GLP-1: A mediator of the beneficial metabolic effects of bariatric surgery?

Physiology

Volumn 30, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 50-62

  Manning, Sean ^a,b   Pucci, Andrea ^a,b   Batterham, Rachel L ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON HOSPITALS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 1;

ANIMAL; BARIATRIC SURGERY; GASTRECTOMY; HUMAN; METABOLISM; OBESITY; PROCEDURES; STOMACH BYPASS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANIMALS; BARIATRIC SURGERY; GASTRECTOMY; GASTRIC BYPASS; GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE 1; HUMANS; OBESITY; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84920949773     PISSN: 15489213     EISSN: 15489221     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00027.2014     Document Type: Review

References (154)

1. Aarts EO, Janssen J, Janssen IM, Berends FJ, Telting D, de Boer H. Preoperative fasting plasma C-peptide level may help to predict diabetes outcome after gastric bypass surgery. Obes Surg 23: 867-873, 2013
2. Abegg K, Schiesser M, Lutz TA, Bueter M. Acute peripheral GLP-1 receptor agonism or antagonism does not alter energy expenditure in rats after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Physiol Behav 121: 70-78, 2013
3. Acosta A, Abu Dayyeh BK, Port JD, Camilleri M. Recent advances in clinical practice challenges and opportunities in the management of obesity. Gut 63: 687-695, 2014
4. Adams ST, Salhab M, Hussain ZI, Miller GV, Leveson SH. Obesity-related hypertension and its remission following gastric bypass surgery: a review of the mechanisms and predictive factors. Blood Press 22: 131-137, 2013
5. Ahmad NN, Pfalzer A, Kaplan LM. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass normalizes the blunted postprandial bile acid excursion associated with obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 37: 1553-1559, 2013
6. Ahren B. Incretin dysfunction in type 2 diabetes: clinical impact and future perspectives. Diabetes Metab 39: 195-201, 2013
7. Alam ML, Van der Schueren BJ, Ahren B, Wang GC, Swerdlow NJ, Arias S, Bose M, Gorroochurn P, Teixeira J, McGinty J, Laferrere B. Gastric bypass surgery, but not caloric restriction, decreases dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 13: 378-381, 2011
8. Allen RE, Hughes TD, Ng JL, Ortiz RD, Ghantous MA, Bouhali O, Froguel P, Arredouani A. Mechanisms behind the immediate effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery on type 2 diabetes. Theoretical Biol Med Model 10: 45, 2013
9. Alosco ML, Galioto R, Spitznagel MB, Strain G, Devlin M, Cohen R, Crosby RD, Mitchell JE, Gunstad J. Cognitive function after bariatric surgery: evidence for improvement 3 years after surgery. Am J Surg 207: 870-876, 2013
10. Anderwald CH, Tura A, Promintzer-Schifferl M, Prager G, Stadler M, Ludvik B, Esterbauer H, Bischof MG, Luger A, Pacini G, Krebs M. Alterations in gastrointestinal, endocrine, and metabolic processes after bariatric Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Diabetes Care 35: 2580-2587, 2012
11. Appachi S, Kashyap SR. ‘Adiposopathy’ and cardiovascular disease: the benefits of bariatric surgery. Curr Opin Cardiol 28: 540-546, 2013
12. Aron-Wisnewsky J, Dore J, Clement K. The importance of the gut microbiota after bariatric surgery. Nat Rev 9: 590-598, 2012
13. Borg CM, le Roux CW, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR, Patel AG, Aylwin SJ. Progressive rise in gut hormone levels after Rouxen-Y gastric bypass suggests gut adaptation and explains altered satiety. Br J Surg 93: 210-215, 2006
14. Bradley D, Conte C, Mittendorfer B, Eagon JC, Varela JE, Fabbrini E, Gastaldelli A, Chambers KT, Su X, Okunade A, Patterson BW, Klein S. Gastric bypass and banding equally improve insulin sensitivity and beta cell function. J Clin Invest 122: 4667-4674, 2012
15. Breitman I, Isbell JM, Saliba J, Jabbour K, Flynn CR, Marks-Shulman PA, Laferrere B, Abumrad NN, Tamboli RA. Effects of proximal gut bypass on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in humans. Diabetes Care 36: e57, 2013
16. Buchan AM, Pederson RA, Koop I, Gourlay RH, Cleator IG. Morphological and functional alterations to a sub-group of regulatory peptides in human pancreas and intestine after jejuno-ileal bypass. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 17: 109-113, 1993
17. Buchwald H, Oien DM. Metabolic/bariatric surgery worldwide 2011. Obes Surg 23: 427-436, 2013
18. Buysschaert M, Tennstedt D, Preumont V. Improvement of psoriasis during exenatide treatment in a patient with diabetes. Diabetes Metab 38: 86-88, 2012
19. Carlin AM, Zeni TM, English WJ, Hawasli AA, Genaw JA, Krause KR, Schram JL, Kole KL, Finks JF, Birkmeyer JD, Share D, Birkmeyer NJ. The comparative effectiveness of sleeve gastrectomy, gastric bypass, and adjustable gastric banding procedures for the treatment of morbid obesity. Ann Surg 257: 791-797, 2013
20. Chambers AP, Jessen L, Ryan KK, Sisley S, Wilson-Perez HE, Stefater MA, Gaitonde SG, Sorrell JE, Toure M, Berger J, D’Alessio DA, Woods SC, Seeley RJ, Sandoval DA. Weightindependent changes in blood glucose homeostasis after gastric bypass or vertical sleeve gastrectomy in rats. Gastroenterology 141: 950-958, 2011
21. Chandarana K, Gelegen C, Irvine EE, Choudhury AI, Amouyal C, Andreelli F, Withers DJ, Batterham RL. Peripheral activation of the Y2-receptor promotes secretion of GLP-1 and improves glucose tolerance. Mol Metab 2: 142-152, 2013
22. Cho YM, Fujita Y, Kieffer TJ. Glucagon-like peptide-1: glucose homeostasis and beyond. Annu Rev Physiol 76: 535-559, 2014
23. Courcoulas AP, Christian NJ, Belle SH, Berk PD, Flum DR, Garcia L, Horlick M, Kalarchian MA, King WC, Mitchell JE, Patterson EJ, Pender JR, Pomp A, Pories WJ, Thirlby RC, Yanovski SZ, Wolfe BM. Weight change and health outcomes at 3 years after bariatric surgery among individuals with severe obesity. JAMA 310: 2416-2425, 2013
24. Cummings DE. Gastric bypass and nesidioblastosis: too much of a good thing for islets? N Engl J Med 353: 300-302, 2005
25. Dar MS, Chapman WH, Pender JR, Drake AJ, O’Brien K, Tanenberg RJ, Dohm GL, Pories WJ. GLP-1 response to a mixed meal: what happens 10 years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB)? Obes Surg 22: 1077-1083, 2012
26. De Silva A, Salem V, Long CJ, Makwana A, Newbould RD, Rabiner EA, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR, Matthews PM, Beaver JD, Dhillo WS. The gut hormones PYY 3-36 and GLP-1 7-36 amide reduce food intake and modulate brain activity in appetite centers in humans. Cell Metab 14: 700-706, 2011
27. Deacon C., Holst JJ. Immunoassays for the incretin hormones GIP and GLP-1. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 23: 425-432, 2009
28. Deane AM, Nguyen NQ, Stevens JE, Fraser RJ, Holloway RH, Besanko LK, Burgstad C, Jones KL, Chapman MJ, Rayner CK, Horowitz M. Endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 slows gastric emptying in healthy subjects, attenuating postprandial glycemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95: 215-221, 2010
29. Dehmlow H, Alvarez Sanchez R, Bachmann S, Bissantz C, Bliss F, Conde-Knape K, Graf M, Martin RE, Obst Sander U, Raab S, Richter HG, Sewing S, Sprecher U, Ullmer C, Mattei P. Discovery and optimisation of 1-hydroxyimino-3,3-diphenylpropanes, a new class of orally active GPBAR1 (TGR5) agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 23: 4627-4632, 2013
30. Dirksen C, Bojsen-Moller KN, Jorgensen NB, Jacobsen SH, Kristiansen VB, Naver LS, Hansen DL, Worm D, Holst JJ, Madsbad S. Exaggerated release and preserved insulinotropic action of glucagon-like peptide-1 underlie insulin hypersecretion in glucose-tolerant individuals after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Diabetologia 56: 2679-2687, 2013
31. Dirksen C, Damgaard M, Bojsen-Moller KN, Jorgensen NB, Kielgast U, Jacobsen SH, Naver LS, Worm D, Holst JJ, Madsbad S, Hansen DL, Madsen JL. Fast pouch emptying, delayed small intestinal transit, and exaggerated gut hormone responses after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Neurogastroenterol Motil 25: 346-355, 2013
32. Dirksen C, Hansen DL, Madsbad S, Hvolris LE, Naver LS, Holst JJ, Worm D. Postprandial diabetic glucose tolerance is normalized by gastric bypass feeding as opposed to gastric feeding and is associated with exaggerated GLP-1 secretion: a case report. Diabetes Care 33: 375-377, 2010
33. Dirksen C, Jorgensen NB, Bojsen-Moller KN, Jacobsen SH, Hansen DL, Worm D, Holst JJ, Madsbad S. Mechanisms of improved glycemic control after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Diabetologia 55: 1890-1901, 2012
34. Dirksen C, Jorgensen NB, Bojsen-Moller KN, Kielgast U, Jacobsen SH, Clausen TR, Worm D, Hartmann B, Rehfeld JF, Damgaard M, Madsen JL, Madsbad S, Holst JJ, Hansen DL. Gut hormones, early dumping and resting energy expenditure in patients with good and poor weight loss response after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Int J Obes (Lond) 37: 1452-1459, 2013
35. Drucker DJ. The role of gut hormones in glucose homeostasis. J Clin Invest 117: 24-32, 2007
36. Dutia R, Brakoniecki K, Bunker P, Paultre F, Homel P, Carpentier AC, McGinty J, Laferrere B. Limited recovery of beta-cell function after gastric bypass despite clinical diabetes remission. Diabetes 63: 1214-1223, 2014
37. Egerod KL, Engelstoft MS, Grunddal KV, Nohr MK, Secher A, Sakata I, Pedersen J, Windelov JA, Fuchtbauer EM, Olsen J, Sundler F, Christensen JP, Wierup N, Olsen JV, Holst JJ, Zigman JM, Poulsen SS, Schwartz TW. A major lineage of enteroendocrine cells coexpress CCK, secretin, GIP, GLP-1, PYY, and neurotensin but not somatostatin. Endocrinology 153: 5782-5795, 2012
38. Evans S, Pamuklar Z, Rosko J, Mahaney P, Jiang N, Park C, Torquati A. Gastric bypass surgery restores meal stimulation of the anorexigenic gut hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY independently of caloric restriction. Surg Endosc 26: 1086-1094, 2012
39. Falken Y, Hellstrom PM, Holst JJ, Naslund E. Changes in glucose homeostasis after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery for obesity at day three, two months, and one year after surgery: role of gut peptides. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96: 2227-2235, 2011
40. Fernandez-Garcia JC, Murri M, Coin-Araguez L, Alcaide J, El Bekay R, Tinahones FJ. GLP-1 and peptide YY secretory response after fat load is impaired by insulin resistance, impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes in morbidly obese subjects. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 80: 671-676, 2014
41. Flint A, Raben A, Astrup A, Holst JJ. Glucagonlike peptide 1 promotes satiety and suppresses energy intake in humans. J Clin Invest 101: 515-520, 1998
42. Flint A, Raben A, Ersboll AK, Holst JJ, Astrup A. The effect of physiological levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 on appetite, gastric emptying, energy and substrate metabolism in obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 25: 781-792, 2001
43. Gloy VL, Briel M, Bhatt DL, Kashyap SR, Schauer PR, Mingrone G, Bucher HC, Nordmann AJ. Bariatric surgery versus non-surgical treatment for obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 347: f5934, 2013
44. Gorrell MD, Gysbers V, McCaughan GW. CD26: a multifunctional integral membrane and secreted protein of activated lymphocytes. Scand J Immunol 54: 249-264, 2001
45. Gribble FM. The gut endocrine system as a coordinator of postprandial nutrient homoeostasis. Proc Nutr Soc 71: 456-462, 2012
46. Gumbs AA, Modlin IM, Ballantyne GH. Changes in insulin resistance following bariatric surgery: role of caloric restriction and weight loss. Obes Surg 15: 462-473, 2005
47. Habegger KM, Heppner KM, Amburgy SE, Ottaway N, Holland J, Raver C, Bartley E, Muller TD, Pfluger PT, Berger J, Toure M, Benoit SC, Dimarchi RD, Perez-Tilve D, D’Alessio DA, Seeley RJ, Tschop MH. GLP-1R responsiveness predicts individual gastric bypass efficacy on glucose tolerance in rats. Diabetes 63: 505-513, 2014
48. Habib AM, Richards P, Rogers GJ, Reimann F, Gribble FM. Co-localisation and secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide YY from primary cultured human L cells. Diabetologia 56: 1413-1416, 2013
49. Hansen EN, Tamboli RA, Isbell JM, Saliba J, Dunn JP, Marks-Shulman PA, Abumrad NN. Role of the foregut in the early improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 300: G795-G802, 2011
50. Hirsch FF, Pareja JC, Geloneze SR, Chaim E, Cazzo E, Geloneze B. Comparison of metabolic effects of surgical-induced massive weight loss in patients with long-term remission versus nonremission of type 2 diabetes. Obes Surg 22: 910-917, 2012
51. Hogan AE, Gaoatswe G, Lynch L, Corrigan MA, Woods C, O’Connell J, O’Shea D. Glucagon-like peptide 1 analogue therapy directly modulates innate immune-mediated inflammation in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 57: 781-784, 2014
52. Hogan AE, Tobin AM, Ahern T, Corrigan MA, Gaoatswe G, Jackson R, O’Reilly V, Lynch L, Doherty DG, Moynagh PN, Kirby B, O’Connell J, O’Shea D. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and the regulation of human invariant natural killer T cells: lessons from obesity, diabetes and psoriasis. Diabetologia 54: 2745-2754, 2011
53. Holscher C. Central effects of GLP-1: new opportunities for treatments of neurodegenerative diseases. J Endocrinol 221: T31-41, 2014
54. Horner KM, Byrne NM, Cleghorn GJ, Naslund E, King NA. The effects of weight loss strategies on gastric emptying and appetite control. Obes Rev 12: 935-951, 2011
55. Hussain SS, Bloom SR. The regulation of food intake by the gut-brain axis: implications for obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 37: 625-633, 2013
56. Ikramuddin S, Korner J, Lee WJ, Connett JE, Inabnet WB, Billington CJ, Thomas AJ, Leslie DB, Chong K, Jeffery RW, Ahmed L, Vella A, Chuang LM, Bessler M, Sarr MG, Swain JM, Laqua P, Jensen MD, Bantle JP. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass vs intensive medical management for the control of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia: the Diabetes Surgery Study randomized clinical trial. JAMA 309: 2240-2249, 2013
57. Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, Diamant M, Ferrannini E, Nauck M, Peters AL, Tsapas A, Wender R, Matthews DR. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach. Position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia 55: 1577-1596, 2012
58. Isbell JM, Tamboli RA, Hansen EN, Saliba J, Dunn JP, Phillips SE, Marks-Shulman PA, Abumrad NN. The importance of caloric restriction in the early improvements in insulin sensitivity after Rouxen-Y gastric bypass surgery. Diabetes Care 33: 1438-1442, 2010
59. Jackness C, Karmally W, Febres G, Conwell IM, Ahmed L, Bessler M, McMahon DJ, Korner J. Very low-calorie diet mimics the early beneficial effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on insulin sensitivity and beta-cell Function in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes 62: 3027-3032, 2013
60. Jacobsen SH, Bojsen-Moller KN, Dirksen C, Jorgensen NB, Clausen TR, Wulff BS, Kristiansen VB, Worm D, Hansen DL, Holst JJ, van Hall G, Madsbad S. Effects of gastric bypass surgery on glucose absorption and metabolism during a mixed meal in glucose-tolerant individuals. Diabetologia 56: 2250-2254, 2013
61. Jacobsen SH, Olesen SC, Dirksen C, Jorgensen NB, Bojsen-Moller KN, Kielgast U, Worm D, Almdal T, Naver LS, Hvolris LE, Rehfeld JF, Wulff BS, Clausen TR, Hansen DL, Holst JJ, Madsbad S. Changes in gastrointestinal hormone responses, insulin sensitivity, and beta-cell function within 2 weeks after gastric bypass in non-diabetic subjects. Obes Surg 22: 1084-1096, 2012
62. Jimenez A, Casamitjana R, Flores L, Delgado S, Lacy A, Vidal J. GLP-1 and the long-term outcome of type 2 diabetes mellitus after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery in morbidly obese subjects. Ann Surg 257: 894-899, 2013
63. Jimenez A, Casamitjana R, Viaplana-Masclans J, Lacy A, Vidal J. GLP-1 action and glucose tolerance in subjects with remission of type 2 diabetes after gastric bypass surgery. Diabetes Care 36: 2062-2069, 2013
64. Jin T. The WNT signalling pathway and diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 51: 1771-1780, 2008
65. Johannessen H, Kodama Y, Zhao CM, Sousa MM, Slupphaug G, Kulseng B, Chen D. Eating behavior and glucagon-like peptide-1-producing cells in interposed ileum and pancreatic islets in rats subjected to ileal interposition associated with sleeve gastrectomy. Obes Surg 23: 39-49, 2013
66. Jorgensen NB, Dirksen C, Bojsen-Moller KN, Jacobsen SH, Worm D, Hansen DL, Kristiansen VB, Naver L, Madsbad S, Holst JJ. Exaggerated glucagon-like peptide 1 response is important for improved beta-cell function and glucose tolerance after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 62: 3044-3052, 2013
67. Jorgensen NB, Jacobsen SH, Dirksen C, Bojsen-Moller KN, Naver L, Hvolris L, Clausen TR, Wulff BS, Worm D, Lindqvist Hansen D, Madsbad S, Holst JJ. Acute and long-term effects of Rouxen-Y gastric bypass on glucose metabolism in subjects with Type 2 diabetes and normal glucose tolerance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 303: E122-E131, 2012
68. Kappe C, Zhang Q, Holst JJ, Nystrom T, Sjoholm A. Evidence for paracrine/autocrine regulation of GLP-1-producing cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 305: C1041-C1049, 2013
69. Kashyap SR, Bhatt DL, Wolski K, Watanabe RM, Abdul-Ghani M, Abood B, Pothier CE, Brethauer S, Nissen S, Gupta M, Kirwan JP, Schauer PR. Metabolic effects of bariatric surgery in patients with moderate obesity and type 2 diabetes: analysis of a randomized control trial comparing surgery with intensive medical treatment. Diabetes Care 36: 2175-2182, 2013
70. Kindel TL, Yoder SM, Seeley RJ, D’Alessio DA, Tso P. Duodenal-jejunal exclusion improves glucose tolerance in the diabetic, Goto-Kakizaki rat by a GLP-1 receptor-mediated mechanism. J Gastrointest Surg 13: 1762-1772, 2009
71. Korner J, Inabnet W, Febres G, Conwell IM, McMahon DJ, Salas R, Taveras C, Schrope B, Bessler M. Prospective study of gut hormone and metabolic changes after adjustable gastric banding and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Int J Obes (Lond) 33: 786-795, 2009
72. Kreymann B, Yiangou Y, Kanse S, Williams G, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR. Isolation and characterisation of GLP-1 7-36 amide from rat intestine. Elevated levels in diabetic rats. FEBS Lett 242: 167-170, 1988
73. Laferrere B, Swerdlow N, Bawa B, Arias S, Bose M, Olivan B, Teixeira J, McGinty J, Rother KI. Rise of oxyntomodulin in response to oral glucose after gastric bypass surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95: 4072-4076, 2010
74. Laferrere B, Teixeira J, McGinty J, Tran H, Egger JR, Colarusso A, Kovack B, Bawa B, Koshy N, Lee H, Yapp K, Olivan B. Effect of weight loss by gastric bypass surgery versus hypocaloric diet on glucose and incretin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93: 2479-2485, 2008
75. Lasselin J, Magne E, Beau C, Ledaguenel P, Dexpert S, Aubert A, Laye S, Capuron L. Adipose inflammation in obesity: relationship with circulating levels of inflammatory markers and association with surgery-induced weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99: 53-61, 2014
76. le Roux CW, Welbourn R, Werling M, Osborne A, Kokkinos A, Laurenius A, Lonroth H, Fandriks L, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR, Olbers T. Gut hormones as mediators of appetite and weight loss after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Ann Surg 246: 780-785, 2007
77. Lee YS, Park MS, Choung JS, Kim SS, Oh HH, Choi CS, Ha SY, Kang Y, Kim Y, Jun HS. Glucagon-like peptide-1 inhibits adipose tissue macrophage infiltration and inflammation in an obese mouse model of diabetes. Diabetologia 55: 2456-2468, 2012
78. Lindqvist A, Spegel P, Ekelund M, Mulder H, Groop L, Hedenbro J, Wierup N. Effects of ingestion routes on hormonal and metabolic profiles in gastric-bypassed humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98: 856-861, 2013
79. Lingvay I, Guth E, Islam A, Livingston E. Rapid improvement in diabetes after gastric bypass surgery: is it the diet or surgery? Diabetes Care 36: 2741-2747, 2013
80. Lips MA, de Groot GH, van Klinken JB, Aarts E, Berends FJ, Janssen IM, Van Ramshorst B, Van Wagensveld BA, Swank DJ, Van Dielen F, Willems van Dijk K, Pijl H. Calorie restriction is a major determinant of the short-term metabolic effects of gastric bypass surgery in obese type 2 diabetic patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 80: 834-842, 2014
81. Llewellyn-Smith IJ, Reimann F, Gribble FM, Trapp S. Preproglucagon neurons project widely to autonomic control areas in the mouse brain. Neuroscience 180: 111-121, 2011
82. Lovshin JA, Drucker DJ. Incretin-based therapies for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 5: 262-269, 2009
83. Madsbad S, Dirksen C, Holst JJ. Mechanisms of changes in glucose metabolism and bodyweight after bariatric surgery. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2: 152-164, 2014
84. Maljaars PW, Peters HP, Mela DJ, Masclee AA. Ileal brake: a sensible food target for appetite control. A review. Physiol Behav 95: 271-281, 2008
85. Manning S, Batterham RL. The role of gut hormone peptide YY in energy and glucose homeostasis: twelve years on. Annu Rev Physiol 76: 585-608, 2014
86. Manning S, Pucci A, Finer N. Pharmacotherapy for obesity: novel agents and paradigms. Ther Adv Chron Dis 5: 135-148, 2014
87. Marathe CS, Rayner CK, Bound M, Checklin H, Standfield S, Wishart J, Lange K, Jones KL, Horowitz M. Small intestinal glucose exposure determines the magnitude of the incretin effect in health and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 63: 2668-2675, 2014
88. Mathes CM, Bueter M, Smith KR, Lutz TA, le Roux CW, Spector AC. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in rats increases sucrose taste-related motivated behavior independent of pharmacological GLP-1-receptor modulation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 302: R751-R767, 2012
89. Matikainen N, Bogl LH, Hakkarainen A, Lundbom J, Lundbom N, Kaprio J, Rissanen A, Holst JJ, Pietilainen KH. GLP-1 responses are heritable and blunted in acquired obesity with high liver fat and insulin resistance. Diabetes Care 37: 242-251, 2014
90. McLaughlin T, Peck M, Holst J, Deacon C. Reversible hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia after gastric bypass: a consequence of altered nutrient delivery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95: 1851-1855, 2010
91. Mechanick JI, Youdim A, Jones DB, Timothy Garvey W, Hurley DL, Molly McMahon M, Heinberg LJ, Kushner R, Adams TD, Shikora S, Dixon JB, Brethauer S. Clinical practice guidelines for the perioperative nutritional, metabolic, and nonsurgical support of the bariatric surgery patient-2013 update: cosponsored by American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, the Obesity Society, and American Society for Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery. Surg Obes Related Dis 9: 159-191, 2013
92. Mentlein R. Mechanisms underlying the rapid degradation and elimination of the incretin hormones GLP-1 and GIP. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 23: 443-452, 2009
93. Mingrone G, Panunzi S, De Gaetano A, Guidone C, Iaconelli A, Leccesi L, Nanni G, Pomp A, Castagneto M, Ghirlanda G, Rubino F. Bariatric surgery versus conventional medical therapy for type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 366: 1577-1585, 2012
94. Mokadem M, Zechner JF, Margolskee RF, Drucker DJ, Aguirre V. Effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on energy and glucose homeostasis are preserved in two mouse models of functional glucagon-like peptide-1 deficiency. Mol Metab 3: 191-201, 2014
95. Morinigo R, Lacy AM, Casamitjana R, Delgado S, Gomis R, Vidal J. GLP-1 and changes in glucose tolerance following gastric bypass surgery in morbidly obese subjects. Obes Surg 16: 1594-1601, 2006
96. Mortensen K, Christensen LL, Holst JJ, Orskov C. GLP-1 and GIP are colocalized in a subset of endocrine cells in the small intestine. Regul Pept 114: 189-196, 2003
97. Mumphrey MB, Patterson LM, Zheng H, Berthoud HR. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery increases number but not density of CCK-, GLP-1-, 5-HT-, and neurotensin-expressing enteroendocrine cells in rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 25: 70-79, 2013
98. Murphy KG, Dhillo WS, Bloom SR. Gut peptides in the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis. Endocr Rev 27: 719-727, 2006
99. Muscelli E, Mari A, Casolaro A, Camastra S, Seghieri G, Gastaldelli A, Holst JJ, Ferrannini E. Separate impact of obesity and glucose tolerance on the incretin effect in normal subjects and Type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes 57: 1340-1348, 2008
100. Muscogiuri G, Mezza T, Prioletta A, Sorice GP, Clemente G, Sarno G, Nuzzo G, Pontecorvi A, Holst JJ, Giaccari A. Removal of duodenum elicits GLP-1 secretion. Diabetes Care 36: 1641-1646, 2013
101. Myronovych A, Kirby M, Ryan KK, Zhang W, Jha P, Setchell KD, Dexheimer PJ, Aronow B, Seeley RJ, Kohli R. Vertical sleeve gastrectomy reduces hepatic steatosis while increasing serum bile acids in a weight-loss-independent manner. Obesity (Silver Spring) 22: 390-400, 2014
102. Nannipieri M, Baldi S, Mari A, Colligiani D, Guarino D, Camastra S, Barsotti E, Berta R, Moriconi D, Bellini R, Anselmino M, Ferrannini E. Rouxen-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy: mechanisms of diabetes remission and role of gut hormones. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98: 4391-4399, 2013
103. Naslund E, Gryback P, Hellstrom PM, Jacobsson H, Holst JJ, Theodorsson E, Backman L. Gastrointestinal hormones and gastric emptying 20 years after jejunoileal bypass for massive obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 21: 387-392, 1997
104. Naslund E, Melin I, Gryback P, Hagg A, Hellstrom PM, Jacobsson H, Theodorsson E, Rossner S, Backman L. Reduced food intake after jejunoileal bypass: a possible association with prolonged gastric emptying and altered gut hormone patterns. Am J Clin Nutr 66: 26-32, 1997
105. Ohlsson L, Alsalim W, Carr RD, Tura A, Pacini G, Mari A, Ahren B. Glucose-lowering effect of the DPP-4 inhibitor sitagliptin after glucose and nonglucose macronutrient ingestion in non-diabetic subjects. Diabetes Obes Metab 15: 531-537, 2013
106. Patriti A, Aisa MC, Annetti C, Sidoni A, Galli F, Ferri I, Gulla N, Donini A. How the hindgut can cure type 2 diabetes. Ileal transposition improves glucose metabolism and beta-cell function in Goto-kakizaki rats through an enhanced Proglucagon gene expression and L-cell number. Surgery 142: 74-85, 2007
107. Patriti A, Facchiano E, Sanna A, Gulla N, Donini A. The enteroinsular axis and the recovery from type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg 14: 840-848, 2004
108. Perathoner A, Weiss H, Santner W, Brandacher G, Laimer E, Holler E, Aigner F, Klaus A. Vagal nerve dissection during pouch formation in laparoscopic Roux-Y-gastric bypass for technical simplification: does it matter? Obes Surg 19: 412-417, 2009
109. Peterli R, Steinert RE, Woelnerhanssen B, Peters T, Christoffel-Courtin C, Gass M, Kern B, von Fluee M, Beglinger C. Metabolic and hormonal changes after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy: a randomized, prospective trial. Obes Surg 22: 740-748, 2012
110. Picot J, Jones J, Colquitt JL, Gospodarevskaya E, Loveman E, Baxter L, Clegg AJ. The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 13: 1-190, 215-357, iii-iv, 2009
111. Piro S, Mascali LG, Urbano F, Filippello A, Malaguarnera R, Calanna S, Rabuazzo AM, Purrello F. Chronic exposure to GLP-1 increases GLP-1 synthesis and release in a pancreatic alpha cell line (alpha-TC1): evidence of a direct effect of GLP-1 on pancreatic alpha cells. PLos One 9: e90093, 2014
112. Plamboeck A, Veedfald S, Deacon C., Hartmann B, Wettergren A, Svendsen LB, Meisner S, Hovendal C, Knop FK, Vilsboll T, Holst JJ. Characterisation of oral and iv glucose handling in truncally vagotomised subjects with pyloroplasty. Eur J Endocrinol 169: 187-201, 2013
113. Plamboeck A, Veedfald S, Deacon C., Hartmann B, Wettergren A, Svendsen LB, Meisner S, Hovendal C, Vilsboll T, Knop FK, Holst JJ. The effect of exogenous GLP-1 on food intake is lost in male truncally vagotomized subjects with pyloroplasty. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 304: G1117-G1127, 2013
114. Pories WJ, MacDonald KG Jr, Flickinger EG, Dohm GL, Sinha MK, Barakat HA, May HJ, Khazanie P, Swanson MS, Morgan E, et al. Is type II diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) a surgical disease? Ann Surg 215: 633-642; discussion 643, 1992
115. Pournaras DJ, Aasheim ET, Bueter M, Ahmed AR, Welbourn R, Olbers T, le Roux CW. Effect of bypassing the proximal gut on gut hormones involved with glycemic control and weight loss. Surg Obes Related Dis 8: 371-374, 2012
116. Pournaras DJ, Glicksman C, Vincent RP, Kuganolipava S, Alaghband-Zadeh J, Mahon D, Bekker JH, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR, Walters JR, Welbourn R, le Roux CW. The role of bile after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in promoting weight loss and improving glycemic control. Endocrinology 153: 3613-3619, 2012
117. Rabl C, Campos GM. The impact of bariatric surgery on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Semin Liver Dis 32: 80-91, 2012
118. Ramon JM, Salvans S, Crous X, Puig S, Goday A, Benaiges D, Trillo L, Pera M, Grande L. Effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass vs sleeve gastrectomy on glucose and gut hormones: a prospective randomised trial. J Gastrointest Surg 16: 1116-1122, 2012
119. Ramzy AR, Nausheen S, Chelikani PK. Ileal transposition surgery produces ileal length-dependent changes in food intake, body weight, gut hormones and glucose metabolism in rats. Int J Obes (Lond) 38: 379-387, 2014
120. Rodieux F, Giusti V, D’Alessio DA, Suter M, Tappy L. Effects of gastric bypass and gastric banding on glucose kinetics and gut hormone release. Obesity (Silver Spring) 16: 298-305, 2008
121. Romero F, Nicolau J, Flores L, Casamitjana R, Ibarzabal A, Lacy A, Vidal J. Comparable early changes in gastrointestinal hormones after sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-En-Y gastric bypass surgery for morbidly obese type 2 diabetic subjects. Surg Endosc 26: 2231-2239, 2012
122. Sadry SA, Drucker DJ. Emerging combinatorial hormone therapies for the treatment of obesity and T2DM. Nat Rev Endocrinol 9: 425-433, 2013
123. Sako EY, Famenini S, Wu JJ. Bariatric surgery and psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 70: 774-779, 2014
124. Salehi M, Gastaldelli A, D’Alessio DA. Altered islet function and insulin clearance cause hyperinsulinemia in gastric bypass patients with symptoms of postprandial hypoglycemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99: 2008-2017, 2014
125. Salehi M, Gastaldelli A, D’Alessio DA. Blockade of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor corrects postprandial hypoglycemia after gastric bypass. Gastroenterology 146: 669-680, 2014
126. Salehi M, Prigeon RL, D’Alessio DA. Gastric bypass surgery enhances glucagon-like peptide 1-stimulated postprandial insulin secretion in humans. Diabetes 60: 2308-2314, 2011
127. Salinari S, Bertuzzi A, Asnaghi S, Guidone C, Manco M, Mingrone G. First-phase insulin secretion restoration and differential response to glucose load depending on the route of administration in type 2 diabetic subjects after bariatric surgery. Diabetes Care 32: 375-380, 2009
128. Samat A, Malin SK, Huang H, Schauer PR, Kirwan JP, Kashyap SR. Ghrelin suppression is associated with weight loss and insulin action following gastric bypass surgery at 12 months in obese adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 15: 963-966, 2013
129. Samson SL, Bajaj M. Potential of incretin-based therapies for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Diabetes Complications 27: 401-406, 2013
130. Schauer PR, Bhatt DL, Kirwan JP, Wolski K, Brethauer S., Navaneethan SD, Aminian A, Pothier CE, Kim ES, Nissen SE, Kashyap SR. Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy for diabetes: 3-year outcomes. N Engl J Med 370: 2002-2013, 2014
131. Schirra J, Goke B. The physiological role of GLP-1 in human: incretin, ileal brake or more? Regul Pept 128: 109-115, 2005
132. Scott WR, Batterham RL. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: understanding weight loss and improvements in type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 301: R15-R27, 2011
133. Seyfried F, le Roux CW, Bueter M. Lessons learned from gastric bypass operations in rats. Obes Facts 4, Suppl 1: 3-12, 2011
134. Shah M, Law JH, Micheletto F, Sathananthan M, Dalla Man C, Cobelli C, Rizza RA, Camilleri M, Zinsmeister AR, Vella A. Contribution of endogenous glucagon-like peptide 1 to glucose metabolism after roux-en-y gastric bypass. Diabetes 63: 483-493, 2014
135. Sjostrom L. Review of the key results from the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) trial: a prospective controlled intervention study of bariatric surgery. J Intern Med 273: 219-234, 2013
136. Sjostrom L, Narbro K, Sjostrom CD, Karason K, Larsson B, Wedel H, Lystig T, Sullivan M, Bouchard C, Carlsson B, Bengtsson C, Dahlgren S, Gummesson A, Jacobson P, Karlsson J, Lindroos AK, Lonroth H, Naslund I, Olbers T, Stenlof K, Torgerson J, Agren G, Carlsson LM. Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects. N Engl J Med 357: 741-752, 2007
137. Sjostrom L, Peltonen M, Jacobson P, Sjostrom CD, Karason K, Wedel H, Ahlin S, Anveden A, Bengtsson C, Bergmark G, Bouchard C, Carlsson B, Dahlgren S, Karlsson J, Lindroos AK, Lonroth H, Narbro K, Naslund I, Olbers T, Svensson PA, Carlsson LM. Bariatric surgery and long-term cardiovascular events. JAMA 307: 56-65, 2012
138. Sorensen TI, Lauritsen KB, Holst JJ, Stadil F, Andersen B. Gut and pancreatic hormones after jejunoileal bypass with 3:1 or 1:3 jejunoileal ratio. Digestion 26: 137-145, 1983
139. Steinert RE, Peterli R, Keller S, Meyer-Gerspach AC, Drewe J, Peters T, Beglinger C. Bile acids and gut peptide secretion after bariatric surgery: a 1-year prospective randomized pilot trial. Obesity (Silver Spring) 21: 660-668, 2013
140. Tam CS, Berthoud HR, Bueter M, Chakravarthy MV, Geliebter A, Hajnal A, Holst J, Kaplan L, Pories W, Raybould H, Seeley R, Strader A, Ravussin E. Could the mechanisms of bariatric surgery hold the key for novel therapies? Report from a Pennington Scientific Symposium. Obes Rev 12: 984-994, 2011
141. Toft-Nielsen MB, Damholt MB, Madsbad S, Hilsted LM, Hughes TE, Michelsen BK, Holst JJ. Determinants of the impaired secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 in type 2 diabetic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86: 3717-3723, 2001
142. Trung VN, Yamamoto H, Furukawa A, Yamaguchi T, Murata S, Yoshimura M, Murakami Y, Sato S, Otani H, Ugi S, Morino K, Maegawa H, Tani T. Enhanced intestinal motility during oral glucose tolerance test after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: preliminary results using cine magnetic resonance imaging. PLos One 8: e65739, 2013
143. Turton MD, O’Shea D, Gunn I, Beak SA, Edwards CM, Meeran K, Choi SJ, Taylor GM, Heath MM, Lambert PD, Wilding JP, Smith DM, Ghatei MA, Herbert J, Bloom SR. A role for glucagon-like peptide-1 in the central regulation of feeding. Nature 379: 69-72, 1996
144. Unniappan S, McIntosh CH, Demuth HU, Heiser U, Wolf R, Kieffer TJ. Effects of dipeptidyl peptidase IV on the satiety actions of peptide YY. Diabetologia 49: 1915-1923, 2006
145. Ussher JR, Drucker DJ. Cardiovascular biology of the incretin system. Endocr Rev 33: 187-215, 2012
146. Valderas JP, Irribarra V, Rubio L, Boza C, Escalona M, Liberona Y, Matamala A, Maiz A. Effects of sleeve gastrectomy and medical treatment for obesity on glucagon-like peptide 1 levels and glucose homeostasis in non-diabetic subjects. Obes Surg 21: 902-909, 2011
147. Van der Schueren BJ, Homel P, Alam M, Agenor K, Wang G, Reilly D, Laferrere B. Magnitude and variability of the glucagon-like peptide-1 response in patients with type 2 diabetes up to 2 years following gastric bypass surgery. Diabetes Care 35: 42-46, 2012
148. Vella A. Beta-cell function after weight-loss induced by bariatric surgery. Physiology 29: 84- 85, 2014
149. Wilms B, Ernst B, Schmid SM, Thurnheer M, Schultes B. Enhanced thermic effect of food after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98: 3776-3784, 2013
150. Wilson-Perez HE, Chambers AP, Ryan KK, Li B, Sandoval DA, Stoffers D, Drucker DJ, Perez-Tilve D, Seeley RJ. Vertical sleeve gastrectomy is effective in two genetic mouse models of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor deficiency. Diabetes 62: 2380-2385, 2013
151. Ye J, Hao Z, Mumphrey MB, Townsend RL, Patterson LM, Stylopoulos N, Munzberg H, Morrison CD, Drucker DJ, Berthoud HR. GLP-1 receptor signaling is not required for reduced body weight after RYGB in rodents. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 306: R352-R362, 2014
152. Yip S, Signal M, Smith G, Beban G, Booth M, Babor R, Chase JG, Murphy R. Lower glycemic fluctuations early after bariatric surgery partially explained by caloric restriction. Obes Surg 24: 62-70, 2014
153. Yousseif A, Emmanuel J, Karra E, Millet Q, Elkalaawy M, Jenkinson AD, Hashemi M, Adamo M, Finer N, Fiennes AG, Withers DJ, Batterham RL. Differential effects of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and laparoscopic gastric bypass on appetite, circulating Acyl-ghrelin, peptide YY3-36 and active GLP-1 levels in non-diabetic humans. Obes Surg 24: 241-252, 2014
154. Zhang N, Maffei A, Cerabona T, Pahuja A, Omana J, Kaul A. Reduction in obesity-related comorbidities: is gastric bypass better than sleeve gastrectomy? Surg Endosc 27: 1273-1280, 2013