National Trends in the Use of Psychotropic Medications by Children

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

Volumn 41, Issue 5, 2002, Pages 514-521

  Olfson, Mark ^a,c   Marcus, Steven C ^b   Weissman, Myrna M ^a   Jensen, Peter S ^a  

^a Columbia University ^*  (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^c NEW YORK STATE PSYCHIATRIC INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

National trends; Psychotropic medication use

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ANXIOLYTIC AGENT; ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; CARBAMAZEPINE; CENTRAL STIMULANT AGENT; CLOMIPRAMINE; CLONIDINE; FLUOXETINE; FLUVOXAMINE; GABAPENTIN; HYPNOTIC SEDATIVE AGENT; IMIPRAMINE; LITHIUM; METHYLPHENIDATE; MOOD STABILIZER; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; PAROXETINE; PLACEBO; PSYCHOTROPIC AGENT; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VALPROATE SEMISODIUM; VALPROIC ACID;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; CHILD; DEMOGRAPHY; DEPRESSION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM; DRUG UTILIZATION; ENURESIS; FEMALE; HEALTH INSURANCE; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; INTERVIEW; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICAL RECORD; MOOD DISORDER; OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER; POPULATION RESEARCH; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREDICTION; PRESCRIPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RACE DIFFERENCE; SEX DIFFERENCE; SIDE EFFECT; UNITED STATES; PRESCHOOL CHILD;

ADOLESCENT; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANTS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DRUG UTILIZATION; HEALTH SURVEYS; HUMANS; PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0036581190     PISSN: 08908567     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00004583-200205000-00008     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. American Psychiatric Association (1987), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edition-revised (DSM-III-R). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association
2. American Psychiatric Association (1994), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association
3. Angold A (1988), Childhood and adolescent depression, I: epidemiological and aetiological aspects. Br J Psychiatry 152:601-617
4. Angold A, Erklani A, Egger HL, Costello EJ (2000), Stimulant treatment for children: a community perspective. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 39:975-984
5. Barbaresi WJ, Olsen RD (1998), An ADHD educational intervention for elementary schoolteachers: a pilot study. J Dev Behav Pediatr 19:94-100
6. Batoosingh KA (1995), Ritalin prescriptions triple over last 4 years. Clin Psychiatr News 23:1-2
7. Cohen S (1997a), Design and Methods of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey Household Component (MEPS Methodology Report No. 1, AHCPR Publication 97-0026). Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research
8. Cohen S (1997b), Sample Design of the 1996 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey Household Component (MEPS Methodology Report No. 2, AHCPR Publication 97-0027). Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research
9. Cohen S, DiGaetano R, Waksberg J (1991), Sample Design of the 1987 Household Survey (National Medical Expenditure Survey Methods 3, AHCPR Publication 91-0037). Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research
10. Edwards WS, Berlin M (1989), National Medical Expenditure Survey: Questionnaires and Data Collection Methods for the Household Survey and Survey of American Indians and Alaska Natives (DHHS Publication No. PHS 89-3450). Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services
11. Emslie GJ, Mayes TL (2001), Mood disorders in children and adolescents: psychopharmacological treatment. Biol Psychiatry 49:1082-1090
12. Emslie GJ, Rush AJ, Weinberg WA et al. (1997), A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in children and adolescents with depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54:1031-1037
13. Fabrega H, Ulrich R, Mezzich JE (1993), Do Caucasian and black adolescents differ at psychiatric intake? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 32:407-413
14. Gibbs N (1998), The age of Ritalin. Time November 30, pp 17-19
15. Glied S, Hoven CW, Moore RE, Garret AB, Regier DA (1997), Children's access to mental health care: does it matter? Health Aff 16:167-174
16. Goldman LS, Genel M, Bezman RJ, Slanetz PS for the Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association (1998), Diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. JAMA 279:1100-1107
17. Health Care Financing Administration (2000), The State Children's Insurance Program: preliminary highlights of implementation and expansion (http://www.hcfa.gov.init/wh0700.pdf accessed March 1, 2001)
18. Hoagwood K, Kelleher KJ, Feil M, Comer DM (2000), Treatment services for children with ADHD: a national perspective. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 39:198-206
19. Hong SH, Shepherd MD (1996), Psychosocial and demographic predictors of pediatric psychotropic medication use. Am J Health Syst Pharm 53:1934-1939
20. Jensen PS, Bhatara VS, Vitiello B, Hoagwood K, Feil M, Burke LB (1999a), Psychoactive medication prescribing practices for US children: gaps between research and clinical practice. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 38:557-565
21. Jensen PS, Kettle L, Roper MT et al. (1999b), Are stimulants overprescribed? Treatment of ADHD in four US communities. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 38:797-804
22. Kaplan SL, Simms RM, Busner J (1994), Prescribing practices of outpatient child psychiatrists. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 33:35-44
23. Kelleher KJ, McInerney TK, Gardner WP, Childs GE, Wasserman RC (2000), Increasing identification of psychosocial problems: 1979-1996. Pediatrics 105:1313-1321
24. Keller MB, Ryan ND, Strober M et al. (2001), Efficacy of paroxetine in the treatment of adolescent major depression: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 40:762-772
25. Kluger J (1998), Next up: Prozac. Time November 30, p 21
26. McEvoy GK, ed (1996), American Hospital Formulary Service: Drug Information 96. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
27. Morrow RC, Morrow AL, Haislip G (1998), Methylphenidate in the United States, 1990 through 1995. Am J Public Health 88:1121
28. Newacheck PW, Hughes DC, Hung YY, Wong S, Stoddard JJ (2000), The unmet health needs of America's children. Pediatrics 105:989-997
29. Pincus HA, Tanielian TL, Marcus SC et al. (1998), Prescribing trends in psychotropic medications: primary care, psychiatry and other medical specialties. JAMA 279:526-531
30. Rappley MD, Gardiner JC, Jetton JR, Houang RT (1996), The use of methylphenidate in Michigan. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 150:558-559
31. Rappley MD, Mullan PB, Alvarez FJ, Eneli IU, Wang J, Gardiner JC (1999), Diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and use of psychotropic medication in very young children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 153:1039
32. Research Unit of Pediatric Psychopharmacology Anxiety Study Group (2001), Fluvoxamine for the treatment anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. N Engl J Med 344:1279-1285
33. Ryan ND, Williamson DE, Iyengar S et al. (1992), A secular increase in child and adolescent onset affective disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31:600-605
34. Safer DJ (1997), Changing patterns of psychotropic medications prescribed by child psychiatrists in the 1990s. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 7:267-274
35. Safer DJ (2000), Are stimulants overprescribed for youths with ADHD? Ann Clin Psychiatry 12:55-61
36. Safer DJ, Krager JM (1994), The increased rate of stimulant treatment for hyperactive/inattentive students in secondary schools. Pediatrics 94:462-464
37. Safer DJ, Zito JM, Fine EM (1996), Increased methylphenidate usage for attention deficit disorder in the 1990s. Pediatrics 987:1084-1088
38. Shah BV, Barnwell BG, Dieler GS (1997), SUDAAN User's Manual, Release 7.5. Research Triangle Park, NC: Research Triangle Institute
39. Shalala DE (2000), Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General (http://www.mentalhealth.org/specials.surgeongeneralreport/home.html, accessed March 1, 2001)
40. State Children's Health Insurance Program (Title XXI) of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (PL 105-33), August 5, 1997; for Title XXI legislation as amended by the DC Appropriations Bill (PL 105-100), November 19, 1997, see www.hfca.gov/init.children.htm, accessed December 12, 2001
41. Summers JA, Caplan PJ (1987), Laypeople's attitudes toward drug treatment for behavioral control depend on which disorder and which drug. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 26:258-263
42. Weissman MM, Wickramaratne P, Merikangas KR et al. (1984), Onset of major depression in early adulthood: increased familial loading and specificity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41:1136-1143
43. Zarin DA, Tanielian TL, Suarez AP, Marcus SC (1998), Treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder by difference physician specialties. Psychiarr Serv 49:171
44. Ziegler N (2000), Recreational Ritalin. ABC News May 5
45. Zito JM, Riddle MA, Safer DJ, Magder LS (1995), Pharmacoepidemiology of youth with treatments for mental disorders. Psychopharmacol Bull 31:540
46. Zito JM, Safer DJ, dosReis S, Gardner JF, Boles M, Lynch F (2000), Trends in the prescribing of psychotropic medications to preschoolers. JAMA 283:1025-1030
47. Zito JM, Safer DJ, dosReis S, Riddle MA (1998a), Racial disparity in psychotropic medications prescribed for youths with Medicaid insurance in Maryland. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 37:179-184
48. Zito JM, Safer DJ, Riddle MA, Johnson RE, Speedie SM, Fox M (1998b), Prevalence variations in psychotropic treatment of children. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 8:99-105