Understanding the roles of cytokines and neutrophil activity and neutrophil apoptosis in the protective versus deleterious inflammatory response in pneumonia

International Journal of Infectious Diseases

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2013, Pages

  Bordon, Jose ^a   Aliberti, Stefano ^b   Fernandez Botran, Rafael ^c   Uriarte, Silvia M ^c   Rane, Madhavi J ^c   Duvvuri, Padmaraj ^a   Peyrani, Paula ^c   Morlacchi, Letizia Corinna ^d   Blasi, Francesco ^d   Ramirez, Julio A ^c,e  

^a Providence Hospital Washington DC   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MILANO BICOCCA   (Italy)

^c University of Louisville School of Medicine   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

^e VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Apoptosis; Inflammation; Neutrophils; Pneumonia

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CASPASE 8; CYTOKINE; FAS ASSOCIATED DEATH DOMAIN PROTEIN; GAMMA INTERFERON; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 12P70; INTERLEUKIN 17; INTERLEUKIN 1ALPHA; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 4; INTERLEUKIN 5; INTERLEUKIN 8; MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN 1ALPHA; MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN 1BETA; PROTEIN BAD; PROTEIN BAK; PROTEIN BAX; PROTEIN BID; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RELATED APOPTOSIS INDUCING LIGAND;

ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; BACTERIAL LOAD; CELL ACTIVATION; CELL SURVIVAL; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; INFLUENZA VIRUS; NEUTROPHIL; NEUTROPHIL CHEMOTAXIS; PNEUMONIA; REVIEW;

APOPTOSIS; CYTOKINES; HUMANS; NEUTROPHIL ACTIVATION; NEUTROPHILS; PNEUMONIA; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES;

EID: 84873432522     PISSN: 12019712     EISSN: 18783511     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2012.06.006     Document Type: Review

References (88)

1. Armstrong G., Conn L.A., Pinner R.W. Trends in infectious disease mortality in the United States during the 20th century. JAMA 1999, 281:61-66.
2. Restrepo M.I., Anzueto A. Severe community-acquired pneumonia. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2009, 23:503-520.
3. Craig A., Mai J., Cai S., Jeyaseelan S. Neutrophil recruitment to the lungs during bacterial pneumonia. Infect Immun 2009, 77:568-575.
4. Kolling U.K., Hansen F., Braun J., Katusa H.A., Dalhoff K. Leukocyte response and anti-inflammatory cytokines in community acquired pneumonia. Thorax 2001, 56:121-125.
5. Tuomamen E., Rich R., Zack O. Induction of pulmonary inflammation by components of the pneumococcal cell surface. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987, 135:869-874.
6. Nelson S. Novel non antibiotic therapy for pneumonia. Chest 2010, 119:419S-425S.
7. Haslet C. Granulocyte apoptosis and its role in the resolution and control of lung inflammation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999, 160:S5-S11.
8. Xu F., Droemann D., Rupp J., Shen H., Wu X., Goldmann T., et al. Modulation of the inflammatory response to Streptococcus pneumoniae in a model of acute lung tissue infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008, 39:522-529.
9. Tilghman C., Finland M. Clinical significance of bacteremia in pneumococci 9. Pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 1937, 59:602-619.
10. Austrian R., Gold J. Pneumococcal bacteremia with especial reference to bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 1964, 60:759-776.
11. Puren A.J., Feldman C., Savage N., Becker P.J., Smith C. Patterns of cytokine expression in community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 1995, 107:1342-1349.
12. Antunes G., Evans S.A., Lordan J.L., Frew A.J. Systemic cytokine levels in community-acquired pneumonia and their association with disease severity. Eur Respir J 2002, 20:990-995.
13. Chollet-Martin, Montravers P., Gibert C., Elbim C., Desmonts J.M., Fagon J.Y., Gougerot-Pocidalo M.A. Subpopulation of hyperresponsive polymorphonuclear neutrophils in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Role of cytokine production. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992, 146:990-996.
14. Bass D.A., Olbrantz P., Szejda P., Seeds M.C., McCall C.E. Subpopulations of neutrophils with increased oxidative product formation in blood of patients with infection. J Immunol 1986, 136:860-866.
15. Moldoveanu B., Otmishi P., Jani P., Walker J., Sarmiento X., Guardiola J., et al. Inflammatory mechanisms in the lung. J Inflamm Res 2009, 2:1-11.
16. Quinton L.J., Jones M.R., Robson B.E., Simms B.T., Whitsett J.A., Mizgerd J.P. Alveolar epithelial STAT3, IL-6 family cytokines, and host defense during Escherichia coli pneumonia. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008, 38:699-706.
17. Ye P., Garvey P.B., Zhang P., Nelson S., Bagby G., Summer W.R., et al. Interleukin-17 and lung host defense against Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2001, 25:335-340.
18. Monton C., Torres A. Lung inflammatory response in pneumonia. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 1998, 53:56-63.
19. Lee Y.L., Chen W., Chen L.Y., Chen C.H., Lin Y.C., Liang S.J., Shih C.M. Systemic and bronchoalveolar cytokines as predictors of in-hospital mortality in severe community-acquired pneumonia. J Crit Care 2010, 25:7-13.
20. Calbo E., Alsina M., Rodriguez-Carballeira M. Systemic expression of cytokine production in patients with severe pneumococcal pneumonia: effects of treatment with a beta-lactam versus a fluoroquinolone. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008, 52:2395-2402.
21. Glynn P., Coakley R., Kilgallen I., Murphy N., O'Neill S. Circulating IL6 and IL10 in community acquired pneumonia. Thorax 1999, 54:51-55.
22. Wu Q., Martin R.J., Rino J.G., Breed R., Torres R.M., Chu H.W. IL-23-dependent IL-17 production is essential in neutrophil recruitment and activity in mouse lung defense against respiratory Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Microbes Infect 2007, 9:78-86.
23. Happel K.I., Zheng M., Young E., Quinton L.J., Lockhart E., Ramsay A.J., et al. Cutting edge: roles of Toll-like receptor 4 and IL-23 in IL-17 expression in response to Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. J Immunol 2003, 170:4432-4436.
24. Fernández-Serrano S., Dorca J., Coromines M., Carratalà J., Gudiol F., Manresa F. Molecular inflammatory responses measured in blood of patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2003, 9:813-820.
25. Wattanathum A., Manocha S., Groshaus H., Russell J.A., Walley K.R. Interleukin-10 haplotype associated with increased mortality in critically ill patients with sepsis from pneumonia but not in patients with extrapulmonary sepsis. Chest 2005, 128:1690-1698.
26. Sonnenberg G.F., Nair M.G., Kirn T.J., Zaph C., Fouser L.A., Artis D. Pathological versus protective functions of IL-22 in airway inflammation are regulated by IL17A. J Exp Med 2010, 207:1293-1305.
27. Bone R.C., Grodzin C.J., Balk R.A. Sepsis: a new hypothesis for pathogenesis of the disease process. Chest 1997, 112:235-243.
28. Kellum J.A., Kong L., Fink M.P., Weissfeld L.A., Yealy D.M., Pinsky M.R., et al. Understanding the inflammatory cytokine response in pneumonia and sepsis. Arch Intern Med 2007, 167:1655-1663.
29. Paterson G.K., Orihuela C.J. Pneumococci: immunology of the innate host response. Respirology 2010, 15:1057-1063.
30. Endeman H., Meijvis S.C., Rijkers G.T., van Velzen-Blad H., van Moorsel C.H., Grutters J.C., Biesma D.H. Systemic cytokine response in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2011, 37:1431-1438.
31. Kerr A.R., Irvine J.J., Search J.J., Gingles N.A., Kadioglu A., Andrew P.W., et al. Role of inflammatory mediators in resistance and susceptibility to pneumococcal infection. Infect Immunol 2002, 70:1547-1557.
32. Teijaro J.R., Walsh K.B., Cahalan S., Fremgen D.M., Roberts E., Scott F., et al. Endothelial cells are central orchestrators of cytokine amplification during influenza virus infection. Cell 2011, 146:980-991.
33. Takano T., Tajiri H., Kashiwagi Y., Kimura S., Kawashima H. Cytokine and chemokines response in children with the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011, 30:118-120.
34. Lee K., Rhim J., Kang J. Hyperactive immune cells (T cells) may be responsible for acute lung injury in influenza virus infections: a need for early immune-modulators for severe cases. Med Hypotheses 2011, 76:64-69.
35. Arankalle V.A., Lole K.S., Arya R.P., Tripathy A.S., Ramdasi A.Y., Chadha M.S., et al. Role of host immune response and viral load in the differential outcome of pandemic H1N1 (2009) influenza virus infection in Indian patients. PLoS One 2010, 5. pii: e13099.
36. Pinto R., Herold S., Cakarova L., Hoegner K., Lohmeyer J., Planz O., Pleschka S. Inhibition of influenza virus-induced NF-kappaB and Raf/MEK/ERK activation can reduce both virus titers and cytokine expression simultaneously in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Res 2011, 92:45-56.
37. Menéndez R., Sahuquillo-Arce J.M., Reyes S., Martínez R., Polverino E., Cillóniz C., et al. Cytokine activation patterns and biomarkers are influenced by microorganisms in community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 2012, 141:1537-1545.
38. McConnell K.W., McDunn J.E., Clark A.T., Dunne W.M., Dixon D.J., Turnbull I.R., et al. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia induce distinct host response. Crit Care Med 2010, 38:223-241.
39. Delclaux C., Azoulay E. Inflammatory response to infectious pulmonary injury. Eur Respir J 2003, 22(Suppl 42):10s-14s.
40. Kolsuz M., Erginel S., Alataş O., Alataş F., Metintaş M., Uçgun I., et al. Acute phase reactants and cytokine levels in unilateral community-acquired pneumonia. Respiration 2003, 70:615-622.
41. Quinton L.J., Jones M.R., Robson B.E., Mizgerd J.P. Mechanisms of the hepatic acute-phase response during bacterial pneumonia. Infect Immun 2009, 77:2417-2426.
42. Moret J., Lorenzo M.J., Sarria B., Cases E., Morcillo E., Perpiñá M., et al. Increased lung neutrophil apoptosis and inflammation resolution in nonresponding pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2011, 38:1158-1164.
43. Martínez R., Menéndez R., Reyes S., Polverino E., Cillóniz C., Martínez A., et al. Factors associated with inflammatory cytokine patterns in community-acquired pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2011, 37:393-399.
44. Christ-Crain M., Opal S.M. Clinical review: the role of biomarkers in the diagnosis and management of community-acquired pneumonia. Crit Care 2010, 14:203-213.
45. Remick D.G., Bolgos G., Copeland S., Siddiqui J. Role of interleukin 6 in mortality and physiologic response to sepsis. Infect Immun 2005, 73:2751-2757.
46. El Solh A., Pineda L., Bouquin P., Mankowski C. Determinants of short and long term functional recovery after hospitalization for community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: role of inflammatory markers. BMC Geriatr 2006, 6:12.
47. Ridker P.M., Rifai N., Stampfer M.J., Hennekens C.H. Plasma concentration of interleukin 6 and the risk of future myocardial infarction among apparently healthy men. Circulation 2000, 101:1767-1772.
48. Yende S., Tuomanen E.I., Wunderink R., Kanaya A., Newman A.B., Harris T., et al. Pre-infection systemic inflammatory markers and risk of hospitalization due to pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005, 172:1440-1446.
49. Mortensen E.M., Coley C.M., Singer D.E., Marrie T.J., Obrosky D.S., Kapoor W.N., Fine M.J. Causes of death for patients with community-acquired pneumonia: results from the Pneumonia Patient Outcomes Research Team cohort study. Arch Intern Med 2002, 162:1059-1064.
50. Ioanas M., Ferrer M., Cavalcanti M., Ferrer R., Ewig S., Filella X., et al. Causes and predictors of non response to treatment of intensive care unit-acquired pneumonia. Crit Care Med 2004, 32:938-945.
51. Meduri G.U., Kohler G., Headley S., Tolley E., Stentz F., Postlethwaite A. Inflammatory cytokines in the BAL of patients with ARDS. Persistent elevation over time predicts poor outcome. Chest 1995, 108:1303-1314.
52. Remick D.G., Bolgos G.R., Siddiqui J., Shin J., Nemzek J.A. Six at six: interleukin 6 measured 6h after the initiation of sepsis predicts mortality over 3 days. Shock 2002, 17:463-467.
53. Yende S., D'Angelo G., Kellum J.A., Weissfeld L., Fine J., Welch R.D., et al. Inflammatory markers at hospital discharge predict subsequent mortality after pneumonia and sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008, 177:1242-1247.
54. Morlacchi L.C., Aliberti S., Seghezzi S., Giunta V., Giuliani F., Galbiati S., et al. Differences between local and systemic inflammatory response in patients with community acquired pneumonia (CAP). Poster P2478. European Respiratory Society Annual Meeting 2011.
55. Aliberti S., Morlacchi L.C., Gramegna A., Dallari B., Galbiati S., Cosentini R., et al. An unbalanced inflammatory response on admission impacts clinical stability in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Poster P1464. European Respiratory Society Annual Meeting 2011.
56. Kelly E., MacRedmond R.E., Cullen G., Greene C.M., McElvaney N.G., O'Neill S.J. Community-acquired pneumonia in older patients: does age influence systemic cytokine levels in community-acquired pneumonia?. Respirology 2009, 14:210-216.
57. Tasaka S., Kobayashi S., Kamata H. Cytokine profiles of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with Pneumocystis pneumonia. Microbiol Immunol 2010, 54:425-433.
58. Allaouchiche B., Coronel B., Gagnieu M.C., Chassard D., Mercatello A. Cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and blood of neutropenic patients with pneumonia. Bull Cancer 2004, 91:E77-E80.
59. Confalonieri M., Urbino R., Potena A., Piattella M., Parigi P., Puccio G., et al. Hydrocortisone infusion for severe community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005, 171:242-248.
60. Chen Y., Li K., Pu H., Wu T. Corticosteroids for pneumonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011, (3). CD007720.
61. Brun-Buisson C., Richard J.C., Mercat A., Thiébaut A.C., Brochard L. Early corticosteroids in severe influenza A/H1N1 pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011, 183:1200-1206. REVA-SRLF A/H1N1v 2009 Registry Group.
62. Mizgerd J.P. Molecular mechanisms of neutrophil recruitment elicited by bacteria in the lungs. Semin Immunol 2002, 14:123-132.
63. Brinkmann V., Reichard U., Goosmann C., Fauler B., Uhlemann Y., Weiss D.S., Zychlinsky A. Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria. Science 2004, 303:1532-1535.
64. Scapini P., Lapinet-Vera J.A., Gasperini S., Calzetti F., Bazzoni F., Cassatella M.A. The neutrophil as a cellular source of chemokines. Immunol Rev 2000, 177:195-203.
65. Cassatella M.A. The production of cytokines by polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Immunol Today 1995, 16:21-26.
66. Cassatella M.A., Meda L., Bonora S., Ceska M., Constantin G. Interleukin 10 inhibits the release of proinflammatory cytokines from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Evidence for an autocrine role of TNF-α and IL-1β in mediating the production of IL-8 triggered by lipopolysaccharide. J Exp Med 1993, 178:2207-2211.
67. Soehnlein O., Weber C., Lindbom L. Neutrophil granule proteins tune monocytic cell function. Trends Immunol 2009, 30:538-546.
68. Borregaard N., Cowland J.B. Granules of the human neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocyte. Blood 1997, 89:3503-3521.
69. Sengeløv H., Follin P., Kjeldsen L., Lollike K., Dahlgren C., Borregaard N. Mobilization of granules and secretory vesicles during in vivo exudation of human neutrophils. J Immunol 1995, 154:4157-4165.
70. Borregaard N., Sørensen O.E., Theilgaard-Mönch K. Neutrophil granules: a library of innate immunity proteins. Trends Immunol 2007, 28:340-345.
71. DiStasi M.R., Ley K. Opening the flood-gates: how neutrophil-endothelial interactions regulate permeability. Trends Immunol 2009, 30:547-556.
72. Hallett M.B., Lloyds D. Neutrophil priming: the cellular signalings that say 'amber' but not 'green'. Immunol Today 1995, 16:264-268.
73. Sheppard F.R., Kelher M.R., Moore E.E., McLaughlin N.J., Banerjee A., Silliman C.C. Structural organization of the neutrophil NADPH oxidase: phosphorylation and translocation during priming and activation. J Leukoc Biol 2005, 78:1025-1042.
74. Uriarte S.M., Rane M.J., Luerman G.C., Ward R.A., Nauseef W.M., McLeish K.R. Granule exocytosis contributes to priming and activation of the human neutrophil respiratory burst. J Immunol 2011, 187:391-400.
75. Athens J.W., Raab S.O., Haab O.P., Boggs D.R., Ashenbrucker H., Cartwright G.E., Wintrobe M.M. Leukokinetic studies. X. Blood granulocyte kinetics in chronic myelocytic leukemia. J Clin Invest 1965, 44:765-777.
76. Miles K., Clarke D.J., Lu W. Dying and necrotic neutrophils are anti-inflammatory secondary to the release of alpha-defensins. J Immunol 2009, 183:2122-2132.
77. Simon H.U. Neutrophil apoptosis pathways and their modifications in inflammation. Immunol Rev 2003, 193:101-110.
78. Savill J.S., Wyllie A.H., Hanson J.E., Walport M.J., Hanson P.M., Haslett J.C. Macrophage phagocytosis of aging neutrophils in inflammation. Programmed cell death in the neutrophil leads to its recognition by macrophages. J Clin Invest 1989, 83:865-875.
79. Ward P.A. Role of C5 activation products in sepsis. Scientific World Journal 2010, 10:2395-2402.
80. Hu L., Yang C., Zhao T., Xu M., Tang Q., Yang B., et al. Erythropoietin ameliorates renal ischemia and reperfusion injury via inhibiting tubulointerstitial inflammation. J Surg Res 2012, 176:260-266.
81. Li T.T., Zhang Y.S., He L., Li N.S., Peng J., Li Y.J. Protective effect of phloroglucinol against myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury is related to inhibition of myeloperoxidase activity and inflammatory cell infiltration. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2011, 38:27-33.
82. Ikeda-Matsuo Y., Tanji H., Narumiya S., Sasaki Y. Inhibition of prostaglandin E(2) EP3 receptors improves stroke injury via anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. J Neuroimmunol 2011, 238:34-43.
83. Wu H., Ma J., Wang P., Corpuz T.M., Panchapakesan U., Wyburn K.R., Chadban S.J. HMGB1 contributes to kidney ischemia reperfusion injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010, 21:1878-1890.
84. Garcia-Romo G.S., Caielli S., Vega B., Connolly J., Allantaz F., Xu Z., et al. Netting neutrophils are major inducers of type I IFN production in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Sci Transl Med 2011, 3:73ra20.
85. Akgul C., Edwards S.W. Regulation of neutrophil apoptosis via death receptors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2003, 60:2402-2408.
86. Green D.R. Apoptotic pathways: paper wraps stone blunts scissors. Cell 2000, 102:1-4.
87. Melley D.D., Evans T.W., Quinlan G.J. Redox regulation of neutrophil apoptosis and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Clin Sci (Lond) 2005, 108:413-424.
88. Luo H.R., Loison F. Constitutive neutrophil apoptosis: mechanisms and regulation. Am J Hematol 2008, 83:288-295.