Developing and emerging clinical asthma phenotypes

Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice

Volumn 2, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 671-680

  Hekking, Pieter Paul W ^a   Bel, Elisabeth H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Adult onset asthma; Air pollution induced asthma; Asthma; Cigarette smoke induced asthma; Cough variant asthma; Eosinophilic asthma; Exacerbation prone asthma; Exercise induced asthma; Neutrophilic asthma; Obesity; Occupational asthma; Persistent airflow limitation; Phenotypes; Review

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CIGARETTE SMOKE; CORTICOSTEROID; FLUTICASONE; MEPOLIZUMAB; NITROGEN OXIDE; OZONE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR RUNX2; PASSIVE SMOKING; POLLUTANT;

ADULT ONSET ASTHMA; AIR POLLUTION; AIR POLLUTION INDUCED ASTHMA; ARTICLE; ASTHMA; ATOPY; CIGARETTE SMOKE INDUCED ASTHMA; COUGH VARIANT ASTHMA; COUGHING; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG MEGADOSE; EOSINOPHILIA; EOSINOPHILIC ASTHMA; EXACERBATION PRONE ASTHMA; EXERCISE INDUCED ASTHMA; HEREDITY; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; NEUTROPHILIC ASTHMA; OBESITY; OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PATHOGENESIS; PHENOTYPE; RISK FACTOR; SMOKING; ADVERSE EFFECTS; ANIMAL; ASTHMA, EXERCISE-INDUCED; COMORBIDITY; DISEASE COURSE; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; IMMUNOLOGY; LUNG; PASSIVE SMOKING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POLLUTANT; PROGNOSIS;

ANIMALS; ASTHMA; ASTHMA, EXERCISE-INDUCED; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; COMORBIDITY; DISEASE PROGRESSION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; HUMANS; LUNG; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PHENOTYPE; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTORS; SMOKING; TOBACCO SMOKE POLLUTION;

EID: 84923264430     PISSN: 22132198     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2014.09.007     Document Type: Article

References (196)

1. Martin S. Aclinical lecture on asthma and its treatment: delivered at the Hospital for Consumption, Brompton. Br Med J 1898, 2:1861-1863.
2. Pepys J., Chan M., Hargreave F.E. Mites and house-dust allergy. Lancet 1968, I:1270-1272.
3. Szczeklik A., Stevenson D.D. Aspirin-induced asthma: advances in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. JAllergy Clin Immunol 2003, 111:913-921.
4. Friedlaender S., Feinberg S.M. Aspirin allergy; its relationship to chronic intractable asthma. Ann Intern Med 1947, 26:734-740.
5. Corren J. Exacerbation-prone asthma: intrinsic to severe disease or a unique phenotype?. Clin Exp Allergy 2014, 44:152-153.
6. Kupczyk M., ten Brinke A., Sterk P.J., Bel E.H., Papi A., Chanez P., et al. Frequent exacerbators: a distinct phenotype of severe asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2014, 44:212-221.
7. ten Brinke A. Risk factors associated with irreversible airflow limitation in asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2008, 8:63-69.
8. Gibson P.G., Girgis-Gabardo A., Morris M.M., Mattoli S., Kay J.M., Dolovich J., et al. Cellular characteristics of sputum from patients with asthma and chronic bronchitis. Thorax 1989, 44:693-699.
9. Wenzel S.E., Schwartz L.B., Langmack E.L., Halliday J.L., Trudeau J.B., Gibbs R.L., et al. Evidence that severe asthma can be divided pathologically into two inflammatory subtypes with distinct physiologic and clinical characteristics. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999, 160:1001-1008.
10. Douwes J., Gibson P., Pekkanen J., Pearce N. Non-eosinophilic asthma: importance and possible mechanisms. Thorax 2002, 57:643-648.
11. Pavord I.D., Brightling C.E., Woltmann G., Wardlaw A.J. Non-eosinophilic corticosteroid unresponsive asthma. Lancet 1999, 353:2213-2214.
12. Sadatsafavi M., Rousseau R., Chen W., Zhang W., Lynd L., FitzGerald J.M. The preventable burden of productivity loss due to suboptimal asthma control: a population-based study. Chest 2014, 145:787-793.
13. Accordini S., Corsico A., Cerveri I., Gislason D., Gulsvik A., Janson C., et al. The socio-economic burden of asthma is substantial in Europe. Allergy 2008, 63:116-124.
14. Chen H., Gould M.K., Blanc P.D., Miller D.P., Kamath T.V., Lee J.H., et al. Asthma control, severity, and quality of life: quantifying the effect of uncontrolled disease. JAllergy Clin Immunol 2007, 120:396-402.
15. Bel E.H. Clinical phenotypes of asthma. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2004, 10:44-50.
16. Henneberger P.K., Redlich C.A., Callahan D.B., Harber P., Lemiere C., Martin J., et al. An official American Thoracic Society statement: work-exacerbated asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011, 184:368-378.
17. Lemiere C., Boulet L.P., Chaboillez S., Forget A., Chiry S., Villeneuve H., et al. Work-exacerbated asthma and occupational asthma: do they really differ?. JAllergy Clin Immunol 2013, 131:704-710.
18. Tarlo S.M., Lemiere C. Occupational asthma. NEngl J Med 2014, 370:640-649.
19. Gautrin D., Malo J.L. Risk factors, predictors, and markers for work-related asthma and rhinitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2010, 10:365-372.
20. Mapp C.E. What is the role of genetics in occupational asthma?. Eur Respir J 2009, 33:459-460.
21. Adisesh A., Gruszka L., Robinson E., Evans G. Smoking status and immunoglobulin E seropositivity to workplace allergens. Occup Med (Lond) 2011, 61:62-64.
22. Venables K.M., Chan-Yeung M. Occupational asthma. Lancet 1997, 349:1465-1469.
23. Ameille J., Hamelin K., Andujar P., Bensefa-Colas L., Bonneterre V., Dupas D., et al. Occupational asthma and occupational rhinitis: the united airways disease model revisited. Occup Environ Med 2013, 70:471-475.
24. Arif A.A., Delclos G.L. Association between cleaning-related chemicals and work-related asthma and asthma symptoms among healthcare professionals. Occup Environ Med 2012, 69:35-40.
25. Viegas S., Faisca V.M., Dias H., Clerigo A., Carolino E., Viegas C. Occupational exposure to poultry dust and effects on the respiratory system in workers. JToxicol Environ Health A 2013, 76:230-239.
26. Berube D., Cartier A., L'Archeveque J., Ghezzo H., Malo J.L. Comparison of peak expiratory flow rate and FEV1 in assessing bronchomotor tone after challenges with occupational sensitizers. Chest 1991, 99:831-836.
27. Redlich C.A., Tarlo S.M., Hankinson J.L., Townsend M.C., Eschenbacher W.L., Von Essen S.G., et al. Official American Thoracic Society technical standards: spirometry in the occupational setting. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014, 189:983-993.
28. Vandenplas O., Suojalehto H., Aasen T.B., Baur X., Burge P.S., de Blay F., et al. Specific inhalation challenge in the diagnosis of occupational asthma: consensus statement. Eur Respir J 2014, 43:1573-1587.
29. Tarlo S.M. When should specific occupational challenge tests be performed?. Chest 2013, 143:1196-1198.
30. Lemiere C., D'Alpaos V., Chaboillez S., Cesar M., Wattiez M., Chiry S., et al. Investigation of occupational asthma: sputum cell counts or exhaled nitric oxide?. Chest 2010, 137:617-622.
31. Florentin A., Acouetey D.S., Remen T., Penven E., Thaon I., Zmirou-Navier D., et al. Exhaled nitric oxide and screening for occupational asthma in two at-risk sectors: bakery and hairdressing. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2014, 18:744-750.
32. Lemiere C., Chaboillez S., Bohadana A., Blais L., Maghni K. Noneosinophilic responders with occupational asthma: a phenotype associated with a poor asthma prognosis. JAllergy Clin Immunol 2014, 133:883-885.
33. Chan-Yeung M., Malo J.L. Occupational asthma. NEngl J Med 1995, 333:107-112.
34. Toren K., Blanc P.D. Asthma caused by occupational exposures is common: a systematic analysis of estimates of the population-attributable fraction. BMC Pulm Med 2009, 9:7.
35. Been J.V., Nurmatov U.B., Cox B., Nawrot T.S., van Schayck C.P., Sheikh A. Effect of smoke-free legislation on perinatal and child health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2014, 383:1549-1560.
36. Thomson N.C., Chaudhuri R., Heaney L.G., Bucknall C., Niven R.M., Brightling C.E., et al. Clinical outcomes and inflammatory biomarkers in current smokers and exsmokers with severe asthma. JAllergy Clin Immunol 2013, 131:1008-1016.
37. Dahms T.E., Bolin J.F., Slavin R.G. Passive smoking. Effects on bronchial asthma. Chest 1981, 80:530-534.
38. Cerveri I., Cazzoletti L., Corsico A.G., Marcon A., Niniano R., Grosso A., et al. The impact of cigarette smoking on asthma: a population-based international cohort study. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2012, 158:175-183.
39. Turner-Warwick M., Openshaw P. Sputum in asthma. Postgrad Med J 1987, 63(Suppl 1):79-82.
40. Lange P., Parner J., Vestbo J., Schnohr P., Jensen G. A15-year follow-up study of ventilatory function in adults with asthma. NEngl J Med 1998, 339:1194-1200.
41. Grol M.H., Gerritsen J., Vonk J.M., Schouten J.P., Koeter G.H., Rijcken B., et al. Risk factors for growth and decline of lung function in asthmatic individuals up to age 42 years. A 30-year follow-up study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999, 160:1830-1837.
42. Lazarus S.C., Chinchilli V.M., Rollings N.J., Boushey H.A., Cherniack R., Craig T.J., et al. Smoking affects response to inhaled corticosteroids or leukotriene receptor antagonists in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007, 175:783-790.
43. Spears M., Cameron E., Chaudhuri R., Thomson N.C. Challenges of treating asthma in people who smoke. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010, 6:257-268.
44. Westerhof G.A., Vollema E.M., Weersink E.J., Reinartz S.M., de Nijs S.B., Bel E.H. Predictors for the development of progressive severity in new-onset adult asthma. JAllergy Clin Immunol 2014, Epub ahead of print.
45. Polosa R., Russo C., Caponnetto P., Bertino G., Sarva M., Antic T., et al. Greater severity of new onset asthma in allergic subjects who smoke: a 10-year longitudinal study. Respir Res 2011, 12:16.
46. To T., Stanojevic S., Moores G., Gershon A.S., Bateman E.D., Cruz A.A., et al. Global asthma prevalence in adults: findings from the cross-sectional world health survey. BMC Public Health 2012, 12:204.
47. The European Tobacco Control Status Report 2013, Available at: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/235973/European-Tobacco-Control-Status-Report-2013-Eng.pdf?ua=1. Accessed August 2014.
48. Woolcock A.J., Peat J.K., Salome C.M., Yan K., Anderson S.D., Schoeffel R.E., et al. Prevalence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness and asthma in a rural adult population. Thorax 1987, 42:361-368.
49. Vesterinen E., Kaprio J., Koskenvuo M. Prospective study of asthma in relation to smoking habits among 14,729 adults. Thorax 1988, 43:534-539.
50. Chen Y., Dales R., Krewski D., Breithaupt K. Increased effects of smoking and obesity on asthma among female Canadians: the National Population Health Survey, 1994-1995. Am J Epidemiol 1999, 150:255-262.
51. Plaschke P.P., Janson C., Norrman E., Bjornsson E., Ellbjar S., Jarvholm B. Onset and remission of allergic rhinitis and asthma and the relationship with atopic sensitization and smoking. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000, 162:920-924.
52. Polosa R., Knoke J.D., Russo C., Piccillo G., Caponnetto P., Sarva M., et al. Cigarette smoking is associated with a greater risk of incident asthma in allergic rhinitis. JAllergy Clin Immunol 2008, 121:1428-1434.
53. Warren C.P., Holford-Strevens V., Wong C., Manfreda J. The relationship between smoking and total immunoglobulin E levels. JAllergy Clin Immunol 1982, 69:370-375.
54. Kalliola S., Pelkonen A.S., Malmberg L.P., Sarna S., Hamalainen M., Mononen I., et al. Maternal smoking affects lung function and airway inflammation in young children with multiple-trigger wheeze. JAllergy Clin Immunol 2013, 131:730-735.
55. Gilliland F.D., Islam T., Berhane K., Gauderman W.J., McConnell R., Avol E., et al. Regular smoking and asthma incidence in adolescents. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006, 174:1094-1100.
56. Schatz M., Hsu J.W., Zeiger R.S., Chen W., Dorenbaum A., Chipps B.E., et al. Phenotypes determined by cluster analysis in severe or difficult-to-treat asthma. JAllergy Clin Immunol 2014, 133:1549-1556.
57. Neuman A., Hohmann C., Orsini N., Pershagen G., Eller E., Kjaer H.F., et al. Maternal smoking in pregnancy and asthma in preschool children: a pooled analysis of eight birth cohorts. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012, 186:1037-1043.
58. Gilliland F.D., Li Y.F., Peters J.M. Effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy and environmental tobacco smoke on asthma and wheezing in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001, 163:429-436.
59. Grabenhenrich L.B., Gough H., Reich A., Eckers N., Zepp F., Nitsche O., et al. Early-life determinants of asthma from birth to age 20 years: a German birth cohort study. JAllergy Clin Immunol 2014, 133:979-988.
60. Hollams E.M., de Klerk N.H., Holt P.G., Sly P.D. Persistent effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy on lung function and asthma in adolescents. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014, 189:401-407.
61. Schneider S., Huy C., Schutz J., Diehl K. Smoking cessation during pregnancy: a systematic literature review. Drug Alcohol Rev 2010, 29:81-90.
62. Guarnieri M., Balmes J.R. Outdoor air pollution and asthma. Lancet 2014, 383:1581-1592.
63. Perez L., Declercq C., Iniguez C., Aguilera I., Badaloni C., Ballester F., et al. Chronic burden of near-roadway traffic pollution in 10 European cities (APHEKOM network). Eur Respir J 2013, 42:594-605.
64. Altug H., Gaga E.O., Dogeroglu T., Ozden O., Ornektekin S., Brunekreef B., et al. Effects of air pollution on lung function and symptoms of asthma, rhinitis and eczema in primary school children. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2013, 20:6455-6467.
65. O'Connor G.T., Neas L., Vaughn B., Kattan M., Mitchell H., Crain E.F., et al. Acute respiratory health effects of air pollution on children with asthma in US inner cities. JAllergy Clin Immunol 2008, 121:1133-1139.
66. Weinmayr G., Romeo E., De Sario M., Weiland S.K., Forastiere F. Short-term effects of PM10 and NO2 on respiratory health among children with asthma or asthma-like symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Health Perspect 2010, 118:449-457.
67. Venn A.J., Lewis S.A., Cooper M., Hubbard R., Britton J. Living near a main road and the risk of wheezing illness in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001, 164:2177-2180.
68. Salam M.T., Islam T., Gilliland F.D. Recent evidence for adverse effects of residential proximity to traffic sources on asthma. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2008, 14:3-8.
69. Kunzli N., Bridevaux P.O., Liu L.J., Garcia-Esteban R., Schindler C., Gerbase M.W., et al. Traffic-related air pollution correlates with adult-onset asthma among never-smokers. Thorax 2009, 64:664-670.
70. Penard-Morand C., Raherison C., Charpin D., Kopferschmitt C., Lavaud F., Caillaud D., et al. Long-term exposure to close-proximity air pollution and asthma and allergies in urban children. Eur Respir J 2010, 36:33-40.
71. Gasana J., Dillikar D., Mendy A., Forno E., Ramos Vieira E. Motor vehicle air pollution and asthma in children: a meta-analysis. Environ Res 2012, 117:36-45.
72. Hwang B.F., Lee Y.L. Air pollution and prevalence of bronchitic symptoms among children in Taiwan. Chest 2010, 138:956-964.
73. Zhu Y., Hinds W.C., Kim S., Sioutas C. Concentration and size distribution of ultrafine particles near a major highway. JAir Waste Manag Assoc 2002, 52:1032-1042.
74. McCullough S.D., Duncan K.E., Swanton S.M., Dailey L.A., Diaz-Sanchez D., Devlin R.B. Ozone induces a pro-inflammatory response in primary human bronchial epithelial cells through MAP kinase activation without NF-kappaB activation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014, 51:426-435.
75. Nishimura K.K., Galanter J.M., Roth L.A., Oh S.S., Thakur N., Nguyen E.A., et al. Early-life air pollution and asthma risk in minority children. The GALA II and SAGE II studies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013, 188:309-318.
76. Gleason J.A., Bielory L., Fagliano J.A. Associations between ozone, PM2.5, and four pollen types on emergency department pediatric asthma events during the warm season in New Jersey: a case-crossover study. Environ Res 2014, 132:421-429.
77. Parsons J.P., Hallstrand T.S., Mastronarde J.G., Kaminsky D.A., Rundell K.W., Hull J.H., et al. An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline: exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013, 187:1016-1027.
78. Langdeau J.B., Boulet L.P. Prevalence and mechanisms of development of asthma and airway hyperresponsiveness in athletes. Sports Med 2001, 31:601-616.
79. Fitch K.D., Sue-Chu M., Anderson S.D., Boulet L.P., Hancox R.J., McKenzie D.C., et al. Asthma and the elite athlete: summary of the International Olympic Committee's consensus conference, Lausanne, Switzerland, January 22-24, 2008. JAllergy Clin Immunol 2008, 122:254-260.
80. Rundell K.W., Slee J.B. Exercise and other indirect challenges to demonstrate asthma or exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in athletes. JAllergy Clin Immunol 2008, 122:238-246. quiz 47-48.
81. Rundell K.W. High levels of airborne ultrafine and fine particulate matter in indoor ice arenas. Inhal Toxicol 2003, 15:237-250.
82. Sue-Chu M., Henriksen A.H., Bjermer L. Non-invasive evaluation of lower airway inflammation in hyper-responsive elite cross-country skiers and asthmatics. Respir Med 1999, 93:719-725.
83. Wilber R.L., Rundell K.W., Szmedra L., Jenkinson D.M., Im J., Drake S.D. Incidence of exercise-induced bronchospasm in Olympic winter sport athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000, 32:732-737.
84. Bougault V., Turmel J., Boulet L.P. Bronchial challenges and respiratory symptoms in elite swimmers and winter sport athletes: airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma: its measurement and clinical significance. Chest 2010, 138:31s-37s.
85. Helenius I., Haahtela T. Allergy and asthma in elite summer sport athletes. JAllergy Clin Immunol 2000, 106:444-452.
86. Karjalainen E.M., Laitinen A., Sue-Chu M., Altraja A., Bjermer L., Laitinen L.A. Evidence of airway inflammation and remodeling in ski athletes with and without bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000, 161:2086-2091.
87. Lumme A., Haahtela T., Ounap J., Rytila P., Obase Y., Helenius M., et al. Airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and asthma in elite ice hockey players. Eur Respir J 2003, 22:113-117.
88. Bonsignore M.R., Morici G., Riccobono L., Profita M., Bonanno A., Paterno A., et al. Airway cells after swimming outdoors or in the sea in nonasthmatic athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003, 35:1146-1152.
89. Couillard S., Bougault V., Turmel J., Boulet L.P. Perception of bronchoconstriction following methacholine and eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea challenges in elite athletes. Chest 2014, 145:794-802.
90. Fuhlbrigge A., Peden D., Apter A.J., Boushey H.A., Camargo C.A., Gern J., et al. Asthma outcomes: exacerbations. JAllergy Clin Immunol 2012, 129:S34-48.
91. Moore W.C., Meyers D.A., Wenzel S.E., Teague W.G., Li H., Li X., et al. Identification of asthma phenotypes using cluster analysis in the Severe Asthma Research Program. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010, 181:315-323.
92. Chung K.F., Wenzel S.E., Brozek J.L., Bush A., Castro M., Sterk P.J., et al. International ERS/ATS guidelines on definition, evaluation and treatment of severe asthma. Eur Respir J 2014, 43:343-373.
93. Akinbami L.J., Moorman J.E., Liu X. Asthma prevalence, health care use, and mortality: United States, 2005-2009. Natl Health Stat Report 2011, 1-14.
94. in't Veen J.C., Beekman A.J., Bel E.H., Sterk P.J. Recurrent exacerbations in severe asthma are associated with enhanced airway closure during stable episodes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000, 161:1902-1906.
95. ten Brinke A., Sterk P.J., Masclee A.A., Spinhoven P., Schmidt J.T., Zwinderman A.H., et al. Risk factors of frequent exacerbations in difficult-to-treat asthma. Eur Respir J 2005, 26:812-818.
96. Wu W., Bleecker E., Moore W., Busse W.W., Castro M., Chung K.F., et al. Unsupervised phenotyping of Severe Asthma Research Program participants using expanded lung data. JAllergy Clin Immunol 2014, 133:1280-1288.
97. Calhoun W.J., Haselkorn T., Mink D.R., Miller D.P., Dorenbaum A., Zeiger R.S. Clinical burden and predictors of asthma exacerbations in patients on guideline-based steps 4-6 asthma therapy in the TENOR cohort. JAllergy Clin Immunol Pract 2014, 2:193-200.
98. Miller M.K., Lee J.H., Blanc P.D., Pasta D.J., Gujrathi S., Barron H., et al. TENOR risk score predicts healthcare in adults with severe or difficult-to-treat asthma. Eur Respir J 2006, 28:1145-1155.
99. ten Brinke A., Zwinderman A.H., Sterk P.J., Rabe K.F., Bel E.H. Factors associated with persistent airflow limitation in severe asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001, 164:744-748.
100. Amelink M., de Nijs S.B., Berger M., Weersink E.J., ten Brinke A., Sterk P.J., et al. Non-atopic males with adult onset asthma are at risk of persistent airflow limitation. Clin Exp Allergy 2012, 42:769-774.
101. Amelink M., de Nijs S.B., de Groot J.C., van Tilburg P.M., van Spiegel P.I., Krouwels F.H., et al. Three phenotypes of adult-onset asthma. Allergy 2013, 68:674-680.
102. ten Brinke A., van Dissel J.T., Sterk P.J., Zwinderman A.H., Rabe K.F., Bel E.H. Persistent airflow limitation in adult-onset nonatopic asthma is associated with serologic evidence of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. JAllergy Clin Immunol 2001, 107:449-454.
103. Pasternack R., Huhtala H., Karjalainen J. Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae serology and asthma in adults: a longitudinal analysis. JAllergy Clin Immunol 2005, 116:1123-1128.
104. Anees W., Moore V.C., Burge P.S. FEV1 decline in occupational asthma. Thorax 2006, 61:751-755.
105. James A.L., Palmer L.J., Kicic E., Maxwell P.S., Lagan S.E., Ryan G.F., et al. Decline in lung function in the Busselton Health Study: the effects of asthma and cigarette smoking. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005, 171:109-114.
106. Sexton P., Black P., Wu L., Sommerville F., Hamed M., Metcalf P., et al. Fixed airflow obstruction among nonsmokers with asthma:a case-comparison study. JAsthma 2013, 50:606-612.
107. Bumbacea D., Campbell D., Nguyen L., Carr D., Barnes P.J., Robinson D., et al. Parameters associated with persistent airflow obstruction in chronic severe asthma. Eur Respir J 2004, 24:122-128.
108. Lee J.H., Haselkorn T., Borish L., Rasouliyan L., Chipps B.E., Wenzel S.E. Risk factors associated with persistent airflow limitation in severe or difficult-to-treat asthma: insights from the TENOR study. Chest 2007, 132:1882-1889.
109. Contoli M., Baraldo S., Marku B., Casolari P., Marwick J.A., Turato G., et al. Fixed airflow obstruction due to asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 5-year follow-up. JAllergy Clin Immunol 2010, 125:830-837.
110. Abouzgheib W., Pratter M.R., Bartter T. Cough and asthma. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2007, 13:44-48.
111. Corrao W.M., Braman S.S., Irwin R.S. Chronic cough as the sole presenting manifestation of bronchial asthma. NEngl J Med 1979, 300:633-637.
112. Gibson P.G., Dolovich J., Denburg J., Ramsdale E.H., Hargreave F.E. Chronic cough: eosinophilic bronchitis without asthma. Lancet 1989, I:1346-1348.
113. Brightling C.E., Bradding P., Symon F.A., Holgate S.T., Wardlaw A.J., Pavord I.D. Mast-cell infiltration of airway smooth muscle in asthma. NEngl J Med 2002, 346:1699-1705.
114. Brightling C.E. Cough due to asthma and nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis. Lung 2010, 188(Suppl 1):S13-S17.
115. Irwin R.S., French C.T., Smyrnios N.A., Curley F.J. Interpretation of positive results of a methacholine inhalation challenge and 1 week of inhaled bronchodilator use in diagnosing and treating cough-variant asthma. Arch Intern Med 1997, 157:1981-1987.
116. Shirahata K., Fujimoto K., Arioka H., Shouda R., Kudo K., Ikeda S. Prevalence and clinical features of cough variant asthma in a general internal medicine outpatient clinic in Japan. Respirology 2005, 10:354-358.
117. Lai K., Chen R., Lin J., Huang K., Shen H., Kong L., et al. Aprospective, multicenter survey on causes of chronic cough in China. Chest 2013, 143:613-620.
118. Kwon N.H., Oh M.J., Min T.H., Lee B.J., Choi D.C. Causes and clinical features of subacute cough. Chest 2006, 129:1142-1147.
119. Age of onset of asthma. Lancet 1971, II:477.
120. Haldar P., Pavord I.D., Shaw D.E., Berry M.A., Thomas M., Brightling C.E., et al. Cluster analysis and clinical asthma phenotypes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008, 178:218-224.
121. Amelink M., de Groot J.C., de Nijs S.B., Lutter R., Zwinderman A.H., Sterk P.J., et al. Severe adult-onset asthma: a distinct phenotype. JAllergy Clin Immunol 2013, 132:336-341.
122. De Marco R., Locatelli F., Cerveri I., Bugiani M., Marinoni A., Giammanco G. Incidence and remission of asthma: a retrospective study on the natural history of asthma in Italy. JAllergy Clin Immunol 2002, 110:228-235.
123. Miranda C., Busacker A., Balzar S., Trudeau J., Wenzel S.E. Distinguishing severe asthma phenotypes: role of age at onset and eosinophilic inflammation. JAllergy Clin Immunol 2004, 113:101-108.
124. Newby C., Heaney L.G., Menzies-Gow A., Niven R.M., Mansur A., Bucknall C., et al. Statistical cluster analysis of the British Thoracic Society Severe Refractory Asthma Registry: clinical outcomes and phenotype stability. PLoS One 2014, 9:e102987.
125. Fallah-Fini S., Rahmandad H., Huang T.T., Bures R.M., Glass T.A. Modeling US Adult Obesity Trends: a system dynamics model for estimating energy imbalance gap. Am J Public Health 2014, 104:1230-1239.
126. Centers for Disease Control. Overweight and Obesity (Online). Available from: . Accessed August 1, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/trends.html.
127. Boulet L.P. Asthma and obesity. Clin Exp Allergy 2013, 43:8-21.
128. Sideleva O., Black K., Dixon A.E. Effects of obesity and weight loss on airway physiology and inflammation in asthma. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2013, 26:455-458.
129. Moore W.C., Hastie A.T., Li X., Li H., Busse W.W., Jarjour N.N., et al. Sputum neutrophil counts are associated with more severe asthma phenotypes using cluster analysis. JAllergy Clin Immunol 2014, 133:1557-1563.e5.
130. Beuther D.A., Sutherland E.R. Overweight, obesity, and incident asthma: a meta-analysis of prospective epidemiologic studies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007, 175:661-666.
131. Ford E.S. The epidemiology of obesity and asthma. JAllergy Clin Immunol 2005, 115:897-909. quiz 10.
132. Rzehak P., Wijga A.H., Keil T., Eller E., Bindslev-Jensen C., Smit H.A., et al. Body mass index trajectory classes and incident asthma in childhood: results from 8 European Birth Cohorts: a Global Allergy and Asthma European Network initiative. JAllergy Clin Immunol 2013, 131:1528-1536.
133. Granell R., Henderson A.J., Evans D.M., Smith G.D., Ness A.R., Lewis S., et al. Effects of BMI, fat mass, and lean mass on asthma in childhood: a Mendelian randomization study. PLoS Med 2014, 11:e1001669.
134. Sonnenschein-van der Voort A.M., Arends L.R., de Jongste J.C., Annesi-Maesano I., Arshad S.H., Barros H., et al. Preterm birth, infant weight gain, and childhood asthma risk: a meta-analysis of 147,000 European children. JAllergy Clin Immunol 2014, 133:1317-1329.
135. Sutherland E.R., Goleva E., King T.S., Lehman E., Stevens A.D., Jackson L.P., et al. Cluster analysis of obesity and asthma phenotypes. PLoS One 2012, 7:e36631.
136. Mosen D.M., Schatz M., Magid D.J., Camargo C.A. The relationship between obesity and asthma severity and control in adults. JAllergy Clin Immunol 2008, 122:507-511.e6.
137. Camargo C.A., Sutherland E.R., Bailey W., Castro M., Yancey S.W., Emmett A.H., et al. Effect of increased body mass index on asthma risk, impairment and response to asthma controller therapy in African Americans. Curr Med Res Opin 2010, 26:1629-1635.
138. Todd D.C., Armstrong S., D'Silva L., Allen C.J., Hargreave F.E., Parameswaran K. Effect of obesity on airway inflammation: a cross-sectional analysis of body mass index and sputum cell counts. Clin Exp Allergy 2007, 37:1049-1054.
139. van Veen I.H., Ten Brinke A., Sterk P.J., Rabe K.F., Bel E.H. Airway inflammation in obese and nonobese patients with difficult-to-treat asthma. Allergy 2008, 63:570-574.
140. Gibeon D., Batuwita K., Osmond M., Heaney L.G., Brightling C.E., Niven R., et al. Obesity-associated severe asthma represents a distinct clinical phenotype: analysis of the British Thoracic Society Difficult Asthma Registry Patient cohort according to BMI. Chest 2013, 143:406-414.
141. Wenzel S.E. Asthma: defining of the persistent adult phenotypes. Lancet 2006, 368:804-813.
142. Wenzel S.E. Asthma phenotypes: the evolution from clinical to molecular approaches. Nat Med 2012, 18:716-725.
143. Hargreave F.E. Quantitative sputum cell counts as a marker of airway inflammation in clinical practice. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2007, 7:102-106.
144. Zhang X.Y., Simpson J.L., Powell H., Yang I.A., Upham J.W., Reynolds P.N., et al. Full blood count parameters for the detection of asthma inflammatory phenotypes. Clin Exp Allergy 2014, 44:1137-1145.
145. Belda J., Leigh R., Parameswaran K., O'Byrne P.M., Sears M.R., Hargreave F.E. Induced sputum cell counts in healthy adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000, 161:475-478.
146. Spanevello A., Confalonieri M., Sulotto F., Romano F., Balzano G., Migliori G.B., et al. Induced sputum cellularity. Reference values and distribution in normal volunteers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000, 162:1172-1174.
147. Hastie A.T., Moore W.C., Meyers D.A., Vestal P.L., Li H., Peters S.P., et al. Analyses of asthma severity phenotypes and inflammatory proteins in subjects stratified by sputum granulocytes. JAllergy Clin Immunol 2010, 125:1028-1036.
148. Haldar P., Brightling C.E., Hargadon B., Gupta S., Monteiro W., Sousa A., et al. Mepolizumab and exacerbations of refractory eosinophilic asthma. NEngl J Med 2009, 360:973-984.
149. Nair P., Pizzichini M.M., Kjarsgaard M., Inman M.D., Efthimiadis A., Pizzichini E., et al. Mepolizumab for prednisone-dependent asthma with sputum eosinophilia. NEngl J Med 2009, 360:985-993.
150. Pavord I.D., Korn S., Howarth P., Bleecker E.R., Buhl R., Keene O.N., et al. Mepolizumab for severe eosinophilic asthma (DREAM): a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2012, 380:651-659.
151. Katz L.E., Gleich G.J., Hartley B.F., Yancey S.W., Ortega H.G. Blood eosinophil count is a useful biomarker to identify patients with severe eosinophilic asthma. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2014, 11:531-536.
152. Martinez F.D., Vercelli D. Asthma. Lancet 2013, 382:1360-1372.
153. Ghebre M.A., Bafadhel M., Desai D., Cohen S.E., Newbold P., Rapley L., et al. Biological clustering supports both "Dutch" and "British" hypotheses of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. JAllergy Clin Immunol 2014, Epub ahead of print.
154. Brusselle G.G., Maes T., Bracke K.R. Eosinophils in the spotlight: eosinophilic airway inflammation in nonallergic asthma. Nat Med 2013, 19:977-979.
155. Molfino N.A., Gossage D., Kolbeck R., Parker J.M., Geba G.P. Molecular and clinical rationale for therapeutic targeting of interleukin-5 and its receptor. Clin Exp Allergy 2012, 42:712-737.
156. ten Brinke A., Zwinderman A.H., Sterk P.J., Rabe K.F., Bel E.H. "Refractory" eosinophilic airway inflammation in severe asthma: effect of parenteral corticosteroids. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004, 170:601-605.
157. Green R.H., Brightling C.E., McKenna S., Hargadon B., Parker D., Bradding P., et al. Asthma exacerbations and sputum eosinophil counts: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002, 360:1715-1721.
158. Jatakanon A., Lim S., Barnes P.J. Changes in sputum eosinophils predict loss of asthma control. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000, 161:64-72.
159. Jayaram L., Pizzichini M.M., Cook R.J., Boulet L.P., Lemiere C., Pizzichini E., et al. Determining asthma treatment by monitoring sputum cell counts: effect on exacerbations. Eur Respir J 2006, 27:483-494.
160. Ortega H.G., Liu M.C., Pavord I.D., Brusselle G.G., FitzGerald J.M., Chetta A., et al. Mepolizumab treatment in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma. NEngl J Med 2014, 371:1198-1207.
161. Bel E.H., Wenzel S.E., Thompson P.J., Prazma C.M., Keene O.N., Yancey S.W., et al. Oral glucocorticoid-sparing effect of mepolizumab in eosinophilic Asthma. NEngl J Med 2014, 371:1189-1197.
162. Nasser S.M., Pfister R., Christie P.E., Sousa A.R., Barker J., Schmitz-Schumann M., et al. Inflammatory cell populations in bronchial biopsies from aspirin-sensitive asthmatic subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996, 153:90-96.
163. Mascia K., Borish L., Patrie J., Hunt J., Phillips C.D., Steinke J.W. Chronic hyperplastic eosinophilic sinusitis as a predictor of aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005, 94:652-657.
164. McGrath K.W., Icitovic N., Boushey H.A., Lazarus S.C., Sutherland E.R., Chinchilli V.M., et al. Alarge subgroup of mild-to-moderate asthma is persistently noneosinophilic. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012, 185:612-619.
165. Cowan D.C., Cowan J.O., Palmay R., Williamson A., Taylor D.R. Effects of steroid therapy on inflammatory cell subtypes in asthma. Thorax 2010, 65:384-390.
166. van Veen I.H., Ten Brinke A., Gauw S.A., Sterk P.J., Rabe K.F., Bel E.H. Consistency of sputum eosinophilia in difficult-to-treat asthma: a 5-year follow-up study. JAllergy Clin Immunol 2009, 124:615-617.
167. Kupczyk M., Dahlen B., Sterk P.J., Nizankowska-Mogilnicka E., Papi A., Bel E.H., et al. Stability of phenotypes defined by physiological variables and biomarkers in adults with asthma. Allergy 2014, 69:1198-1204.
168. Jatakanon A., Lim S., Kharitonov S.A., Chung K.F., Barnes P.J. Correlation between exhaled nitric oxide, sputum eosinophils, and methacholine responsiveness in patients with mild asthma. Thorax 1998, 53:91-95.
169. Schleich F.N., Seidel L., Sele J., Manise M., Quaedvlieg V., Michils A., et al. Exhaled nitric oxide thresholds associated with a sputum eosinophil count >/=3% in a cohort of unselected patients with asthma. Thorax 2010, 65:1039-1044.
170. Berry M.A., Shaw D.E., Green R.H., Brightling C.E., Wardlaw A.J., Pavord I.D. The use of exhaled nitric oxide concentration to identify eosinophilic airway inflammation: an observational study in adults with asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2005, 35:1175-1179.
171. Buchvald F., Baraldi E., Carraro S., Gaston B., De Jongste J., Pijnenburg M.W., et al. Measurements of exhaled nitric oxide in healthy subjects age 4 to 17 years. JAllergy Clin Immunol 2005, 115:1130-1136.
172. Olin A.C., Bake B., Toren K. Fraction of exhaled nitric oxide at 50 mL/s: reference values for adult lifelong never-smokers. Chest 2007, 131:1852-1856.
173. Gratziou C., Lignos M., Dassiou M., Roussos C. Influence of atopy on exhaled nitric oxide in patients with stable asthma and rhinitis. Eur Respir J 1999, 14:897-901.
174. Kharitonov S.A., Robbins R.A., Yates D., Keatings V., Barnes P.J. Acute and chronic effects of cigarette smoking on exhaled nitric oxide. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995, 152:609-612.
175. Smith A.D., Cowan J.O., Brassett K.P., Herbison G.P., Taylor D.R. Use of exhaled nitric oxide measurements to guide treatment in chronic asthma. NEngl J Med 2005, 352:2163-2173.
176. Silkoff P.E., Lent A.M., Busacker A.A., Katial R.K., Balzar S., Strand M., et al. Exhaled nitric oxide identifies the persistent eosinophilic phenotype in severe refractory asthma. JAllergy Clin Immunol 2005, 116:1249-1255.
177. Corren J., Lemanske R.F., Hanania N.A., Korenblat P.E., Parsey M.V., Arron J.R., et al. Lebrikizumab treatment in adults with asthma. NEngl J Med 2011, 365:1088-1098.
178. Simpson J.L., Scott R., Boyle M.J., Gibson P.G. Inflammatory subtypes in asthma: assessment and identification using induced sputum. Respirology 2006, 11:54-61.
179. Wenzel S.E., Ind P.W., Otulana B.A., Bleecker E.R., Kuna P., Yen Y.P. Inhaled pitrakinra, an IL-4/IL-13 antagonist, reduced exacerbations in patients with eosinophilic asthma. Eur Respir J 2010, P3980.
180. Yates D.H., Krishnan A., Chow S., Thomas P.S. Non-invasive assessment of exhaled biomarkers in lung transplantation. JBreath Res 2011, 5:024001.
181. Newcomb D.C., Peebles R.S. Th17-mediated inflammation in asthma. Curr Opin Immunol 2013, 25:755-760.
182. Chalmers G.W., MacLeod K.J., Thomson L., Little S.A., McSharry C., Thomson N.C. Smoking and airway inflammation in patients with mild asthma. Chest 2001, 120:1917-1922.
183. Thomas R.A., Green R.H., Brightling C.E., Birring S.S., Parker D., Wardlaw A.J., et al. The influence of age on induced sputum differential cell counts in normal subjects. Chest 2004, 126:1811-1814.
184. Prince P., Lemiere C., Dufour M.H., Chaboillez S., Boulet L.P. Airway inflammatory responses following exposure to occupational agents. Chest 2012, 141:1522-1527.
185. Brooks C.R., Gibson P.G., Douwes J., Van Dalen C.J., Simpson J.L. Relationship between airway neutrophilia and ageing in asthmatics and non-asthmatics. Respirology 2013, 18:857-865.
186. Haahtela T., Malmberg P., Moreira A. Mechanisms of asthma in Olympic athletes: practical implications. Allergy 2008, 63:685-694.
187. Green B.J., Wiriyachaiporn S., Grainge C., Rogers G.B., Kehagia V., Lau L., et al. Potentially pathogenic airway bacteria and neutrophilic inflammation in treatment resistant severe asthma. PLoS One 2014, 9:e100645.
188. Green R.H., Brightling C.E., Woltmann G., Parker D., Wardlaw A.J., Pavord I.D. Analysis of induced sputum in adults with asthma: identification of subgroup with isolated sputum neutrophilia and poor response to inhaled corticosteroids. Thorax 2002, 57:875-879.
189. Busacker A., Newell J.D., Keefe T., Hoffman E.A., Granroth J.C., Castro M., et al. Amultivariate analysis of risk factors for the air-trapping asthmatic phenotype as measured by quantitative CT analysis. Chest 2009, 135:48-56.
190. Gupta S., Siddiqui S., Haldar P., Raj J.V., Entwisle J.J., Wardlaw A.J., et al. Qualitative analysis of high-resolution CT scans in severe asthma. Chest 2009, 136:1521-1528.
191. Little S.A., MacLeod K.J., Chalmers G.W., Love J.G., McSharry C., Thomson N.C. Association of forced expiratory volume with disease duration and sputum neutrophils in chronic asthma. Am J Med 2002, 112:446-452.
192. Jatakanon A., Uasuf C., Maziak W., Lim S., Chung K.F., Barnes P.J. Neutrophilic inflammation in severe persistent asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999, 160:1532-1539.
193. Nair P., Gaga M., Zervas E., Alagha K., Hargreave F.E., O'Byrne P.M., et al. Safety and efficacy of a CXCR2 antagonist in patients with severe asthma and sputum neutrophils: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin Exp Allergy 2012, 42:1097-1103.
194. Brusselle G.G., Joos G. Is there a role for macrolides in severe asthma?. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2014, 20:95-102.
195. Bousquet J., Jorgensen C., Dauzat M., Cesario A., Camuzat T., Bourret R., et al. System medicine approaches for the definition of complex phenotypes in chronic diseases and ageing. from concept to implementation and policies. Curr Pharm Des 2014, Epub ahead of print.
196. Kamel N., Compton C., Middelveld R., Higenbottam T., Dahlen S.E. The Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI): a new opportunity for scientific collaboration between academia and industry at the European level. Eur Respir J 2008, 31:924-926.