ro, I. K. Chung, and J. L. Patterson. 1995. The complete sequence of Leishmania RNA virus LRV2-1, a virus of an Old World parasite strain. Virology 212: 84-90.
158. Stevenson, M. M., and E. M. Riley. 2004. Innate immunity to malaria. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 4: 169-180.
159. Stanisic, D. I., A. E. Barry, and M. F. Good. 2013. Escaping the immune system: How the malaria parasite makes vaccine development a challenge. Trends Parasitol. 29: 612-622.
160. Pichyangkul, S., K. Yongvanitchit, U. Kum-arb, H. Hemmi, S. Akira, A. M. Krieg, D. G. Heppner, V. A. Stewart, H. Hasegawa, S. Looareesuwan, et al. 2004. Malaria blood stage parasites activate human plasmacytoid dendritic cells and murine dendritic cells through a Toll-like receptor 9-dependent pathway. J. Immunol. 172: 4926-4933.
161. Baccarella, A., M. F. Fontana, E. C. Chen, and C. C. Kim. 2013. Toll-like receptor 7 mediates early innate immune responses to malaria. Infect. Immun. 81: 4431-4442.
162. Sharma, S., R. B. DeOliveira, P. Kalantari, P. Parroche, N. Goutagny, Z. Jiang, J. Chan, D. C. Bartholomeu, F. Lauw, J. P. Hall, et al. 2011. Innate immune recognition of an AT-rich stem-loop DNA motif in the Plasmodium falciparum genome. Immunity 35: 194-207.
163. Liehl, P., V. Zuzarte-Luýs, J. Chan, T. Zillinger, F. Baptista, D. Carapau, M. Konert, K. K. Hanson, C. Carret, C. Lassnig, et al. 2014. Host-cell sensors for Plasmodium activate innate immunity against liver-stage infection. Nat. Med. 20: 47-53.
164. Vigário, A. M., E. Belnoue, A. Cumano, M. Marussig, F. Miltgen, I. Landau, D. Mazier, I. Gresser, and L. Rénia. 2001. Inhibition of Plasmodium yoelii bloodstage malaria by interferon alpha through the inhibition of the production of its target cell, the reticulocyte. Blood 97: 3966-3971.
165. Miller, J. L., B. K. Sack, M. Baldwin, A. M. Vaughan, and S. H. Kappe. 2014. Interferon-mediated innate immune responses against malaria parasite liver stages. Cell Reports 7: 436-447.
166. Palomo, J., M. Fauconnier, L. Coquard, M. Gilles, S. Meme, F. Szeremeta, L. Fick, J. F. Franetich, M. Jacobs, D. Togbe, et al. 2013. Type I interferons contribute to experimental cerebral malaria development in response to sporozoite or blood-stage Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Eur. J. Immunol. 43: 2683-2695.
167. Haque, A., S. E. Best, A. Ammerdorffer, L. Desbarrieres, M. M. de Oca, F. H. Amante, F. de Labastida Rivera, P. Hertzog, G. M. Boyle, G. R. Hill, and C. R. Engwerda. 2011. Type I interferons suppress CD4+ T-cell-dependent parasite control during blood-stage Plasmodium infection. Eur. J. Immunol. 41: 2688-2698.
168. Haque, A., S. E. Best, M. Montes de Oca, K. R. James, A. Ammerdorffer, C. L. Edwards, F. de Labastida Rivera, F. H. Amante, P. T. Bunn, M. Sheel, et al. 2014. Type I IFN signaling in CD82 DCs impairs Th1-dependent malaria immunity. J. Clin. Invest. 124: 2483-2496.
169. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. LCMV Fact Sheet. Available at: http:// www.cdc.gov/vhf/lcm/pdf/LCM-FactSheet.pdf. Accessed: October 20, 2014.
170. Zhou, X., S. Ramachandran, M. Mann, and D. L. Popkin. 2012. Role of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) in understanding viral immunology: past, present and future. Viruses 4: 2650-2669.
171. Ahmed, R., A. Salmi, L. D. Butler, J. M. Chiller, and M. B. Oldstone. 1984. Selection of genetic variants of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in spleens of persistently infected mice. Role in suppression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte response and viral persistence. J. Exp. Med. 160: 521-540.
172. Ahmed, R., R. S. Simon, M. Matloubian, S. R. Kolhekar, P. J. Southern, and D. M. Freedman. 1988. Genetic analysis of in vivo-selected viral variants causing chronic infection: importance of mutation in the L RNA segment of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J. Virol. 62: 3301-3308.
173. Tishon, A., H. Lewicki, G. Rall, M. Von Herrath, and M. B. Oldstone. 1995. An essential role for type 1 interferon-gamma in terminating persistent viral infection. Virology 212: 244-250.
174. Leist, T. P., M. Eppler, and R. M. Zinkernagel. 1989. Enhanced virus replication and inhibition of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus disease in anti-gamma interferon-treated mice. J. Virol. 63: 2813-2819.
175. Huang, S., W. Hendriks, A. Althage, S. Hemmi, H. Bluethmann, R. Kamijo, J. Vilcek, R. M. Zinkernagel, and M. Aguet. 1993. Immune response in mice that lack the interferon-gamma receptor. Science 259: 1742-1745.
176. Teijaro, J. R., C. Ng, A. M. Lee, B. M. Sullivan, K. C. Sheehan, M. Welch, R. D. Schreiber, J. C. de la Torre, and M. B. Oldstone. 2013. Persistent LCMV infection is controlled by blockade of type I interferon signaling. Science 340: 207-211.
177. Wilson, E. B., D. H. Yamada, H. Elsaesser, J. Herskovitz, J. Deng, G. Cheng, B. J. Aronow, C. L. Karp, and D. G. Brooks. 2013. Blockade of chronic type I interferon signaling to control persistent LCMV infection. Science 340: 202-207.
178. Aichele, P., H. Unsoeld, M. Koschella, O. Schweier, U. Kalinke, and S. Vucikuja. 2006. CD8 T cells specific for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus require type I IFN receptor for clonal expansion. J. Immunol. 176: 4525-4529.
179. Kolumam, G. A., S. Thomas, L. J. Thompson, J. Sprent, and K. Murali-Krishna. 2005. Type I interferons act directly on CD8 T cells to allow clonal expansion and memory formation in response to viral infection. J. Exp. Med. 202: 637-650.
180. Thompson, L. J., G. A. Kolumam, S. Thomas, and K. Murali-Krishna. 2006. Innate inflammatory signals induced by various pathogens differentially dictate the IFN-I dependence of CD8 T cells for clonal expansion and memory formation. J. Immunol. 177: 1746-1754.
181. Wherry, E. J. 2011. T cell exhaustion. Nat. Immunol. 12: 492-499.
182. Crawford, A., J. M. Angelosanto, C. Kao, T. A. Doering, P. M. Odorizzi, B. E. Barnett, and E. J. Wherry. 2014. Molecular and transcriptional basis of CD4+ T cell dysfunction during chronic infection. Immunity 40: 289-302.
183. Brooks, D. G., M. J. Trifilo, K. H. Edelmann, L. Teyton, D. B. McGavern, and M. B. Oldstone. 2006. Interleukin-10 determines viral clearance or persistence in vivo. Nat. Med. 12: 1301-1309.
184. Brooks, D. G., S. J. Ha, H. Elsaesser, A. H. Sharpe, G. J. Freeman, and M. B. Oldstone. 2008. IL-10 and PD-L1 operate through distinct pathways to suppress T-cell activity during persistent viral infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105: 20428-20433.
185. Baccala, R., M. J. Welch, R. Gonzalez-Quintial, K. B. Walsh, J. R. Teijaro, A. Nguyen, C. T. Ng, B. M. Sullivan, A. Zarpellon, Z. M. Ruggeri, et al. 2014. Type I interferon is a therapeutic target for virus-induced lethal vascular damage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111: 8925-8930.
186. Simon, V., D. D. Ho, and Q. Abdool Karim. 2006. HIV/AIDS epidemiology, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment. Lancet 368: 489-504.
187. Colonna, M., G. Trinchieri, and Y. J. Liu. 2004. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in immunity. Nat. Immunol. 5: 1219-1226.
188. Hosmalin, A., and P. Lebon. 2006. Type I interferon production in HIV-infected patients. J. Leukoc. Biol. 80: 984-993.
189. Herbeuval, J. P., and G. M. Shearer. 2007. HIV-1 immunopathogenesis: how good interferon turns bad. Clin. Immunol. 123: 121-128.
190. Lehmann, C., J. M. Harper, D. Taubert, P. Hartmann, G. Fätkenheuer, N. Jung, J. van Lunzen, H. J. Stellbrink, R. C. Gallo, and F. Romerio. 2008. Increased interferon alpha expression in circulating plasmacytoid dendritic cells of HIV-1-infected patients. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 48: 522-530.
191. Gringeri, A., M. Musicco, P. Hermans, Z. Bentwich, M. Cusini, A. Bergamasco, E. Santagostino, A. Burny, B. Bizzini, and D. Zagury. 1999. Active antiinterferon-alpha immunization: a European-Israeli, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in 242 HIV-1-infected patients (the EURIS study). J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 20: 358-370.
192. Zagury, D., A. Lachgar, V. Chams, L. S. Fall, J. Bernard, J. F. Zagury, B. Bizzini, A. Gringeri, E. Santagostino, J. Rappaport, et al. 1998. Interferon alpha and Tat involvement in the immunosuppression of uninfected T cells and C-C chemokine decline in AIDS. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 3851-3856.
193. Herbeuval, J. P., J. C. Grivel, A. Boasso, A. W. Hardy, C. Chougnet, M. J. Dolan, H. Yagita, J. D. Lifson, and G. M. Shearer. 2005. CD4+ T-cell death induced by infectious and noninfectious HIV-1: role of type 1 interferon-dependent, TRAIL/ DR5-mediated apoptosis. Blood 106: 3524-3531.
194. Herbeuval, J. P., J. Nilsson, A. Boasso, A. W. Hardy, M. J. Kruhlak, S. A. Anderson, M. J. Dolan, M. Dy, J. Andersson, and G. M. Shearer. 2006. Differential expression of IFN-alpha and TRAIL/DR5 in lymphoid tissue of progressor versus nonprogressor HIV-1-infected patients. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103: 7000-7005.
195. Fraietta, J. A., Y. M. Mueller, G. Yang, A. C. Boesteanu, D. T. Gracias, D. H. Do, J. L. Hope, N. Kathuria, S. E. McGettigan, M. G. Lewis, et al. 2013. Type I interferon upregulates Bak and contributes to T cell loss during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. PLoS Pathog. 9: e1003658.
196. Sandler, N. G., S. E. Bosinger, J. D. Estes, R. T. Zhu, G. K. Tharp, E. Boritz, D. Levin, S. Wijeyesinghe, K. N. Makamdop, G. Q. del Prete, et al. 2014. Type I interferon responses in rhesus macaques prevent SIV infection and slow disease progression. Nature 511: 601-605.
197. Le Saout, C., R. B. Hasley, H. Imamichi, L. Tcheung, Z. Hu, M. A. Luckey, J. H. Park, S. K. Durum, M. Smith, A. W. Rupert, et al. 2014. Chronic exposure to type-I IFN under lymphopenic conditions alters CD4 T cell homeostasis. PLoS Pathog. 10: e1003976.
198. McCullers, J. A. 2014. The co-pathogenesis of influenza viruses with bacteria in the lung. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 12: 252-262.
199. Bordon, J., S. Aliberti, R. Fernandez-Botran, S. M. Uriarte, M. J. Rane, P. Duvvuri, P. Peyrani, L. C. Morlacchi, F. Blasi, and J. A. Ramirez. 2013. Understanding the roles of cytokines and neutrophil activity and neutrophil apoptosis in the protective versus deleterious inflammatory response in pneumonia. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 17: e76-e83.
200. Dockrell, D. H., H. M. Marriott, L. R. Prince, V. C. Ridger, P. G. Ince, P. G. Hellewell, and M. K. Whyte. 2003. Alveolar macrophage apoptosis contributes to pneumococcal clearance in a resolving model of pulmonary infection. J. Immunol. 171: 5380-5388.
201. Shahangian, A., E. K. Chow, X. Tian, J. R. Kang, A. Ghaffari, S. Y. Liu, J. A. Belperio, G. Cheng, and J. C. Deng. 2009. Type I IFNs mediate development of postinfluenza bacterial pneumonia in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 119: 1910-1920.
202. Kudva, A., E. V. Scheller, K. M. Robinson, C. R. Crowe, S. M. Choi, S. R. Slight, S. A. Khader, P. J. Dubin, R. I. Enelow, J. K. Kolls, and J. F. Alcorn. 2011. Influenza A inhibits Th17-mediated host defense against bacterial pneumonia in mice. J. Immunol. 186: 1666-1674.
203. Li, W., B. Moltedo, and T. M. Moran. 2012. Type I interferon induction during influenza virus infection increases susceptibility to secondary Streptococcus pneumoniae infection by negative regulation of gd T cells. J. Virol. 86: 12304-12312.
204. Laan, M., Z. H. Cui, H. Hoshino, J. Lötvall, M. Sjöstrand, D. C. Gruenert, B. E. Skoogh, and A. Lindén. 1999. Neutrophil recruitment by human IL-17 via C-X-C chemokine release in the airways. J. Immunol. 162: 2347-2352.
205. Nakamura, S., K. M. Davis, and J. N. Weiser. 2011. Synergistic stimulation of type I interferons during influenza virus coinfection promotes Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 121: 3657-3665.
206. Flórido, M., M. A. Grima, C. M. Gillis, Y. Xia, S. J. Turner, J. A. Triccas, J. Stambas, and W. J. Britton. 2013. Influenza A virus infection impairs mycobacteria-specific T cell responses and mycobacterial clearance in the lung during pulmonary coinfection. J. Immunol. 191: 302-311.
207. Redford, P. S., K. D. Mayer-Barber, F. W. McNab, E. Stavropoulos, A. Wack, A. Sher, and A. O'Garra. 2014. Influenza A virus impairs control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis coinfection through a type I interferon receptor-dependent pathway. J. Infect. Dis. 209: 270-274