Listeria monocytogenes, a down-to-earth pathogen

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

Volumn 4, Issue NOV, 2013, Pages

  Vivant, Anne Laure ^a   Garmyn, Dominique ^a   Piveteau, Pascal ^a  

^a UNIV BOURGOGNE FRANCHE COMTÉ   (France)

Author keywords

Biodiversity; Circulation; Contamination; Environment; Listeria; Occurrence; Persistence; Soil

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BACTERIAL TRANSMISSION; BIODIVERSITY; GENE EXPRESSION; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INCUBATION TIME; LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES; LISTERIOSIS; LONG TERM SURVIVAL; MACROFAUNA; MICROBIAL COMMUNITY; NONHUMAN; PREVALENCE; SOIL MICROFLORA; SOIL QUALITY; SOIL TEXTURE; ANIMAL; CIRCULATION; CONTAMINATION; ENVIRONMENT; FOOD CONTROL; FOOD POISONING; LISTERIA; MICROBIOLOGY; OCCURRENCE; PERSISTENCE; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SOIL;

BIODIVERSITY; CIRCULATION; CONTAMINATION; ENVIRONMENT; LISTERIA; OCCURRENCE; PERSISTENCE; SOIL;

ANIMALS; FOOD MICROBIOLOGY; FOODBORNE DISEASES; HUMANS; LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES; SOIL MICROBIOLOGY;

EID: 84897919372     PISSN: None     EISSN: 22352988     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00087     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Akya ,A. ,Pointon ,A. ,and Thomas ,C. (2009). Viability of Listeria monocytogenes in co-culture with Acanthamoeba spp. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 70 ,20-29. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00736.x
2. Akya ,A. ,Pointon ,A. ,and Thomas ,C. (2010). Listeria monocytogenes does not survive ingestion by Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Microbiology 156 ,809-818. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.031146-0
3. Alghazali ,M. R. ,and Alazawi ,S. K. (1990). Listeria monocytogenes contamination of crops grown on soil treated wi0th seawage sludge cake. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 69 ,642-647. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1990.tb01557.x
4. Anderson ,G. L. ,Caldwell ,K. N. ,Beuchat ,L. R. ,and Williams ,P. L. (2003). Interaction of a free-living soil nematode ,Caenorhabditis elegans ,with surrogates of foodborne pathogenic bacteria. J. Food Prot. 66 ,1543-1549.
5. Anderson ,G. L. ,Kenney ,S. J. ,Millner ,P. D. ,Beuchat ,L. R. ,and Williams ,P. L. (2006). Shedding of foodborne pathogens by Caenorhabditis elegans in compost-amended and unamended soil. Food Microbiol. 23 ,146-153. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2005.01.018
6. Barker ,J. ,and Brown ,M. R. W. (1994). Trojan horses of the microbial world - protozoa and the survival of bacterial pathogens in the environment. Microbiology 140 ,1253-1259. doi: 10.1099/00221287-140-6-1253
7. Botzler ,R. G. ,Cowan ,A. B. ,and Wetzler ,T. F. (1974). Survival of Listeria monocytogenes in soil and water. J. Wildl. Dis. 10 ,204-212.
8. Caldwell ,K. N. ,Anderson ,G. L. ,Williams ,P. L. ,and Beuchat ,L. R. (2003). Attraction of a free-living nematode ,Caenorhabditis elegans ,to foodborne pathogenic bacteria and its potential as a vector of Salmonella Poona for preharvest contamination of cantaloupe. J. Food Prot. 66 ,1964-1971.
9. Chaturongakul ,S. ,Raengpradub ,S. ,Wiedmann ,M. ,and Boor ,K. J. (2008). Modulation of stress and virulence in Listeria monocytogenes. Trends Microbiol. 16 ,388-396. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2008.05.006
10. Chenal-Francisque ,V. ,Lopez ,J. ,Cantinelli ,T. ,Caro ,V. ,Tran ,C. ,Leclercq ,A. ,et al. (2011). Worldwide distribution of major clones of Listeria monocytogenes. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 17 ,1110-1112. doi: 10.3201/eid/1706.101778
11. Cohan ,F. M. (2006). Towards a conceptual and operational union of bacterial systematics ,ecology ,and evolution. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 361 ,1985-1996. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1918
12. Cohan ,F. M. ,and Koeppel ,A. F. (2008). The origins of ecological diversity in prokaryotes. Curr Biol 18 ,R1024-R1034. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2008.09.014
13. De Luca ,G. ,Zanetti ,F. ,Fateh-Moghadm ,P. ,and Stampi ,S. (1998). Occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes in sewage sludge. Zentralbl. Hyg. Umweltmed. 201 ,269-277.
14. Decaens ,T. (2010). Macroecological patterns in soil communities. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 19 ,287-302. doi: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00517.x
15. den Bakker ,H. C. ,Bowen ,B. M. ,Rodriguez-Rivera ,L. D. ,and Wiedmann ,M. (2012). FSL J1-208 ,a virulent uncommon phylogenetic lineage IV Listeria monocytogenes strain with a small chromosome size and a putative virulence plasmid carrying internalin-like genes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78 ,1876-1889. doi: 10.1128/AEM.06969-11
16. den Bakker ,H. C. ,Desjardins ,C. A. ,Griggs ,A. D. ,Peters ,J. E. ,Zeng ,Q. D. ,Young ,S. K. ,et al. (2013). Evolutionary dynamics of the accessory genome of Listeria monocytogenes. PloS ONE 8:e67511. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067511
17. Deng ,X. ,Phillippy ,A. M. ,Li ,Z. ,Salzberg ,S. L. ,and Zhang ,W. (2010). Probing the pan-genome of Listeria monocytogenes: new insights into intraspecific niche expansion and genomic diversification. BMC Genomics 11:500. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-500
18. Diep ,D. B. ,Skaugen ,M. ,Salehian ,Z. ,Holo ,H. ,and Nes ,I. F. (2007). Common mechanisms of target cell recognition and immunity for class II bacteriocins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 ,2384-2389. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0608775104
19. Doumith ,M. ,Cazalet ,C. ,Simoes ,N. ,Frangeul ,L. ,Jacquet ,C. ,Kunst ,F. ,et al. (2004). New aspects regarding evolution and virulence of Listeria monocytogenes revealed by comparative genomics and DNA arrays. Infect. Immun. 72 ,1072-1083. doi: 10.1128/IAI.72.2.1072-1083.2004
20. Dowe ,M. J. ,Jackson ,E. D. ,Mori ,J. G. ,and Bell ,C. R. (1997). Listeria monocytogenes survival in soil and incidence in agricultural soils. J. Food Prot. 60 ,1201-1207.
21. Fenlon ,D. R. (1985). Wild birds and silage as reservoirs of Listeria in the agricultural environment. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 59 ,537-543. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1985.tb03357.x
22. Fenlon ,D. R. (1986). Rapid quantitative assessment of the distribution of Listeria in silage implicated in a suspected outbreak of listeriosis in calves. Vet. Rec. 118 ,240-242. doi: 10.1136/vr.118.9.240
23. Fenlon ,D. R. ,Wilson ,J. ,and Donachie ,W. (1996). The incidence and level of Listeria monocytogenes contamination of food sources at primary production and initial processing. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 81 ,641-650. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1996.tb03559.x
24. Forrester ,S. ,Milillo ,S. R. ,Hoose ,W. A. ,Wiedmann ,M. ,and Schwab ,U. (2007). Evaluation of the pathogenicity of Listeria spp. in Caenorhabditis elegans. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 4 ,67-73. doi: 10.1089/fpd.2006.64
25. Fox ,E. ,O'Mahony ,T. ,Clancy ,M. ,Dempsey ,R. ,O'Brien ,M. ,and Jordan ,K. (2009). Listeria monocytogenes in the Irish dairy farm environment. J. Food Prot. 72 ,1450-1456.
26. Fugett ,E. B. ,Schoonmaker-Bopp ,D. ,Dumas ,N. B. ,Corby ,J. ,and Wiedmann ,M. (2007). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis of temporally matched Listeria monocytogenes isolates from human clinical cases ,foods ,ruminant farms ,and urban and natural environments reveals source-associated as well as widely distributed PFGE types. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45 ,865-873. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01285-06
27. Garcia ,E. ,DePaz ,M. ,Rodriguez ,J. L. ,Gaya ,P. ,Medina ,M. ,and Nunez ,M. (1996). Exogenous sources of Listeria contamination in raw ewe's milk. J. Food Prot. 59 ,950-954.
28. Garrec ,N. ,Picard-Bonnaud ,F. ,and Pourcher ,A. M. (2003). Occurrence of Listeria sp and L. monocytogenes in sewage sludge used for land application: effect of dewatering ,liming and storage tank on survival of Listeria species. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 35 ,275-283. doi: 10.1016/S0928-8244(02)00443-1
29. Gibbs ,D. S. ,Anderson ,G. L. ,Beuchat ,L. R. ,Carta ,L. K. ,and Williams ,P. L. (2005). Potential role of Diploscapter sp strain LKC25 ,a bacterivorous nematode from soil ,as a vector of food-borne pathogenic bacteria to preharvest fruits and vegetables. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71 ,2433-2437. doi: 10.1128/AEM.71.5.2433-2437.2005
30. Glaser ,P. ,Frangeul ,L. ,Buchrieser ,C. ,Rusniok ,C. ,Amend ,A. ,Baquero ,F. ,et al. (2001). Comparative genomics of Listeria species. Science 294 ,849-852. doi: 10.1126/science.1063447
31. Gorski ,L. ,Duhe ,J. M. ,and Flaherty ,D. (2011). The Sigma B operon is a determinant of fitness for a Listeria monocytogenes serotype 4b strain in soil. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 8 ,699-704. doi: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0752
32. Gourabathini ,P. ,Brandl ,M. T. ,Redding ,K. S. ,Gunderson ,J. H. ,and Berk ,S. G. (2008). Interactions between food-borne pathogens and protozoa isolated from lettuce and spinach. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74 ,2518-2525. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02709-07
33. Gray ,M. J. ,Zadoks ,R. N. ,Fortes ,E. D. ,Dogan ,B. ,Cai ,S. ,Chen ,Y. ,et al. (2004). Listeria monocytogenes isolates from foods and humans form distinct but overlapping populations. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70 ,5833-5841. doi: 10.1128/AEM.70.10.5833-5841.2004
34. Griffiths ,B. S. ,and Philippot ,L. (2013). Insights into the resistance and resilience of the soil microbial community. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 37 ,112-129. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00343.x
35. Gudmundsdottir ,K. B. ,Aalbaek ,B. ,Sigurdarson ,S. ,and Gunnarsson ,E. (2004). The diversity of Listeria monocytogenes strains from 10 Icelandic sheep farms. J. Appl. Microbiol. 96 ,913-921. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02183.x
36. Guha ,S. ,Klees ,M. ,Wang ,X. X. ,Li ,J. ,Dong ,Y. Q. ,and Cao ,M. (2013). Influence of planktonic and sessile Listeria monocytogenes on Caenorhabditis elegans. Arch. Microbiol. 195 ,19-26. doi: 10.1007/s00203-012-0841-y
37. Harf ,C. (1994). Free living ameba-interactions with environmental pathogenic bacteria. Endocyt. Cell Res 10 ,167-183.
38. Hutchison ,M. L. ,Walters ,L. D. ,Moore ,A. ,Crookes ,K. M. ,and Avery ,S. M. (2004). Effect of length of time before incorporation on survival of pathogenic bacteria present in livestock wastes applied to agricultural soil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70 ,5111-5118. doi: 10.1128/AEM.70.9.5111-5118.2004
39. Hutchison ,M. L. ,Walters ,L. D. ,Moore ,T. ,Thomas ,D. J. I. ,and Avery ,S. M. (2005). Fate of pathogens present in livestock wastes spread onto fescue plots. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71 ,691-696. doi: 10.1128/AEM.71.2.691-696.2005
40. Ijabadeniyi ,O. A. ,Debusho ,L. K. ,Vanderlinde ,M. ,and Buys ,E. M. (2011). Irrigation water as a potential preharvest source of bacterial contamination of vegetables. J. Food Saf. 31 ,452-461. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2011.00321.x
41. Ivanek ,R. ,Grohn ,Y. T. ,Wells ,M. T. ,Lembo ,A. J. ,Sauders ,B. D. ,and Wiedmann ,M. (2009). Modeling of spatially referenced environmental and meteorological factors influencing the probability of Listeria species isolation from natural environments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75 ,5893-5909. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02757-08
42. Jiang ,X. P. ,Islam ,M. ,Morgan ,J. ,and Doyle ,M. P. (2004). Fate of Listeria monocytogenes in bovine manure-amended soil. J. Food Protec. 67 ,1676-1681.
43. Johansson ,M. ,Emmoth ,E. ,Salomonsson ,A. C. ,and Albihn ,A. (2005). Potential risks when spreading anaerobic digestion residues on grass silage crops-survival of bacteria ,moulds and viruses. Grass Forage Sci. 60 ,175-185. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2494.2005.00466.x
44. Katharios-Lanwermeyer ,S. ,Rakic-Martinez ,M. ,Elhanafi ,D. ,Ratani ,S. ,Tiedje ,J. M. ,and Kathariou ,S. (2012). Coselection of cadmium and benzalkonium chloride resistance in conjugative transfers from nonpathogenic Listeria spp. to other Listeriae. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78 ,7549-7556. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02245-12
45. Kogel-Knabner ,I. ,Guggenberger ,G. ,Kleber ,M. ,Kandeler ,E. ,Kalbitz ,K. ,Scheu ,S. ,et al. (2008). Organo-mineral associations in temperate soils: integrating biology ,mineralogy ,and organic matter chemistry. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.-Z. Pflanzenernahr. Bodenkd. 171 ,61-82. doi: 10.1002/jpln.200700048
46. Kuenne ,C. ,Voget ,S. ,Pischimarov ,J. ,Oehm ,S. ,Goesmann ,A. ,Daniel ,R. ,et al. (2010). Comparative analysis of plasmids in the genus Listeria. PloS ONE 5:e12511. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012511
47. Kuzina ,L. V. ,Peloquin ,J. J. ,Vacek ,D. C. ,and Miler ,T. A. (2001). Isolation and identification of bacteria associated with adult laboratory Mexican fruit flies ,Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae). Curr. Microbiol. 42 ,290-294. doi: 10.1007/s002840110219
48. Lapanje ,A. ,Zrimec ,A. ,Drobne ,D. ,and Rupnik ,M. (2010). Long-term Hg pollution-induced structural shifts of bacterial community in the terrestrial isopod (Porcellio scaber) gut. Environ. Pollut. 158 ,3186-3193. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.07.001
49. Lebrun ,M. ,Audurier ,A. ,and Cossart ,P. (1994). Plasmid-borne cadmium resistance genes in Listeria monocytogenes are similar to cadA and cadC of Staphylococcus aureus and are induced by cadmium. J. Bacteriol. 176 ,3040-3048.
50. Lebrun ,M. ,Loulergue ,J. ,Chaslusdancla ,E. ,and Audurier ,A. (1992). Plasmids in Listeria monocytogenes in relation to cadmium resistance. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58 ,3183-3186.
51. Lemaitre ,J. P. ,Echchannaoui ,H. ,Michaut ,G. ,Divies ,C. ,and Rousset ,A. (1998). Plasmid-mediated resistance to antimicrobial agents among listeriae. J. Food Protec. 61 ,1459-1464.
52. Locatelli ,A. ,Depret ,G. ,Jolivet ,C. ,Henry ,S. ,Dequiedt ,S. ,Piveteau ,P. ,et al. (2013a). Nation-wide study of the occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes in French soils using culture-based and molecular detection methods. J. Microbiol. Meth. 93 ,242-250. doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2013.03.017
53. Locatelli ,A. ,Spor ,A. ,Jolivet ,C. ,Piveteau ,P. ,and Hartmann ,A. (2013b). Biotic and abiotic soil properties influence survival of Listeria monocytogenes in soil. PloS ONE 8:e75969. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075969
54. Ly ,T. M. C. ,and Muller ,H. E. (1990). Interactions of Listeria monocytogenes ,Listeria seeligeri and Listeria innocua with protozoans. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 36 ,143-150. doi: 10.2323/jgam.36.143
55. Lyautey ,E. ,Lapen ,D. R. ,Wilkes ,G. ,McCleary ,K. ,Pagotto ,F. ,Tyler ,K. ,et al. (2007a). Distribution and characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes isolates from surface waters of the South Nation River watershed ,Ontario ,Canada. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73 ,5401-5410. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00354-07
56. Lyautey ,E. ,Hartmann ,A. ,Pagotto ,F. ,Tyler ,K. ,Lapen ,D. R. ,Wilkes ,G. ,et al. (2007b). Characteristics and frequency of detection of fecal Listeria monocytogenes shed by livestock ,wildlife ,and humans. Can. J. Microbiol. 53 ,1158-1167. doi: 10.1139/W07-084
57. MacGowan ,A. P. ,Bowker ,K. ,McLauchlin ,J. ,Bennett ,P. M. ,and Reeves ,D. S. (1994). The occurrence and seasonal changes in the isolation of Listeria spp in shop bought food stuffs ,human feces ,sewage and soil from urban sources. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 21 ,325-334. doi: 10.1016/0168-1605(94)90062-0
58. Mansfield ,B. E. ,Dionne ,M. S. ,Schneider ,D. S. ,and Freitag ,N. E. (2003). Exploration of host-pathogen interactions using Listeria monocytogenes and Drosophila melanogaster. Cell. Microbiol. 5 ,901-911. doi: 10.1046/j.1462-5822.2003.00329.x
59. Markowitz ,V. M. ,Chen ,I.-M. ,Palaniappan ,K. ,Chu ,K. ,Szeto ,E. ,Grechkin ,Y. ,et al. (2012). IMG: the integrated microbial genomes database and comparative analysis system. Nucleic Acids Res. 40 ,D115-D122. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkr1044
60. McLauchlin ,J. ,Hampton ,M. D. ,Shah ,S. ,Threlfall ,E. J. ,Wieneke ,A. A. ,and Curtis ,G. D. W. (1997). Subtyping of Listeria monocytogenes on the basis of plasmid profiles and arsenic and cadmium susceptibility. J. Appl. Microbiol. 83 ,381-388. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1997.00238.x
61. McLaughlin ,H. P. ,Casey ,P. G. ,Cotter ,J. ,Gahan ,C. G. M. ,and Hill ,C. (2011). Factors affecting survival of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria innocua in soil samples. Arch. Microbiol. 193 ,775-785. doi: 10.1007/s00203-011-0716-7
62. Moreno ,Y. ,Ballesteros ,L. ,Garcia-Hernandez ,J. ,Santiago ,P. ,Gonzalez ,A. ,and Ferrus ,M. A. (2011). Specific detection of viable Listeria monocytogenes in Spanish wastewater treatment plants by Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization and PCR. Water Res. 45 ,4634-4640. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.06.015
63. Nadon ,C. A. ,Woodward ,D. L. ,Young ,C. ,Rodgers ,F. G. ,and Wiedmann ,M. (2001). Correlations between molecular subtyping and serotyping of Listeria monocytogenes. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39 ,2704-2707. doi: 10.1128/JCM.39.7.2704-2707.2001
64. Nannipieri ,P. ,Ascher ,J. ,Ceccherini ,M. T. ,Landi ,L. ,Pietramellara ,G. ,and Renella ,G. (2003). Microbial diversity and soil functions. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 54 ,655-670. doi: 10.1046/j.1351-0754.2003.0556.x
65. Nicholson ,F. A. ,Chambers ,B. J. ,Moore ,A. ,Nicholson ,R. J. ,and Hickman ,G. (2004). Assessing and managing the risks of pathogen transfer from livestock manures into the food chain. Water Environ. J. 18 ,155-160. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-6593.2004.tb00518.x
66. Nicholson ,F. A. ,Groves ,S. J. ,and Chambers ,B. J. (2005). Pathogen survival during livestock manure storage and following land application. Bioresour. Technol. 96 ,135-143. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2004.02.030
67. Nightingale ,K. K. ,Schukken ,Y. H. ,Nightingale ,C. R. ,Fortes ,E. D. ,Ho ,A. J. ,Her ,Z. ,et al. (2004). Ecology and transmission of Listeria monocytogenes infecting ruminants and in the farm environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70 ,4458-4467. doi: 10.1128/AEM.70.8.4458-4467.2004
68. Odjadjare ,E. E. ,Obi ,L. C. ,and Okoh ,A. I. (2010). Municipal wastewater effluents as a source of listerial pathogens in the aquatic milieu of the eastern Cape province of South Africa: a concern of public health importance. Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health 7 ,2376-2394. doi: 10.3390/ijerph7052376
69. Oliveira ,M. ,Usall ,J. ,Vinas ,I. ,Solsona ,C. ,and Abadias ,M. (2011). Transfer of Listeria innocua from contaminated compost and irrigation water to lettuce leaves. Food Microbiol. 28 ,590-596. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2010.11.004
70. Paillard ,D. ,Dubois ,W. ,Thiebaut ,R. ,Nathier ,F. ,Hoogland ,E. ,Caumette ,P. ,et al. (2005). Occurrence of Listeria spp. in effluents of French urban wastewater treatment plants. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71 ,7562-7566. doi: 10.1128/AEM.71.11.7562-7566.2005
71. Picardbonnaud ,F. ,Cottin ,J. ,and Carbonnelle ,B. (1989). Persistence of Listeria monocytogenes in 3 sorts of soil. Act. Microbiol. Hung. 36 ,263-267.
72. Piveteau ,P. ,Depret ,G. ,Pivato ,B. ,Garmyn ,D. ,and Hartmann ,A. (2011). Changes in gene expression during adaptation of Listeria monocytogenes to the soil environment. PLoS ONE 6:e24881. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024881
73. Pushkareva ,V. I. ,and Ermolaeva ,S. A. (2010). Listeria monocytogenes virulence factor Listeriolysin O favors bacterial growth in co-culture with the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis ,causes protozoan encystment and promotes bacterial survival inside cysts. BMC Microbiol. 10:26. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-26
74. Ragon ,M. ,Wirth ,T. ,Hollandt ,F. ,Lavenir ,R. ,Lecuit ,M. ,Le Monnier ,A. ,et al. (2008). A new perspective on Listeria monocytogenes evolution. PloS Pathogens 4:e1000146. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000146
75. Sauders ,B. D. ,Durak ,M. Z. ,Fortes ,E. ,Windham ,K. ,Schukken ,Y. ,Lembo ,A. J. ,et al. (2006). Molecular characterization of Listeria monocytogenes from natural and urban environments. J. Food Protec. 69 ,93-105.
76. Sauders ,B. D. ,Overdevest ,J. ,Fortes ,E. ,Windham ,K. ,Schukken ,Y. ,Lembo ,A. ,et al. (2012). Diversity of Listeria species in urban and natural environments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78 ,4420-4433. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00282-12
77. Selma ,M. V. ,Allende ,A. ,Lopez-Galvez ,F. ,Elizaquivel ,P. ,Aznar ,R. ,and Gil ,M. I. (2007). Potential microbial risk factors related to soil amendments and irrigation water of potato crops. J. Appl. Microbiol. 103 ,2542-2549. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03504.x
78. Sezen ,X. ,Demir ,I. ,and Demirbag ,Z. (2004). Study of the bacterial flora as a biological control agent of Agelastica alni L (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Biologia 59 ,327-331.
79. Sidorenko ,M. L. ,Buzoleva ,L. S. ,and Kostenkov ,N. M. (2006). The effect of soil properties on the preservation and reproduction of Listeria and Yersinia. Eurasian Soil Sci. 39 ,211-217. doi: 10.1134/S1064229306020128
80. Smith ,L. W. (2001). The incidence of potentially pathogenic bacteria in liquor from selected wormfarms. Biol. Fert. Soils 34 ,215-217. doi: 10.1007/s003740100374
81. Steele ,M. ,and Odumeru ,J. (2004). Irrigation water as source of foodborne pathogens on fruit and vegetables. J. Food Protec. 67 ,2839-2849.
82. Strawn ,L. K. ,Fortes ,E. D. ,Bihn ,E. A. ,Nightingale ,K. K. ,Grohn ,Y. T. ,Worobo ,R. W. ,et al. (2013). Landscape and meteorological factors affecting prevalence of three food-borne pathogens in fruit and vegetable farms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 79 ,588-600. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02491-12
83. Thomsen ,L. E. ,Slutz ,S. S. ,Tan ,M. W. ,and Ingmer ,H. (2006). Caenorhabditis elegans is a model host for Listeria monocytogenes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72 ,1700-1701. doi: 10.1128/AEM.72.2.1700-1701.2006
84. Vanrenterghem ,B. ,Huysman ,F. ,Rygole ,R. ,and Verstraete ,W. (1991). Detection and prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in the agricultural system. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 71 ,211-217. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1991.tb04450.x
85. Vivant ,A. L. ,Garmyn ,D. ,Maron ,P. A. ,Nowak ,V. ,and Piveteau ,P. (2013). Microbial diversity and structure are drivers of the biological barrier effect against Listeria monocytogenes in soil. PloS ONE 8:e76991. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076991
86. Ward ,T. J. ,Gorski ,L. ,Borucki ,M. K. ,Mandrell ,R. E. ,Hutchins ,J. ,and Pupedis ,K. (2004). Intraspecific phylogeny and lineage group identification based on the prfA virulence gene cluster of Listeria monocytogenes. J. Bacteriol. 186 ,4994-5002. doi: 10.1128/JB.186.15.4994-5002.2004
87. Wardle ,D. A. (2006). The influence of biotic interactions on soil biodiversity. Ecol. Lett. 9 ,870-886. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00931.x
88. Watkins ,J. ,and Sleath ,K. P. (1981). Isolation and enumeration of Listeria monocytogenes from Sewage ,Sewage Sludge and River Water. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 50 ,1-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1981.tb00865.x
89. Weis ,J. ,and Seeliger ,H. P. (1975). Incidence of Listeria monocytogenes in nature. Appl. Microbiol. 30 ,29-32.
90. Welshimer ,H. J. (1960). Survival of Listeria monocytogenes in soil. J. Bacteriol. 80 ,316-320.
91. Welshimer ,H. J. ,and Donker-Voet ,J. (1971). Listeria monocytogenes in nature. Appl. Microbiol. 21 ,516-519.
92. Wiedmann ,M. ,Bruce ,J. L. ,Knorr ,R. ,Bodis ,M. ,Cole ,E. M. ,McDowel ,C. I. ,et al. (1996). Ribotype diversity of Listeria monocytogenes strains associated with outbreaks of listeriosis in ruminants. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34 ,1086-1090.
93. Wiedmann ,M. ,Bruce ,J. L. ,Keating ,C. ,Johnson ,A. E. ,McDonough ,P. L. ,and Batt ,C. A. (1997). Ribotypes and virulence gene polymorphisms suggest three distinct Listeria monocytogenes lineages with differences in pathogenic potential. Infect. Immun. 65 ,2707-2716.
94. Yoshida ,T. ,Sugimoto ,T. ,Sato ,M. ,and Hirai ,K. (2000). Incidence of Listeria monocytogenes in Wild Animals in Japan. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 62 ,673-675. doi: 10.1292/jvms.62.673
95. Zhou ,X. H. ,Elmose ,J. ,and Call ,D. R. (2007). Interactions between the environmental pathogen Listeria monocytogenes and a free-living protozoan (Acanthamoeba castellanii). Environ. Microbiol. 9 ,913-922. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-