Antipsychotics-induced metabolic alterations: Focus on adipose tissue and molecular mechanisms

European Neuropsychopharmacology

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 1-16

  Gonçalves, Pedro ^a   Araújo, João Ricardo ^b   Martel, Fátima ^c  

^a INSERM   (France)

^b INSTITUT PASTEUR   (France)

^c University of Porto   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Adipose tissue; Antipsychotics; Dyslipidemia; Glucose intolerance; Weight gain

Indexed keywords

ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; INSULIN; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; DATA ANALYSIS; DYSLIPIDEMIA; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIPOGENESIS; LIPOLYSIS; METABOLIC DISORDER; MOOD DISORDER; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; PSYCHOSIS; REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; WEIGHT GAIN; ANIMAL; CHEMICALLY INDUCED; DRUG EFFECTS; PATHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; ANIMALS; ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; INSULIN RESISTANCE; METABOLIC DISEASES; WEIGHT GAIN;

EID: 84920552024     PISSN: 0924977X     EISSN: 18737862     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.11.008     Document Type: Review

References (237)

1. Adams, P.F., Marano, M.A., 1995. Current Estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, 1994. Vital and Health Statistics. Series 10, Data from the National Health Survey, 1-260.
2. Ader M., Kim S.P., Catalano K.J., Ionut V., Hucking K., Richey J.M., Kabir M., Bergman R.N. Metabolic dysregulation with atypical antipsychotics occurs in the absence of underlying disease: a placebo-controlled study of olanzapine and risperidone in dogs. Diabetes 2005, 54:862-871.
3. Albaugh V.L., Henry C.R., Bello N.T., Hajnal A., Lynch S.L., Halle B., Lynch C.J. Hormonal and metabolic effects of olanzapine and clozapine related to body weight in rodents. Obesity 2006, 14:36-51.
4. Albrecht G.L. Encyclopedia of Disability 2006, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, Calif.
5. Alessi-Severini S., Biscontri R.G., Collins D.M., Sareen J., Enns M.W. Ten years of antipsychotic prescribing to children: a Canadian population-based study. Rev. Can. J. Psychiatry 2012, 57:52-58.
6. Allison D.B., Mackell J.A., McDonnell D.D. The impact of weight gain on quality of life among persons with schizophrenia. Psychiatr. Serv 2003, 54:565-567.
7. Allison D.B., Mentore J.L., Heo M., Chandler L.P., Cappelleri J.C., Infante M.C., Weiden P.J. Antipsychotic-induced weight gain: a comprehensive research synthesis. Am. J. Psychiatry 1999, 156:1686-1696.
8. Almandil N.B., Liu Y., Murray M.L., Besag F.M., Aitchison K.J., Wong I.C. Weight gain and other metabolic adverse effects associated with atypical antipsychotic treatment of children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Paediatr. Drugs 2013, 15:139-150.
9. Alvarez-Jimenez M., Gonzalez-Blanch C., Crespo-Facorro B., Hetrick S., Rodriguez-Sanchez J.M., Perez-Iglesias R., Vazquez-Barquero J.L. Antipsychotic-induced weight gain in chronic and first-episode psychotic disorders: a systematic critical reappraisal. CNS Drugs 2008, 22:547-562.
10. American Diabetes Association, American Psychiatric Association, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, North American Association for the Study of Obesity, 2004. Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes, Diabetes Care 27, 2004, 596 -601.
11. Amdisen A. Drug-produced obesity. Experiences with chlorpromazine, perphenazine and clopenthixol. Dan. Med. Bull. 1964, 11:182-189.
12. Andrade C. Primary prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with major mental illness: a possible role for statins. Bipolar Disord. 2013, 15:813-823.
13. Aravagiri M., Marder S.R., Yuwiler A., Midha K.K., Kula N.S., Baldessarini R.J. Distribution of fluphenazine and its metabolites in brain regions and other tissues of the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 1995, 13:235-247.
14. Ardizzone T.D., Bradley R.J., Freeman A.M., Dwyer D.S. Inhibition of glucose transport in PC12 cells by the atypical antipsychotic drugs risperidone and clozapine, and structural analogs of clozapine. Brain Res. 2001, 923:82-90.
15. Arneson G.A. Phenothiazine derivatives and glucose metabolism. J. Neuropsychiatry 1964, 5:181-185.
16. Arolt V., Weitzsch C., Wilke I., Nolte A., Pinnow M., Rothermundt M., Kirchner H. Production of interferon-gamma in families with multiple occurrence of schizophrenia. Psychiatr. Res. 1997, 66:145-152.
17. Aronne L.J. Epidemiology, morbidity, and treatment of overweight and obesity. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2001, 62(Suppl. 23):13-22.
18. Ashim S., Warrington S., Anderson I.M. Management of diabetes mellitus occurring during treatment with olanzapine: report of six cases and clinical implications. J. Psychopharmacol. 2004, 18:128-132.
19. Babiker I.E. Noncompliance in schizophrenia. Psychiatr. Dev. 1986, 4:329-337.
20. Bai Y.M., Chen T.T., Yang W.S., Chi Y.C., Lin C.C., Liou Y.J., Wang Y.C., Su T.P., Chou P., Chen J.Y. Association of adiponectin and metabolic syndrome among patients taking atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia: a cohort study. Schizophr. Res. 2009, 111:1-8.
21. Baig M.R., Navaira E., Escamilla M.A., Raventos H., Walss-Bass C. Clozapine treatment causes oxidation of proteins involved in energy metabolism in lymphoblastoid cells: a possible mechanism for antipsychotic-induced metabolic alterations. J. Psychiatr. Pract. 2010, 16:325-333.
22. Baker G.F., Rogers H.J. Effects of psychotropic drugs on the erythrocyte permeability to glucose and ethylidene glucose. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1972, 21:1871-1878.
23. Bakris G.L., Fonseca V., Katholi R.E., McGill J.B., Messerli F.H., Phillips R.A., Raskin P., Wright J.T., Oakes R., Lukas M.A., Anderson K.M., Bell D.S.H., Investigators G. Metabolic effects of carvedilol vs metoprolol in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension-a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004, 292:2227-2236.
24. Baldessarini R.J., Centorrino F., Flood J.G., Volpicelli S.A., Huston-Lyons D., Cohen B.M. Tissue concentrations of clozapine and its metabolites in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 1993, 9:117-124.
25. Balt S.L., Galloway G.P., Baggott M.J., Schwartz Z., Mendelson J. Mechanisms and genetics of antipsychotic-associated weight gain. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 2011, 90:179-183.
26. Baptista T., ElFakih Y., Uzcategui E., Sandia I., Talamo E., Araujo de Baptista E., Beaulieu S Pharmacological management of atypical antipsychotic-induced weight gain. CNS Drugs 2008, 22:477-495.
27. Beaulieu J.M., Sotnikova T.D., Marion S., Lefkowitz R.J., Gainetdinov R.R., Caron M.G. An Akt/beta-arrestin 2/PP2A signaling complex mediates dopaminergic neurotransmission and behavior. Cell 2005, 122:261-273.
28. Bertin B., Desreumaux P., Dubuquoy L. Obesity, visceral fat and Crohn's disease. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 2010, 13:574-580.
29. Birkenaes A.B., Birkeland K.I., Friis S., Opjordsmoen S., Andreassen O.A. Hormonal markers of metabolic dysregulation in patients with severe mental disorders after olanzapine treatment under real-life conditions. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2009, 29:109-116.
30. Boehm G, Racoosin JA, Laughren TPR, K. Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes: response to consensus statement. Diabetes Care 2004, 27:2088-2089.
31. Brighton C.T., Hunt R.M. Early histologic and ultrastructural changes in microvessels of periosteal callus. J. Orthop. Trauma 1997, 11:244-253.
32. Bullo M., Garcia-Lorda P., Megias I., Salas-Salvado J. Systemic inflammation, adipose tissue tumor necrosis factor, and leptin expression. Obes. Res. 2003, 11:525-531.
33. Bulloch A.G., Bresee L.C., Beck C.A., Patten S.B. Substantial changes in prescription recommendations for bipolar disorder in Canada: 2002-2010. Can. J. Psychiatry 2012, 57:263-268.
34. Bulua A.C., Simon A., Maddipati R., Pelletier M., Park H., Kim K.Y., Sack M.N., Kastner D.L., Siegel R.M. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species promote production of proinflammatory cytokines and are elevated in TNFR1-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS). J. Exp. Med. 2011, 208:519-533.
35. Bussiere C.T., Lakey J.R., Shapiro A.M., Korbutt G.S. The impact of the mTOR inhibitor sirolimus on the proliferation and function of pancreatic islets and ductal cells. Diabetologia 2006, 49:2341-2349.
36. Canfran-Duque A., Casado M.E., Pastor O., Sanchez-Wandelmer J., de la Pena G., Lerma M., Mariscal P., Bracher F., Lasuncion M.A., Busto R. Atypical antipsychotics alter cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism in vitro. J. Lipid Res. 2013, 54:310-324.
37. Carriere A., Carmona M.C., Fernandez Y., Rigoulet M., Wenger R.H., Penicaud L., Casteilla L. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species control the transcription factor CHOP-10/GADD153 and adipocyte differentiation-a mechanism for hypoxia-dependent effect. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:40462-40469.
38. Carriere A., Fernandez Y., Rigoulet M., Penicaud L., Casteilla L. Inhibition of preadipocyte proliferation by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. FEBS Lett. 2003, 550:163-167.
39. Casademont J., Garrabou G., Miro O., Lopez S., Pons A., Bernardo M., Cardellach F. Neuroleptic treatment effect on mitochondrial electron transport chain: peripheral blood mononuclear cells analysis in psychotic patients. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2007, 27:284-288.
40. Casey D.E., Haupt D.W., Newcomer J.W., Henderson D.C., Sernyak M.J., Davidson M., Lindenmayer J.P., Manoukian S.V., Banerji M.A., Lebovitz H.E., Hennekens C.H. Antipsychotic-induced weight gain and metabolic abnormalities: implications for increased mortality in patients with schizophrenia. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2004, 65(Suppl. 7):4-18. (quiz 19-20).
41. Chavey C., Lazennec G., Lagarrigue S., Clape C., Iankova I., Teyssier J., Annicotte J.S., Schmidt J., Mataki C., Yamamoto H., Sanches R., Guma A., Stich V., Vitkova M., Jardin-Watelet B., Renard E., Strieter R., Tuthill A., Hotamisligil G.S., Vidal-Puig A., Zorzano A., Langin D., Fajas L. CXC ligand 5 Is an adipose-tissue derived factor that links obesity to insulin resistance. Cell Metab. 2009, 9:339-349.
42. Citrome L., Blonde L., Damatarca C. Metabolic issues in patients with severe mental illness. South. Med. J. 2005, 98:714-720.
43. Citrome L.L., Holt R.I., Zachry W.M., Clewell J.D., Orth P.A., Karagianis J.L., Hoffmann V.P. Risk of treatment-emergent diabetes mellitus in patients receiving antipsychotics. Ann. Pharmacother. 2007, 41:1593-1603.
44. Coccurello R., Moles A. Potential mechanisms of atypical antipsychotic-induced metabolic derangement: clues for understanding obesity and novel drug design. Pharmacol. Ther. 2010, 127:210-251.
45. Cohn T., Prud'homme D., Streiner D., Kameh H., Remington G. Characterizing coronary heart disease risk in chronic schizophrenia: high prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. Can. J. Psychiatry 2004, 49:753-760.
46. Comer J.S., Mojtabai R., Olfson M. National trends in the antipsychotic treatment of psychiatric outpatients with anxiety disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry 2011, 168:1057-1065.
47. Contreras-Shannon V., Heart D.L., Paredes R.M., Navaira E., Catano G., Maffi S.K., Walss-Bass C. Clozapine-induced mitochondria alterations and inflammation in brain and insulin-responsive cells. PLoS One 2013, 8:e59012.
48. Cooper G.D., Pickavance L.C., Wilding J.P., Halford J.C., Goudie A.J. A parametric analysis of olanzapine-induced weight gain in female rats. Psychopharmacology 2005, 181:80-89.
49. Correll C.U., Lencz T., Malhotra A.K. Antipsychotic drugs and obesity. Trends Mol. Med. 2011, 17:97-107.
50. Correll C.U., Malhotra A.K. Pharmacogenetics of antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Psychopharmacology 2004, 174:477-489.
51. Crisp A.H., Gelder M.G., Rix S., Meltzer H.I., Rowlands O.J. Stigmatisation of people with mental illnesses. Br. J. Psychiatry 2000, 177:4-7.
52. Curkendall S.M., Mo J., Glasser D.B., Rose Stang M., Jones J.K. Cardiovascular disease in patients with schizophrenia in Saskatchewan, Canada. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2004, 65:715-720.
53. Cusi K. The role of adipose tissue and lipotoxicity in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Curr. Diabetes Rep. 2010, 10:306-315.
54. Czobor P., Volavka J., Sheitman B., Lindenmayer J.P., Citrome L., McEvoy J., Cooper T.B., Chakos M., Lieberman J.A. Antipsychotic-induced weight gain and therapeutic response: a differential association. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2002, 22:244-251.
55. De Hert M., Dekker J.M., Wood D., Kahl K.G., Holt R.I., Moller H.J. Cardiovascular disease and diabetes in people with severe mental illness position statement from the European Psychiatric Association (EPA), supported by the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur. Psychiatry 2009, 24:412-424.
56. De Hert M., Detraux J., van Winkel R., Yu W., Correll C.U. Metabolic and cardiovascular adverse effects associated with antipsychotic drugs. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 2012, 8:114-126.
57. De Hert M., Dobbelaere M., Sheridan E.M., Cohen D., Correll C.U. Metabolic and endocrine adverse effects of second-generation antipsychotics in children and adolescents: a systematic review of randomized, placebo controlled trials and guidelines for clinical practice. Eur. Psychiatry 2011, 26:144-158.
58. De Hert M., Kalnicka D., van Winkel R., Wampers M., Hanssens L., Van Eyck D., Scheen A., Peuskens J. Treatment with rosuvastatin for severe dyslipidemia in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2006, 67:1889-1896.
59. De Hert M.A., Schreurs V., Vancampfort D., R.Van Winkel R. Metabolic syndrome in people with schizophrenia: a review. World Psychiatry 2009, 8:15-22.
60. De Hert M.A., van Winkel R., Van Eyck D., Hanssens L., Wampers M., Scheen A., Peuskens J. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia treated with antipsychotic medication. Schizophr. Res. 2006, 83:87-93.
61. De Kloet A.D., Woods S.C. Molecular neuroendocrine targets for obesity therapy. Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes. 2010, 17:441-445.
62. De Witte L., Tomasik J., Schwarz E., Guest P.C., Rahmoune H., Kahn R.S., Bahn S. Cytokine alterations in first-episode schizophrenia patients before and after antipsychotic treatment. Schizophr. Res. 2014, 154:23-29.
63. Dickerson F., Brown C., Kreyenbuhl J., Fang L., Goldberg R., Wohlheiter K., Dixon L. Obesity among individuals with serious mental illness. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2006, 113:306-313.
64. Duijnhoven E.M., Boots J.M., Christiaans M.H., Wolffenbuttel B.H., Van Hooff J.P. Influence of tacrolimus on glucose metabolism before and after renal transplantation: a prospective study. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2001, 12:583-588.
65. Dwyer D.S., Donohoe D. Induction of hyperglycemia in mice with atypical antipsychotic drugs that inhibit glucose uptake. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2003, 75:255-260.
66. Dwyer D.S., Liu Y., Bradley R.J. Dopamine receptor antagonists modulate glucose uptake in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. Neurosci. Lett. 1999, 274:151-154.
67. Dwyer D.S., Pinkofsky H.B., Liu Y., Bradley R.J. Antipsychotic drugs affect glucose uptake and the expression of glucose transporters in PC12 cells. Prog. Neuro-psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 1999, 23:69-80.
68. English P., Williams G. Hyperglycaemic crises and lactic acidosis in diabetes mellitus. Postgrad. Med. J. 2004, 80:253-261.
69. Ferno J., Raeder M.B., Vik-Mo A.O., Skrede S., Glambek M., Tronstad K.J., Breilid H., Lovlie R., Berge R.K., Stansberg C., Steen V.M. Antipsychotic drugs activate SREBP-regulated expression of lipid biosynthetic genes in cultured human glioma cells: a novel mechanism of action?. Pharmacogenomics J. 2005, 5:298-304.
70. Ferno J., Skrede S., Vik-Mo A.O., Havik B., Steen V.M. Drug-induced activation of SREBP-controlled lipogenic gene expression in CNS-related cell lines: Marked differences between various antipsychotic drugs. BMC Neurosci. 2006, 7.
71. Ferno J., Skrede S., Vik-Mo A.O., Jassim G., Le Hellard S., Steen V.M. Lipogenic effects of psychotropic drugs: focus on the SREBP system. Front Biosci. (Landmark Ed) 2011, 16:49-60.
72. Ferno J., Vik-Mo A., Jassim G., Havik B., Berge K., Skrede S., Gudbrandsen O., Waage J., Lunder N., Mork S., Berge R., Jorgensen H., Steen V. Acute clozapine exposure in vivo induces lipid accumulation and marked sequential changes in the expression of SREBP, PPAR, and LXR target genes in rat liver. Psychopharmacology 2009, 203:73-84.
73. Field B.C., Chaudhri O.B., Bloom S.R. Obesity treatment: novel peripheral targets. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2009, 68:830-843.
74. Fleischhacker W.W., Cetkovich-Bakmas M., De Hert M., Hennekens C.H., Lambert M., Leucht S., Maj M., McIntyre R.S., Naber D., Newcomer J.W., Olfson M., Osby U., Sartorius N., Lieberman J.A. Comorbid somatic illnesses in patients with severe mental disorders: clinical, policy, and research challenges. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2008, 69:514-519.
75. Gatta B., Rigalleau V., Gin H. Diabetic ketoacidosis with olanzapine treatment. Diabetes Care 1999, 22:1002-1003.
76. Gaughran F., O'Neill E., Sham P., Daly R.J., Shanahan F. Soluble interleukin 2 receptor levels in families of people with schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2002, 56:235-239.
77. Gaut Z.N. Influence of various substances which induce and inhibit aggregation on the uptake of deoxyglucose by human blood platelets. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1974, 190:180-186.
78. Gay J., Tachon M., Neut C., Beclin E., Cheng Y., Berrebi D., English N., Philippe D., Gambiez L., Colombel J.F., Desreumaux P. Mesenteric adipose tissue is colonized by bacterial flora and expresses pathogen recognition receptors in Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 2005, 128. (A503-A503).
79. Girault J.A., Greengard P. The neurobiology of dopamine signaling. Arch. Neurol. 2004, 61:641-644.
80. Giskes K., van Lenthe F., Avendano-Pabon M., Brug J. A systematic review of environmental factors and obesogenic dietary intakes among adults: are we getting closer to understanding obesogenic environments?. Obes. Rev 2011, 12:e95-e106.
81. Giugliano D., Acampora R., Marfella R., DeRosa N., Ziccardi P., Ragone R., DeAngelis L., DOnofrio F. Metabolic and cardiovascular effects of carvedilol and atenolol in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and hypertension-a randomized, controlled trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 1997, 126:955-959.
82. Gough S.C., O'Donovan M.C. Clustering of metabolic comorbidity in schizophrenia: a genetic contribution?. J. Psychopharmacol. 2005, 19:47-55.
83. Gracious B.L., Meyer A.E. Psychotropic-induced weight gain and potential pharmacologic treatment strategies. Psychiatry 2005, 2:36-42.
84. Grayson B.E., Seeley R.J., Sandoval D.A. Wired on sugar: the role of the CNS in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2013, 14:24-37.
85. Gupta S., Droney T., Al-Samarrai S., Keller P., Frank B. Olanzapine: weight gain and therapeutic efficacy. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 1999, 19:273-275.
86. Haenni A., Lithell H. Treatment with a beta-blocker with beta 2-agonism improves glucose and lipid metabolism in essential hypertension. Metabolism 1994, 43:455-461.
87. Hagg S., Joelsson L., Mjorndal T., Spigset O., Oja G., Dahlqvist R. Prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in patients treated with clozapine compared with patients treated with conventional depot neuroleptic medications. J. Clin. Psychiatry 1998, 59:294-299.
88. Hagg S., Soderberg S., Ahren B., Olsson T., Mjorndal T. Leptin concentrations are increased in subjects treated with clozapine or conventional antipsychotics. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2001, 62:843-848.
89. Hahn M., Chintoh A., Giacca A., Xu L., Lam L., Mann S., Fletcher P., Guenette M., Cohn T., Wolever T., Arenovich T., Remington G. Atypical antipsychotics and effects of muscarinic, serotonergic, dopaminergic and histaminergic receptor binding on insulin secretion in vivo: an animal model. Schizophr. Res. 2011, 131:90-95.
90. Hammerman A., Dreiher J., Klang S.H., Munitz H., Cohen A.D., Goldfracht M. Antipsychotics and diabetes: an age-related association. Ann. Pharmacother. 2008, 42:1316-1322.
91. Hanssens L., De Hert M., Kalnicka D., van Winkel R., Wampers M., Van Eyck D., Scheen A., Peuskens J. Pharmacological treatment of severe dyslipidaemia in patients with schizophrenia. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2007, 22:43-49.
92. Hanssens L., van Winkel R., Wampers M., Van Eyck D., Scheen A., Reginster J.Y., Collette J., Peuskens J., De Hert M. A cross-sectional evaluation of adiponectin plasma levels in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Schizophr. Res. 2008, 106:308-314.
93. Harper R., Ennis C.N., Sheridan B., Atkinson A.B., Johnston G.D., Bell P.M. Effects of low dose versus conventional dose thiazide diuretic on insulin action in essential hypertension. BMJ 1994, 309:226-230.
94. Hemmrich K., Gummersbach C., Pallua N., Luckhaus C., Fehsel K. Clozapine enhances differentiation of adipocyte progenitor cells. Mol. Psychiatry 2006, 11:980-981.
95. Hemmrich K., Kappel B.A., Paul N.E., Goy D., Luckhaus C., Pallua N., Fehsel K. Antipsychotic drugs increase adipose stem cell differentiation--implications for treatment with antipsychotic drugs. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2011, 31:663-665.
96. Henderson D.C. Atypical antipsychotic-induced diabetes mellitus: how strong is the evidence?. CNS Drugs 2002, 16:77-89.
97. Henderson D.C., Cagliero E., Gray C., Nasrallah R.A., Hayden D.L., Schoenfeld D.A., Goff D.C. Clozapine, diabetes mellitus, weight gain, and lipid abnormalities: a five-year naturalistic study. Am. J. Psychiatry 2000, 157:975-981.
98. Hennekens C.H., Hennekens A.R., Hollar D., Casey D.E. Schizophrenia and increased risks of cardiovascular disease. Am. Heart J. 2005, 150:1115-1121.
99. Hermes E.D., Sernyak M.J., Rosenheck R.A. Prescription of second-generation antipsychotics: responding to treatment risk in real-world practice. Psychiatr. Serv. 2013, 64:238-244.
100. Hiles B.W. Hyperglycemia and glycosuria following chlorpromazine therapy. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1956, 162:1651.
101. Hotamisligil G.S. Inflammation and metabolic disorders. Nature 2006, 444:860-867.
102. Hotamisligil G.S., Peraldi P., Budavari A., Ellis R., White M.F., Spiegelman B.M. IRS-1-mediated inhibition of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity in TNF-alpha- and obesity-induced insulin resistance. Science 1996, 271:665-668.
103. Hotamisligil G.S., Shargill N.S., Spiegelman B.M. Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Science 1993, 259:87-91.
104. Hotamisligil G.S., Spiegelman B.M. Tumor necrosis factor alpha: a key component of the obesity-diabetes link. Diabetes 1994, 43:1271-1278.
105. Hou J.C., Pessin J.E. Ins (endocytosis) and outs (exocytosis) of GLUT4 trafficking. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2007, 19:466-473.
106. Houseknecht K.L., Robertson A.S., Zavadoski W., Gibbs E.M., Johnson D.E., Rollema H. Acute effects of atypical antipsychotics on whole-body insulin resistance in rats: implications for adverse metabolic effects. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007, 32:289-297.
107. Izzedine H., Launay-Vacher V., Deybach C., Bourry E., Barrou B., Deray G. Drug-induced diabetes mellitus. Exp. Opin. Drug Saf. 2005, 4:1097-1109.
108. Jacob S., Rett K., Wicklmayr M., Agrawal B., Augustin H.J., Dietze G.J. Differential effect of chronic treatment with two beta-blocking agents on insulin sensitivity: the carvedilol-metoprolol study. J. Hypertens. 1996, 14:489-494.
109. Jassim G., Skrede S., Vazquez M.J., Wergedal H., Vik-Mo A.O., Lunder N., Dieguez C., Vidal-Puig A., Berge R.K., Lopez M., Steen V.M., Ferno J. Acute effects of orexigenic antipsychotic drugs on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in rat. Psychopharmacology 2012, 219:783-794.
110. Ji B., La Y., Gao L., Zhu H., Tian N., Zhang M., Yang Y., Zhao X., Tang R., Ma G., Zhou J., Meng J., Ma J., Zhang Z., Li H., Feng G., Wang Y., He L., Wan C. A comparative proteomics analysis of rat mitochondria from the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in response to antipsychotic medications. J. Proteome Res. 2009, 8:3633-3641.
111. Jin H., Meyer J.M., Jeste D.V. Atypical antipsychotics and glucose dysregulation: a systematic review. Schizophr. Res. 2004, 71:195-212.
112. Jin H., Meyer J.M., Mudaliar S., Jeste D.V. Impact of atypical antipsychotic therapy on leptin, ghrelin, and adiponectin. Schizophr. Res. 2008, 100:70-85.
113. Kahn R.S., Fleischhacker W.W., Boter H., Davidson M., Vergouwe Y., Keet I.P., Gheorghe M.D., Rybakowski J.K., Galderisi S., Libiger J., Hummer M., Dollfus S., Lopez-Ibor J.J., Hranov L.G., Gaebel W., Peuskens J., Lindefors N., Riecher-Rossler A., Grobbee D.E. Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in first-episode schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder: an open randomised clinical trial. Lancet 2008, 371:1085-1097.
114. Kamei N., Tobe K., Suzuki R., Ohsugi M., Watanabe T., Kubota N., Ohtsuka-Kowatari N., Kumagai K., Sakamoto K., Kobayashi M., Yamauchi T., Ueki K., Oishi Y., Nishimura S., Manabe I., Hashimoto H., Ohnishi Y., Ogata H., Tokuyama K., Tsunoda M., Ide T., Murakami K., Nagai R., Kadowaki T. Overexpression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in adipose tissues causes macrophage recruitment and insulin resistance. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281:26602-26614.
115. Kanda H., Tateya S., Tamori Y., Kotani K., Hiasa K., Kitazawa R., Kitazawa S., Miyachi H., Maeda S., Egashira K., Kasuga M. MCP-1 contributes to macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis in obesity. J. Clin. Invest. 2006, 116:1494-1505.
116. Karagiannides I., Pothoulakis C. Substance P, obesity, and gut inflammation. Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes. 2009, 16:47-52.
117. Karmiris K., Koutroubakis I.E., Kouroumalis E.A. Leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and ghrelin-implications for inflammatory bowel disease. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2008, 52:855-866.
118. Kern P.A., Saghizadeh M., Ong J.M., Bosch R.J., Deem R., Simsolo R.B. The expression of tumor necrosis factor in human adipose tissue. Regulation by obesity, weight loss, and relationship to lipoprotein lipase. J. Clin. Invest. 1995, 95:2111-2119.
119. Kessler R.C., Berglund P., Demler O., Jin R., Koretz D., Merikangas K.R., Rush A.J., Walters E.E., Wang P.S. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA 2003, 289:3095-3105.
120. Khan A., Ostenson C.G., Berggren P.O., Efendic S. Glucocorticoid increases glucose cycling and inhibits insulin release in pancreatic islets of ob/ob mice. Am. J. Physiol. 1992, 263:E663-666.
121. Kitabchi A.E., Umpierrez G.E., Miles J.M., Fisher J.N. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009, 32:1335-1343.
122. Klett C.J., Caffey E.M. Weight changes during treatment with phenothiazine derivatives. J. Neuropsychiatry 1960, 2:102-108.
123. Koller E.A., Doraiswamy P.M. Olanzapine-associated diabetes mellitus. Pharmacotherapy 2002, 22:841-852.
124. Koval M.S., Rames L.J., Christie S. Diabetic ketoacidosis associated with clozapine treatment. Am. J. Psychiatry 1994, 151:1520-1521.
125. Krause B.R., Hartman A.D. Adipose-tissue and cholesterol-metabolism. J. Lipid Res. 1984, 25:97-110.
126. Kristiana I., Sharpe L.J., Catts V.S., Lutze-Mann L.H., Brown A.J. Antipsychotic drugs upregulate lipogenic gene expression by disrupting intracellular trafficking of lipoprotein-derived cholesterol. Pharmacogenomics J. 2010, 10:396-407.
127. Kwon G., Marshall C.A., Liu H., Pappan K.L., Remedi M.S., McDaniel M.L. Glucose-stimulated DNA synthesis through mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is regulated by K-ATP channels-effects on cell cycle progression in rodent islets. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281:3261-3267.
128. Lambillotte C., Gilon P., Henquin J.C. Direct glucocorticoid inhibition of insulin secretion. An in vitro study of dexamethasone effects in mouse islets. J. Clin. Invest. 1997, 99:414-423.
129. Lauressergues E., Martin F., Helleboid A., Bouchaert E., Cussac D., Bordet R., Hum D., Luc G., Majd Z., Staels B., Duriez P. Overweight induced by chronic risperidone exposure is correlated with overexpression of the SREBP-1c and FAS genes in mouse liver. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 2011, 383:423-436.
130. Lauressergues E., Staels B., Valeille K., Majd Z., Hum D.W., Duriez P., Cussac D. Antipsychotic drug action on SREBPs-related lipogenesis and cholesterogenesis in primary rat hepatocytes. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 2010, 381:427-439.
131. Leadbetter R., Shutty M., Pavalonis D., Vieweg V., Higgins P., Downs M. Clozapine-induced weight gain: prevalence and clinical relevance. Am. J. Psychiatry 1992, 149:68-72.
132. Lencz T., Robinson D.G., Napolitano B., Sevy S., Kane J.M., Goldman D., Malhotra A.K. DRD2 promoter region variation predicts antipsychotic-induced weight gain in first episode schizophrenia. Pharmacogenet. Genomics 2010, 20:569-572.
133. Leucht S., Corves C., Arbter D., Engel R.R., Li C., Davis J.M. Second-generation versus first-generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2009, 373:31-41.
134. Lindenmayer J.P., Nathan A.M., Smith R.C. Hyperglycemia associated with the use of atypical antipsychotics. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2001, 62(Suppl. 23):30-38.
135. Lira F.S., Rosa J.C., Pimentel G.D., Seelaender M., Damaso A.R., Oyama L.M., do Nascimento C.O. Both adiponectin and interleukin-10 inhibit LPS-induced activation of the NF-kappa B pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Cytokine 2012, 57:98-106.
136. Lithell H.O.L. Effect of antihypertensive drugs on insulin, glucose, and lipid-metabolism. Diabetes Care 1991, 14:203-209.
137. Lu X.H., Dwyer D.S. Second-generation antipsychotic drugs, olanzapine, quetiapine, and clozapine enhance neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells via PI3K/AKT, ERK, and pertussis toxin-sensitive pathways. J. Mol. Neurosci. 2005, 27:43-64.
138. Mackin P., Bishop D., Watkinson H., Gallagher P., Ferrier I.N. Metabolic disease and cardiovascular risk in people treated with antipsychotics in the community. Br. J. Psychiatry 2007, 191:23-29.
139. Manu P., Correll C.U., Wampers M., Mitchell A.J., Probst M., Vancampfort D., De Hert M. Markers of inflammation in schizophrenia: association vs. causation. World Psychiatry 2014, 13:189-192.
140. Mark T. For what diagnoses are psychotropic medications being prescribed?. CNS Drugs 2010, 24:319-326.
141. Martinez-Gras I., Garcia-Sanchez F., Guaza C., Rodriguez-Jimenez R., Andres-Esteban E., Palomo T., Rubio G., Borrell J. Altered immune function in unaffected first-degree biological relatives of schizophrenia patients. Psychiatr. Res. 2012, 200:1022-1025.
142. Martinez J.A. Mitochondrial oxidative stress and inflammation: an slalom to obesity and insulin resistance. J. Physiol. Biochem. 2006, 62:303-306.
143. McEvoy J.P., Meyer J.M., Goff D.C., Nasrallah H.A., Davis S.M., Sullivan L., Meltzer H.Y., Hsiao J., Scott Stroup T., Lieberman J.A. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia: baseline results from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) schizophrenia trial and comparison with national estimates from NHANES III. Schizophr. Res. 2005, 80:19-32.
144. McIntyre R.S., Mancini D.A., Basile V.S. Mechanisms of antipsychotic-induced weight gain. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2001, 62(Suppl. 23):23-29.
145. Menegazzo L.A., Ursich M.J., Fukui R.T., Rocha D.M., Silva M.E., Ianhez L.E., Sabbaga E., Wajchenberg B.L. Mechanism of the diabetogenic action of cyclosporin A. Horm. Metab. Res. 1998, 30:663-667.
146. MI H. Diabetes in America 1995, 69-85. National Diabetes Data Group of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of He, Bethesda. second ed.
147. Minet-Ringuet J., Even P.C., Valet P., Carpene C., Visentin V., Prevot D., Daviaud D., Quignard-Boulange A., Tome D., de Beaurepaire R. Alterations of lipid metabolism and gene expression in rat adipocytes during chronic olanzapine treatment. Mol. Psychiatry 2007, 12:562-571.
148. Mohan D., Gordon H., Hindley N., Barker A. Schizophrenia and diabetes mellitus. Br. J. Psychiatry 1999, 174:180-181.
149. Monshat K., Carty B., Olver J., Castle D., Bosanac P. Trends in antipsychotic prescribing practices in an urban community mental health clinic. Aust. Psychiatry 2010, 18:238-241.
150. Monteiro R., de Castro P.M., Calhau C., Azevedo I. Adipocyte size and liability to cell death. Obes Surg. 2006, 16:804-806.
151. Morino K., Neschen S., Bilz S., Sono S., Tsirigotis D., Reznick R.M., Moore I., Nagai Y., Samuel V., Sebastian D., White M., Philbrick W., Shulman G.I. Muscle-specific IRS-1 Ser -> Ala transgenic mice are protected from fat-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Diabetes 2008, 57:2644-2651.
152. Mukherjee S., Schnur D.B., Reddy R. Family history of type 2 diabetes in schizophrenic patients. Lancet 1989, 1:495.
153. Muller S., Martin S., Koenig W., Hanifi-Moghaddam P., Rathmann W., Haastert B., Giani G., Illig T., Thorand B., Kolb H. Impaired glucose tolerance is associated with increased serum concentrations of interleukin 6 and co-regulated acute-phase proteins but not TNF-alpha or its receptors. Diabetologia 2002, 45:805-812.
154. Neumeier M., Weigert J., Schaffler A., Wehrwein G., Muller-Ladner U., Scholmerich J., Wrede C., Buechler C. Different effects of adiponectin isoforms in human monocytic cells. J. Leukoc. Biol. 2006, 79:803-808.
155. Ng Y., Ramm G., James D.E. Dissecting the mechanism of insulin resistance using a novel heterodimerization strategy to activate akt. J. Biol. Chem. 2010, 285:5232-5239.
156. Nielsen S., Guo Z., Johnson C.M., Hensrud D.D., Jensen M.D. Splanchnic lipolysis in human obesity. J. Clin. Invest. 2004, 113:1582-1588.
157. Norman D., Hiestand W.A. Glycemic effects of chlorpromazine in the mouse, hamster and rat. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1955, 90:89-91.
158. O'connell K.E., Thakore J., Dev K.K. Pro-inflammatory cytokine levels are raised in female schizophrenia patients treated with clozapine. Schizophr. Res. 2014, 156:1-8.
159. Olefsky J.M. Effect of dexamethasone on insulin binding, glucose transport, and glucose oxidation of isolated rat adipocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 1975, 56:1499-1508.
160. Olefsky J.M., Glass C.K. Macrophages, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 2010, 72:219-246.
161. Olefsky J.M., Johnson J., Liu F., Jen P., Reaven G.M. The effects of acute and chronic dexamethasone administration on insulin binding to isolated rat hepatocytes and adipocytes. Metabolism 1975, 24:517-527.
162. Olfson M., Blanco C., Liu S.M., Wang S., Correll C.U. National trends in the office-based treatment of children, adolescents, and adults with antipsychotics. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2012, 69:1247-1256.
163. Olfson M., Gerhard T., Huang C., Lieberman J.A., Bobo W.V., Crystal S. Comparative effectiveness of second-generation antipsychotic medications in early-onset schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 2012, 38:845-853.
164. Olfson M., Marcus S.C., Weissman M.M., Jensen P.S. National trends in the use of psychotropic medications by children. J. Am. Acad. Child Psychiatry 2002, 41:514-521.
165. Oriot P., Feys J.L., de Wilmars S.M., Misson A., Ayache L., Fagnart O., Gruson D., Luts A., Jamart J., Hermans M.P., Buysschaert M. Insulin sensitivity, adjusted beta-cell function and adiponectinaemia among lean drug-naive schizophrenic patients treated with atypical antipsychotic drugs: a nine-month prospective study. Diabetes Metab. 2008, 34:490-496.
166. Osby U., Correia N., Brandt L., Ekbom A., Sparen P. Mortality and causes of death in schizophrenia in Stockholm county, Sweden. Schizophr. Res. 2000, 45:21-28.
167. Ota M., Mori K., Nakashima A., Kaneko Y.S., Fujiwara K., Itoh M., Nagasaka A., Ota A. Peripheral injection of risperidone, an atypical antipsychotic, alters the bodyweight gain of rats. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2002, 29:980-989.
168. Ouchi N., Parker J.L., Lugus J.J., Walsh K. Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2011, 11:85-97.
169. Pascual J.C., Martin-Blanco A., Soler J., Ferrer A., Tiana T., Alvarez E., Perez V. A naturalistic study of changes in pharmacological prescription for borderline personality disorder in clinical practice: from APA to NICE guidelines. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2010, 25:349-355.
170. Pavan C., Vindigni V., Michelotto L., Rimessi A., Abatangelo G., Cortivo R., Pinton P., Zavan B. Weight gain related to treatment with atypical antipsychotics is due to activation of PKC-beta. Pharmacogenomics J. 2010, 10:408-417.
171. Peet M. Diet, diabetes and schizophrenia: review and hypothesis. Br. J. Psychiatry 2004, (Suppl. 47):S102-105.
172. Pereira M.J., Palming J., Rizell M., Aureliano M., Carvalho E., Svensson M.K., Eriksson J.W. mTOR inhibition with rapamycin causes impaired insulin signalling and glucose uptake in human subcutaneous and omental adipocytes. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 2012, 355:96-105.
173. Pereira M.J., Palming J., Rizell M., Aureliano M., Carvalho E., Svensson M.K., Eriksson J.W. Cyclosporine A and tacrolimus reduce the amount of GLUT4 at the cell-surface in human adipocytes: increased endocytosis as a potential mechanism for the diabetogenic effects of immunosuppressive agents. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2014, 99:E1885-E1894.
174. Pickup J.C., Mattock M.B., Chusney G.D., Burt D. NIDDM as a disease of the innate immune system: association of acute-phase reactants and interleukin-6 with metabolic syndrome X. Diabetologia 1997, 40:1286-1292.
175. Pillai A., Parikh V., Terry A.V., Mahadik S.P. Long-term antipsychotic treatments and crossover studies in rats: differential effects of typical and atypical agents on the expression of antioxidant enzymes and membrane lipid peroxidation in rat brain. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2007, 41:372-386.
176. Pollare T., Lithell H., Berne C. A comparison of the effects of hydrochlorothiazide and captopril on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with hypertension. N. Engl. J. Med. 1989, 321:868-873.
177. Pollare T., Lithell H., Selinus I., Berne C. Sensitivity to insulin during treatment with atenolol and metoprolol: a randomised, double blind study of effects on carbohydrate and lipoprotein metabolism in hypertensive patients. BMJ 1989, 298:1152-1157.
178. Polydoro M., Schroder N., Lima M.N., Caldana F., Laranja D.C., Bromberg E., Roesler R., Quevedo J., Moreira J.C., Dal-Pizzol F. Haloperidol- and clozapine-induced oxidative stress in the rat brain. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2004, 78:751-756.
179. Polymeropoulos M.H., Licamele L., Volpi S., Mack K., Mitkus S.N., Carstea E.D., Getoor L., Thompson A., Lavedan C. Common effect of antipsychotics on the biosynthesis and regulation of fatty acids and cholesterol supports a key role of lipid homeostasis in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2009, 108:134-142.
180. Prattes S., Horl G., Hammer A., Blaschitz A., Graier W.F., Sattler W., Zechner R., Steyrer E. Intracellular distribution and mobilization of unesterified cholesterol in adipocytes. Mol. Biol. Cell 2000, 11:109A-110A.
181. Qi D., Rodrigues B. Glucocorticoids produce whole body insulin resistance with changes in cardiac metabolism. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2007, 292:E654-667.
182. Raeder M.B., Ferno J., Vik-Mo A.O., Steen V.M. SREBP activation by antipsychotic- and antidepressant-drugs in cultured human liver cells: relevance for metabolic side-effects?. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 2006, 289:167-173.
183. Ranta F., Avram D., Berchtold S., Dufer M., Drews G., Lang F., Ullrich S. Dexamethasone induces cell death in insulin-secreting cells, an effect reversed by exendin-4. Diabetes 2006, 55:1380-1390.
184. Rosen E.D., Walkey C.J., Puigserver P., Spiegelman B.M. Transcriptional regulation of adipogenesis. Genes Dev. 2000, 14:1293-1307.
185. Ryan M.C., Collins P., Thakore J.H. Impaired fasting glucose tolerance in first-episode, drug-naive patients with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 2003, 160:284-289.
186. Ryan M.C., Thakore J.H. Physical consequences of schizophrenia and its treatment: the metabolic syndrome. Life Sci. 2002, 71:239-257.
187. Saltiel A.R., Kahn C.R. Insulin signalling and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Nature 2001, 414:799-806.
188. Sano H., Kane S., Sano E., Miinea C.P., Asara J.M., Lane W.S., Garner C.W., Lienhard G.E. Insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of a Rab GTPase-activating protein regulates GLUT4 translocation. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278:14599-14602.
189. Sarafidis P.A., Bakris G.L. Antihypertensive therapy and the risk of new-onset diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006, 29:1167-1169.
190. Sarvari A.K., Vereb Z., Uray I.P., Fesus L., Balajthy Z. Atypical antipsychotics induce both proinflammatory and adipogenic gene expression in human adipocytes in vitro. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2014, 450:1383-1389.
191. Schaffer M.R., Fuchs N., Proksch B., Bongartz M., Beiter T., Becker H.D. Tacrolimus impairs wound healing: a possible role of decreased nitric oxide synthesis. Transplantation 1998, 65:813-818.
192. Schmidt R.H., Jokinen J.D., Massey V.L., Falkner K.C., Shi X., Yin X.M., Zhang X., Beier J.I., Arteel G.E. Olanzapine activates hepatic mammalian target of rapamycin: new mechanistic insight into metabolic dysregulation with atypical antipsychotic drugs. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2013, 347:126-135.
193. Sentissi O., Epelbaum J., Olie J.P., Poirier M.F. Leptin and ghrelin levels in patients with schizophrenia during different antipsychotics treatment: a review. Schizophr. Bull. 2008, 34:1189-1199.
194. Sertie A.L., Suzuki A.M., Sertie R.A., Andreotti S., Lima F.B., Passos-Bueno M.R., Gattaz W.F. Effects of antipsychotics with different weight gain liabilities on human in vitro models of adipose tissue differentiation and metabolism. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2011, 35:1884-1890.
195. Shader R.I., Belfer M.L., DiMascio A. Endocrine effects of psychotropic drugs. 3. Glucose metabolism. Conn. Med. 1968, 32:389-394.
196. Shah S.M., Carey I.M., Harris T., Dewilde S., Cook D.G. Antipsychotic prescribing to older people living in care homes and the community in England and Wales. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2011, 26:423-434.
197. Shams T.A., Muller D.J. Antipsychotic induced weight gain: genetics, epigenetics, and biomarkers reviewed. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 2014, 16:473.
198. Shepherd P.R., Kahn B.B. Glucose transporters and insulin action-implications for insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med. 1999, 341:248-257.
199. Shimano H. SREBPs: physiology and pathophysiology of the SREBP family. FEBS J. 2009, 276:616-621.
200. Simon V., van Winkel R., De Hert M. Are weight gain and metabolic side effects of atypical antipsychotics dose dependent? A literature review. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2009, 70:1041-1050.
201. Skrede S., Ferno J., Vazquez M.J., Fjaer S., Pavlin T., Lunder N., Vidal-Puig A., Dieguez C., Berge R.K., Lopez M., Steen V.M. Olanzapine, but not aripiprazole, weight-independently elevates serum triglycerides and activates lipogenic gene expression in female rats. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2012, 15:163-179.
202. Sobel M., Jaggers E.D., Franz M.A. New-onset diabetes mellitus associated with the initiation of quetiapine treatment. J. Clin. Psychiatry 1999, 60:556-557.
203. Sowell M., Mukhopadhyay N., Cavazzoni P., Carlson C., Mudaliar S., Chinnapongse S., Ray A., Davis T., Breier A., Henry R.R., Dananberg J. Evaluation of insulin sensitivity in healthy volunteers treated with olanzapine, risperidone, or placebo: a prospective, randomized study using the two-step hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp. J. ClinEndocrinol. Metab. 2003, 88:5875-5880.
204. Spranger J., Kroke A., Mohlig M., Hoffmann K., Bergmann M.M., Ristow M., Boeing H., Pfeiffer A.F. Inflammatory cytokines and the risk to develop type 2 diabetes: results of the prospective population-based European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Study. Diabetes 2003, 52:812-817.
205. Syed N.A., Khandelwal R.L. Reciprocal regulation of glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase by insulin involving phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and protein phosphatase-1 in HepG2 cells. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 2000, 211:123-136.
206. Teruel T., Hernandez R., Lorenzo M. Ceramide mediates insulin resistance by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in brown adipocytes by maintaining Akt in an inactive dephosphorylated state. Diabetes 2001, 50:2563-2571.
207. Thakore J.H. Metabolic syndrome and schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry 2005, 186:455-456.
208. Thakore J.H., Mann J.N., Vlahos I., Martin A., Reznek R. Increased visceral fat distribution in drug-naive and drug-free patients with schizophrenia. Int. J. Obes. Related Metab. Disorders 2002, 26:137-141.
209. Theisen F.M., Linden A., Geller F., Schafer H., Martin M., Remschmidt H., Hebebrand J. Prevalence of obesity in adolescent and young adult patients with and without schizophrenia and in relationship to antipsychotic medication. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2001, 35:339-345.
210. Thonnard-Neumann E. Phenothiazines and diabetes in hospitalized women. Am. J. Psychiatry 1968, 124:978-982.
211. Tonks K.T., Ng Y., Miller S., Coster A.C.F., Samocha-Bonet D., Iseli T.J., Xu A., Patrick E., Yang J.Y.H., Junutula J.R., Modrusan Z., Kolumam G., Stockli J., Chisholm D.J., James D.E., Greenfield J.R. Impaired Akt phosphorylation in insulin-resistant human muscle is accompanied by selective and heterogeneous downstream defects. Diabetologia 2013, 56:875-885.
212. Tulipano G., Rizzetti C., Bianchi I., Fanzani A., Spano P., Cocchi D. Clozapine-induced alteration of glucose homeostasis in the rat: the contribution of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation. Neuroendocrinology 2007, 85:61-70.
213. Ullrich S., Berchtold S., Ranta F., Seebohm G., Henke G., Lupescu A., Mack A.F., Chao C.M., Su J., Nitschke R., Alexander D., Friedrich B., Wulff P., Kuhl D., Lang F. Serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) mediates glucocorticoid-induced inhibition of insulin secretion. Diabetes 2005, 54:1090-1099.
214. van Hooff J.P., Christiaans M.H., van Duijnhoven E.M. Evaluating mechanisms of post-transplant diabetes mellitus. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2004, 19(Suppl. 6). (vi8-vi12).
215. Venkatasubramanian G., Chittiprol S., Neelakantachar N., Shetty T.K., Gangadhar B.N. A longitudinal study on the impact of antipsychotic treatment on serum leptin in schizophrenia. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 2010, 33:288-292.
216. Verghese P.B., Arrese E.L., Soulages J.L. Stimulation of lipolysis enhances the rate of cholesterol efflux to HDL in adipocytes. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 2007, 302:241-248.
217. Vestri H.S., Maianu L., Moellering D.R., Garvey W.T. Atypical antipsychotic drugs directly impair insulin action in adipocytes: effects on glucose transport, lipogenesis, and antilipolysis. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007, 32:765-772.
218. Victoriano M., de Beaurepaire R., Naour N., Guerre-Millo M., Quignard-Boulange A., Huneau J.F., Mathe V., Tome D., Hermier D. Olanzapine-induced accumulation of adipose tissue is associated with an inflammatory state. Brain Res. 2010, 1350:167-175.
219. Vidarsdottir S., de Leeuw van Weenen J.E., Frolich M., Roelfsema F., Romijn J.A., Pijl H. Effects of olanzapine and haloperidol on the metabolic status of healthy men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2010, 95:118-125.
220. Vik-Mo A.O., Birkenaes A.B., Ferno J., Jonsdottir H., Andreassen O.A., Steen V.M. Increased expression of lipid biosynthesis genes in peripheral blood cells of olanzapine-treated patients. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008, 11:679-684.
221. Virkkunen M., Wahlbeck K., Rissanen A., Naukkarinen H., Franssila-Kallunki A. Decrease of energy expenditure causes weight increase in olanzapine treatment-a case study. Pharmacopsychiatry 2002, 35:124-126.
222. Vossen M., Todter K., Altenburg C., Beisiegel U., Scheja L. Plasma triglycerides after oral glucose load specifically associate with metabolic risk markers in healthy type 2 diabetes offspring. Atherosclerosis 2011, 217:214-219.
223. Walther T.C., Farese R.V. Lipid droplets and cellular lipid metabolism. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 2012, 81:687-714.
224. Wampers M., Hanssens L., van Winkel R., Heald A., Collette J., Peuskens J., Reginster J.Y., Scheen A., De Hert M. Differential effects of olanzapine and risperidone on plasma adiponectin levels over time: results from a 3-month prospective open-label study. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2012, 22:17-26.
225. Weiden P., Mackell J., McDonnell D. Obesity as a risk factor for antipsychotic noncompliance. Schizophr. Res. 2004, 1:51-57.
226. Weigmann H., Hartter S., Fischer V., Dahmen N., Hiemke C. Distribution of clozapine and desmethylclozapine between blood and brain in rats. Eur. Neuropsychopharm. 1999, 9:253-256.
227. Wild S., Roglic G., Green A., Sicree R., King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 2004, 27:1047-1053.
228. Wirshing D.A. Schizophrenia and obesity: impact of antipsychotic medications. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2004, 65(Suppl. 18):13-26.
229. Wozniak S.E., Gee L.L., Wachtel M.S., Frezza E.E. Adipose tissue: the new endocrine organ? A review article. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2009, 54:1847-1856.
230. Wronska A., Kmiec Z. Structural and biochemical characteristics of various white adipose tissue depots. Acta Physiol. 2012, 205:194-208.
231. Yang L.H., Chen T.M., Yu S.T., Chen Y.H. Olanzapine induces SREBP-1-related adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Pharmacol. Res. 2007, 56:202-208.
232. Yang S.H., McNeely M.J. Rhabdomyolysis, pancreatitis, and hyperglycemia with ziprasidone. Am. J. Psychiatry 2002, 159:1435.
233. Yang Z., Yin J.Y., Gong Z.C., Huang Q., Chen H., Zhang W., Zhou H.H., Liu Z.Q. Evidence for an effect of clozapine on the regulation of fat-cell derived factors. Clin. Chim. Acta 2009, 408:98-104.
234. Yevtushenko O.O., Cooper S.J., O'Neill R., Doherty J.K., Woodside J.V., Reynolds G.P. Influence of 5-HT2C receptor and leptin gene polymorphisms, smoking and drug treatment on metabolic disturbances in patients with schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry 2008, 192:424-428.
235. Yvan-Charvet L., Bobard A., Bossard P., Massiera F., Rousset X., Ailhaud G., Teboul M., Ferre P., Dagher G., Quignard-Boulange A. In vivo evidence for a role of adipose tissue SR-BI in the nutritional and hormonal regulation of adiposity and cholesterol homeostasis. Arterioscler. Throm. Vasc. 2007, 27:1340-1345.
236. Zhang Y., McGillicuddy F.C., Hinkle C.C., O'Neill S., Glick J.M., Rothblat G.H., Reilly M.P. Adipocyte modulation of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Circulation 2010, 121:1347-1355.
237. Zipursky R.B., Gu H., Green A.I., Perkins D.O., Tohen M.F., McEvoy J.P., Strakowski S.M., Sharma T., Kahn R.S., Gur R.E., Tollefson G.D., Lieberman J.A. Course and predictors of weight gain in people with first-episode psychosis treated with olanzapine or haloperidol. Br. J. Psychiatry 2005, 187:537-543.